Central Indo-Aryan languages

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Central Indo-Aryan
Hindi
Geographic
distribution
South Asia
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
  • Western Hindi
  • Eastern Hindi
GlottologNone
west2812  (Western Hindi)
east2726  (Eastern Hindi)
Hindi Indoarisch.png

The Central Indo-Aryan languages or Hindi languages are a group of related language varieties spoken across North India and Central India. These language varieties form the central part of the Indo-Aryan language family, itself a part of the Indo-European language family. They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Madhya Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi) dialect (one of several called 'Khariboli') of the Hindustani language, the lingua franca of Northern India that is the basis of the Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

Languages[edit]

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[1] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhramsa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi.[2]

Western Hindi languages. Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.
The Eastern Hindi languages are not shown individually. They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.
  1. Western Hindi[3]
  2. Eastern Hindi

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.[4] Bhojpuri is classified under the Bihari languages though it has long been considered a Hindi language.

Romani, Domari, Lomavren, and Seb Seliyer (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi, Powari, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowli (not a separate language), and Ghera.

Use in culturally non-Hindi regions[edit]

Comparison[edit]

The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western varieties.[5] There are also vowel clusters /əiː/ and /əuː/.

References[edit]

  1. Shapiro (2003), p. 276.
  2. Shapiro (2003), p. 305.
  3. Grierson, George A. (1916). "Western Hindi" (PDF). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. Volume IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |volume= (help)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Shapiro (2003), p. 277.
  5. Shapiro (2003), p. 283.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 276–314, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5

Template:Central Indo-Aryan languages