Help:IPA/Punjabi
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Bharatpedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Bharatpedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-pa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.
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NotesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Punjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
- ↑ [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 f and x are not considered native sounds, and only present in loanwords or can be considered a tonal sound of pʰ for Indian dialects. In Pakistani dialects, and the Shahmukhi alphabet, it is not considered a tonal sound and some words are natively derived such as فیر 'fer' (ਫੇਰ 'pher' ~ ਫਿਰ 'phir'). x can, however, be considered a tonal sound for kʰ in Pakistani dialects and are pronounced as such, but not written as such.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence written as a modified consonant with a Nuqta placed below the corresponding letter, unlike Shahmukhi, where the original letter from Persian (whence derived from the Arabic script)). The phonology is however retained in Pakistani dialects, with the exception of q, where the spelling is retained only but pronounced interchangeably with k.
- ↑ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.