Punjabi language: Difference between revisions

Punjabi
Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; پَن٘جابی;
	File:Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi.png 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab, India (bottom)
Pronunciation	Punjabi: [pəɲˈdʒɑb̆.bi]; English: /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/;
Native to	Pakistan and India
Region	Punjab
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Native speakers	113 million (2011–2017)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit debated Prakrit debated Apabhraṃśa Old Punjabi ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	See Punjabi dialects;
Writing system	Shāhmukhī (in Pakistan); Gurmukhī (in India); Punjabi Braille; Laṇḍā (historical); Takri (historical); Mahajani (historical);
Official status
Official language in	Pakistan; Template:Country data Punjab (provincial); ; India ; Punjab (official); Haryana (additional); Delhi (additional); West Bengal (additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population);
Regulated by	Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Languages, Punjab, India
Language codes
ISO 639-1	pa
ISO 639-2	pan
ISO 639-3	Either:; pan – Panjabi; pnb – Western Panjabi
Glottolog	panj1256 Eastern Panjabi; west2386 Western Panjabi
Linguasphere	59-AAF-e
	Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

← Older edit Newer edit →

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 03:56, 22 July 2023

Template:Constitutionally recognised languages in India

Punjabi (/pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/;^[16] Shahmukhi: پنجابی; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Punjabi: [pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi] (listen)^[17]), sometimes spelled Panjabi,^{[lower-alpha 4]} is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It has approximately 113 million native speakers.

Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census, and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 2011 census. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and the Gulf states.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet, based on the Perso-Arabic script; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet, based on the Indic scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.

History

Etymology

The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) has been derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors^[18] of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name for the region, Panchanada, which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'.^[19]^[20]

Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca (पञ्च), Greek pénte (πέντε), and Lithuanian Penki, all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp (अप्) and with the Av- of Avon. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej.

Origin

Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')^[21] From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत, prākṛta) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a descendant of Prakrit.^[22] Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century.^[23] The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.^[23] The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Mediaeval Punjabi'.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Arabic and Persian influences

The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent.^[24] Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi.^[25]^[26] So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. Many important words like ਅਰਦਾਸ, ਰਹਿਰਾਸ, ਨਹਿਰ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ, ਗਜ਼ਲ, etc. are derived from Persian and Arabic. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.^[27]

In fact, the sounds of ਜ਼, ਖ਼, ਸ਼, and ਫ਼ have been borrowed from Persian. Later, it was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like ਅਲਮਾਰੀ/الماری), Greek (words like ਦਾਮ/دام), Chagatai (words like ਕ਼ੈੰਚੀ, ਸੁਗ਼ਾਤ/قینچی،سوغات), Japanese (words like ਰਿਕਸ਼ਾ/رکشا), Chinese (words like ਚਾਹ, ਲੀਚੀ, ਲੁਕਾਠ/چاہ، لیچی، لکاٹھ) and English (words like ਜੱਜ, ਅਪੀਲ, ਮਾਸਟਰ/جج، اپیل، ماسٹر), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.^[28]

English	Gurmukhi-based (Punjab, India)	Shahmukhi-based (Punjab, Pakistan)
President	ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ (rāshtarpatī)	صدرمملکت (sadar-e mumlikat)
Article	ਲੇਖ (lēkh)	مضمون (mazmūn)
Prime Minister	ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ (pardhān mantarī)*	وزیراعظم (vazīr-e aʿzam)
Family	ਪਰਿਵਾਰ (parivār)* ਟੱਬਰ (ṭabbar) ਲਾਣਾ (lāṇā)	خاندان (kḥāndān) ٹبّر (ṭabbar)
Philosophy	ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ (falsafā) ਦਰਸ਼ਨ (darshan)	فلسفہ (falsafah)
Capital city	ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (rājdhānī)	دارالحکومت (dār-al ḥakūmat)
Viewer	ਦਰਸ਼ਕ (darshak)	ناظرین (nāzarīn)
Listener	ਸਰੋਤਾ (sarotā)	سامع (sāmaʿ)

Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār) may be used.

Modern times

Modern Punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the Mediaeval Punjabi stage.^[4] Modern Punjabi is spoken in many dialects. The Majhi dialect has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in the Majha region of the Punjab.

In India, Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English, one of India's two primary official languages at the Union-level.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards, is identical to the Urdu alphabet, however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology, not already found in the Urdu alphabet. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic languages, just like Urdu does.

Geographic distribution

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the eleventh-most widely spoken in India, and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries.

Pakistan

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, being the native language of 80.5 million people, or approximately 39% of the country's population.

**Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan**^[29]^[30]
Year	Population of Pakistan	Percentage	Punjabi speakers
1951	33,740,167	57.08%	22,632,905
1961	42,880,378	56.39%	28,468,282
1972	65,309,340	56.11%	43,176,004
1981	84,253,644	48.17%	40,584,980
1998	132,352,279	44.15%	58,433,431
2017	207,685,000	38.78%	80,540,000

Beginning with the 1981 census, speakers of Saraiki and Hindko were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease.

Pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi.^[31]

India

Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Ambala, Patiala, Bathinda, Hoshiarpur, Firozpur and Delhi.

In the 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million.^[32]

**Census history of Punjabi speakers in India**^[33]
Year	Population of India	Punjabi speakers in India	Percentage
1971	548,159,652	14,108,443	2.57%
1981	665,287,849	19,611,199	2.95%
1991	838,583,988	23,378,744	2.79%
2001	1,028,610,328	29,102,477	2.83%
2011	1,210,193,422	33,124,726	2.74%

File:BCNDP SIGNS.jpg

Signs in Punjabi (along with English and Chinese) of New Democratic Party of British Columbia, Canada during 2009 elections

Punjabi diaspora

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.^[31]

There were 0.67 million native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,^[34] 0.3 million in the United Kingdom in 2011,^[35] 0.28 million in the United States^[36] and smaller numbers in other countries.

Major dialects

Standard Punjabi

Standard Punjabi sometimes referred to as Majhi in India or simply Punjabi, is the most widespread and largest dialect of Punjabi. It first developed in the 12th century and gained prominence when Sufi poets such as Shah Hussain, Bulleh Shah among others began to use the Lahore/Amritsar spoken dialect with infused Persian vocabulary in their works in the Shahmukhi script.^[37] Later the Gurmukhi script was developed based on Standard Punjabi by the Sikh Gurus.^[38]

In Pakistan, the Standard Punjabi dialect is not referred to as the 'Majhi dialect', which may be considered as 'Indian terminology', rather simply as 'Standard Punjabi'. This dialect is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry, which is mainly produced in Lahore.

Lahnda

A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "Lahnda" in the west.

Phonology

While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance.^[39]

**Vowels**
	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	iː ਈ اِی				uː ਊ اُو
Near-close		ɪ ਇ اِ		ʊ ਉ اُ
Close-mid	eː ਏ اے				oː ਓ او
Mid			ə ਅ اَ
Open-mid	ɛː ਐ اَے				ɔː ਔ اَو
Open			aː ਆ آ

The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues.^[40] There is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̆/ between adjacent a vowels as a separator. When the latter vowel is low-tone, this usually changes to /ʊ̆/.

**Consonants**
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m ਮ م	n ਨ ن^[41]	ɳ ਣ ݨ	(ɲ) ਞ ن	(ŋ) ਙ ن٘
Stop/ Affricate	tenuis	p ਪ پ	t̪ ਤ ت	ʈ ਟ ٹ	t͡ʃ ਚ چ	k ਕ ک	(q ਕ਼ ق)
	aspirated	pʰ ਫ پھ	tʰ ਥ تھ	ʈʰ ਠ ٹھ	t͡ʃʰ ਛ چھ	kʰ ਖ کھ
	voiced	b ਬ ب	d̪ ਦ د	ɖ ਡ ڈ	d͡ʒ ਜ ج	ɡ ਗ گ
	tonal	ਭ بھ	ਧ دھ	ਢ ڈھ	ਝ جھ	ਘ گھ
Fricative	voiceless	(f ਫ਼ ف)	s ਸ س		ʃ ਸ਼ ش	(x ਖ਼ خ)
Fricative	voiced		(z ਜ਼ ز)			(ɣ ਗ਼ غ)		ɦ ਹ ہ
Rhotic			ɾ~r ਰ ر	ɽ ੜ ڑ
Approximant		ʋ ਵ و	l ਲ ل	ɭ ਲ਼ لؕ^[42]	j ਯ ی

Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone.

The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals /ŋ, ɲ/ occur only as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals (there are limited exceptions, but these are archaic). The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as the voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in learned clusters with retroflexes. The phonemic status of the consonants /f, z, x, ɣ, q/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/, /z, d͡ʒ/, /x, kʰ/, /ɣ, g/, and /q, k/ systematically distinguished in educated speech.^[43] The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap.^[44]^[45]^[46] The voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ/ often soften to fricatives /ɕ, f/. This hardly happens with /kʰ, t̪ʰ/ into /x, θ/, and never with /ʈʰ/.^{[citation needed]}

In very rare cases, the archaic isolated /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from Sindhi.^{[citation needed]}

Diphthongs

Like Hindustani, the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects.

Long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes, and all instances of ai and au are monophthongized into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/. Hence, diphthongs like aī and āu phonotactically are stretched to aii and aau, whence the newly formed diphthongs ai and au are monophthongized, causing the sequences to be pronounced as /ɛːɪ/ and /əɔː/ rather than /əiː/ and /aːʊ/. This also brings about flexibility in the script whence diphthongs such as aaai can be written as ā-ai, a-ā-i, etc.^{[citation needed]}

The phonemes /j/ and /ʋ/ have become marginalized in Punjabi. /j/ is only pronounced word-initially, where it is otherwise /ɪ/, and /ʋ/ becomes /ʊ/ when between a consonant and a vowel.

Tone

Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones.^[47] Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle).^[48]^[49]^[50] The transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in Punjabi University, Patiala’s Punjabi-English Dictionary.^[51]

Examples		Pronunciation			Meaning
Gurmukhi	Shahmukhi	Transliteration	IPA	Tone	Meaning
ਘਰ	گھر	ghar	/kə̀.rᵊ/^[52]^{[lower-alpha 5]}	low	house
ਕਰ੍ਹਾ	کرھا	karhā	/kə́.ra/^[53]	high	powdered remains of cow-dung cakes
ਕਰ	کر	kar	/kər/^[54]	level	do, doing
ਝੜ	جھڑ	jhaṛ	/t͡ʃə̀.ɽᵊ/^[55]	low	shade caused by clouds
ਚੜ੍ਹ	چڑھ	chaṛh	/t͡ʃə́.ɽᵊ/^[56]	high	rise to fame, ascendancy
ਚੜ	چڑ	caṛ	/t͡ʃəɽ/^[56]	level	hangnail

Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.^[48] There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)^[48] However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.^[57]

ਮੋਢਾ / موڈھا, móḍà (rising-falling), "shoulder"

Some Punjabi distinct tones for gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh

It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants (gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh) lost their aspiration. At the beginning of a word, they became voiceless unaspirated consonants (k, c, ṭ, t, p) followed by a high-falling tone; medially or finally they became voiced unaspirated consonants (g, j, ḍ, d, b), preceded by a low-rising tone. (The development of a high-falling tone apparently did not take place in every word, but only in those which historically had a long vowel.)^[50]

Tonal H letter

The presence of an [h] (although the [h] is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially) word-finally (and sometimes medially) often causes a rising tone before it, for example cá(h) "tea".^[58]

Syllable-initially, [h] causes a falling-tone after it, e.g. he > ʰè "is"^{[lower-alpha 6]}
Syllable-finally, [h] causes a rising-tone before it, e.g. cā(h) > cā́ "tea"
- The intrasyllabic sequences ih and uh are pronounced as rising-tone /éː/ and /óː/, e.g. ki(h)-ṛā > kḗṛā "which"^{[lower-alpha 7]}
  - Not when intersyllabic, e.g. tu-(h)āḍ-ḍē > tuā̀ḍḍē^{[lower-alpha 8]} "yours"
- The sequences ahi/aha and ahu are pronounced as rising-tone /ɛ́ː/ and /ɔ́ː/

The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time.^[50]

Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski, Gujari, Hindko, Kalami, Shina, and Torwali,^[59] though these seem to be independent of Punjabi.

Gemination

Gemination of a consonant (doubling the letter) is indicated with adhak in Gurmukhi and tashdīd in Shahmukhi.^[60] Its inscription with a unique diacritic is a distinct feature of Gurmukhi compared to Brahmic scripts.

All consonants except six (ṇ, ṛ, h, r, v, y) are regularly geminated. The latter four are only geminated in loan words from other languages.^{[lower-alpha 9]}

There is a tendency to irregularly geminate consonants which follow long vowels, except in the final syllable of a word, e.g.menū̃ > mennū̃.^{[lower-alpha 10]} It also causes the long vowels to shorten but remain peripheral, distinguishing them from the central vowels /ə, ɪ, ʊ/. This gemination is less prominent than the literarily regular gemination represented by the diacritics mentioned above.

Before a non-final prenasalised consonant,^{[lower-alpha 11]} long vowels undergo the same change but no gemination occurs.

The true gemination of a consonant after a long vowel is unheard of but is written in some English loanwords to indicate short /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, e.g. ਡੈੱਡ ڈَیڈّ /ɖɛɖː/ "dead".

Grammar

The 35 traditional characters of the Gurmukhi script

Punjabi has a canonical word order of SOV (subject–object–verb).^[61] Function words are largely postpositions marking grammatical case on a preceding nominal.^[62]

Punjabi distinguishes two genders, two numbers, and six cases of direct, oblique, vocative, ablative, locative, and instrumental. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative postposition, and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set adverbial expressions.^[63]

Adjectives, when declinable, are marked for the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify.^[64] There is also a T-V distinction. Upon the inflectional case is built a system of particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case, and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. The Punjabi verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense/mood. Like the nominal system, the Punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix, and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the lexical base.^[65]

Vocabulary

Being an Indo-Aryan language, the core vocabulary of Punjabi consists of tadbhav words inherited from Sanskrit.^[66]^[67] It contains many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.^[66]

Writing systems

The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts (a phenomenon known as synchronic digraphia). Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group,^[68]^[69] although the association is not absolute or exclusive.^[70] In India, Punjabi Sikhs use Gurmukhi, a script of the Brahmic family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use Shahmukhi, a variant of the Perso-Arabic script and closely related to the Urdu alphabet. The Punjabi Hindus in India had a preference for Devanagari, another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,^[71] but most have now switched to Gurmukhi^[72] and so the use of Devanagari is rare.^[73] Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.^[74]

The written standard for Shahmukhi also slightly differs from that of Gurmukhi, as it is used for western dialects, whereas Gurumukhi is used to write eastern dialects.

Historically, various local Brahmic scripts including Laṇḍā and its descendants were also in use.^[73]^[75]

The Punjabi Braille is used by the visually impaired.

Transliteration

There is an altered version of IAST often used for Punjabi in which the diphthongs ai and au are written as e and o, and the long vowels e and o are written as ē and ō.

Sample text

This sample text was adapted from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore.

Gurmukhi

ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ’ਤੇ ਵੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।

Shahmukhi

لہور پاکستانی پنجاب دی راجدھانی اے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی کاروباری اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ اے اتے، ایسے لئی ایہہ نوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا اے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا اے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے۔

Transliteration

Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, kārobāri ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vassdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.

IPA

/ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ pakˑɪˈstaːniː pənˈd͡ʒaːbᵊ diː ɾaːd͡ʒᵊˈtàːniː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊtiː deː naːɭᵊ kəˈɾat͡ʃˑiː tõː baːədᵊ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ dud͡ʒˑaː sə́bᵊ tõː ʋəɖːaː ʃɛ́ːɾ ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ pakˑɪstaːnᵊ daː sɪaːsiː | kaːɾobˑaːɾiː əteː pəɽàːiː daː ɡə́ɽ ʱɛ̀ː əteː ɪseː ləiː énˑũː pakˑɪstaːnᵊ daː dɪlᵊ ʋiː kéːa d͡ʒaːndaː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ ɾaːʋiː ˈdəɾɪaː deː kə́ɳɖèː teː ʋəsːᵊdaː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ˈɪsᵊdiː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː ɪkːᵊ kəˈɾoːɽᵊ deː neːɽeˑ ʱɛ̀ː ‖/

Translation

Lahore is the capital city of Pakistani Punjab. After Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political, cultural, and educational hub, and so it is also said to be the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. Its population is close to ten million people.

Literature development

Medieval period

Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266) is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.^[76] Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being Bulleh Shah. Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1630–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Waris Shah (1722–1798), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747–1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830–1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901).
The Sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs.^[77] Most portions of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhi, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures.

Varan Gyan Ratnavali by 16th-century historian Bhai Gurdas.

The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.

The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of qisse, most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).^[78]
Heroic ballads known as Vaar enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous Vaars are Chandi di Var (1666–1708), Nadir Shah Di Vaar by Najabat and the Jangnama of Shah Mohammad (1780–1862).^[79]

Modern period

The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. Nanak Singh (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Puran Singh (1881–1931), Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1957), Diwan Singh (1897–1944) and Ustad Daman (1911–1984), Mohan Singh (1905–78) and Shareef Kunjahi are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period. After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, Shafqat Tanvir Mirza, Ahmad Salim, and Najm Hosain Syed, Munir Niazi, Ali Arshad Mir, Pir Hadi Abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan, whereas Jaswant Singh Kanwal (1919–2020), Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973), Surjit Patar (1944–) and Pash (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India.

Status

Despite Punjabi's rich literary history, it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language. Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian, Hindustani, or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government. After the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab. The British Empire employed Urdu in its administration of North-Central and Northwestern India, while in the North-East of India, Bengali language was used as the language of administration. Despite its lack of official sanction, the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production, with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times. The Sikh religion, with its Gurmukhi script, played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via Gurdwaras, while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry, prose, and literature in the language.

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with Urdu, and in Haryana.

In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English.^[80]

In Pakistan

The proportion of people with Punjabi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab

When Pakistan was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in West Pakistan and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as whole, English and Urdu were chosen as the national languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the Punjabi elites started identifying with Urdu more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an ethnoreligious perspective.^[81] Broadcasting in Punjabi language by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.^[82] However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the Bengali language. Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province, while the Sindhi language was given official status in 1972 after 1972 Language violence in Sindh.

Despite gaining official recognition at the provincial level, Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).^[83] Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.^[84]^[85]

In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the Lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.^[86]^[87]

The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language^[88]^[89]^[90] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.^[91]^[92] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.^[93]^[94] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.^[95]^[96]^[97]

In India

At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution,^[98] earned after the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1950s.^[99] At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.^[100] In 2012, it was also made additional official language of West Bengal in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.^[14]

Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education. The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula, and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction, or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab.^[101] Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana,^[102] and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education.^{[dubious – discuss]}

There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television due to market forces.^[103] Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.^[98]^:37 There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.^[104]^[105]^[106]

Advocacy

Punjabi University was established on 30 April 1962, and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language, after Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala^[107] is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi, Digitisation of basic materials, online Punjabi teaching, developing software for office use in Punjabi, providing common platform to Punjabi cyber community.^[108] Punjabipedia, an online encyclopaedia was also launched by Patiala university in 2014.^[109]^[110]
The Dhahan Prize was created to award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world. The Prize encourages new writing by awarding $25,000 CDN annually to one "best book of fiction" published in either of the two Punjabi scripts, Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi. Two second prizes of $5,000 CDN are also awarded, with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners. The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society (CIES).^[111]

Governmental academies and institutes

The Punjabi Sahit academy, Ludhiana, established in 1954^[112]^[113] is supported by the Punjab state government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in Delhi.^[114] The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature^[115] in Jammu and Kashmir UT, India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states^[116] as well as in Lahore, Pakistan^[117] also advocate for the language.

Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954

Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954
Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982

Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982
Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature

Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature
Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004

Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004

Software

Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the Gurmukhi script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package. Microsoft has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista, Microsoft Office 2007, 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the Language Interface Pack^[118] support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.^[119] Apple implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across Mobile devices.^[120] Google also provides many applications in Punjabi, like Google Search,^[121] Google Translate^[122] and Google Punjabi Input Tools.^[123]

Gallery

Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi
Punjabi Gurmukhi script
Punjabi Shahmukhi script
Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
Gurmukhi alphabet
A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, India

Notes

↑ 2011 Indian Census and 2017 Pakistani Census
↑ Paishachi, Saurasheni, or Gandhari Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor Middle Indo-Aryan language to Punjabi.
↑ Punjabi language has provincial status in the Pakistani province of Punjab, sanctioned by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
↑ Punjabi is the British English spelling, and Pañjābī is the Romanized spelling from the native script(s).
↑ Standard or Eastern dialect. Western dialects usually pronounce it as /käː˨ɾᵊ/.
↑ Word-initial [h] is preserved in standard formal Punjabi but pronounced weaker casual speech and in northern areas such as Gujrat.
↑ Whether this peripherality change applies when isolated varies.
↑ Syllable-initial [h] causes the following vowel to be falling-tone.
↑ /jː/ is found in one other instance, for the name of the Gurmukhi letter ਯ (yayyā ਯੱਯਾ)
↑ This never occurs with /ɳ/ and /ɽ/, and is rare before /ʋ, ɾ, ɦ/
↑ bindī/ṭippī or nūn ġunna before a consonant often causes it to be pre-nasalised, except where there is a true nasal vowel.

References

Citations

↑ 80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See § Geographic distribution below.
↑ Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
↑ "The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004". punjablaws.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
↑ "NCLM 52nd Report" (PDF). NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
↑ "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". The Hindu. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.0
↑ "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
↑ "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
↑ India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
↑
↑ Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
↑ Sir, Yule, Henry (13 August 2018). "Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive". dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (13 August 2018). "A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout". Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
↑ Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017.
↑ G S Sidhu (2004). Panjab And Panjabi.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
↑ Brard, G.S.S. (2007). East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 9788170103608. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520262690. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ Schiffman, H. (2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Brill. p. 314. ISBN 9789004201453. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20145-3. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
↑ Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9788170992141. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Population Census Organization". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
↑ "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". Dawn. 21 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021. The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada". The Times of India. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016.
↑ "Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
↑ "Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
↑
273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland:
- "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- "Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
↑ "US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh". Times of India. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
↑ Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Academy. p. 4208.
↑ Bhatt, Shankarlal (2006). Punjab. Bhargava, Gopal K. Delhi: Kalpaz publ. p. 141. ISBN 81-7835-378-4. OCLC 255107273.
↑ Shackle 2003, p. 587.
↑ Shackle 2003, p. 588.
↑ Karamat, Nayyara, Phonemic inventory of Punjabi, p. 182, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1248
↑ ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in Unicode Archived 28 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Arabic Extended-A 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi" 08C7 : ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE
↑ Shackle 2003, p. 589.
↑ Masica 1991, p. 97.
↑ Arora, K. K.; Arora, S.; Singla, S. R.; Agrawal, S. S. (2007). "SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics". Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA: 4–6. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0631198154.
↑ Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.). Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include Hindko, Dogri, Western Pahari, Sylheti and some Dardic languages.
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), English-Punjabi Dictionary, introduction.
↑ Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 ^50.2 Bowden, A.L. (2012). "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study" Archived 17 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
↑
↑ Punjabi University (2018). p. 281
↑ Punjabi University (2018). p. 194
↑ Punjabi University (2018). p. 192
↑ Punjabi University (2018). p. 369
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 Punjabi University (2018). p. 300
↑ Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) "An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi". Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015
↑ Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) "Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study" Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Baart, J.L.G. "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan" Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Masica 1993, p. 149.
↑ Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). A Reference Grammar of Panjabi. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University
↑ "WALS Online – Language Panjabi". wals.info. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
↑ Shackle (2003:599)
↑ Shackle (2003:601)
↑ Masica (1991:257)
↑ ^66.0 ^66.1 Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Hindus and Sikhs generally use the Gurmukhi script; but Hindus have also begun to write Punjabi in the Devanagari script, as employed for Hindi. Muslims tend to write Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script, which is also employed for Urdu. Muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from Persian and Arabic; however, the basic Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhava words, i.e. those descended from Sanskrit.
↑ Bhatia, Tej K. (1993). Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar. Psychology Press. p. xxxii. ISBN 978-0-415-00320-9. Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhav words, i.e., words derived from Sanskrit.
↑ Bhatia 2008, p. 128.
↑ Bhardwaj 2016, pp. 12–13.
↑ Jain 2003, pp. 53, 57–8.
↑ Nayar 1966, pp. 46 ff.
↑ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 12.
↑ ^73.0 ^73.1 Shackle 2003, p. 594.
↑ "Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo". MustGo.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
↑ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 15.
↑ Shiv Kumar Batalvi Archived 10 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine sikh-heritage.co.uk.
↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
↑ Mir, Farina. "Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
↑ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One – A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.
↑ "Facts about Pakistan". opr.gov.pk. Government of Pakistan – Office of the Press Registrar. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
↑ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (14 July 2020). "Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi". Fair Observer. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
↑ "Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
↑ Zaidi, Abbas. "Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 29 October 2016.
↑
University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
- "University of the Punjab – Examinations". pu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ University of the Punjab (2015). "Department of Punjabi". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.
↑ Masood, Tariq (21 February 2015). "The colonisation of language". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
↑ Warraich, Faizan; Ali, Haider (15 September 2015). "Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language". DailyTimes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑ "Punjabis Without Punjabi". apnaorg.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑
"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
- "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International". ppinewsagency.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
↑ "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑ "Sufi poets can guarantee unity". The Nation. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
↑ "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑ "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑
"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The Herald. 2 September 2106.
- "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald". herald.dawn.com. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑
"Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 October 2015.
- "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑
"Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 February 2011.
- "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". nation.com.pk. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ ^98.0 ^98.1 Khokhlova, Liudmila (January 2014). "Majority Language Death" (PDF). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.
↑ "Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)". Panjab Digital Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
↑ Ayres, Alyssa (2008). "Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab" (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (3): 917–946. doi:10.1017/S0021911808001204. S2CID 56127067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017. in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).
↑ Kumar, Ashutosh (2004). "Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal". Economic & Political Weekly. 39 (14/15): 1515–1520. JSTOR 4414869. Punjabi was made the first compulsory language and medium of instruction in all the government schools whereas Hindi and English as second and third language were to be implemented from the class 4 and 6 respectively
↑ 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (PDF) (Report). National Commission on Linguistic Minorities. 2015. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017. Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula: First Language : Hindi Second Language : Punjabi Third language : English
↑ Singh, Jasmine (13 September 2015). "Serial killer". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑ "SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language". Hindustan Times. 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
↑ Aujla, Harjap Singh (15 June 2015). "Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language". Punjab News Express. Retrieved 19 September 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Singh, Perneet (9 July 2013). "Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
↑ "final". punjabiuniversity.ac.in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "ACTDPL, Punjabi University, Patiala". learnpunjabi.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ". punjabipedia.org. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Pbi University launches Punjabipedia | punjab | Hindustan Times". Hindustan Times. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "The Dhahan Prize | The Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature". dhahanprize.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੱਕਾ : ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਵਨ, ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ". 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
↑ "Sirsa again elected Punjabi Sahit Akademi president". Tribuneindia.com. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
↑ "Punjabi Academy". www.punjabiacademy.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017.
↑ "JK Cultural Academy". jkculture.nic.in. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016.
↑ "पंजाबी सीखने वाले छात्रों को अगले माह बटेगा एकल प्रोत्साहन राशि". M.livehindustan.com. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
↑ "Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture | Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture". pilac.punjab.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
↑ "Microsoft Download Center". microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download | SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Connecting to the iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Google". Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ". Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
↑ "Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ". Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

Sources

Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016), Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315760803, ISBN 9781138793859.
Bhatia, Tej K. (2008), "Major regional languages", in Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S.N. Sridhar (eds.), Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–131, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511619069.008, ISBN 9780511619069.
Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. Volume IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |volume= (help)
Jain, Dhanesh (2003), "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 7 October 2020.
Nayar, Baldev Raj (1966), Minority Politics in the Punjab, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400875948, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 9 November 2019.
Shackle, Christopher (2003), "Panjabi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 581–621, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 7 October 2020.

External links

English to Punjabi Dictionary Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[1] 2011 Indian Census and 2017 Pakistani Census

[3] Paishachi, Saurasheni, or Gandhari Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor Middle Indo-Aryan language to Punjabi.

[11] Punjabi language has provincial status in the Pakistani province of Punjab, sanctioned by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab

[21] Punjabi is the British English spelling, and Pañjābī is the Romanized spelling from the native script(s).

[57] Standard or Eastern dialect. Western dialects usually pronounce it as /käː˨ɾᵊ/.

[64] Word-initial [h] is preserved in standard formal Punjabi but pronounced weaker casual speech and in northern areas such as Gujrat.

[65] Whether this peripherality change applies when isolated varies.

[66] Syllable-initial [h] causes the following vowel to be falling-tone.

[69] /jː/ is found in one other instance, for the name of the Gurmukhi letter ਯ (yayyā ਯੱਯਾ)

[70] This never occurs with /ɳ/ and /ɽ/, and is rare before /ʋ, ɾ, ɦ/

[71] bindī/ṭippī or nūn ġunna before a consonant often causes it to be pre-nasalised, except where there is a true nasal vowel.

[2] 80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See § Geographic distribution below.

[4] Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies.

[Languages_of_India-5] 3.0 ^3.1 Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.

[:0-6] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).

[Routledge-7] 5.0 ^5.1 Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.

[Oxford_University_Press-8] 6.0 ^6.1 Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.

[University_of_California_Press-9] 7.0 ^7.1 Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.

[Language_in_South_Asia-10] 8.0 ^8.1 Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.

[12] "The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004". punjablaws.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[13] "NCLM 52nd Report" (PDF). NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.

[14] "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". The Hindu. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.0

[15] "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

[16] "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

[Telegraph:1-17] 14.0 ^14.1 "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

[18] India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

[19] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[bhardwaj-20] ↑

[22] Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.

[23] Sir, Yule, Henry (13 August 2018). "Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive". dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[24] Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (13 August 2018). "A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout". Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.

[25] Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017.

[26] G S Sidhu (2004). Panjab And Panjabi.

[Hoiberg_2000-27] 23.0 ^23.1 Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.

[google-28] Brard, G.S.S. (2007). East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 9788170103608. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[google2-29] Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520262690. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[google3-30] Schiffman, H. (2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Brill. p. 314. ISBN 9789004201453. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[31] Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20145-3. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2021.

[google4-32] Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9788170992141. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[33] "Population Census Organization". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.

[PakistanCensus2017-34] "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". Dawn. 21 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021. The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.

[:1-35] 31.0 ^31.1 "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada". The Times of India. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016.

[IndiaCensus2011-36] "Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[India-census-37] "Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.

[38] Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

[39] 273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland:
"2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

"Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

[47] "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

[48] "Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

[40] "US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh". Times of India. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

[41] Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Academy. p. 4208.

[42] Bhatt, Shankarlal (2006). Punjab. Bhargava, Gopal K. Delhi: Kalpaz publ. p. 141. ISBN 81-7835-378-4. OCLC 255107273.

[FOOTNOTEShackle2003587-43] Shackle 2003, p. 587.

[FOOTNOTEShackle2003588-44] Shackle 2003, p. 588.

[crulp-45] Karamat, Nayyara, Phonemic inventory of Punjabi, p. 182, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1248

[46] ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in Unicode Archived 28 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Arabic Extended-A 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi" 08C7 : ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE

[FOOTNOTEShackle2003589-47] Shackle 2003, p. 589.

[FOOTNOTEMasica199197-48] Masica 1991, p. 97.

[49] Arora, K. K.; Arora, S.; Singla, S. R.; Agrawal, S. S. (2007). "SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics". Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA: 4–6. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

[50] Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0631198154.

[51] Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.). Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include Hindko, Dogri, Western Pahari, Sylheti and some Dardic languages.

[Bailey-52] 48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), English-Punjabi Dictionary, introduction.

[53] Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".

[Bowden-54] 50.0 ^50.1 ^50.2 Bowden, A.L. (2012). "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study" Archived 17 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine.

[55] ↑

[56] Punjabi University (2018). p. 281

[58] Punjabi University (2018). p. 194

[59] Punjabi University (2018). p. 192

[60] Punjabi University (2018). p. 369

[pu300-61] 56.0 ^56.1 Punjabi University (2018). p. 300

[62] Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) "An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi". Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015

[63] Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) "Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study" Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine

[67] Baart, J.L.G. "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan" Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine

[FOOTNOTEMasica1993149-68] Masica 1993, p. 149.

[72] Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). A Reference Grammar of Panjabi. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University

[73] "WALS Online – Language Panjabi". wals.info. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.

[74] Shackle (2003:599)

[Shackle2003p601-75] Shackle (2003:601)

[76] Masica (1991:257)

[Frawley2003-77] 66.0 ^66.1 Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Hindus and Sikhs generally use the Gurmukhi script; but Hindus have also begun to write Punjabi in the Devanagari script, as employed for Hindi. Muslims tend to write Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script, which is also employed for Urdu. Muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from Persian and Arabic; however, the basic Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhava words, i.e. those descended from Sanskrit.

[Bhatia1993-78] Bhatia, Tej K. (1993). Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar. Psychology Press. p. xxxii. ISBN 978-0-415-00320-9. Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of tadbhav words, i.e., words derived from Sanskrit.

[FOOTNOTEBhatia2008128-79] Bhatia 2008, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612–13-80] Bhardwaj 2016, pp. 12–13.

[FOOTNOTEJain200353,_57–8-81] Jain 2003, pp. 53, 57–8.

[FOOTNOTENayar196646_ff-82] Nayar 1966, pp. 46 ff.

[FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201612-83] Bhardwaj 2016, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTEShackle2003594-84] 73.0 ^73.1 Shackle 2003, p. 594.

[85] "Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo". MustGo.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

[FOOTNOTEBhardwaj201615-86] Bhardwaj 2016, p. 15.

[sikh-87] Shiv Kumar Batalvi Archived 10 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine sikh-heritage.co.uk.

[88] Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.

[89] Mir, Farina. "Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2008.

[90] The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One – A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.

[91] "Facts about Pakistan". opr.gov.pk. Government of Pakistan – Office of the Press Registrar. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

[92] Ahmed, Ishtiaq (14 July 2020). "Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi". Fair Observer. Retrieved 9 April 2023.

[93] "Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[Zaidi-94] Zaidi, Abbas. "Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 29 October 2016.

[95] University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
"University of the Punjab – Examinations". pu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[98] "University of the Punjab – Examinations". pu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[96] University of the Punjab (2015). "Department of Punjabi". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.

[Masood_2015-97] Masood, Tariq (21 February 2015). "The colonisation of language". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.

[Warraich_Ali_2015-98] Warraich, Faizan; Ali, Haider (15 September 2015). "Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language". DailyTimes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[apnaorg-99] "Punjabis Without Punjabi". apnaorg.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[100] "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International". ppinewsagency.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[104] "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International". ppinewsagency.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[101] "Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

[The_Nation_2011-102] "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[103] "Sufi poets can guarantee unity". The Nation. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.

[The_Nation_2015-104] "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[Business_Recorder_2015-105] "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[106] "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The Herald. 2 September 2106.
"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald". herald.dawn.com. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[111] "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald". herald.dawn.com. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[107] "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 October 2015.
"Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[113] "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[108] "Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 February 2011.
"Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". nation.com.pk. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[115] "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". nation.com.pk. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[Khokhlova-109] 98.0 ^98.1 Khokhlova, Liudmila (January 2014). "Majority Language Death" (PDF). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.

[110] "Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)". Panjab Digital Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.

[111] Ayres, Alyssa (2008). "Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab" (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (3): 917–946. doi:10.1017/S0021911808001204. S2CID 56127067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017. in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).

[112] Kumar, Ashutosh (2004). "Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal". Economic & Political Weekly. 39 (14/15): 1515–1520. JSTOR 4414869. Punjabi was made the first compulsory language and medium of instruction in all the government schools whereas Hindi and English as second and third language were to be implemented from the class 4 and 6 respectively

[113] 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (PDF) (Report). National Commission on Linguistic Minorities. 2015. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017. Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula: First Language : Hindi Second Language : Punjabi Third language : English

[Singh_2015-114] Singh, Jasmine (13 September 2015). "Serial killer". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[http://www.hindustantimes.com/_2015-115] "SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language". Hindustan Times. 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[Aujla_2015-116] Aujla, Harjap Singh (15 June 2015). "Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language". Punjab News Express. Retrieved 19 September 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}

[Singh_2013-117] Singh, Perneet (9 July 2013). "Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[punjabiuniversity-118] "final". punjabiuniversity.ac.in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[learnpunjabi2-119] "ACTDPL, Punjabi University, Patiala". learnpunjabi.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[punjabipedia-120] "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ". punjabipedia.org. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[hindustantimes-121] "Pbi University launches Punjabipedia | punjab | Hindustan Times". Hindustan Times. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[dhahanprise-122] "The Dhahan Prize | The Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature". dhahanprize.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[123] "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੱਕਾ : ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਵਨ, ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ". 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

[124] "Sirsa again elected Punjabi Sahit Akademi president". Tribuneindia.com. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.

[125] "Punjabi Academy". www.punjabiacademy.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017.

[126] "JK Cultural Academy". jkculture.nic.in. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016.

[127] "पंजाबी सीखने वाले छात्रों को अगले माह बटेगा एकल प्रोत्साहन राशि". M.livehindustan.com. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2018.

[128] "Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture | Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture". pilac.punjab.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.

[microsoft-129] "Microsoft Download Center". microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[sourceforge-130] "Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download | SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[apple-131] "Connecting to the iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[google6-132] "Google". Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[google7-133] "Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ". Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[google8-134] "Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ". Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[lower-alpha 1]

[1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[lower-alpha 3]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[lower-alpha 4]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[lower-alpha 5]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[lower-alpha 6]

[lower-alpha 7]

[lower-alpha 8]

[59]

[60]

[lower-alpha 9]

[lower-alpha 10]

[lower-alpha 11]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab}}
 {{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name             = Punjabi
-| nativename       = {{hlist|{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|پن٘جابی}}}}}}
+| altname          =
+| nativename       = {{hlist|{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|پَن٘جابی}}}}}}
 | pronunciation    = {{plainlist|
 *{{IPA-pa|pəɲˈdʒɑb̆.bi|lang}}
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | speakers         = 113 million
 | date             = 2011–2017
-| ref              = <ref>80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See {{slink||Geographic distribution}} below.</ref>
+| ref              = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]] and [[2017 Pakistani Census]]}}<ref>80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See {{section link||Geographic distribution}} below.</ref>
 | familycolor      = Indo-European
 | fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
 | fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
 | fam4             = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]]
-| fam5             = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabic languages]]
+| fam5             =
 | script           = {{plainlist|
 *[[Shahmukhi|Shāhmukhī]] <small>(in [[Pakistan]])</small>
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *[[Takri]] {{small|(historical)}}
 *[[Mahajani]] {{small|(historical)}}}}
-| agency           =  Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, [[Pakistan]]<br/>  Department of Languages, Punjab, [[India]]<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26 | website=The Tribune | date=19 August 2020 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>
+| agency           = Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, [[Pakistan]]<br/>  Department of Languages, Punjab, [[India]]<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26 | website=The Tribune | date=19 August 2020 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=19 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819214819/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-| nation           = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{bulleted_list|{{flag|Punjab}} (provincial)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004 |url=http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws//474.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=punjablaws.gov.pk}}</ref>}}<br/>{{flag|India}} <br /> {{bulleted_list|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (official)<ref>{{cite web |title=NCLM 52nd Report |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |publisher=NCLM |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 |date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script | website=The Hindu | date=21 February 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | access-date=9 September 2020}}0</ref>|[[Haryana]] (additional)<ref>{{cite news | title=All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister | work=The Indian Express | date=3 March 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>|[[Delhi]] (additional)<ref>{{cite news | title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi | work=The Times of India | date=25 June 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref>|[[West Bengal]] (additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population)<ref name=Telegraph:1>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
+| nation           = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{bulleted_list|{{flag|Punjab}} {{small|(provincial)}}{{efn|Punjabi language has ''provincial status'' in the Pakistani province of Punjab, sanctioned by the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004 |url=http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws//474.html |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=punjablaws.gov.pk |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071438/http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/474.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br/>{{flag|India}} <br /> {{bulleted_list|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] {{small|(official)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=NCLM 52nd Report |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |publisher=NCLM |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 |date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script | website=The Hindu | date=21 February 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=22 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222140301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | url-status=live }}0</ref>|[[Haryana]] {{small|(additional)}}<ref>{{cite news | title=All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister | work=The Indian Express | date=3 March 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314065123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Delhi]] {{small|(additional)}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi | work=The Times of India | date=25 June 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | access-date=10 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314171554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/punjabi-urdu-made-official-languages-in-delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>|[[West Bengal]] {{small|(additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population)}}<ref name=Telegraph:1>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
 | minority         =
 | iso1             = pa
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 | imagescale       = 0.5
 | imagecaption     = 'Punjabi' written in [[Shahmukhi|Shahmukhi script]] used in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] (top) and [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi script]] used in [[Punjab, India]] (bottom)
-| map              =
+| map              = Geographical distribution of Punjabi language.png
-| mapcaption       =
+| mapcaption       = Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
 | caption          =
 | notice           = IPA
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 | glottoname2      = Western Panjabi<!--name as listed at Glottolog-->
 | glottorefname2   = Western Panjabi<!--name as listed at Glottolog-->
-| dia1             = See [[Punjabi dialects]]
+| dia1             = ''See'' [[Punjabi dialects]]
 | ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
 | ancestor2        = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
 | ancestor3        = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
 | ancestor4        = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
-| ancestor5        = [[Sanskrit#Classical_Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
+| ancestor5        = [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
 | ancestor6        = ''debated'' [[Prakrit]]{{efn|[[Paishachi]], [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Saurasheni]], or [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] to Punjabi.}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sikander |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383}}</ref>
 | ancestor7        = ''debated'' [[Apabhraṃśa]]
-| ancestor8        = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
+| ancestor8        = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref name="Languages of India">{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="University of California Press">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref name="Language in South Asia">{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
 }}
 {{Constitutionally recognised languages in India}}
 {{Punjabis}}
-'''Punjabi''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ʌ|n|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|b|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|pnb|پنجابی}} {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}; {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{IPA-pa|pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi|lang|Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg}}<ref name="bhardwaj">{{Cite Q|page=88|Q23831241}}</ref>), sometimes spelled '''Panjabi''',{{efn|''Punjabi'' is the [[British English]] spelling, and ''Pañjābī'' is the [[ISO 15919|Romanized]] spelling from the native script(s).}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of Pakistan and India. It has approximately 113 million native speakers.
+'''Punjabi''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ʌ|n|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|b|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nq|پنجابی}}}}; [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}, {{IPA-pa|pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi|lang|Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg}}<ref name="bhardwaj">{{Cite Q|page=88|Q23831241}}</ref>), sometimes spelled '''Panjabi''',{{efn|''Punjabi'' is the [[British English]] spelling, and ''Pañjābī'' is the [[ISO 15919|Romanized]] spelling from the native script(s).}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of Pakistan and India. It has approximately 113 million native speakers.
-Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 census]], and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. The language is spoken among a [[Punjabi diaspora|significant overseas diaspora]], particularly in [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], Canada, the [[United Kingdom]], and the United States.
+Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 census]], and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. The language is spoken among a [[Punjabi diaspora|significant overseas diaspora]], particularly in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]].
 In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]], based on the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]; in India, it is written using the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi alphabet]], based on the [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]]. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]] in its usage of [[Tone (linguistics)|lexical tone]].
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 ===Origin===
 [[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|[[Tilla Jogian]], district Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis (considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works)]]
-Punjabi developed from [[Prakrit]] languages and later {{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}} ({{Lang-sa|अपभ्रंश}}, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> From 600&nbsp;BC, [[Sanskrit]] developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: {{Lang-sa|प्राकृत|translit=prākṛta|label=none}}) collectively. [[Paishachi]] Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a descendant of Prakrit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G S Sidhu|url=http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003|title=Panjab And Panjabi|date=2004}}</ref> Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to [[Nath|Nath Yogi]] era from 9th to 14th century.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000">{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|language=en}}</ref> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni Apbhramsa]], though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000"/> The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Mediaeval Punjabi'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
+Punjabi developed from [[Prakrit]] languages and later {{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}} ({{Lang-sa|अपभ्रंश}}, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> From 600&nbsp;BC, [[Sanskrit]] developed as the standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: {{Lang-sa|प्राकृत|translit=prākṛta|label=none}}) collectively. [[Paishachi]] Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a descendant of Prakrit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G S Sidhu|url=http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003|title=Panjab And Panjabi|date=2004}}</ref> Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to [[Nath|Nath Yogi]] era from 9th to 14th century.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000">{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|language=en|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|url-status=live}}</ref> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni Apbhramsa]], though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000"/> The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Mediaeval Punjabi'.<ref name="Languages of India">{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="University of California Press">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref name="Language in South Asia">{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
 ===Arabic and Persian influences===
 {{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
-The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab|author=Brard, G.S.S.|date=2007|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|isbn=9788170103608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|page=81|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Many [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] words were incorporated in Punjabi.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|author=Mir, F.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|author=Schiffman, H.|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004201453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|page=314|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. Many important words like {{Lang-pa|ਅਰਦਾਸ|label=none|link=no}}, {{Lang-pa|ਰਹਿਰਾਸ|label=none|link=no}}, {{Lang-pa|ਨਹਿਰ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ, ਗਜ਼ਲ|label=none|link=no}}, etc. are derived from Persian and Arabic. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|language=en}}</ref>
+The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab|author=Brard, G.S.S.|date=2007|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|isbn=9788170103608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|page=81|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Many [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] words were incorporated in Punjabi.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|author=Mir, F.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|author=Schiffman, H.|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004201453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|page=314|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. Many important words like {{Lang-pa|ਅਰਦਾਸ|label=none|link=no}}, {{Lang-pa|ਰਹਿਰਾਸ|label=none|link=no}}, {{Lang-pa|ਨਹਿਰ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ, ਗਜ਼ਲ|label=none|link=no}}, etc. are derived from Persian and Arabic. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|language=en|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155506/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref>
 In fact, the sounds of {{Lang-pa|ਜ਼, ਖ਼, ਸ਼|link=no|label=none}}, and {{Lang-pa|ਫ਼|link=no|label=none}} have been borrowed from Persian. Later, it was [[Lexical semantics|lexically]] influenced by [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]  (words like {{Lang-pa|ਅਲਮਾਰੀ/الماری|link=no|label=none}}), [[Greek language|Greek]] (words like {{Lang-pa|ਦਾਮ/دام|link=no|label=none}}), [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] (words like {{Lang-pa|ਕ਼ੈੰਚੀ, ਸੁਗ਼ਾਤ/قینچی،سوغات|link=no|label=none}}), [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (words like {{Lang-pa|ਰਿਕਸ਼ਾ/رکشا|link=no|label=none}}), Chinese (words like {{Lang-pa|ਚਾਹ, ਲੀਚੀ, ਲੁਕਾਠ/چاہ، لیچی، لکاٹھ|link=no|label=none}}) and [[English language|English]] (words like {{Lang-pa|ਜੱਜ, ਅਪੀਲ, ਮਾਸਟਰ/جج، اپیل، ماسٹر|link=no|label=none}}), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|author1=Menon, A.S.|author2=Kusuman, K.K.|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|page=87|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 Modern Punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the Mediaeval Punjabi stage.<ref name=":0" /> Modern Punjabi is spoken in many dialects. The [[Majhi dialect]] has been adopted as standard Punjabi in [[India]] and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in the [[Majha]] region of the Punjab.
-In India, Punjabi is written in the [[Gurmukhī]] script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from [[Indian English|English]], India's two primary official languages at the [[Government of India|Union]]-level.
+In India, Punjabi is written in the [[Gurmukhī]] script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from [[Indian English|English]], one of India's two primary official languages at the [[Government of India|Union]]-level.
 In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhī]] script, which in literary standards, is identical to the [[Urdu alphabet]], however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq characters]] to represent [[Punjabi phonology]], not already found in the [[Urdu alphabet]]. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] languages, just like [[Urdu]] does.
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |title=Population Census Organization |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926230905/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref><ref name="PakistanCensus2017">{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|date = 21 March 2021| website = Dawn| access-date = 10 March 2021}} The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref>
+|+'''Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |title=Population Census Organization |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926230905/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref><ref name="PakistanCensus2017">{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections| url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447| date = 21 March 2021| website = Dawn| access-date = 10 March 2021| archive-date = 20 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections| url-status = live}} The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref>
 |-
 ! '''Year''' || '''Population of Pakistan''' || '''Percentage''' || '''Punjabi speakers'''
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 Beginning with the 1981 census, speakers of [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and [[Hindko]] were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease.
+[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]] speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi.<ref name=":1" />
 === India ===
@@ Line 163: / Line 165: @@
 Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of [[Punjab]], and has the status of an additional official language in [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]]. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Ambala]], [[Patiala]], [[Bathinda]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Firozpur]] and [[Delhi]].
 [[File:Punjabi_in_india.png|center|thumb|Punjabi in India]]
-In the 2011 census of India, {{sigfig|31.144095|4}} million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like [[Bagri language|Bagri]] and [[Bhateali language|Bhateali]] to arrive at the figure of {{sigfig|33.124726|4}} million.<ref name="IndiaCensus2011">{{cite web|url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf| title = Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011| access-date = 21 March 2021}}</ref>
+In the 2011 census of India, {{sigfig|31.144095|4}} million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like [[Bagri language|Bagri]] and [[Bhateali language|Bhateali]] to arrive at the figure of {{sigfig|33.124726|4}} million.<ref name="IndiaCensus2011">{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf| title = Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011| access-date = 21 March 2021| archive-date = 1 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042328/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 184: / Line 186: @@
 === Punjabi diaspora ===
 {{See also|Punjabi diaspora}}
-Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabi people]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada |date=14 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114140743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>
+Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabi people]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada |date=14 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114140743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>
-There were 0.67 million native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> 0.3&nbsp;million [[Languages of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]] in 2011,<ref>273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland:
+There were 0.67 million native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=9 February 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=live }}</ref> 0.3&nbsp;million [[Languages of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]] in 2011,<ref>273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland:
-*{{Cite web|title = 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011|url = https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales/2013-01-30#tab-Main-language|access-date = 24 March 2021}}
+*{{Cite web|title = 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011|url = https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales/2013-01-30#tab-Main-language|access-date = 24 March 2021|archive-date = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114917/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|url-status = live}}
-*{{cite web| title = Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland| url = https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| access-date = 24 March 2021| archive-date = 5 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305105638/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| url-status = dead}}</ref> 0.28&nbsp;million in the United States<ref>{{cite news|title=US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=11 August 2020|date=18 December 2017}}</ref> and smaller numbers in other countries.
+*{{cite web| title = Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland| url = https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| access-date = 24 March 2021| archive-date = 5 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305105638/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| url-status = dead}}</ref> 0.28&nbsp;million in the United States<ref>{{cite news|title=US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=11 August 2020|date=18 December 2017|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and smaller numbers in other countries.
 ==Major dialects==
@@ Line 197: / Line 199: @@
 In [[Pakistan]], the Standard Punjabi dialect is not referred to as the '[[Majhi dialect]]', which may be considered as 'Indian terminology', rather simply as '[[Standard Punjabi]]'. This dialect is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry, which is mainly produced in [[Lahore]].
+=== Lahnda ===
+A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west.
 == Phonology ==
@@ Line 224: / Line 229: @@
 | || || {{IPA|aː}} {{lang|pa|ਆ}} {{Nastaliq|آ}} ||  ||
 |}
-The peripheral vowels have [[nasal vowel|nasal analogues]].{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=588}}
+The peripheral vowels have [[nasal vowel|nasal analogues]].{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=588}} There is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̆/ between adjacent ''a'' vowels as a separator. When the latter vowel is low-tone, this usually changes to /ʊ̆/.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 234: / Line 239: @@
 ! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
 ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |- align=center
 ! colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
 | {{IPA link|m}} {{lang|pa|ਮ}} {{Nastaliq|م}}
-| {{IPA link|n}} {{lang|pa|ਨ}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}<ref name="crulp">{{cite document |last=Karamat |first=Nayyara |title=Phonemic inventory of Punjabi |page=182 |citeseerx=10.1.1.695.1248}}</ref>
+| {{IPA link|n}} {{lang|pa|ਨ}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}<ref name="crulp">{{citation|last=Karamat |first=Nayyara |title=Phonemic inventory of Punjabi |page=182 |citeseerx=10.1.1.695.1248}}</ref>
 | {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|pa|ਣ}} {{Nastaliq|ݨ}}
 | ({{IPA link|ɲ}}) {{lang|pa|ਞ}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}
 | ({{IPA link|ŋ}}) {{lang|pa|ਙ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}
+|
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 251: / Line 258: @@
 | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{lang|pa|ਚ}} {{Nastaliq|چ}}
 | {{IPA link|k}} {{lang|pa|ਕ}} {{Nastaliq|ک}}
+| ({{IPA link|q}} {{lang|pa|ਕ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ق}})
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 259: / Line 267: @@
 | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਛ}} {{Nastaliq|چھ}}
 | {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਖ}} {{Nastaliq|کھ}}
+|
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 267: / Line 276: @@
 | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{lang|pa|ਜ}} {{Nastaliq|ج}}
 | {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|pa|ਗ}} {{Nastaliq|گ}}
+|
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 275: / Line 285: @@
 | {{lang|pa|ਝ}} {{Nastaliq|جھ}}
 | {{lang|pa|ਘ}} {{Nastaliq|گھ}}
+|
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 283: / Line 294: @@
 |
 | {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{lang|pa|ਸ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ش}}
-| ({{IPA link|x}} {{lang|pa|ਖ਼}} {{Nastaliq|خ}})
+| colspan="2"|({{IPA link|x}} {{lang|pa|ਖ਼}} {{Nastaliq|خ}})
 |
 |- align=center
@@ Line 291: / Line 302: @@
 |
 |
-| ({{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|pa|ਗ਼}} {{Nastaliq|غ}})
+| colspan="2"|({{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|pa|ਗ਼}} {{Nastaliq|غ}})
 | {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{lang|pa|ਹ}} {{Nastaliq|ہ}}
 |- align=center
@@ Line 298: / Line 309: @@
 | {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|pa|ਰ}} {{Nastaliq|ر}}
 | {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|pa|ੜ}} {{Nastaliq|ڑ}}
+|
 |
 |
@@ Line 305: / Line 317: @@
 | {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|pa|ਵ}} {{Nastaliq|و}}
 | {{IPA link|l}} {{lang|pa|ਲ}} {{Nastaliq|ل}}
-| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{lang|pa|ਲ਼}} {{Nastaliq|لؕ}}<ref>ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf Unicode] [[Arabic Extended-A]] 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi”
+| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{lang|pa|ਲ਼}} {{Nastaliq|لؕ}}<ref>ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228072827/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf |date=28 February 2020 }} [[Arabic Extended-A]] 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi"
 C7 :  ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE</ref>
 | {{IPA link|j}} {{lang|pa|ਯ}} {{Nastaliq|ی}}
+|
 |
 |
@@ Line 314: / Line 327: @@
 Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone.
-The three retroflex consonants {{IPA|/ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/}} do not occur initially, and the nasals {{IPA|/ŋ, ɲ/}} occur only as allophones of {{IPA|/n/}} in clusters with velars and palatals. The well-established phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} may be realised allophonically as the [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in learned clusters with retroflexes. The phonemic status of the fricatives {{IPA|/f, z, x, ɣ/}} varies with familiarity with [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs {{IPA|/f, pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z, d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x, kʰ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɣ, g/}} systematically distinguished in educated speech.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=589}} The [[retroflex lateral]] is most commonly analysed as an [[Retroflex lateral approximant|approximant]] as opposed to a [[Retroflex lateral flap|flap]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=97}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=K. K. |last2=Arora |first2=S. |last3=Singla |first3=S. R. |last4=Agrawal |first4=S. S. |title=SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics |journal=Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA |date=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3350695 |pages=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |last2=Maddieson |first2=Ian |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |date=1996 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0631198154 |pages=190–191}}</ref>
+The three retroflex consonants {{IPA|/ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/}} do not occur initially, and the nasals {{IPA|/ŋ, ɲ/}} occur only as allophones of {{IPA|/n/}} in clusters with velars and palatals (there are limited exceptions, but these are [[Archaism|archaic]]). The well-established phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} may be realised allophonically as the [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in learned clusters with retroflexes. The phonemic status of the consonants {{IPA|/f, z, x, ɣ, q/}} varies with familiarity with [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs {{IPA|/f, pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z, d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x, kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ, g/}}, and {{IPA|/q, k/}} systematically distinguished in educated speech.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=589}} The [[retroflex lateral]] is most commonly analysed as an [[Retroflex lateral approximant|approximant]] as opposed to a [[Retroflex lateral flap|flap]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=97}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=K. K. |last2=Arora |first2=S. |last3=Singla |first3=S. R. |last4=Agrawal |first4=S. S. |title=SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics |journal=Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA |date=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3350695 |pages=4–6 |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/3350695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |last2=Maddieson |first2=Ian |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |date=1996 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0631198154 |pages=190–191}}</ref> The voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ/ often soften to fricatives /ɕ, f/. This hardly happens with /kʰ, t̪ʰ/ into /x, θ/, and never with /ʈʰ/.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
+In very rare cases, the [[Archaism|archaic]] isolated /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from [[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
+=== Diphthongs ===
+Like [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects.
+Long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes, and all instances of ''ai'' and ''au'' are [[Monophthongization|monophthongized]] into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/. Hence, diphthongs like ''aī'' and ''āu'' phonotactically are stretched to ''aii'' and ''aau'', whence the newly formed diphthongs ''ai'' and ''au'' are monophthongized, causing the sequences to be pronounced as /ɛːɪ/ and /əɔː/ rather than /əiː/ and /aːʊ/. This also brings about flexibility in the script whence diphthongs such as ''aaai'' can be written as ''ā-ai'', ''a-ā-i'', etc.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
+The phonemes /j/ and /ʋ/ have become marginalized in Punjabi. /j/ is only pronounced word-initially, where it is otherwise /ɪ/, and /ʋ/ becomes /ʊ/ when between a consonant and a vowel.
 === Tone ===
-Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes [[Tone (linguistics)|lexical tones]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last = Bhatia|author-first = Tej| date = 1999| editor1-last = Lust| editor1-first = Barbara| editor2-last = Gair| editor2-first = James| title = Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages| chapter = Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi| page = 637| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-014388-1}} Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include [[Hindko]], [[Dogri]], [[Western Pahari]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and some [[Dardic languages]].</ref> Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle).<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), ''English-Punjabi Dictionary'', introduction.</ref><ref>Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".</ref><ref name="Bowden">Bowden, A.L. (2012). [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study"].</ref> The transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in [[Punjabi University, Patiala]]’s ''Punjabi-English Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q113676548}}</ref>
+Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes [[Tone (linguistics)|lexical tones]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last = Bhatia|author-first = Tej| date = 1999| editor1-last = Lust| editor1-first = Barbara| editor2-last = Gair| editor2-first = James| title = Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages| chapter = Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi| page = 637| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-014388-1}} Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include [[Hindko]], [[Dogri]], [[Western Pahari]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and some [[Dardic languages]].</ref> Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle).<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), ''English-Punjabi Dictionary'', introduction.</ref><ref>Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".</ref><ref name="Bowden">Bowden, A.L. (2012). [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192042/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd |date=17 April 2018 }}.</ref> The transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in [[Punjabi University, Patiala]]’s ''Punjabi-English Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q113676548}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 333: / Line 356: @@
 | {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|گھر}}}}
 | ghar
-|{{IPA|/kə̀.rᵊ/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 281</ref>
+|{{IPA|/kə̀.rᵊ/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 281</ref>{{Efn|Standard or Eastern dialect. Western dialects usually pronounce it as {{IPA|/käː˨ɾᵊ/|pa}}.}}
 | low
 | ''house''
@@ Line 340: / Line 363: @@
 | {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|کرھا}}}}
 | karhā
-|{{IPA|/kə́.rɑ/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 194</ref>
+|{{IPA|/kə́.ra/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 194</ref>
 | high
 | ''powdered remains of cow-dung cakes''
@@ Line 368: / Line 391: @@
 | {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|چڑ}}}}
 | caṛ
-|{{IPA|/t͡ʃəɽ/|lang=pa}}<ref name="pu300"></ref>
+|{{IPA|/t͡ʃəɽ/|lang=pa}}<ref name="pu300" />
 | level
 | ''hangnail''
 |}
-[[File:Sound and Pronounciation of Gurmukhi.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Sound & Pronunciation of Punjabi in Gurmukhi]]
+Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.<ref name=Bailey /> There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)<ref name=Bailey /> However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.<ref>Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf "An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161201/https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }} Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015</ref>
-Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.<ref name=Bailey /> There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)<ref name=Bailey /> However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.<ref>Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf "An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi".] Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015</ref>
 *{{lang|pa|ਮੋਢਾ}} / {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|موڈھا}}}}, ''móḍà'' (rising-falling), "shoulder"
@@ Line 380: / Line 402: @@
 It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ({{IAST|gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh}}) lost their aspiration. At the beginning of a word, they became voiceless unaspirated consonants ({{IAST|k, c, ṭ, t, p}}) followed by a high-falling tone; medially or finally they became voiced unaspirated consonants ({{IAST|g, j, ḍ, d, b}}), preceded by a low-rising tone. (The development of a high-falling tone apparently did not take place in every word, but only in those which historically had a long vowel.)<ref name=Bowden />
-The presence of an [h] (although the [h] is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially) word-finally (and sometimes medially) also often causes a rising tone before it, for example ''{{IAST|cá(h)}}'' "tea".<ref>Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) [http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf "Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092956/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>
+==== Tonal H letter ====
+The presence of an [h] (although the [h] is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially) word-finally (and sometimes medially) often causes a rising tone before it, for example ''{{IAST|cá(h)}}'' "tea".<ref>Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) [http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf "Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092956/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>
+* Syllable-initially, [h] causes a falling-tone after it, e.g. {{IAST|''he'' > ''ʰè''}} "is"{{efn|Word-initial [h] is preserved in standard formal Punjabi but pronounced weaker casual speech and in northern areas such as Gujrat.}}
+* Syllable-finally, [h] causes a rising-tone before it, e.g. {{IAST|''cā(h)'' > ''cā́''}} "tea"
+** The intrasyllabic sequences ''ih'' and ''uh'' are pronounced as rising-tone /éː/ and /óː/, e.g. {{IAST|''ki(h)-ṛā'' > ''kḗṛā''}} "which"{{efn|Whether this [[peripherality]] change applies when isolated varies.}}
+*** Not when intersyllabic, e.g. {{IAST|''tu-(h)āḍ-ḍē'' > ''tuā̀ḍḍē''}}{{efn|Syllable-initial [h] causes the following vowel to be falling-tone.}} "yours"
+** The sequences ''ahi/aha'' and ''ahu'' are pronounced as rising-tone /ɛ́ː/ and /ɔ́ː/
 The [[Gurmukhi script]] which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time.<ref name=Bowden />
-Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including [[Burushaski]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Hindko]], [[Kalami language|Kalami]], [[Shina language|Shina]], and [[Torwali language|Torwali]].<ref>Baart, J.L.G. [http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan"]</ref>
+Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including [[Burushaski]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Hindko]], [[Kalami language|Kalami]], [[Shina language|Shina]], and [[Torwali language|Torwali]],<ref>Baart, J.L.G. [http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101201/http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf |date=28 July 2020 }}</ref> though these seem to be independent of Punjabi.
+=== Gemination ===
+[[Gemination]] of a consonant (doubling the letter) is indicated with [[Gurmukhi#Gemination|''adhak'']] in [[Gurmukhi]] and [[Shadda|''tashdīd'']] in [[Shahmukhi]].{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}} Its inscription with a unique diacritic is a distinct feature of Gurmukhi compared to [[Brahmic scripts]].
+All consonants except six (''ṇ'', ''ṛ'', ''h'', ''r'', ''v'', ''y'') are regularly geminated. The latter four are only geminated in [[loan word|loan words]] from other languages.{{efn|/jː/ is found in one other instance, for the name of the [[Gurmukhi letter]] ਯ (''yayyā'' ਯੱਯਾ)}}
+There is a tendency to irregularly geminate consonants which follow long vowels, except in the final syllable of a word, e.g.''menū̃'' > ''mennū̃''.{{efn|This never occurs with /ɳ/ and /ɽ/, and is rare before /ʋ, ɾ, ɦ/}} It also causes the long vowels to shorten but remain peripheral, distinguishing them from the central vowels /ə, ɪ, ʊ/. This gemination is less prominent than the literarily regular gemination represented by the diacritics mentioned above.
+Before a non-final prenasalised consonant,{{efn|''bindī/ṭippī'' or ''nūn ġunna'' before a consonant often causes it to be pre-nasalised, except where there is a true nasal vowel.}} long vowels undergo the same change but no gemination occurs.
+The true gemination of a consonant after a long vowel is unheard of but is written in some English loanwords to indicate short /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, e.g. ਡੈੱਡ {{resize|{{nq|ڈَیڈّ}}}} /ɖɛɖː/ "dead".
 == Grammar ==
-[[File:Punjabi Alphabet.jpg|thumb|The 35 traditional characters of the [[Gurmukhi]] script]]
+[[File:Gurmukhi Script - traditional alphabet.svg|thumb|The 35 traditional characters of the [[Gurmukhi]] script]]
 {{Main|Punjabi grammar}}
-Punjabi has a canonical word order of [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb).<ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). ''A Reference Grammar of Panjabi''. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University</ref> Function words are largely [[postposition]]s marking [[grammatical case]] on a preceding nominal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan|title=WALS Online – Language Panjabi|website=wals.info}}</ref>
+Punjabi has a canonical word order of [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb).<ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). ''A Reference Grammar of Panjabi''. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University</ref> Function words are largely [[postposition]]s marking [[grammatical case]] on a preceding nominal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan|title=WALS Online – Language Panjabi|website=wals.info|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212073124/https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Punjabi distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]], two [[grammatical number|numbers]], and six [[grammatical case|case]]s of [[direct case|direct]], [[oblique case|oblique]], [[vocative case|vocative]], [[ablative case|ablative]], and [[locative case|locative]], and [[instrumental case|instrumental]]. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative [[postposition]], and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set [[adverb]]ial expressions.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=599}}</ref>
+Punjabi distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]], two [[grammatical number|numbers]], and six [[grammatical case|case]]s of [[direct case|direct]], [[oblique case|oblique]], [[vocative case|vocative]], [[ablative case|ablative]], [[locative case|locative]], and [[instrumental case|instrumental]]. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative [[postposition]], and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set [[adverb]]ial expressions.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=599}}</ref>
 [[Adjective]]s, when declinable, are marked for the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify.<ref name="Shackle2003p601">{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=601}}</ref> There is also a [[T-V distinction]].
@@ Line 404: / Line 445: @@
 [[File:Wiki Loves Women South Asia Logo-pa.png|thumb|Gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo]]
 The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts (a phenomenon known as [[synchronic digraphia]]). Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group,{{sfn|Bhatia|2008|p=128}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|pp=12–13}} although the association is not absolute or exclusive.{{sfn|Jain|2003|pp=53, 57–8}}
-In India, Punjabi [[Sikhs]] use [[Gurmukhi]], a script of the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use [[Shahmukhi]], a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic]] script and closely related to the [[Urdu alphabet]]. The [[Punjabi Hindus]] in India had a preference for [[Devanagari]], another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,{{sfn|Nayar|1966|pp= 46 ff}} but most have now switched to Gurmukhi{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=12}} and so the use of Devanagari is rare.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}} Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo|url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=MustGo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+In India, Punjabi [[Sikhs]] use [[Gurmukhi]], a script of the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use [[Shahmukhi]], a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic]] script and closely related to the [[Urdu alphabet]]. The [[Punjabi Hindus]] in India had a preference for [[Devanagari]], another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,{{sfn|Nayar|1966|pp= 46 ff}} but most have now switched to Gurmukhi{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=12}} and so the use of Devanagari is rare.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}} Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo|url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=MustGo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123124609/https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The written standard for Shahmukhi also slightly differs from that of Gurmukhi, as it is used for western dialects, whereas Gurumukhi is used to write eastern dialects.
-Historically, various local Brahmic scripts including [[Laṇḍā]] and its descendants were also in use.{{snf|Shackle|2003|p=594}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=15}}
+Historically, various local Brahmic scripts including [[Laṇḍā]] and its descendants were also in use.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=15}}
 The [[Punjabi Braille]] is used by the visually impaired.
+=== Transliteration ===
+There is an altered version of [[IAST]] often used for Punjabi in which the [[diphthongs]] ''ai'' and ''au'' are written as ''e'' and ''o'', and the long vowels ''e'' and ''o'' are written as ''ē'' and ''ō''.
 == Sample text ==
-This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on [[Lahore]].
+This sample text was adapted from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on [[Lahore]].
 '''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
-ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ 'ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।
+ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ’ਤੇ ਵੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।
 {{Spaces|1}}
-'''[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]''' (the sample text is not word-for-word the same)
+'''[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]'''
-{{Uninastaliq|لہور پاکستانی پن٘جاب دا دارالحکومت ہے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے، اسے لئی ایہہ نوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا اے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا اے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے۔}}
+{{resize|{{Uninastaliq|لہور پاکستانی پنجاب دی راجدھانی اے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی کاروباری اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ اے اتے، ایسے لئی ایہہ نوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا اے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا اے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے۔}}}}
 {{Spaces|1}}
@@ Line 427: / Line 474: @@
 '''[[Transliteration]]'''
-''Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni/dā dārul hakūmat ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, rátalī ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vasdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài''.
+''Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, kārobāri ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vassdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài''.
 {{Spaces|1}}
@@ Line 433: / Line 480: @@
 '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''
-{{IPA|[ləɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːniː pənd͡ʒaːbᵊ diː ɾaːd͡ʒᵊtàːniː /daː daːɾəl hʊkuːmət ɦɛ̀ː ‖ loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː de naːlᵊ kəɾaːt͡ʃiː tõː baːədᵊ ləɦɔːɾᵊ duːd͡ʒaː sə́bᵊ tõː ʋəɖːaː ʃəɦɪɾ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ ləɔːɾᵊ paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː sɪaːsiː {{!}} ɾə́ɦtəliː əteː pəɽàːiː daː ɡə́ɽ ɦɛ̀ː əteː ɪseː ləiː ɪ́ɦnū̃ paːkɪstaːnᵊ daː dɪlᵊ ʋiː kɪɦaː d͡ʒaːndaː ɛ̀ː ‖ ləɔːɾᵊ ɾaːʋiː dəɾɪaː deː kə́ɳɖeː teː ʋəsᵊdaː ɛ̀ː ‖ ɪsᵊdiː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː ɪkːᵊ kəɾoːɽᵊ deː neːɽeˑ ɛ̀ː ‖]}}
+{{IPA|/ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ pakˑɪˈstaːniː pənˈd͡ʒaːbᵊ diː ɾaːd͡ʒᵊˈtàːniː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊtiː deː naːɭᵊ kəˈɾat͡ʃˑiː tõː baːədᵊ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ dud͡ʒˑaː sə́bᵊ tõː ʋəɖːaː ʃɛ́ːɾ ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ pakˑɪstaːnᵊ daː sɪaːsiː {{!}} kaːɾobˑaːɾiː əteː pəɽàːiː daː ɡə́ɽ ʱɛ̀ː əteː ɪseː ləiː énˑũː pakˑɪstaːnᵊ daː dɪlᵊ ʋiː kéːa d͡ʒaːndaː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ləˈɔ̀ːɾᵊ ɾaːʋiː ˈdəɾɪaː deː kə́ɳɖèː teː ʋəsːᵊdaː ʱɛ̀ː ‖ ˈɪsᵊdiː loːkᵊ ɡɪɳᵊtiː ɪkːᵊ kəˈɾoːɽᵊ deː neːɽeˑ ʱɛ̀ː ‖/}}
 {{Spaces|1}}
@@ Line 452: / Line 499: @@
 The ''[[Janamsakhis]]'', stories on the life and legend of [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.
-*The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of [[Punjabi Qisse|''qisse'']], most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of [[Heer Ranjha]] by [[Waris Shah]] (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' by Fazal Shah, ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'' by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), ''[[Sassui Punnhun]]'' by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and ''Qissa Puran Bhagat'' by [[Qadaryar]] (1802–1892).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|title=Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse|first=Farina|last=Mir|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=2008-07-04|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223100/http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+*The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of [[Punjabi Qisse|''qisse'']], most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of [[Heer Ranjha]] by [[Waris Shah]] (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' by Fazal Shah, ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'' by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), ''[[Sassui Punnhun]]'' by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and ''Qissa Puran Bhagat'' by [[Qadaryar]] (1802–1892).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|title=Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse|first=Farina|last=Mir|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=4 July 2008|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223100/http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 *Heroic ballads known as ''[[Vaar]]'' enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous ''Vaars'' are ''Chandi di Var'' (1666–1708), ''Nadir Shah Di Vaar'' by Najabat and the ''Jangnama'' of [[Shah Mohammad]] (1780–1862).<ref>The Encyclopaedia of [[Indian Literature]] (Volume One – A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.</ref>
@@ Line 466: / Line 513: @@
 <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:2000 INR Rev 2016.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Punjabi on Indian currency, see in language box on eleventh place]] -->
-In Pakistan, no [[Languages of Pakistan|regional ethnic language]] has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is, however, the official provincial language of [[Punjab, Pakistan]], the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in [[Islamabad]] Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are [[Urdu]] and [[Pakistani English|English]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FACTS ABOUT PAKISTAN |url=http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |website=opr.gov.pk |publisher=Government of Pakistan – Office of the Press Registrar |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204114529/http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In Pakistan, no [[Languages of Pakistan|regional ethnic language]] has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is, however, the official provincial language of [[Punjab, Pakistan]], the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in [[Islamabad]] Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are [[Urdu]] and [[Pakistani English|English]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts about Pakistan |url=http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |website=opr.gov.pk |publisher=Government of Pakistan – Office of the Press Registrar |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204114529/http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===In Pakistan===
 [[File:Punjabi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|<div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Punjabi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
 [[File:Punjabi prachar demand.jpg|thumb|A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab]]
-When [[Pakistan]] was created in 1947,  despite Punjabi being the majority language in [[West Pakistan]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] the majority in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Pakistan]] as whole, [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]] were chosen as the national languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with [[South Asia]]n Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another. Broadcasting in Punjabi language by [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] decreased on TV and radio after 1947.  Article 251 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|title=Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"|website=pakistani.org|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140603233302/http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|archive-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the [[Bengali language]]. Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province, while the [[Sindhi language]] was given official status in 1972 after [[1972 Language violence in Sindh]].
+When [[Pakistan]] was created in 1947,  despite Punjabi being the majority language in [[West Pakistan]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] the majority in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Pakistan]] as whole, [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]] were chosen as the national languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with [[South Asia]]n Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] elites started identifying with [[Urdu]] more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious]] perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=14 July 2020 |title=Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Fair Observer}}</ref> Broadcasting in Punjabi language by [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] decreased on TV and radio after 1947.  Article 251 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|title=Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"|website=pakistani.org|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140603233302/http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|archive-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the [[Bengali language]]. Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province, while the [[Sindhi language]] was given official status in 1972 after [[1972 Language violence in Sindh]].
 Despite gaining official recognition at the provincial level, Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).<ref name="Zaidi">{{cite web|last1=Zaidi|first1=Abbas|title=Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan|url=http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029194115/http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the [[University of the Punjab]] in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.<ref>University of the Punjab (2015),  "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
@@ Line 479: / Line 527: @@
 In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the [[Lollywood]] film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.<ref name="Masood 2015">{{cite web | last=Masood | first=Tariq | title=The colonisation of language | website=The Express Tribune | date=21 February 2015 | url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ | access-date=19 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912044311/http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ | archive-date=12 September 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Warraich Ali 2015">{{cite web|last1=Warraich |first1=Faizan |last2=Ali |first2=Haider |title=Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language |website=DailyTimes |date=15 September 2015 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |access-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630230024/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref>
-The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language<ref name="apnaorg">{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|publisher=apnaorg.com|title=Punjabis Without Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
+The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language<ref name="apnaorg">{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|publisher=apnaorg.com|title=Punjabis Without Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
 *{{cite web|url=http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|publisher=ppinewsagency.com|title=Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor &#124; Pakistan Press International|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220151/http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}
 </ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|title=Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune|date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215535/http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the ''Khawaja Farid Conference'' and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in [[Lahore]] and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<ref name="The Nation 2011">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi|date=21 February 2011|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|title=Sufi poets can guarantee unity|date=26 August 2015|magazine=The Nation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021751/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, a case was filed in [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] against [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]] as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP|date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in [[Lahore]] every year on [[International Mother Language Day]]. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.<ref>"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". ''The Herald''. 2 September 2106.
@@ Line 489: / Line 537: @@
 ===In India===
-At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the [[Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution]],<ref name="Khokhlova">{{cite journal|last1= Khokhlova|first1= Liudmila|date= January 2014|title= Majority Language Death|url= https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|journal= Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia|access-date= 29 April 2017|quote= Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> earned after the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] of the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title= Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Ayres|first1= Alyssa|date= 2008|title= Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|url= https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies|volume= 67|issue= 3|pages= 917–946|doi= 10.1017/S0021911808001204|s2cid= 56127067|access-date= 28 April 2017|quote= in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141617/https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2012, it was also made additional official language of [[West Bengal]] in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.<ref name=Telegraph:1 />
+At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the [[Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution]],<ref name="Khokhlova">{{cite journal|last1= Khokhlova|first1= Liudmila|date= January 2014|title= Majority Language Death|url= https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|journal= Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia|access-date= 29 April 2017|quote= Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> earned after the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] of the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204510/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|url-status=live}}</ref> At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Ayres|first1= Alyssa|date= 2008|title= Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|url= https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies|volume= 67|issue= 3|pages= 917–946|doi= 10.1017/S0021911808001204|s2cid= 56127067|access-date= 28 April 2017|quote= in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141617/https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2012, it was also made additional official language of [[West Bengal]] in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.<ref name=Telegraph:1 />
 Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education. The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula, and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction, or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Kumar|first1= Ashutosh|date= 2004|title= Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal|journal= Economic & Political Weekly|volume= 39|issue= 14/15|pages= 1515–1520|quote= Punjabi was made the first compulsory language and medium of instruction in all the government schools whereas Hindi and English as second and third language were to be implemented from the class 4 and 6 respectively|jstor= 4414869}}</ref> Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana,<ref>{{cite report|url= http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title= 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date= 2015|page= 25|publisher= National Commission on Linguistic Minorities|access-date= 28 April 2017|quote= "Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula: First Language : Hindi Second Language : Punjabi Third language : English"|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education.{{dubious|date=October 2017}}
-There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television due to market forces.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Jasmine | title=Serial killer | website=The Tribune | date=13 September 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | access-date=15 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916044000/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | archive-date=16 September 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.<ref name="Khokhlova" />{{rp|37}} There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language | website=Hindustan Times | date=30 July 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/amritsar/sgpc-claims-haryana-govt-ignoring-punjabi-language/article1-1374818.aspx | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525141618/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sgpc-claims-haryana-govt-ignoring-punjabi-language/story-m8iAzfGSSp5xoQ1zwE6nYN.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 May 2017 | access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aujla 2015">{{cite web | last=Aujla | first=Harjap Singh | title=Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language | website=Punjab News Express | date=15 June 2015 | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/mainpage.aspx?name=news%5C41059-punjabi-s-of-delhi-couldn-t-get-justice-for-punjabi-language | access-date=19 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Singh 2013">{{cite web|last=Singh |first=Perneet |title=Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move |website=Tribune India |date=9 July 2013 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130710/punjab.htm#1 |access-date=21 February 2018 }}</ref>
+There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television due to market forces.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Jasmine | title=Serial killer | website=The Tribune | date=13 September 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | access-date=15 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916044000/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | archive-date=16 September 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.<ref name="Khokhlova" />{{rp|37}} There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language | website=Hindustan Times | date=30 July 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/amritsar/sgpc-claims-haryana-govt-ignoring-punjabi-language/article1-1374818.aspx | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525141618/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sgpc-claims-haryana-govt-ignoring-punjabi-language/story-m8iAzfGSSp5xoQ1zwE6nYN.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 May 2017 | access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aujla 2015">{{cite web | last=Aujla | first=Harjap Singh | title=Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language | website=Punjab News Express | date=15 June 2015 | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/mainpage.aspx?name=news%5C41059-punjabi-s-of-delhi-couldn-t-get-justice-for-punjabi-language | access-date=19 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Singh 2013">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Perneet |title=Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move |website=Tribune India |date=9 July 2013 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130710/punjab.htm#1 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519214547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130710/punjab.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Advocacy==
@@ Line 500: / Line 548: @@
 ===Governmental academies and institutes===
-The Punjabi Sahit academy, [[Ludhiana]], established in 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੱਕਾ : ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਵਨ, ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ |access-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114809/http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |archive-date=3 May 2017 |date=3 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/ludhiana/community/sirsa-again-elected-punjabi-sahit-akademi-president/223834.html |title=Sirsa again elected Punjabi Sahit Akademi president |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> is supported by the [[Punjab state]] government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabiacademy.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718101904/http://punjabiacademy.com/|url-status=dead|title=Punjabi Academy|archive-date=18 July 2017|website=www.punjabiacademy.com}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm# |title= JK Cultural Academy|website=jkculture.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123081031/http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir UT]], India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.livehindustan.com/news/lucknow/article1-punjabi-academy-581875.amp.html |title=पंजाबी सीखने वाले छात्रों को अगले माह बटेगा एकल प्रोत्साहन राशि |publisher=M.livehindustan.com |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> as well as in [[Lahore, Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711180642/http://www.pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture &#124; Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture|archive-date=11 July 2017|website=pilac.punjab.gov.pk}}</ref> also advocate for the language.
+The Punjabi Sahit academy, [[Ludhiana]], established in 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੱਕਾ : ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਵਨ, ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ |access-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114809/http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |archive-date=3 May 2017 |date=3 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/ludhiana/community/sirsa-again-elected-punjabi-sahit-akademi-president/223834.html |title=Sirsa again elected Punjabi Sahit Akademi president |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111927/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/ludhiana/community/sirsa-again-elected-punjabi-sahit-akademi-president/223834.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is supported by the [[Punjab state]] government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabiacademy.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718101904/http://punjabiacademy.com/|url-status=dead|title=Punjabi Academy|archive-date=18 July 2017|website=www.punjabiacademy.com}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm# |title= JK Cultural Academy|website=jkculture.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123081031/http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir UT]], India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.livehindustan.com/news/lucknow/article1-punjabi-academy-581875.amp.html |title=पंजाबी सीखने वाले छात्रों को अगले माह बटेगा एकल प्रोत्साहन राशि |publisher=M.livehindustan.com |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101205/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/lucknow/article1-punjabi-academy-581875.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as in [[Lahore, Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711180642/http://www.pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture &#124; Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture|archive-date=11 July 2017|website=pilac.punjab.gov.pk}}</ref> also advocate for the language.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 510: / Line 558: @@
 ===Software===
-*Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the [[Gurmukhi]] script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]], [[Microsoft Office 2007]], 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref name="microsoft">{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|publisher=microsoft.com|title=Microsoft Download Center|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123205551/https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> support. Most [[Linux]] Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.<ref name="sourceforge">{{cite web|url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|publisher=sourceforge.net|title=Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download &#124; SourceForge.net|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203353/https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s.<ref name="apple">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|publisher=itunes.apple.com|title=Connecting to the iTunes Store.|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203742/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> [[Google]] also provides many applications in Punjabi, like [[Google Search]],<ref name="google6">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ|title=Google|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> [[Google Translate]]<ref name="google7">{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa&tab=wT|title=Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033335/https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> and Google Punjabi Input Tools.<ref name="google8">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|title=Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112124745/https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>
+*Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the [[Gurmukhi]] script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]], [[Microsoft Office 2007]], 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref name="microsoft">{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|publisher=microsoft.com|title=Microsoft Download Center|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123205551/https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> support. Most [[Linux]] Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.<ref name="sourceforge">{{cite web|url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|publisher=sourceforge.net|title=Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download &#124; SourceForge.net|date=21 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203353/https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s.<ref name="apple">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|publisher=itunes.apple.com|title=Connecting to the iTunes Store.|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203742/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> [[Google]] also provides many applications in Punjabi, like [[Google Search]],<ref name="google6">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ|title=Google|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809113422/https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Google Translate]]<ref name="google7">{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa&tab=wT|title=Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033335/https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> and Google Punjabi Input Tools.<ref name="google8">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|title=Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112124745/https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>
 == Gallery ==
 <gallery>
 File:Large-sized Guru Granth Sahib manuscript that was handwritten by Pratap Singh Giani and completed in 1908 C.E. 03.jpg|Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi
-File:Punjabi Alphabet.jpg| Punjabi Gurmukhi script
+File:Gurmukhi Script - traditional alphabet.svg| Punjabi Gurmukhi script
 File:Shahmukhi1.JPG|Punjabi Shahmukhi script
 File:Bhulay Shah.jpg|Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
@@ Line 532: / Line 580: @@
 * [[Khalsa bole]] – coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabi
 * [[Punjabi cinema]]
-* {{anli|Bhangra (music)}}
+* {{annotated link|Bhangra (music)}}
+* [[Panjab Digital Library]]
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 566: / Line 615: @@
   |year=1991
   |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
-  |place= Cambridge
+  |place=Cambridge
   |publisher=Cambridge University Press
   |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
-  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
+  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
-}}.
+ |access-date=7 October 2020
-*{{citation| last = Nayar| first = Baldev Raj | year = 1966 | title = Minority Politics in the Punjab| publisher = Princeton University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | isbn = 9781400875948 }}.
+|archive-date=2 April 2023
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155532/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
+ |url-status=live
+ }}.
+*{{citation | last = Nayar | first = Baldev Raj | year = 1966 | title = Minority Politics in the Punjab | publisher = Princeton University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | isbn = 9781400875948 | access-date = 9 November 2019 | archive-date = 2 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155514/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | url-status = live }}.
 *{{Citation
   |last=Shackle
@@ Line 578: / Line 631: @@
   |chapter=Panjabi
   |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581
-|editor1-last= Cardona
+ |editor1-last=Cardona
-|editor1-first= George
+ |editor1-first=George
-|editor2-last= Jain
+ |editor2-last=Jain
-|editor2-first= Dhanesh
+ |editor2-first=Dhanesh
   |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
   |publisher=Routledge
   |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
   |pages=581–621
-}}.
+ |access-date=7 October 2020
+|archive-date=2 April 2023
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581
+ |url-status=live
+ }}.
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 598: / Line 655: @@
 == External links ==
-{{Wikibooks|Punjabi}}
-{{commons category|Punjabi language}}
-{{Wikivoyage|Punjabi phrasebook|Punjabi|a phrasebook}}
 {{InterWiki|Eastern Punjabi|code=pa}}
 {{InterWiki|Western Punjabi|code=pnb}}
-* {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Panjabi/}}
 * [http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/ English to Punjabi Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134224/http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/ |date=10 March 2010 }}
@@ Line 625: / Line 681: @@
 [[Category:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects]]
 [[Category:Sahitya Akademi recognised languages]]
+[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پَن٘جابی
File:Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi.png 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab, India (bottom)
Pronunciation	Punjabi: [pəɲˈdʒɑb̆.bi] English: /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/
Native to	Pakistan and India
Region	Punjab
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Native speakers	113 million (2011–2017)^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit debated Prakrit^{[lower-alpha 2]}^[2] debated Apabhraṃśa Old Punjabi^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Dialects	See Punjabi dialects
Writing system	Shāhmukhī (in Pakistan) Gurmukhī (in India) Punjabi Braille Laṇḍā (historical) Takri (historical) Mahajani (historical)
Official status
Official language in	Pakistan Template:Country data Punjab (provincial)^{[lower-alpha 3]}^[9] India Punjab (official)^[10]^[11] Haryana (additional)^[12] Delhi (additional)^[13] West Bengal (additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population)^[14]
Regulated by	Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Languages, Punjab, India^[15]
Language codes
ISO 639-1	`pa`
ISO 639-2	`pan`
ISO 639-3	Either: `pan` – Panjabi `pnb` – Western Panjabi
Glottolog	`panj1256` Eastern Panjabi `west2386` Western Panjabi
Linguasphere	`59-AAF-e`
Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.