States and union territories of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Redirect2|State of India|Indian state|the Portuguese State of India (1505–1961, ''Estado da Índia'' in Portuguese)|Portuguese India|the U.S. state|Indiana|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Redirect|State of India}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name              = States and union territories of India
|name              = States and union territories of India
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|current_number    = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|current_number    = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|number_date        =  
|number_date        =  
|population_range  = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] - 610,577 (lowest); [[Uttar Pradesh]] - 199,812,341(highest)<br />
|population_range  = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] - 64,473 (lowest); [[Delhi]] - 16,787,941 (highest)
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest)
|area_range        = '''States''': [[Goa]] - {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; [[Rajasthan]] - {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} <br />
|area_range        = '''States''': [[Goa]] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Rajasthan]] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] - {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; [[Ladakh]] - {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}}
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government        = [[State governments of India|State governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union governments]] (union territories)
|government        = [[State governments of India|State governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union governments]] (union territories)
|subdivision        = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
|subdivision        = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}


[[India]] is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].
'''[[India]]''' is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].


{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
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=== Pre-independence ===
=== Pre-independence ===
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqOxl5F?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-date= 1 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/bltxtindia7.htm |title=India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}} The [[British Raj]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies), directly governed by the British, and [[princely state]]s, which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held ''[[de facto]]'' sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) over the princely states.
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |archive-date= 29 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/bltxtindia7.htm |title=India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}} The [[British Raj]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies), directly governed by the British, and [[princely state]]s, which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held ''[[de facto]]'' sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) over the princely states.


=== 1947–1950 ===
=== 1947–1950 ===
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The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states |publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>
The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states |publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>


Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms?from=mdr |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2 March 2020|last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>
Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>


The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
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Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>


In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ&KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs - Government of India|date= 2019|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ&KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India|date= 2019|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>


=== Current proposals ===
=== Current proposals ===
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=== States ===
=== States ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+
|+
! scope="col" width="5%" |State
! scope="col" |State
! scope="col" width="3%" |[[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
! scope="col" |[[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO]]
! scope="col" width="5%" |[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" |[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" width="1%" |[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col" |[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col" width="1%" |Capital
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col" width="1%" |Largest city
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col" width="5%" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" width="1%" |Population<br />(census 2011){{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011){{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
! scope="col" width="1%" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" width="7%" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" width="8%" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |49,506,799
| align="right" |49,506,799
| align="right" |160,205
| align="right" |162,975
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| —
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-03-23 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
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| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |135,194
| align="right" |135,194
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
|-  
|-  
! scope="row" |[[Goa]]
! scope="row" |[[Goa]]
Line 221: Line 221:
| HP
| HP
| Northern
| Northern
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|date=Mar 2, 2017|title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Shimla]]
| [[Shimla]]
| 25 January 1971
| 25 January 1971
Line 237: Line 237:
| 15 November 2000
| 15 November 2000
| align="right" |32,988,134
| align="right" |32,988,134
| align="right" |74,677
| align="right" |79,716
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-05 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
Line 279: Line 279:
| MH
| MH
| Western
| Western
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=2021-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1 May 1960
| 1 May 1960
Line 307: Line 307:
| align="right" |22,720
| align="right" |22,720
| [[English language|English]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]{{efn|name=fn2}}
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]{{efn|Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mizoram]]
! scope="row" |[[Mizoram]]
Line 392: Line 392:
| TS
| TS
| Southern
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms|work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author= Sanchari Bhattacharya |date= 1 June 2014 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
| 2 June 2014
| 2 June 2014
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34}}</ref>
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34}}</ref>
| align="right" |114,840<ref name="telangana" />
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Line 425: Line 425:
| UK
| UK
| Central
| Central
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=2021-11-24|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
| [[Dehradun]]
| [[Dehradun]]
| 9 November 2000
| 9 November 2000
Line 441: Line 441:
| align="right" |91,276,115
| align="right" |91,276,115
| align="right" |88,752
| align="right" |88,752
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]{{efn|name=fn3}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]
| [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
|}
|}
{{Notelist}}


=== Union territories ===
=== Union territories ===
{{excerpt|Union territory#Current union territories}}
{{excerpt|Union territory#Current union territories}}


=== Autonomous areas ===
== Former states and union territories ==
{{main|Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous councils]] to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf |title=Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas  |website=www.mea.gov.in |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> Most of these autonomous areas are located in [[Northeast India]].
 
=== Former states ===
=== Former states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
Line 512: Line 510:
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1954–2019
|1952–2019
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
[[Ladakh]] UT
[[Ladakh]] UT
Line 570: Line 568:
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India], Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |date=31 December 2009 }}, Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 583: Line 581:
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|List of states of India by wildlife population]]
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|List of states of India by wildlife population]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms|work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author= Sanchari Bhattacharya |date= 1 June 2014 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.}}
{{efn|name=fn3|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}}
}}


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 19:39, 2 March 2023


Further information: Administrative divisions of India
"State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation).
"Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
GovernmentState governments
Union governments (union territories)
SubdivisionsDivisions
Districts
India
Emblem of India.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Federal government
Legislature
Parliament of India
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
  • General elections
Political parties
National coalitions
Federalism

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Flag of India.svg

History

Administrative divisions of India in 1951

Pre-independence

Main articles: Presidencies and provinces of British India, Agencies of British India, Residencies of British India, and Princely state

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][excessive citations] The British Raj mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding Mughal Empire. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies), directly governed by the British, and princely states, which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.

1947–1950

Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[13] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[14]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[15]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[16][17][18][19]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[20]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[21] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[22] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[23] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[24][25]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[26] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[27] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[28]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[33][34]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[35] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[36][37][38]

Current proposals

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territories

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population
(2011)[citation needed] 		Area
(km2) 		Official
languages[39] 		Additional official
languages[39]
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 162,975 Telugu Urdu[40]
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English —
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,550 Assamese Bengali, Bodo
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CT CG Central Raipur[lower-alpha 1] 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati —
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi[41][42]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[43] 		Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit[44]
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 79,716 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[45][46]
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bangalore 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English[47]
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 26 January 1950 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[48][49] 		Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,347 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,720 English Khasi[lower-alpha 2]
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 English, Hindi, Mizo —
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English —
Odisha IN-OR OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,820 Odia —
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,269 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 English, Nepali Bhutia, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Manggar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TG TS Southern Hyderabad[lower-alpha 3] 2 June 2014 35,193,978[54] 112,077[54] Telugu Urdu[55]
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,492 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950 199,812,341 243,286 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UT UK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[56] 		Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit[57]
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, Nepali[lower-alpha 4] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu
  1. ↑ Naya Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  2. ↑ Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
  3. ↑ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[50][51][52] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[53] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[citation needed]
  4. ↑ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.

Union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories[edit]
Union territory ISO 3166-2:IN Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city UT established Population Area
(km2) 		Official
languages 		Additional official
languages
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-AN AN Southern Port Blair 1 November 1956 380,581 8,249 Hindi, English —
Chandigarh IN-CH CH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 1966 1,055,450 114 English —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DH DD Western Daman Silvassa 26 January 2020 587,106 603 Hindi, English Gujarati
Delhi IN-DL DL Northern New Delhi Delhi 1 November 1956 16,787,941 1,484 Hindi, English Punjabi,[58] Urdu
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JK JK Northern Srinagar (Summer)[59][60]
Jammu (Winter)[60][61] 		Srinagar 31 October 2019 12,258,433 42,241 Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu —
Ladakh IN-LA LA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[62] 		Leh 31 October 2019 290,492 59,146 Hindi, English —
Lakshadweep IN-LD LD Southern Kavaratti Andrott 1 November 1956 64,473 32 English, Hindi Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PY PY Southern Pondicherry 16 August 1962 1,247,953 479 Tamil, English, French Telugu, Malayalam

Former states and union territories

Former states

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
Ajmer in India (1951).svg Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra-India 1953.svg Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal in India (1951).svg Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur in India (1951).svg Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay in India (1951).svg Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg in India (1951).svg Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
Punjab, India (1956-1966).png East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966) 		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad in India (1951).svg Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg
 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		1952–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch in India (1951).svg Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat in India (1951).svg Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter) 		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras in India (1951).svg Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore in India (1951).svg Mysore State Bangalore 1947–1973 Karnataka
PEPSU in India (1951).svg Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra in India (1951).svg Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore-Cochin in India (1951).svg Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh in India (1951).svg Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories[edit]
Map Name Zone Capital Area UT established UT disestablished Now part of
IN-AR.svg Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
IN-DN.svg Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km2 (190 sq mi) 11 August 1961 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
IN-DD.svg Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km2 (43 sq mi) 30 May 1987 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
IN-GDD.svg Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi) 19 December 1961 30 May 1987 Goa state and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
IN-HP.svg Himachal Pradesh Northern Shimla 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 1 November 1956 25 January 1971 As an Indian state
IN-MN.svg Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state
IN-MZ.svg Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
IN-NL.svg Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 29 November 1957 1 December 1963 As an Indian state
IN-TR.svg Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authorities

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ DelhiAugust 5. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. ↑ Krishna Reddy (2003). Indian History. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-048369-9.
  3. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  4. ↑ Romila Thapar (1966). A History of India: Part 1. [Harmondsworth] Penguin Books.
  5. ↑ V.D. Mahajan (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 121, 122. ISBN 978-8121903646.
  6. ↑ Antonova, K.A.; Bongard-Levin, G.; Kotovsky, G. (1979). A History of India Volume 1. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers.
  7. ↑ Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009.
  8. ↑ "India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha". Historymedren.about.com. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  9. ↑ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
  10. ↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
  11. ↑ "Regional states, c. 1700–1850". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  12. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1990). "Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press.
  13. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
  14. ↑ "Map of Madras Presidency in 1909". 28 March 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  15. ↑ "Reorganisation of states" (PDF). Economic Weekly. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagranjosh.com. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  17. ↑ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". Thebetterindia.com. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "The Constitution (Amendment)". Archive.india.gov.in. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  20. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Law Ministry, GOI. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  21. ↑ J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New DElhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  22. ↑ "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". india.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  23. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  24. ↑ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966" (PDF). india.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "State map of India". Travel India guide. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  26. ↑ "Snapshot of North Eastern States" (PDF). thaibicindia.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "About Sikkim". Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  28. ↑ "Goa Chronology". goaonline.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  29. ↑ "Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". Jharkhand.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  30. ↑ "Chhattisgarh state – History". Cg.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  31. ↑ Chopra, Jasi Kiran (2 January 2007). "Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  32. ↑ "About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India". Uk.gov.in. 9 November 2000. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of law and justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  34. ↑ "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  35. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019" (PDF). Parliament of India. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  36. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". New Delhi. The Print. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  37. ↑ "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  38. ↑ "The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India. 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  40. ↑ Staff Reporter (23 March 2022). "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  41. ↑ "Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi". Hindustan Times. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015.
  42. ↑ "Punjabi gets second language status in Haryana". Zee news. 28 January 2010.
  43. ↑ "Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala". The Times of India. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  44. ↑ Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). "Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed". The Tribune. Shimla. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  45. ↑ "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". uniindia.com.
  46. ↑ "Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language". The Avenue Mail. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  47. ↑ "Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969". www.bareactslive.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  48. ↑ "History | District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra | India". Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  49. ↑ Raghunatha, TN (2 June 2018). "Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4". Pioneer. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  50. ↑ "Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State". The Times of India. 2 June 2014.
  51. ↑ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Government of India. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  52. ↑ "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section" (PDF). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  53. ↑ Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts". NDTV.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Telangana State Profile". Telangana government portal. p. 34. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "Urdu is second official language now". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 17 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 July 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  56. ↑ "Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand". Times Now. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  57. ↑ Singh, Pallavi (19 April 2010). "Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India". mint.
  58. ↑ "Official Language Act 2000" (PDF). Government of Delhi. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  59. ↑ "Srinagar | History, Life, Lakes, & Map". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Jammu and Kashmir Government Puts An End To 149-Year-Old Practice Of 'Darbar Move'". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  61. ↑ "Jammu | History, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  62. ↑ Excelsior, Daily (12 November 2019). "LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur". Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  63. ↑ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998

External links

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