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Elections in India: Difference between revisions
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{{About||the most recent general election|2019 Indian general election|the upcoming general election|Next Indian general election}} | {{About||the most recent general election|2019 Indian general election|the upcoming general election|Next Indian general election}} | ||
{{Politics of India}} | {{Politics of India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]]. | [[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]]. | ||
The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India. | The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India. | ||
However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the [[Government of India]]. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the [[President of India]] and the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers]]. | However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the [[Government of India]]. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the [[President of India]] and the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers]]. | ||
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India. | India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Governor (India)|Governor]] who is the state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India. | ||
The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted. | The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted. | ||
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All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen | All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen | ||
==Types of | ==Types of elections== | ||
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for : | Elections in the Republic of India include elections for: | ||
*Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]], | *Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]], | ||
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), | *Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), | ||
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*By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified. | *By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified. | ||
=== Parliamentary | ===Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)=== | ||
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> | Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{Scrolling table/mid}} | {{Scrolling table/mid}} | ||
|+ style="text-align: left;" | General | |+ style="text-align: left;" | General election results ''(Lok Sabha)'' | ||
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1951–1952.svg|center|thumb|[[1st Lok Sabha]] [[1951–52 Indian general election|(1951–52)]]]] | |[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1951–1952.svg|center|thumb|[[1st Lok Sabha]] [[1951–52 Indian general election|(1951–52)]]]] | ||
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg|center|thumb|[[2nd Lok Sabha]] [[1957 Indian general election|(1957)]]]] | |[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg|center|thumb|[[2nd Lok Sabha]] [[1957 Indian general election|(1957)]]]] | ||
| Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
{{Scrolling table/end}} | {{Scrolling table/end}} | ||
===History of Lok Sabha elections=== | |||
;Key: | ;Key: | ||
{{legend2|#99CC00|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} | {{legend2|#99CC00|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} | ||
| Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]] | || [[1st Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 489 | || 489 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 364 | || 364 | ||
|| 45% | || 45% | ||
| | | style="background:#ff0;"|CPI | ||
|| 16 | || 16 | ||
|| 3.29% | || 3.29% | ||
| | | style="background:#3c0;"|SOC | ||
|| 12 | || 12 | ||
|| 10.59% | || 10.59% | ||
| Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
|| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] | || [[2nd Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 494 | || 494 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 371 | || 371 | ||
|| 47.78% | || 47.78% | ||
| | | style="background:#ff0;"|CPI | ||
|| 27 | || 27 | ||
|| 8.92% | || 8.92% | ||
| | | style="background:#390;"|PSP | ||
|| 19 | || 19 | ||
|| 10.41% | || 10.41% | ||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
|| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] | || [[3rd Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 494 | || 494 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 361 | || 361 | ||
|| 44.72% | || 44.72% | ||
| | | style="background:#ff0;"|CPI | ||
|| 29 | || 29 | ||
|| 9.94% | || 9.94% | ||
| | | style="background:Blue;"|SWA | ||
|| 18 | || 18 | ||
|| 7.89% | || 7.89% | ||
| Line 136: | Line 136: | ||
|| [[4th Lok Sabha]] | || [[4th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 520 | || 520 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 283 | || 283 | ||
|| 40.78% | || 40.78% | ||
| | | style="background:Blue;"|SWA | ||
|| 44 | || 44 | ||
|| 8.67% | || 8.67% | ||
| | | style="background:#f93;"|BJS | ||
|| 35 | || 35 | ||
|| 9.31% | || 9.31% | ||
| Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
|| [[5th Lok Sabha]] | || [[5th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 518 | || 518 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 352 | || 352 | ||
|| 43.68% | || 43.68% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 25 | || 25 | ||
|| 5.12% | || 5.12% | ||
| | | style="background:#ff0;"|CPI | ||
|| 23 | || 23 | ||
|| 4.73% | || 4.73% | ||
| Line 162: | Line 162: | ||
|| [[6th Lok Sabha]] | || [[6th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 542 | || 542 | ||
| | | style="background:#1f75fe;"|JP | ||
|| 298 | || 298 | ||
|| 43.17% | || 43.17% | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 153 | || 153 | ||
|| 34.52% | || 34.52% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 22 | || 22 | ||
|| 4.29% | || 4.29% | ||
| Line 175: | Line 175: | ||
|| [[7th Lok Sabha]] | || [[7th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 529 ( 542<sup>*</sup> ) | || 529 ( 542<sup>*</sup> ) | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC(I) | ||
|| 351 | || 351 | ||
|| 42.69% | || 42.69% | ||
| | | style="background:darkBlue;"|JNP(S) | ||
|| 41 | || 41 | ||
|| 9.39% | || 9.39% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 37 | || 37 | ||
|| 6.24% | || 6.24% | ||
| Line 188: | Line 188: | ||
|| [[8th Lok Sabha]] | || [[8th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 514 | || 514 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 404 | || 404 | ||
|| 49.10% | || 49.10% | ||
| | | style="background:#ff0;"|TDP | ||
|| 30 | || 30 | ||
|| 4.31% | || 4.31% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 22 | || 22 | ||
|| 5.87% | || 5.87% | ||
| Line 201: | Line 201: | ||
|| [[9th Lok Sabha]] | || [[9th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 529 | || 529 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 195 | || 195 | ||
|| 39.53% | || 39.53% | ||
| | | style="background:seaGreen;"|JD | ||
|| 142 | || 142 | ||
|| 17.79% | || 17.79% | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 85 | || 85 | ||
|11.36% | |11.36% | ||
| Line 214: | Line 214: | ||
|| [[10th Lok Sabha]] | || [[10th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 521 | || 521 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 244 | || 244 | ||
|| 35.66% | || 35.66% | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 120 | || 120 | ||
|| 20.11% | || 20.11% | ||
| | | style="background:seaGreen;"|JD | ||
|| 59 | || 59 | ||
|| 11.84% | || 11.84% | ||
| Line 227: | Line 227: | ||
|| [[11th Lok Sabha]] | || [[11th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 543 | || 543 | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 161 | || 161 | ||
|| 20.29% | || 20.29% | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 140 | || 140 | ||
|| 28.80% | || 28.80% | ||
| | | style="background:seaGreen;"|JD | ||
|| 46 | || 46 | ||
|| 23.45% | || 23.45% | ||
| Line 240: | Line 240: | ||
|| [[12th Lok Sabha]] | || [[12th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 545 | || 545 | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 182 | || 182 | ||
|| 25.59% | || 25.59% | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 141 | || 141 | ||
|| 25.82% | || 25.82% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 32 | || 32 | ||
|| 5.16% | || 5.16% | ||
| Line 253: | Line 253: | ||
|| [[13th Lok Sabha]] | || [[13th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 545 | || 545 | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 182 | || 182 | ||
|| 23.75% | || 23.75% | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 114 | || 114 | ||
|| 28.30% | || 28.30% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 33 | || 33 | ||
|| 5.40% | || 5.40% | ||
| Line 266: | Line 266: | ||
|| [[14th Lok Sabha]] | || [[14th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 543 | || 543 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 145 | || 145 | ||
|| 26.53% | || 26.53% | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 138 | || 138 | ||
|| 22.16% | || 22.16% | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|CPM | ||
|| 43 | || 43 | ||
|| 5.66% | || 5.66% | ||
| Line 279: | Line 279: | ||
|| [[15th Lok Sabha]] | || [[15th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 545 | || 545 | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 206 | || 206 | ||
|| 28.55% | || 28.55% | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 116 | || 116 | ||
|| 18.80% | || 18.80% | ||
| | | style="background:#6f9;"|SP | ||
|| 23 | || 23 | ||
|| 3.23% | || 3.23% | ||
| Line 292: | Line 292: | ||
|| [[16th Lok Sabha]] | || [[16th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 545 | || 545 | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 282 | || 282 | ||
|| 31.34% | || 31.34% | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 44 | || 44 | ||
|| 19.52% | || 19.52% | ||
| | | style="background:#9c0;"|AIADMK | ||
|| 37 | || 37 | ||
|| 3.31% | || 3.31% | ||
| Line 305: | Line 305: | ||
|| [[17th Lok Sabha]] | || [[17th Lok Sabha]] | ||
|| 543 | || 543 | ||
| | | style="background:#fbb917;"|BJP | ||
|| 303 | || 303 | ||
|| 37.4%<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |access-date=28 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2019}}</ref> | || 37.4%<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |access-date=28 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2019}}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#00bfff;"|INC | ||
|| 52 | || 52 | ||
|| 19.50%<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramani |first1=Srinivasan |title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> | || 19.50%<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramani |first1=Srinivasan |title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#f00;"|DMK | ||
|| 24 | || 24 | ||
|| 4.24% | || 4.24% | ||
| Line 588: | Line 588: | ||
|[[Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] | |[[Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]] | ![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/ |title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present) |publisher=Uca.edu |date= |accessdate=28 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
| {{dash}} | | {{dash}} | ||
| | | [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] | ||
| | | [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] | ||
| | [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] | ||
| | | [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] | ||
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] | [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] | ||
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] | | [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] | ||
[[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] | |||
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] | |||
[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] | |||
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] | |||
[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] | |||
|[[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] | |[[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 601: | Line 606: | ||
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br /> [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] | | [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br /> [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] | ||
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]] | | [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]] | ||
| [[ | | [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]] <br /> [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] | ||
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] | | [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] | ||
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] <br /> [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] | | [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] <br /> [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] | ||
| Line 623: | Line 628: | ||
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br /> [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] | | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br /> [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] | ||
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] | | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 672: | Line 676: | ||
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra] | *[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra] | ||
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece|title=VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014}} | *{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece|title=VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014}} | ||
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voter-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-comes-to-chennai/article5856087.ece|title=Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai|author=T. Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="VVPATIndiaElections2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vvpat-a-revolutionary-step-in-voting-transparency-1982453|title=VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency|publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/not-many-were-aware-of-vvpat-but-were-happy-with-verification/article5925449.ece|title=Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/As-smooth-as-it-gets-says-city-poll-chief/articleshow/34174348.cms|title=As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{ | *{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voter-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-comes-to-chennai/article5856087.ece|title=Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai|author=T. Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="VVPATIndiaElections2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vvpat-a-revolutionary-step-in-voting-transparency-1982453|title=VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency|publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/not-many-were-aware-of-vvpat-but-were-happy-with-verification/article5925449.ece|title=Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/As-smooth-as-it-gets-says-city-poll-chief/articleshow/34174348.cms|title=As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ripon-Buildings-turns-nerve-centre-of-electoral-activities-in-Chennai/articleshow/34077158.cms|title=Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|title=Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401160848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref> | ||
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.<ref>{{ | Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|website=Firstpost|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-are-evms-vvpat-and-how-safe-they-are/articleshow/66969640.cms |title=What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are |date=6 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, [[Supreme Court of India]] gave the judgement, ordering the [[Election Commission of India]] to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means [[Election Commission of India]] has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]|first=MEHAL|last=JAIN|date=8 April 2019|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the [[2019 Indian general elections|2019 general election]], ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms?from=mdr | title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls | newspaper=Economic Times | date=23 May 2019 | access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> | ||
===NOTA=== | ===NOTA=== | ||
{{further|None of the Above in Indian Elections}} | {{further|None of the Above in Indian Elections}} | ||
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf|title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release|publisher=Eci.nic.in|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> | On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. If majority voting is for NOTA, the region comes under the presidential jurisdiction and is treated with laws similar to a national territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf|title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release|publisher=Eci.nic.in|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> | ||
===Absentee voting=== | ===Absentee voting=== | ||
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article910849.ece |title=gazette notifications |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{ | India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article910849.ece |title=gazette notifications |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=PRESS RELEASE: Bridge India diaspora survey of NRIs and OCIs finds significant support for BJP, better NRI voting rights|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/press-release-diaspora-survey-results/|access-date=23 November 2021|website=Bridge India|language=en-GB}}</ref> | ||
===Postal voting=== | ===''Postal voting''=== | ||
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of [[Election Commission of India]], where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]]. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in [[preventive detention]], disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.<ref name=IndiaPostVote1>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/postal-ballots-who-can-vote-through-etpb-how-to-get-registered-and-how-the-voting-is-done-an-explainer-6372611.html Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer], First Post, 2 April 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote2>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910 Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?], Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote3>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/people-over-80-years-of-age-disabled-can-now-vote-through-postal-ballot-1572319857-1|title=People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot|first=Gorki|last=Bakshi|date=29 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> | Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of [[Election Commission of India]], where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]]. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in [[preventive detention]], disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.<ref name=IndiaPostVote1>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/postal-ballots-who-can-vote-through-etpb-how-to-get-registered-and-how-the-voting-is-done-an-explainer-6372611.html Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer], First Post, 2 April 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote2>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910 Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?], Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote3>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/people-over-80-years-of-age-disabled-can-now-vote-through-postal-ballot-1572319857-1|title=People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot|first=Gorki|last=Bakshi|date=29 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> | ||
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* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]] | * [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]] | ||
* [[Election Commission of India]] | * [[Election Commission of India]] | ||
* [[Exercise Franchise For Good Governance]] | |||
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] | * [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] | ||
* British India - General Elections | * British India - General Elections | ||
Revision as of 22:45, 30 April 2022
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| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India |
India has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the central government and the states.
The President of India is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.
However, it is the Prime Minister of India, who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the national elections to the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the President of India and the head of the Union Council of Ministers.
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a Governor who is the state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the Chief Minister who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.
The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.
Election land
Election Commission is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.[1]
Election Commission ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation.
All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen
Types of elections
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for:
- Members of the Parliament in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha,
- Members of State Legislative Assemblies (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir),
- Members of State Legislative Councils,
- Members of local governance bodies (Municipal bodies and Panchayats),
- By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).[2]
History of Lok Sabha elections
- Key
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Communist Party of India (CPI) Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) Indian National Congress (INC) Indian National Congress (Indira) INC(I) Janata Party (JP) Janata Party (Secular) JNP(S) Praja Socialist Party (PSP) Samajwadi Party (SP) Socialist Party (India) (SOC) Swatantra Party (SWA) Telugu Desam Party (TDP) YSR Congress Party (YSRCP)
| First | Second | Third | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Election | Total seats | Party | Seats | % votes | Party | Seats | % votes | Party | Seats | % votes |
| 1951–52[3][4][5] | 1st Lok Sabha | 489 | INC | 364 | 45% | CPI | 16 | 3.29% | SOC | 12 | 10.59% |
| 1957[6] | 2nd Lok Sabha | 494 | INC | 371 | 47.78% | CPI | 27 | 8.92% | PSP | 19 | 10.41% |
| 1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 494 | INC | 361 | 44.72% | CPI | 29 | 9.94% | SWA | 18 | 7.89% |
| 1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | 520 | INC | 283 | 40.78% | SWA | 44 | 8.67% | BJS | 35 | 9.31% |
| 1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 518 | INC | 352 | 43.68% | CPM | 25 | 5.12% | CPI | 23 | 4.73% |
| 1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 542 | JP | 298 | 43.17% | INC | 153 | 34.52% | CPM | 22 | 4.29% |
| 1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 529 ( 542* ) | INC(I) | 351 | 42.69% | JNP(S) | 41 | 9.39% | CPM | 37 | 6.24% |
| 1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 514 | INC | 404 | 49.10% | TDP | 30 | 4.31% | CPM | 22 | 5.87% |
| 1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 529 | INC | 195 | 39.53% | JD | 142 | 17.79% | BJP | 85 | 11.36% |
| 1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 521 | INC | 244 | 35.66% | BJP | 120 | 20.11% | JD | 59 | 11.84% |
| 1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 543 | BJP | 161 | 20.29% | INC | 140 | 28.80% | JD | 46 | 23.45% |
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 545 | BJP | 182 | 25.59% | INC | 141 | 25.82% | CPM | 32 | 5.16% |
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 545 | BJP | 182 | 23.75% | INC | 114 | 28.30% | CPM | 33 | 5.40% |
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 543 | INC | 145 | 26.53% | BJP | 138 | 22.16% | CPM | 43 | 5.66% |
| 2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 545 | INC | 206 | 28.55% | BJP | 116 | 18.80% | SP | 23 | 3.23% |
| 2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 545 | BJP | 282 | 31.34% | INC | 44 | 19.52% | AIADMK | 37 | 3.31% |
| 2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 543 | BJP | 303 | 37.4%[7] | INC | 52 | 19.50%[8] | DMK | 24 | 4.24% |
* : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.[9]
State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections
Members of State Legislative Assembly, are elected directly by voting, from a set of candidates who stands in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Member of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state.
The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.
By-election
When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.
Reasons for By-election:
Common reasons for by-elections :
- Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
- Death of the sitting MP or MLA
But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one).
Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections
The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.[11]
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.
The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form of the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
Electoral procedures
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.
The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.
Indelible ink
Research into indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment.
Electronic voting
BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland.[12] In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram) as a pilot project.[13][14] A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.[15][16][17][18][19]
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.[20][21] On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections.[22][23][24] VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 general election, ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.[25]
NOTA
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "None of the above" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. If majority voting is for NOTA, the region comes under the presidential jurisdiction and is treated with laws similar to a national territory.[26]
Absentee voting
India does not provide general absentee voting.[27][28][29] On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.[30][31][32][33]
Postal voting
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of Election Commission of India, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the Electronic Voting Machines. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in preventive detention, disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.[34][35][36]
See also
- 49-O Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
- Booth capturing
- History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent
- Election Commission of India
- Exercise Franchise For Good Governance
- Legislative Assembly elections in India
- British India - General Elections
- British India - Provincial Elections
References
- ↑ "A Constitutional Body". Election Commission of India.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- ↑ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1957". Election Commission of India.
- ↑ "Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers". The Economic Times. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Ramani, Srinivasan (23 May 2019). "Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP". The Hindu.
- ↑ "Seventh Lok Sabha elections (1980)". Indian Express. Indian Express. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ↑ "43. India/Tripura (1949-present)". Uca.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ↑ "Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House". NDTV.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "EC Decides to use VVPAT System at Bye-Election in Nagaland" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ↑ References:
- "EVM-paper trail introduced in 8 of 543 constituencies". dna. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- Press Trust of India (29 April 2014). "LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar". Business Standard India. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- Staff Reporter (4 April 2014). "VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- "VVPAT to be introduced in Jadavpur constituency". Indiatvnews.com. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- Patna Sahib electorate can see who they voted for - The Times of India
- "EVM slip will help verify your vote - Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra
- "VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- T. Ramakrishnan (April 2014). "Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency". DNA. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ↑ "Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification". The Hindu. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Safe distance". The Indian Express. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ "Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
- ↑ "EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ "What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are". The Times of India. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ↑ "Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ JAIN, MEHAL (8 April 2019). "Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]". www.livelaw.in. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ "When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present". Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ "EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls". Economic Times. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ↑ "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release" (PDF). Eci.nic.in. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Who can vote by postal ballot?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid". dna. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot". Oneindia.com. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "gazette notifications". The Hindu. Thehindu.com. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ↑ "Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections". Voterswithoutborders.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ↑ "People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign". Nrivotingrights.info. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ↑ "PRESS RELEASE: Bridge India diaspora survey of NRIs and OCIs finds significant support for BJP, better NRI voting rights". Bridge India. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ↑ Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer, First Post, 2 April 2019.
- ↑ Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?, Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
- ↑ Bakshi, Gorki (29 October 2019). "People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot". Retrieved 22 September 2020.
External links
- Election Commission of India
- Adam Carr's election archive
- Qualification and disqualification Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
- Elections India
