Kishtwari

Kishtwari
Kishtwari
Kashtwari
کِشْتَواڑِی, 𑚊𑚮𑚧𑚶𑚙𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯; Kištawāṛī
Native to	Jammu and Kashmir
Ethnicity	Kishtwari
Native speakers	39,748 (2011 census)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Kashmiri Kishtwari; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	kish1245

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This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Kishtwari or Kashtwari (کِشْتَواڑِی, 𑚊𑚮𑚧𑚶𑚙𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯) is a highly distinctive and conservative dialect of the Kashmiri language spoken in Kishtwar Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Kishtwari has been classified as a dialect of Kashmiri by scholars such as George Abraham Grierson. It is one of the two main allegedly Kashmiri dialects (the other being Poguli, perhaps a Western Pahari language) that are spoken outside of the Kashmir Valley.^[3]

Overview[edit]

Grierson, in his Linguistic Survey of India, classified Kishtwari as a highly divergent variety of Kashmiri that had been profoundly influenced by neighbouring Punjabi and Pahari languages.^[4] Grierson noted that Kishtwari is more conservative in certain aspects than other Kashmiri dialects, as evidenced by the retention of subject pronoun thu, in addition to the present participle an, features that have disappeared in Standard Kashmiri. A wordlist and preliminary grammatical sketch of Kishtwari were compiled in The Languages of the Northern Himalayas.^[5]

The 1911 Census of India recorded 7,464 speakers of Kishtwari.

Script[edit]

Specimen in Kashtwari language from Grierson's LSI Vol. VIII, Pt. II, page 386

Grierson remarks that an idiosyncratic variant of Takri is used to write the Kishtwari language; as well as observing that there does not appear to be standard spelling nor a consistent orthography.

References[edit]

↑ CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. "LANGUAGE" (PDF). Government of India. p. 7.
↑ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
↑ Sheikh, Aejaz Mohammed; Kuchey, Sameer Ahmad (2014). "Kishtwari". Indian linguistics. 75 (3–4): 55–66. ISSN 0378-0759.
↑ Grierson, George Abraham Grierson. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 8. pp. 344–383.
↑ Bailey, Thomas Grahame. Languages of the Northern Himalayas. pp. 61–70.

[1] CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. "LANGUAGE" (PDF). Government of India. p. 7.

[2011census-2] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.

[3] Sheikh, Aejaz Mohammed; Kuchey, Sameer Ahmad (2014). "Kishtwari". Indian linguistics. 75 (3–4): 55–66. ISSN 0378-0759.

[4] Grierson, George Abraham Grierson. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 8. pp. 344–383.

[5] Bailey, Thomas Grahame. Languages of the Northern Himalayas. pp. 61–70.

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