Kingdom of Sikkim
This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. |
Kingdom of Sikkim འབྲས་ལྗོངས། (Sikkimese) Drenjong འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས། (Classical Tibetan) Dremoshong ᰕᰚᰬᰯ ᰜᰤᰴ (Lepcha) Mayel Lyang | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1642–1975 | |||||||
Kingdom of Sikkim | |||||||
Status |
| ||||||
Capital | |||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy (until 1973) Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1973–1975) | ||||||
Chogyal | |||||||
• 1642–1670 (first) | Phuntsog Namgyal | ||||||
• 1963–1975 (last) | Palden Thondup Namgyal | ||||||
History | |||||||
• Established | 1642 | ||||||
• Treaty of Titalia signed | 1817 | ||||||
• Darjeeling given to British India | 1835 | ||||||
• Palden Thondup Namgyal forced to abdicate | 1975 | ||||||
• Merger with India | 16 May 1975 | ||||||
|
Princely state |
---|
Individual residencies |
Agencies |
Lists |
Outline of South Asian history |
---|
The Kingdom of Sikkim (Classical Tibetan and Sikkimese: འབྲས་ལྗོངས།, Drenjong), officially Dremoshong (Classical Tibetan and Sikkimese: འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས།) until the 1800s, was a hereditary monarchy in the Eastern Himalayas which existed from 1642 to 16 May 1975, when it was annexed[2][3][4] by the Republic of India. It was ruled by Chogyals of the Namgyal dynasty.[5]
History[edit]
Nepalese-Bhutanese domination[edit]
In the mid-18th century, Sikkim was invaded by both Nepal (then the Gorkha Kingdom) and Bhutan (then ruled by Gedun Chomphel) and was under both the Gorkha and the Bhutanese rule for more than 40 years. Between 1775 and 1815, almost 180,000 ethnic Nepalis[6] from Eastern and Central Nepal migrated to Sikkim.[citation needed] After the British colonisation of India, however, Sikkim allied itself with British India as they had a common enemy – Nepal.[citation needed] The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, overrunning most of the region including the Terai. This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal in 1814, resulting in the Anglo-Nepalese War.[citation needed] The Sugauli Treaty between Britain and Nepal and the Treaty of Titalia between Sikkim and British India resulted in territorial concessions by Nepal, which ceded Sikkim to British India.[7]
British and Indian protectorate[edit]
Under the 1861 Treaty of Tumlong, Sikkim became a British protectorate, then an Indian protectorate in 1950.[8]
Thutob Namgyal, the 9th Chogyal of Sikkim, looked to the Dalai Lama for spiritual leadership and during his reign the Tibetan government started to regain political influence over Sikkim. In 1888 the British sent a military expedition to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim.
Accession to India[edit]
In 1975, allegations of discrimination against Nepali Hindus in Sikkim led to resentment against the Chogyal.[9][10] Their instigation led to Indian Army personnel moving into Gangtok. According to Sunanda K. Datta-Ray of The Statesman, the army killed the palace guards and surrounded the palace in April 1975.[8]
After disarming the palace, a referendum on the monarchy was held, in which the Sikkimese people overwhelmingly voted to abolish the monarchy, and the new parliament of Sikkim, led by Kazi Lhendup Dorjee, proposed a bill for Sikkim to become an Indian state, which was promptly accepted by the Government of India.[8][11]
Culture and religion[edit]
In culture and religion, Sikkim was linked closely with Tibet, from which its first king migrated, and Bhutan, with which it shares borders. The presence of a large ethnic Nepali population, mainly from eastern and central Nepal, also leads to cultural linkages with Nepal.
See also[edit]
- Sikkim
- History of Sikkim
- Chogyal
- List of heads of government of the Kingdom of Sikkim
- List of political officers in the Kingdom of Sikkim
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ↑ According to Article II of Convention of Calcutta, Sikkim was a direct protectorate of the British Government, not the British Indian government.
- ↑ "16th May 1975: The Kingdom of Sikkim and its Annexation with India".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975?". India Today. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- ↑ Abrahams, Pema. "The Forgotten Kingdom". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- ↑ Marathe, Om. "Explained: Sikkim, from Chogyal rule to Indian state". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ↑ Chettri, Mona. "Ethnic politics in the Nepali public sphere three casesfrom the eastern Himalaya" (PDF). SOAS Research Online. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ↑ "History of Nepal: A Sovereign Kingdom". Official website of Nepal Army. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Indian hegemonism drags Himalayan kingdom into oblivion". Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ↑ Larmer, Brook. "Bhutan's Enlightened Experiment". National Geographic. Bhutan. (print version). Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ↑ "25 years after Sikkim". Nepali Times. No. #35. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ↑ Sethi, Sunil. "Treaties: Annexation of Sikkim". No. 2. India Today. India Today. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Sources[edit]
- Hiltz, Jackie (2003), "Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s" (PDF), Bulletin of Tibetology, archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2017, retrieved 1 August 2017
Further reading[edit]
- Duff, Andrew. Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-0-85790-245-0.
- Rai, Rajiv (2015), The State in the Colonial Periphery: A Study on Sikkims Relation with Great Britain, Partridge Publishing India, ISBN 978-1-4828-4871-7
- Rose, Leo E., "India and Sikkim: Redefining the Relationship", Pacific Affairs, 42 (1): 32–46, doi:10.2307/2754861, JSTOR 2754861
- Rose, Leo E. (1971), Nepal – Strategy for Survival, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-01643-9
- Sharma, Suresh Kant; Sharma, Usha (2005), Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Sikkim. Volume ten, Mittal Publications, pp. 117–, ISBN 978-81-8324-044-4
- Singh, Amar Kaur Jasbir (1988), Himalayan triangle: a historical survey of British India's relations with Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan, 1765–1950, British Library, ISBN 9780712306300
External links[edit]
- Articles containing Sikkimese-language text
- Articles containing Classical Tibetan-language text
- Articles containing Lepcha-language text
- Kingdom of Sikkim
- Sikkim
- States and territories established in 1642
- States and territories disestablished in 1975
- Former monarchies of South Asia
- Former countries in South Asia
- Former British protectorates
- Princely states of India
- Tibetan Buddhist places
- Associated states
- Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
- 1642 establishments in Asia
- 1975 disestablishments in Asia
- Former monarchies
- Gun salute princely states
- Empires and kingdoms of India