States and union territories of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Redirect|State of India}}
{{Redirect|State of India}}
{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name               = States and union territories of India
| name = States and union territories of India
|map               = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}
| map = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}
|category           = [[Federated state]]s
| category = [[Federated state]]s
|territory         = [[India|Republic of India]]
| territory = [[India|Republic of India]]
|start_date         =  
| start_date =  
|current_number     = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
| current_number = 28 States<br />8
|number_date       =  
Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|population_range   = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
| number_date =  
| population_range = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest)
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest)
|area_range         = '''States''': [[Goa]] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Rajasthan]] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
| area_range = '''States''': [[Goa]] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Rajasthan]] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government         = [[State governments of India|State Governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union Government]] (union territories)
| government = [[State governments of India|State Governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union Government]] (union territories)
|subdivision       = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| subdivision = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}


[[India]] is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].
[[India]] is a [[federalism|federal union]] comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]], for a total of 36 [[subnational entities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> The states and union territories in turn are each subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]], of which a total of around 800 exist. Districts contain further levels of [[administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivisions]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Local Government Directory, Government of India |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625225848/https://lgdirectory.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
Under the Indian Constitution and laws, the states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a [[State governments of India|state government]]. The legal power to manage affairs in each state is shared or ''divided'' between the particular state government on one hand and the national [[Government of India|union government]] on the other. The union territories are directly governed by the union government; no state level government (and thus no division of power) exists in these jurisdictions.{{efn|A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.}}


== History ==
== History ==
=== 1876–1919 ===
[[File:Political Divisions of the Indian Empire, 1909.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909]]
The [[British Raj]] was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its legal establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 [[princely state|constituent states]] and the [[provinces of India|directly ruled territories of the Crown]]. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.


[[File:Political Divisions of the Indian Empire, 1909.jpg|thumb|Administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909]]
A [[Provinces of India|province]] consisted of territory under the direct rule of the [[Emperor of India]] (who was also the [[King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions]]) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A [[Governor]] or [[Lieutenant-Governor]] acted as representative of the Emperor in that province and as [[head of government]] of the directly ruled territories in the province.


[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1949-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Administrative divisions of the Dominion of India in 1949]]
The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the [[princely state|constituent state]]s of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. [[Agra Province|Agra]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] were still considered ''de jure'' parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with [[Oudh Province|Oudh]].


=== 1858-1947 ===
The [[Bengal Presidency]] was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the [[governor-general of India]], who functioned as the representative of the [[Emperor of India|Emperor]].  
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
*There were three governor's provinces in 1912, styled "Presidencies" as a historical memento that they had been once governed by presidents. These were:
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |archive-date= 29 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411080303/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216043951/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}}
**[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
**[[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (officially Presidency of Fort St. George)
**[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (from 1912)
*There were six lieutenant-governor's provinces in 1905. These were:  
**[[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
**[[Punjab Province (1849–1947)|Punjab]]
**[[Central Provinces]]
**[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (till 1912)
**[[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] (1905–1912)
**[[Agra Province|Agra and Oudh]]
***[[North-Western Provinces and Oudh]] (1878–1902)
***[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (1902–1935)


The [[Indian Empire]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into [[provinces of India|provinces]] (formerly, presidencies), which were directly governed by the [[Indian Emperor]] (who simultaneously was also the [[Monarch of the United Kingdom|King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions]]) though the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], and [[princely state]]s, which were ruled by Indian princes who acknowledged the sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) of the Emperor.
There were territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.
*There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:
**[[Ajmer-Merwara]]
**[[Coorg Province|Coorg]]  
**[[List of chief commissioners of Oudh|Oudh]] (till 1878)
**[[Delhi]] (from 1911, capital of India)


Some of the princely states were placed within a province and an [[Indian Political Department|Agent to the Governor]] of the province (AG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent states of the province and the [[provincial government]]. Other states were linked directly to the [[Government of India]] and an Agent to the [[Governor-General of India]] (AGG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent princely states of an agency and the Indian government. A [[Residency (administrative division)|Resident]] was appointed by the Governor-General to each of the rest of the states (namely, [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Gwalior Residency|Gwalior]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]]).
The vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. A good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.  
*At the time of establishment of the empire, there were only two agencies:
**[[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]]
**[[Central India Agency|Central India]]
*Several kingdoms were neither part of a province nor an agency; they each had direct relations with the Emperor:
**[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir and Jammu]]
**[[Nizamate of Hyderabad]]
**[[Kingdom of Mysore]]


There were three types of [[province]]s. A '''governor's province''' was a province administered by a nominated [[Governor]], and his Council and a [[Premier]] which were elected. A '''chief commissioner's province''' was directly administered by the [[Government of India]] through an appointed [[Chief Commissioner]]. There was one '''autonomous province''', [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], which also administered by a [[Governor]] but was given a greater degree of [[self-rule]] compared to the other provinces. (Burma became a [[Crown Colony]] in 1937.)
=== 1919–1935 ===
In 1919, the fourth [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India]] was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given [[bicameral legislature]]s. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.
*There were ten governor's provinces now. These were:
**[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
**[[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
**[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
**[[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
**[[Punjab Province (1849–1947)|Punjab]]
**[[Central Provinces and Berar]]
**[[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]
**[[North-West Frontier Province]]
**[[Assam Province|Assam]]
**[[Bihar and Orissa]]
*There were four chief commissioner's provinces. Their status mostly remained unchanged. These were:
**[[Ajmer-Merwara]]
**[[Coorg Province|Coorg]]
**[[Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan|Balochistan]]
**[[Delhi]]
The [[Chamber of Princes]] was established by [[Emperor George V]] in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.
*There were now 8 imperial agencies and residencies. These were:
**[[Punjab States Agency|Punjab States]] (formerly part of Punjab Province)
**[[Madras States Agency|Madras States]] (formerly part of Madras Presidency)
**[[Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency]] (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
**[[Western India and Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency]] (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
**[[Eastern States Agency|Eastern States]] (formerly part of Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province and Central Provinces)
**[[Gwalior Residency]] (formerly part of [[Central India Agency]])
**[[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]]
**[[Central India Agency|Central India]]
This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.
*Several states continued their direct relations with the Emperor through this period, including:
**[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]]
**[[Nizamate of Hyderabad]]
**[[Kingdom of Mysore]]
 
=== 1935–1947 ===
The latter years of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] saw the enactment of the last [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]] by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a [[Premier]] in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.
 
Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of [[Orissa province|Orissa]] and [[Sind province|Sind]] were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The [[Province of Burma]] which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the [[Crown Colony of Burma]].
 
*The new set of 12 governor's provinces were:
**[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
**[[Sind Province|Sind]]
**[[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
**[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
**[[British rule in Burma|Burma]]  
**[[Punjab Province (1849–1947)|Punjab]]
**[[Central Provinces and Berar]]
**[[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
**[[North-West Frontier Province]]
**[[Assam Province|Assam]]
**[[Bihar Province|Bihar]]
**[[Orissa Province|Orissa]]
*There were 4 chief commissioner's provinces:
**[[Ajmer-Merwara]]
**[[Coorg Province|Coorg]]
**[[Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan|Balochistan]]
**[[Delhi]]
*There were 8 imperial agencies and residencies:
**[[Punjab States Agency|Punjab States]]
**[[Madras States Agency|Madras States]]
**[[Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency]]
**[[Western India and Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency]]
**[[Eastern States Agency|Eastern States]]
**[[Gwalior Residency]]
**[[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]]
**[[Central India Agency|Central India]]
*Three kingdoms were in direct relations with the Emperor.
In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces ([[East Punjab]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[Central Provinces]], [[Madras Province|Madras]], [[Bombay Province|Bombay]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]]) and 562 former Indian states.


=== 1947–1950 ===
=== 1947–1950 ===
{{main|Political integration of India|Instrument of Accession|Annexation of Junagadh|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
{{main|Political integration of India|Instrument of Accession|Annexation of Junagadh|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new [[Political integration of India|Indian Union]]. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and [[Rajpramukh|states]], such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Malwa Union]], [[Vindhya Pradesh|Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union]], and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], made up of multiple princely states; a few, including [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]], [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–54)|Bilaspur]], became separate states. The new [[Constitution of India]], which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
[[File:1950 India showing Political Divisions in the New Republic by Survey of India.jpg |thumb|The administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1950.]]
Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new [[Political integration of India|Indian Union]]. Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and [[Rajpramukh|states]], such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Malwa Union]], [[Vindhya Pradesh|Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union]], and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], made up of multiple princely states. A few, including [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]], [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–54)|Bilaspur]], became separate states.<ref name="Consti"/>
 
The new [[Constitution of India]], which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:<ref name="Consti">{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142432/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
* Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
* Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
** [[Assam]] (formerly [[Assam Province]]),  
** [[Assam]] (formerly [[Assam Province]]),  
Line 79: Line 180:
=== States reorganisation (1951–1956) ===
=== States reorganisation (1951–1956) ===
{{main|Goa liberation movement|Andhra movement|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|States Reorganisation Commission}}
{{main|Goa liberation movement|Andhra movement|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|States Reorganisation Commission}}
[[Andhra State]] was created on 1 October 1953 from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking northern [[Districts of India|districts]] of [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|title= Map of Madras Presidency in 1909|access-date=  15 October 2013|date=  28 March 2011|archive-date=  24 February 2021|archive-url=  https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142745/http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|url-status=  live}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| direction        = vertical
| align            = right
| image1            = Indien 1955.svg
| caption1          = India before the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
| image2            = Indien 1959.svg
| width            = 260
| caption2          = India after the States Reorganisation Act
}}
[[Andhra State]] was created on 1 October 1953 from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking northern [[Districts of India|districts]] of [[Madras State]] and Bellary district bifurcated between [[Mysore State|Mysore]] and [[Andhra State|Andhra]].<ref>{{cite act|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/Andhra%20State%20Act,%201953.pdf|title=Andhra State Act, 1953|year=1953|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=  15 October 2023}}</ref>


The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states|publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf |date=15 October 1955|title=Reorganisation of states|publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229135807/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321040227/https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229133903/https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=[[Jagran Josh]] |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229135807/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |work=The Better India|date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321040227/https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=Constitutional Amendment |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229133903/https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref name="Consti"/>


As a result of this act:
As a result of this act:
Line 91: Line 201:
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] was created with the merger of [[Andhra State]] with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of [[Hyderabad State]] in 1956.  
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] was created with the merger of [[Andhra State]] with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of [[Hyderabad State]] in 1956.  
* [[Kerala]] was created by merging [[Malabar district]] and the [[Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] districts of [[Madras State]] with [[Travancore–Cochin]].  
* [[Kerala]] was created by merging [[Malabar district]] and the [[Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] districts of [[Madras State]] with [[Travancore–Cochin]].  
* [[Mysore State]] was re-organized with the addition of the districts of [[Bellary district|Bellary]] and [[South Canara]] (excluding [[Kasaragod taluk]]) and the [[Kollegal|Kollegal taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] from the Madras State, the districts of [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[North Canara]] and [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] from [[Bombay State]], the [[Kannada]]-majority districts of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]] and [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] from [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] and the [[Coorg State]].  
* [[Mysore State]] was re-organised with the addition of the district of [[South Canara]] (excluding [[Kasaragod taluk]]) and the [[Kollegal|Kollegal taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] from the Madras State, the districts of [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[North Canara]] and [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] from [[Bombay State]], the [[Kannada]]-majority districts of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]] and [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] from [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] and the [[Coorg State]].  
* The [[Laccadive Islands]], [[Aminidivi|Aminidivi Islands]] and [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]], which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of [[Lakshadweep]].
* The [[Laccadive Islands]], [[Aminidivi|Aminidivi Islands]] and [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]], which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of [[Lakshadweep]].
* [[Bombay State]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking districts of [[Nagpur division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Marathwada]] region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]].  
* [[Bombay State]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking districts of [[Nagpur division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Marathwada]] region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]].  
* [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab]] gained territories from [[Ajmer State]] and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] respectively and certain territories of [[Bihar]] were transferred to [[West Bengal]].
* [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] gained territories from [[Ajmer State]] and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] respectively and certain territories of [[Bihar]] were transferred to [[West Bengal]].


=== Post-1956 ===
=== Post-1956 ===
{{main|Mahagujarat movement|Punjabi Suba movement|Annexation of Goa|1967 Goa status referendum|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Uttarakhand movement|Telangana movement}}
{{main|Mahagujarat movement|Punjabi Suba movement|Annexation of Goa|1967 Goa status referendum|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Uttarakhand movement|Telangana movement}}
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{Cite book|author=J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing|place=New DElhi|year=1995|pages=89–90}}</ref> The former Union Territory of [[Nagaland]] achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|title=Nagaland History & Geography-Source|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] resulted in the creation of [[Haryana]] on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |title=Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The act also designated [[Chandigarh]] as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/maps/state_map.php |title=State map of India |publisher=Travel India guide |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601043009/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/maps/state_map.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Madras State was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969. The north-eastern states of [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]] were formed on 21 January 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|title=Snapshot of North Eastern States|publisher=thaibicindia.in|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222052303/http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2009}}</ref> Mysore State was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973. On 16 May 1975, [[Sikkim]] became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim|state's monarchy]] was abolished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|title=About Sikkim|publisher=Official website of the Government of Sikkim|access-date=15 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> In 1987, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Mizoram]] became states on 20 February, followed by [[Goa]] on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]'s northern [[exclave]]s [[Daman district, India|Damão]] and [[Diu district|Diu]] became a separate union territory as [[Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|title=Goa Chronology|publisher=goaonline.in|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155540/http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J.C. Aggarwal|author2=S.P. Agrawal|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing|place=New Delhi|year=1995|pages=89–90}}</ref> The former Union Territory of [[Nagaland]] achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|title=Nagaland History & Geography-Source|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] resulted in the creation of [[Haryana]] on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |title=Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The act designated [[Chandigarh]] as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{cite act |url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|year=1966|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Madras State was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969. The north-eastern states of [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]] were formed on 21 January 1972.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|title=Snapshot of North Eastern States|publisher=IBC India|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222052303/http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2009}}</ref> Mysore State was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973. On 16 May 1975, [[Sikkim]] became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim|state's monarchy]] was abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|title=About Sikkim|publisher=[[Government of Sikkim]]|access-date=15 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> In 1987, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Mizoram]] became states on 20 February, followed by [[Goa]] on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]'s northern [[exclave]]s [[Daman district, India|Damão]] and [[Diu district|Diu]] became a separate union territory as [[Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|title=Goa Chronology|publisher=Goa online|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155540/http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>


In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:  
In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:  
* [[Chhattisgarh]], from eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]],  
* [[Chhattisgarh]], from eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]], ([[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |title=Chhattisgarh state – History |publisher=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]] |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |archive-date= 4 July 2010 }}</ref>
* Uttaranchal, from northwest [[Uttar Pradesh]] (renamed [[Uttarakhand]] in 2007), and
* Uttaranchal, from northwest [[Uttar Pradesh]] (renamed [[Uttarakhand]] in 2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |title=About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India |publisher=[[Government of Uttarakhand]] |date=9 November 2000 |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025952/http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>, ([[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttaranchal-is-Uttarakhand-BJP-cries-foul/articleshow/1014926.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |url-status=live |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul |last=Chopra |first=Jasi Kiran|date=2 January 2007|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref>, and
* [[Jharkhand]], from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]], [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] and [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |title=Official Website of Government of Jharkhand |publisher=Jharkhand.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084121/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |title=Chhattisgarh state – History |publisher=Cg.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |archive-date= 4 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul |last=Chopra |first=Jasi Kiran|date=2 January 2007|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |title=About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India |publisher=Uk.gov.in |date=9 November 2000 |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025952/http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jharkhand]], from southern districts of Bihar ([[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |title=Official Website of Government of Jharkhand |publisher=[[Government of Jharkhand]] |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084121/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref>


Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|created on 2 June 2014]] from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="APT"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>


In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=23 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171808/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India|date=2019|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite act | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | legislature=[[Parliament of India]] | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | work=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=23 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171808/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|year=2019|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Current proposals ===
=== Current proposals ===
{{main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}
{{main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}
{{empty section|date=December 2024}}


== States and Union territories ==
== States and Union territories ==
Line 126: Line 239:
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" " |Statehood
! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Jagranjosh.com |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052117/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011)<ref>{{cite report |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |access-date=30 April 2023 |publisher=Census commissioner, [[Government of India]] |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=[[Jagran Josh]] |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052117/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="lang">{{cite report|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="lang" />
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
Line 136: Line 249:
| AP
| AP
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
|[[Amaravati]]  
|[[Amaravati]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=13 December 2024 |title=Amaravati to be single capital, Andhra informs SC in affidavit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amaravati-to-be-single-capital-andhra-informs-sc-in-affidavit-101734028583438.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
Line 142: Line 255:
| align="right" |162,975
| align="right" |162,975
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=23 March 2022 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030054145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030054145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
Line 158: Line 271:
| IN-AS
| IN-AS
| AS
| AS
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Dispur]]
| [[Dispur]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| [[Guwahati]]
Line 165: Line 278:
| align="right" |78,438
| align="right" |78,438
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Biswa Kalyan |date=24 February 2024 |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225153123/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Bihar]]
! scope="row" |[[Bihar]]
Line 179: Line 292:
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
! scope="row" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
| IN-CT<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-CT" even though the vehicle registration code is "CG". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| IN-CG<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-CT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| CG
| CG
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| colspan=2|[[Raipur]]{{efn|[[Naya Raipur]] is planned to replace [[Raipur]] as the capital city of [[Chhattisgarh]].}}
| colspan=2|[[Raipur]]{{efn|[[Nava Raipur]] is planned to replace [[Raipur]] as the capital city of [[Chhattisgarh]].}}
| 1 November 2000
| 1 November 2000
| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |25,545,198
Line 204: Line 317:
| IN-GJ
| IN-GJ
| GJ
| GJ
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Gandhinagar]]
| [[Gandhinagar]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
Line 210: Line 323:
| align="right" |60,439,692
| align="right" |60,439,692
| align="right" |196,024
| align="right" |196,024
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], Hindi
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]]
| —
| —
|-
|-
Line 223: Line 336:
| align="right" |44,212
| align="right" |44,212
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| IN-HP
| IN-HP
| HP
| HP
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Shimla]]
| [[Shimla]]
| 25 January 1971
| 25 January 1971
Line 240: Line 353:
| IN-JH
| IN-JH
| JH
| JH
| Eastern
| [[Eastern Zonal Council|Eastern]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
Line 247: Line 360:
| align="right" |79,714
| align="right" |79,714
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title= Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali|website= uniindia.com|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 14 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title= Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali|work= UNI India|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 14 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
| IN-KA
| IN-KA
| KA
| KA
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| colspan="2" |[[Bengaluru]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |61,095,297
| align="right" |61,095,297
Line 263: Line 376:
| IN-KL
| IN-KL
| KL
| KL
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| colspan="2" | [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |33,406,061
| align="right" |33,406,061
| align="right" |38,863
| align="right" |38,863
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |website=www.bareactslive.com |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082633/http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite act |title=Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |year=1969| legislature=[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082633/http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| IN-MP
| IN-MP
| MP
| MP
| Central
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Indore]]
| 26 January 1950
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |72,626,809
| align="right" |72,626,809
| align="right" |308,252
| align="right" |308,252
Line 286: Line 399:
| IN-MH
| IN-MH
| MH
| MH
| Western
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Daily Pioneer |date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1 May 1960
| 1 May 1960
Line 298: Line 411:
| IN-MN
| IN-MN
| MN
| MN
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Imphal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Imphal]]
| 21 January 1972
| 21 January 1972
Line 309: Line 422:
| IN-ML
| IN-ML
| ML
| ML
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Shillong]]
| colspan="2" |[[Shillong]]
| 21 January 1972
| 21 January 1972
Line 320: Line 433:
| IN-MZ
| IN-MZ
| MZ
| MZ
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Aizawl]]
| colspan="2" |[[Aizawl]]
| 20 February 1987
| 20 February 1987
Line 331: Line 444:
| IN-NL
| IN-NL
| NL
| NL
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| [[Kohima]]
| [[Kohima]]
| [[Dimapur]]
| [[Dimapur]]
Line 341: Line 454:
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Odisha]]
! scope="row" |[[Odisha]]
| IN-OR<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-OR" even though the new vehicle registration code is "OD". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| IN-OD<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-OR" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| OD
| OD
| Eastern
| [[Eastern Zonal Council|Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
| colspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
| 26 January 1950
| 26 January 1950
Line 354: Line 467:
| IN-PB
| IN-PB
| PB
| PB
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Ludhiana]]
| [[Ludhiana]]
Line 366: Line 479:
| IN-RJ
| IN-RJ
| RJ
| RJ
| Northern
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Jaipur]]
| colspan="2" |[[Jaipur]]
| 26 January 1950
| 26 January 1950
Line 377: Line 490:
| IN-SK
| IN-SK
| SK
| SK
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Gangtok]]
| colspan="2" |[[Gangtok]]
| 16 May 1975
| 16 May 1975
| align="right" |610,577
| align="right" |610,577
| align="right" |7,096
| align="right" |7,096
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite act |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |legislature=[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188 }}</ref>
| [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Rai languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]]
| [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Rai languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]]
|-
|-
Line 388: Line 501:
| IN-TN
| IN-TN
| TN
| TN
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| colspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
Line 397: Line 510:
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Telangana]]<!-- NOTE: All figures and facts for the newly formed Telangana state should be supported by verifiable and reliable sources per WP:VERIFY and WP:RELIABLE. Failure to do so, the unsourced information being removed to ensure neutrality. Also necessary changes may be made accordingly to Andhra Pradesh also conforming to guidelines-->
! scope="row" |[[Telangana]]<!-- NOTE: All figures and facts for the newly formed Telangana state should be supported by verifiable and reliable sources per WP:VERIFY and WP:RELIABLE. Failure to do so, the unsourced information being removed to ensure neutrality. Also necessary changes may be made accordingly to Andhra Pradesh also conforming to guidelines-->
| IN-TG<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-TG" even though the vehicle registration code is "TS". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| IN-TS<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-TG" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| TS
| TG<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-gives-nod-new-number-plates-in-telangana-to-have-tg/article67945989.ece|title=Centre gives nod; TG replaces TS as State code in Telangana vehicle registration plates|date=13 March 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123749/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-gives-nod-new-number-plates-in-telangana-to-have-tg/article67945989.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Southern
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130174042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 | archive-date=27 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author=Sanchari Bhattacharya|date=1 June 2014|work=NDTV|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604225857/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|url-status=live}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|divided into two states]], [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130174042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APT">{{cite act|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|year=2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author=Sanchari Bhattacharya|date=1 June 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604225857/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|url-status=live}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=AP Assembly building inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-assembly-building-inaugurated/article9567618.ece |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160604/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-assembly-building-inaugurated/article9567618.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| 2 June 2014
| 2 June 2014
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Tripura]]
! scope="row" |[[Tripura]]
| IN-TR
| IN-TR
| TR
| TR
| North-Eastern
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Agartala]]
| colspan="2" |[[Agartala]]
| 21 January 1972
| 21 January 1972
Line 421: Line 534:
| IN-UP
| IN-UP
| UP
| UP
| Central
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| colspan="2" | [[Lucknow]]
| colspan="2" | [[Lucknow]]
| 26 January 1950
| 26 January 1950
Line 430: Line 543:
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Uttarakhand]]
! scope="row" |[[Uttarakhand]]
| IN-UT<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-UT" even though the vehicle registration code is "UK". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| IN-UK<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-UT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| UK
| UK
| Central
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dehradun]]
| [[Dehradun]]
| 9 November 2000
| 9 November 2000
Line 444: Line 557:
| IN-WB
| IN-WB
| WB
| WB
| Eastern
| [[Eastern Zonal Council|Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
| 26 January 1950
| 26 January 1950
Line 450: Line 563:
| align="right" |88,752
| align="right" |88,752
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]],{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}} [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[KRNB lects|Kamatapuri]], [[Rangpuri language|Rajbanshi]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]],{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.}} [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[KRNB lects|Kamatapuri]], [[Rangpuri language|Rajbanshi]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]{{efn|Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali and Kurukh are treated as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population.}}
|-
!Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1,178,310,321
|3,054,066
|
|
|}
|}
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}
Line 503: Line 628:
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Punjab, India (1956-1966).png|200px]]
|[[File:East Punjab Province in India (March 1948).svg|241x241px]]
|[[East Punjab]]
|[[East Punjab]]
|[[Shimla]] <small>(1947–1953)</small><br />[[Chandigarh]] <small>(1953–1966)</small>
|[[Shimla]] <small>(1947–1953)</small><br />[[Chandigarh]] <small>(1953–1966)</small>
Line 513: Line 638:
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1948–1956
|1948–1956
|[[Telangana]], and partially [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]
|[[Telangana]], and partially [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], Andhra Pradesh{{Efn|Region around the [[Polavaram Project]]}}
|-
|-
|[[File:Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg|center|225x225px]]
|[[File:Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg|center|225x225px]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1952–2019
|1947–2019
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
[[Ladakh]] UT
[[Ladakh]] UT
Line 525: Line 650:
|[[Kutch State]]
|[[Kutch State]]
|[[Bhuj]]
|[[Bhuj]]
|1947–1956
|1948–1956
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|-
Line 538: Line 663:
|[[Madras]]
|[[Madras]]
|1950–1969
|1950–1969
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and partially [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and partially [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Telangana]]{{Efn|[[Bhadrachalam]] and few other areas.}}
|-
|-
|[[File:Mysore in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[File:Mysore in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Mysore State]]
|[[Mysore State]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|1947–1973
|1950–1973
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|-
Line 570: Line 695:
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|}
|}
{{Notelist}}


=== Former union territories ===
=== Former union territories ===
Line 576: Line 703:
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |date=31 December 2009 }}, Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>
 
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union Government and that state's own State Government.<ref>{{cite web|quote=Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power| url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm|title=Territoriality of executive powers of states in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |archive-date=31 December 2009|author=Balwant Singh Malik|work=Constitutional Law|year=1998}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 604: Line 732:
{{DEFAULTSORT:States And Territories of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:States And Territories of India}}
[[Category:States and union territories of India| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|States and terrtories]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|States and territories]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Asia|India 1]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Asia|India 1]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|States, India]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|States, India]]

Latest revision as of 15:13, 8 May 2026


Further information: Administrative divisions of India
"State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation).
"Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
GovernmentState Governments
Union Government (union territories)
SubdivisionsDivisions
Districts
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
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India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 subnational entities.[1] The states and union territories in turn are each subdivided into districts, of which a total of around 800 exist. Districts contain further levels of administrative subdivisions.[2]

States and union
territories of India
ordered by

Under the Indian Constitution and laws, the states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The legal power to manage affairs in each state is shared or divided between the particular state government on one hand and the national union government on the other. The union territories are directly governed by the union government; no state level government (and thus no division of power) exists in these jurisdictions.[lower-alpha 1]

History[edit | edit source]

1876–1919[edit | edit source]

The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909

The British Raj was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its legal establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as representative of the Emperor in that province and as head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province.

The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh.

The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India, who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.

There were territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.

  • There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:

The vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. A good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.

1919–1935[edit | edit source]

In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.

The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.

This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.

1935–1947[edit | edit source]

The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.

Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the Crown Colony of Burma.

In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes. The Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.

1947–1950[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad
The administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1950.

Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states.[3]

The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[3]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission
India before the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
India after the States Reorganisation Act

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State and Bellary district bifurcated between Mysore and Andhra.[4]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962.[5]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[6][7][8][9]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[3]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[10] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[11] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[12] The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[13]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[14] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[15] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[16]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[21][22]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[23] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[24][25][26]

Current proposals[edit | edit source]

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territories[edit | edit source]

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States[edit | edit source]

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population
(2011)[27][28] 		Area
(km2) 		Official
languages[29] 		Additional official
languages[29]
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati[30] Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 162,975 Telugu Urdu[31]
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English —
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,438 Assamese, Boro Bengali, Meitei[32]
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CG CG Central Raipur[lower-alpha 2] 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati, Hindi —
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi[33]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[34] 		Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit[35]
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 79,714 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[36][37]
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bengaluru 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English[38]
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 1 November 1956 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[39][40] 		Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,327 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,429 English —
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 Mizo, English —
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English —
Odisha IN-OD OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,707 Odia —
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,239 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English[41] Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TS TG[42] Southern Hyderabad[lower-alpha 3] 2 June 2014 35,193,978[46] 112,077[46] Telugu Urdu[47]
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,491 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950 199,812,341 240,928 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UK UK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[48] 		Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit[49]
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, English Nepali,[lower-alpha 4] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh[lower-alpha 5]
Total 1,178,310,321 3,054,066
  1. ↑ A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.
  2. ↑ Nava Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  3. ↑ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[43][21] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[44] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[45]
  4. ↑ Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.
  5. ↑ Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali and Kurukh are treated as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population.

Union territories[edit | edit source]

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Former states and union territories[edit | edit source]

Former states[edit | edit source]

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966) 		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh[lower-alpha 1]
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		1947–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch State Bhuj 1948–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter) 		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka, Kerala and Telangana[lower-alpha 2]
Mysore State Bangalore 1950–1973 Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
  1. ↑ Region around the Polavaram Project
  2. ↑ Bhadrachalam and few other areas.

Former union territories[edit | edit source]

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Responsibilities and authorities[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union Government and that state's own State Government.[50]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. ↑ "Local Government Directory, Government of India". Government of India. 21 June 2024. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  4. ↑ "Andhra State Act, 1953". Act of 1953 (PDF). Parliament of India. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Reorganisation of states (PDF) (Report). Economic Weekly. 15 October 1955. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  6. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagran Josh. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  7. ↑ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  8. ↑ "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". The Better India. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  9. ↑ "Constitutional Amendment". Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  10. ↑ J.C. Aggarwal; S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  11. ↑ "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  12. ↑ Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  13. ↑ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966". Act of 1966 (PDF). Parliament of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  14. ↑ Snapshot of North Eastern States (PDF) (Report). IBC India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  15. ↑ "About Sikkim". Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  16. ↑ "Goa Chronology". Goa online. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  17. ↑ "Chhattisgarh state – History". Government of Chhattisgarh. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  18. ↑ "About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India". Government of Uttarakhand. 9 November 2000. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  19. ↑ Chopra, Jasi Kiran (2 January 2007). "Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  20. ↑ "Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". Government of Jharkhand. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014". Act of 2014 (PDF). Parliament of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  22. ↑ "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  23. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019". Act of 5 August 2019 (PDF). Parliament of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  24. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". The Print. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  25. ↑ "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Devdiscourse. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  26. ↑ "The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill". Act of 2019 (PDF). Parliament of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  27. ↑ List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 (Report). Census commissioner, Government of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  28. ↑ "Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India". Jagran Josh. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) (PDF) (Report). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  30. ↑ Apparasu, Srinivasa Rao (13 December 2024). "Amaravati to be single capital, Andhra informs SC in affidavit". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 October 2025.
  31. ↑ "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed". The Hindu. 23 March 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  32. ↑ Purkayastha, Biswa Kalyan (24 February 2024). "Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  33. ↑ "Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi". Hindustan Times. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015.
  34. ↑ "Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala". The Times of India. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  35. ↑ Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). "Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed". The Tribune. Shimla. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  36. ↑ "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". UNI India. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  37. ↑ "Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language". The Avenue Mail. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  38. ↑ "Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969". Act of 1969. Kerala Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  39. ↑ "History | District Nagpur, Government of Maharashtra | India". Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  40. ↑ Raghunatha, TN (2 June 2018). "Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4". Daily Pioneer. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  41. ↑ "1977 Sikkim government gazette". Act of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date (PDF). Sikkim Legislative Assembly. p. 188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  42. ↑ "Centre gives nod; TG replaces TS as State code in Telangana vehicle registration plates". The Hindu. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  43. ↑ "Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State". The Times of India. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  44. ↑ Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts". NDTV. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  45. ↑ "AP Assembly building inaugurated". BusinessLine. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Telangana State Profile". Telangana government portal. p. 34. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  47. ↑ "Urdu is second official language now". The Hindu. 17 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  48. ↑ "Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand". Times Now. 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  49. ↑ Singh, Pallavi (19 April 2010). "Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India". mint. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  50. ↑ Balwant Singh Malik (1998). "Territoriality of executive powers of states in India". Constitutional Law. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power

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