States and union territories of India

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia


Further information: Administrative divisions of India
"State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation).
"Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
GovernmentState Governments
Union Government (union territories)
SubdivisionsDivisions
Districts
India
Emblem of India.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Federal government
Legislature
Parliament of India
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
  • General elections
Political parties
National coalitions
Federalism

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Flag of India.svg

History[edit]

Administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909
Administrative divisions of the Dominion of India in 1949

1858-1947[edit]

Main articles: Presidencies and provinces of British India, Agencies of British India, Residencies of British India, and Princely state

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]

The Indian Empire mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding Mughal Empire. India was divided into provinces (formerly, presidencies), which were directly governed by the Indian Emperor (who simultaneously was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) though the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and princely states, which were ruled by Indian princes who acknowledged the sovereignty (suzerainty) of the Emperor.

Some of the princely states were placed within a province and an Agent to the Governor of the province (AG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent states of the province and the provincial government. Other states were linked directly to the Government of India and an Agent to the Governor-General of India (AGG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent princely states of an agency and the Indian government. A Resident was appointed by the Governor-General to each of the rest of the states (namely, Hyderabad, Gwalior, Mysore and Kashmir).

There were three types of provinces. A governor's province was a province administered by a nominated Governor, and his Council and a Premier which were elected. A chief commissioner's province was directly administered by the Government of India through an appointed Chief Commissioner. There was one autonomous province, Burma, which also administered by a Governor but was given a greater degree of self-rule compared to the other provinces. (Burma became a Crown Colony in 1937.)

1947–1950[edit]

Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[12] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)[edit]

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[13]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[14]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[15][16][17][18]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[19]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956[edit]

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[20] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[21] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[22] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[23][24]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[25] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[26] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[27]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[32][33]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[34] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[35][36][37]

Current proposals[edit]

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territories[edit]

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States[edit]

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population
(2011)[38][39] 		Area
(km2) 		Official
languages[40] 		Additional official
languages[40]
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 162,975 Telugu Urdu[41]
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English —
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,438 Assamese, Boro Bengali
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CT CG Central Raipur[lower-alpha 1] 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati, Hindi —
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi[42]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[43] 		Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit[44]
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 79,714 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[45][46]
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bangalore 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English[47]
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 26 January 1950 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[48][49] 		Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,327 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,429 English —
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 Mizo, English —
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English —
Odisha IN-OR OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,707 Odia —
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,239 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TG TS Southern Hyderabad[lower-alpha 2] 2 June 2014 35,193,978[54] 112,077[54] Telugu Urdu[55]
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,491 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950 199,812,341 240,928 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UT UK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[56] 		Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit[57]
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, English Nepali,[lower-alpha 3] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh
  1. ↑ Naya Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  2. ↑ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[50][51][52] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[53] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[citation needed]
  3. ↑ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.

Union territories[edit]

Lua error: bad argument #1 to "get" (not a valid title).

Former states and union territories[edit]

Former states[edit]

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
Ajmer in India (1951).svg Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra-India 1953.svg Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal in India (1951).svg Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur in India (1951).svg Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay in India (1951).svg Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg in India (1951).svg Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
Punjab, India (1956-1966).png East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966) 		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad in India (1951).svg Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg
 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		1952–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch in India (1951).svg Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat in India (1951).svg Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter) 		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras in India (1951).svg Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore in India (1951).svg Mysore State Bangalore 1947–1973 Karnataka
PEPSU in India (1951).svg Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra in India (1951).svg Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore-Cochin in India (1951).svg Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh in India (1951).svg Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories[edit]

Lua error: bad argument #1 to "get" (not a valid title).

Responsibilities and authorities[edit]

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[58]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ DelhiAugust 5. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. ↑ Krishna Reddy (2003). Indian History. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-048369-9.
  3. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  4. ↑ Romila Thapar (1966). A History of India: Part 1. [Harmondsworth] Penguin Books.
  5. ↑ V.D. Mahajan (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 121, 122. ISBN 978-8121903646.
  6. ↑ Antonova, K.A.; Bongard-Levin, G.; Kotovsky, G. (1979). A History of India Volume 1. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers.
  7. ↑ Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009.
  8. ↑ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
  9. ↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
  10. ↑ "Regional states, c. 1700–1850". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  11. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1990). "Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
  13. ↑ "Map of Madras Presidency in 1909". 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  14. ↑ "Reorganisation of states" (PDF). Economic Weekly. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagranjosh.com. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  16. ↑ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  17. ↑ "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". Thebetterindia.com. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "The Constitution (Amendment)". Archive.india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Law Ministry, GOI. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  20. ↑ J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New DElhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  21. ↑ "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  22. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  23. ↑ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966" (PDF). india.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  24. ↑ "State map of India". Travel India guide. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "Snapshot of North Eastern States" (PDF). thaibicindia.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "About Sikkim". Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  27. ↑ "Goa Chronology". goaonline.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  28. ↑ "Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". Jharkhand.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  29. ↑ "Chhattisgarh state – History". Cg.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  30. ↑ Chopra, Jasi Kiran (2 January 2007). "Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India". Uk.gov.in. 9 November 2000. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  32. ↑ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of law and justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  33. ↑ "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  34. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019" (PDF). Parliament of India. 5 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  35. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". New Delhi. The Print. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  36. ↑ "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Devdiscourse. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  37. ↑ "The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  38. ↑ "List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011". www.census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  39. ↑ "Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India". Jagranjosh.com. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  41. ↑ Staff Reporter (23 March 2022). "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  42. ↑ "Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi". Hindustan Times. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015.
  43. ↑ "Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala". The Times of India. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  44. ↑ Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). "Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed". The Tribune. Shimla. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  45. ↑ "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". uniindia.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  46. ↑ "Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language". The Avenue Mail. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  47. ↑ "Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969". www.bareactslive.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  48. ↑ "History | District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra | India". Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  49. ↑ Raghunatha, TN (2 June 2018). "Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4". Pioneer. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  50. ↑ "Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State". The Times of India. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  51. ↑ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Government of India. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  52. ↑ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section" (PDF). 4 March 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  53. ↑ Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts". NDTV. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Telangana State Profile". Telangana government portal. p. 34. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "Urdu is second official language now". The Hindu. 17 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  56. ↑ "Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand". Times Now. 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  57. ↑ Singh, Pallavi (19 April 2010). "Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India". mint. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  58. ↑ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_and_union_territories_of_India&oldid=418080"