1991 Indian general election: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|General election in India}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Indian general election
| country = India
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| type = parliamentary
Line 10: Line 9:
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election
| next_year = 1996
| next_year = 1996
| election_date = 20 May, 12 June, and 15 June 1991<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br>19 February 1992 (Punjab)
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033347/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br>19 February 1992 (Punjab)
| seats_for_election = 534 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats_for_election = 537 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 268
| majority_seats = 269
| turnout =  
| registered = 498,363,801
| image_size = 130x130px
| turnout = 56.73% ({{decrease}} 5.22[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| leader1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 39.53%, 197 seats
| seats1 = '''244'''
| seats1 = '''244'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 47
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 47
| popular_vote1 = '''101,285,692'''
| popular_vote1 = '''101,285,692'''
| percentage1 = '''36.40%'''
| percentage1 = '''36.26%'''
| swing1 =  
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.27[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = Lal Krishna Advani 2008-12-4.jpg
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lal Krishna Advani 2009.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[L.K. Advani]]
| leader2 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat2 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] ''(vacated)'' <br /> [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| last_election2 = 11.36%, 85 seats
| seats2 = 120
| seats2 = 120
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 35
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 35
| popular_vote2 = 55,843,074
| popular_vote2 = 55,843,074
| percentage2 = 20.07%
| percentage2 = 20.11%
| swing2 =  
| swing2 = {{increase}} 8.75[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image3 = V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=5}}
| leader3 = [[V.P. Singh]]
| leader4 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| party3 = Janata Dal
| party4 = Janata Dal
| leaders_seat3 = [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| last_election4 = 17.79%, 143 seats
| seats3 = 59
| seats4 = 59
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 84
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 84
| popular_vote3 = 32,628,400
| popular_vote4 = 32,628,400
| percentage3 = 11.73%
| percentage4 = 11.84%
| swing3 =  
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 5.95[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg|300px|lang=en]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election5 = 6.55%, 33 seats
| seats5 = 35
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote5 = 16,954,797
| percentage5 = 6.16%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.39 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
Line 48: Line 57:
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party
| after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| ongoing =  
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha
| alliance4 = [[National Front (India)|NF]]
| alliance5 = [[National Front (India)|NF]]
}}
}}


'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the [[10th Lok Sabha]], although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.
General elections were held in [[India]] on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the [[10th Lok Sabha]], although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].


No party could muster a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the [[Indian National Congress]] forming a [[minority government]] under new Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] with the support of other parties.
No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] forming a [[minority government]] under new Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] with the support of other parties. The government survived  28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the [[Janata Dal]] and the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 | title=Narashima Rao becomes butt of 'suitcase' and 'crore' jokes among Congressmen, Opposition | publisher=India Today | date=15 August 1993 | accessdate=27 April 2023 | archive-date=16 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016023014/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm |title=JMM MP turns approver in bribery case against Rao |work=www.rediff.com |date= |accessdate=16 March 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160700/http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>


Elections were not held in 2 seats in Bihar and 1 seat in Uttar Pradesh. Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Voter turnout was the lowest to date in an Indian general election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|access-date=2020-09-06|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], nor for two seats in [[Bihar]] and one in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Similarly, elections were also delayed in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|access-date=2020-09-06|website=archive.ipu.org|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
The 1991 elections were held as the previous Lok Sabha, with Chandra Sekhar at its helm had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=INKredible India: The story of 1991 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the [[Mandal Commission]] fallout and the [[Ayodhya debate|Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid issue]].
In the [[1989 Indian general election|previous elections]] held 16 months before, the Janata Dal came into power with outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party, however the BJP withdrew it's support from the government after its [[Ram Rath Yatra|Ram Rathyatra]] was stopped at [[Samastipur]] in [[Bihar]],  a state ruled by the Janata Dal, whose Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had the BJP president [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] arrested on spot. Following the resignation of V. P. Singh, the main opposition party, the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] provided outside support to a small breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] headed by [[Chandra Shekhar]] for a time, but soon withdrew its support. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=INKredible India: The story of 1991 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062610/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the [[Mandal Commission]] fallout and the [[Ayodhya dispute|Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid issue]].


===Mandal-Mandir Issue===
===Mandal-Mandir Issue===
While the [[Mandal Commission]] report implemented by the VP Singh government gave 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country, with many students in and around Delhi even setting themselves on fire. Mandir represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over the disputed Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya, which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using as its major election [[manifesto]].
While the [[Mandal Commission]] report released by the VP Singh government suggested giving 27 per cent [[Reservation in India|reservation]] to the [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Castes]] (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students from the [[Forward caste|Forward Caste]] groups in and around the capital city of [[Delhi]] even setting themselves on fire in opposition to increase in reservations. Violence also erupted between [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] groups, who opposed increasing reservation for other communities & OBC groups, who supported reservation for their own community.  'Mandir' represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over construction of [[Ram Mandir]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed]] site of the [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] which the [[Hindutva|Hindu right]] wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using as its major election manifesto. To counter the intense religious polarisation unleashed due to the Ram mandir movement, the ruling Janata Dal heavily campaigned on implementing the Mandal Commission report, which the BJP alleged was a ploy to undermine Hindu unity.


The [[Ayodhya debate|Mandir]] issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] falling apart, the Congress managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-06|title=History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
The Mandir-Mandal issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the Janata Dal beginning to [[List of Janata Dal breakaway parties|fall apart into different splinter groups]] each supporting a particular caste in a specific state, the Congress (I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-06|title=History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027162506/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Rajiv Gandhi Assassination===
===Rajiv Gandhi assassination===
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated]] while campaigning for [[Margatham Chandrasekar]] at [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperembudur]]. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Voting was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections with just 53 per cent of the electorate exercising their right to vote.
{{main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated]] while campaigning for [[Margatham Chandrasekar]] in [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperembudur]]. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.


Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases.<ref>The congress party did poorly in the pre-assassination constituencies and swept the post-assassination constituencies</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was almost wiped out in the first phase, and rode a massive sympathy wave to sweep the second phase<ref name=":0" />.The end result was a Congress-led minority government led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who had previously announced his retirement from politics.While [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narsimha Rao]] had not contested in the election \, he contested in a [[by-election]] in [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandya]]<nowiki/>l which he won by a record five lakh votes
Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. After the assassination, voter sentiment shifted dramatically, many undecided and regional voters moved toward INC for stability.<ref name=":0" /> [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]] retained strong regional dominance in parts of India that voted in the first polling phase, and although Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination affected public sentiment, it did not result in a national seat sweep in later phases,which included major states where BJP and Janata Dal won a large share of seats.<ref>The congress party had a strike rate of 38% in the first phase which got bumped up to 45% in phases 2&3. States such as Maharashtra and Karnataka went to polls in Phase 1 and were swept by the INC. Notably Uttar Pradesh and Bihar which mainly polled in the later phases were swept by BJP and JD respectively which shows that there wasn't simply a sympathy wave which caused INC to win.</ref> The result was a Congress (I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal and led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in a [[by-election]] in [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] which he won by a record five lakh votes.


=== Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab ===
=== Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab ===
76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1991-06-17|title=Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> No elections were held in [[Indian general election, 1991 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/|title=Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991)|date=21 March 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ramesh |last=Vinayak|title=With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24|orig-date=February 29, 1992|date=September 3, 2013|access-date=2020-09-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,<ref>{{Cite web|title=1992 India General Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.{{Politics of India}}
76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence since the 1980s. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1991-06-17|title=Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213617/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in Kashmir]] also saw the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|mass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] from the [[Kashmir Valley]] under threats from [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan-sponsored]] Muslim militants. Due to these insurgencies, no elections were held in [[Indian general election, 1991 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/|title=Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991)|date=21 March 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en-US|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183800/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/|url-status=live}}</ref> Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ramesh|last=Vinayak|title=With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24|orig-date=February 29, 1992|date=September 3, 2013|access-date=2020-09-06|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144601/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref> where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,<ref>{{Cite web|title=1992 India General Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921124538/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.{{Politics of India}}


==Results==
==Results==
{{Election results
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1991.svg|350px]]
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1991.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=99799403|seats1=232|sc1=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=99799403|seats1=232|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=55345075|seats2=120|sc2=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=55345075|seats2=120|sc2=
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=32589180|seats3=59|sc3=
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=32589180|seats3=59|sc3=
Line 87: Line 100:
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=4470542|seats9=11|sc9=
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=4470542|seats9=11|sc9=
|party10=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes10=4420719|seats10=2|sc10=
|party10=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes10=4420719|seats10=2|sc10=
|party11=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes11=2208712|seats11=4|sc11=
|party11=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes11=2208712|seats11=4|sc11=
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1749730|seats12=4|sc12=
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1749730|seats12=4|sc12=
|party13=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes13=1489898|seats13=1|sc13=
|party13=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes13=1489898|seats13=1|sc13=
Line 231: Line 244:
===Delayed elections in Punjab===
===Delayed elections in Punjab===
{{Election results
{{Election results
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1486289|seats1=12
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=1486289|seats1=12
|party2=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes2=594628|seats2=1
|party2=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes2=594628|seats2=1
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=497999|seats3=0
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=497999|seats3=0
Line 246: Line 259:
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4122-general-election-1992-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9767&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4122-general-election-1992-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9767&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
}}
}}
==State Wise Results==
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
!rowspan="2"|Seats
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Janata Dal|JD]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
!OTH
|-
!Andaman and Nicobar Islands
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Andhra Pradesh
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|25
|1
|0
|2
|14
|-
!Arunachal Pradesh
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Assam
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|8
|2
|0
|1
|3
|-
!Bihar
!52
|1
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|31
|9
|6
|-
!Chandigarh
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Dadra and Nagar Haveli
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Daman and Diu
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Goa
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Gujarat
!26
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|20
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Haryana
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|9
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Himachal Pradesh
!4
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Karnataka
!28
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|23
|4
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Kerala
!20
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|0
|0
|3
|4
|-
!Lakshadweep
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Madhya Pradesh
!40
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|27
|12
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Maharashtra
!48
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|38
|5
|0
|1
|4
|-
!Manipur
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Meghalaya
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Mizoram
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Nagaland
!1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
!NCT Delhi
!7
|2
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|5
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Odisha
!21
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|0
|6
|2
|0
|-
!Puducherry
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Punjab
!13
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|12
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Rajasthan
!25
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|12
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Sikkim
!1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
!Tamil Nadu
!39
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|28
|0
|0
|0
|11
|-
!Tripura
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Uttar Pradesh
!84
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|51
|22
|1
|5
|-
!West Bengal
!42
|5
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|37
|0
|-
!Total
!534
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|'''244'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|'''120'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|'''59'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|'''56'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|'''55'''
|}


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:<ref name=eighteen>{{cite news |date=18 June 1991 |title=Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>
[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Congress(I)]] was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:<ref name=eighteen>{{cite news |date=18 June 1991 |title=Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510082015/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]'' [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]'' [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''Former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]'' [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''Former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]'' [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''Former [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[N. D. Tiwari]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 1991 |title=A meeting of hearts |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>
*''Former [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[N. D. Tiwari]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 1991 |title=A meeting of hearts |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080503/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>


Congress eventually formed the government under the Prime Ministership of [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. After [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] and the first Congress Prime Minister to head a [[minority government]] that completed full 5-year term.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms|access-date=19 April 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He introduced [[Economic liberalisation in India|Economic reforms]] in India.
At the suggestion of Rajiv's widow Sonia, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] was chosen as the prime-ministerial candidate of Congress (Indira). Rao, who got himself by-elected from [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]], secured the outside support of the Janata Dal & Jharkhand Mukti Morcha under controversial circumstances. After [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] and the second Congress Prime Minister to head a [[minority government]] that completed full 5-year term ([[Indira Gandhi]] also headed a minority government from 1969 to 1971 following the 1969 split of the Congress party into [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress(O)]] & [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress(R)]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms|access-date=19 April 2018|work=The Times of India|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420151053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha]]
*[[1989 Indian general election]]
*[[:Category:1991 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
*[[1992 Indian general election in Punjab]]


==References==
==References==
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{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{#seo:
|keywords=May 1991 events in Asia, June 1991 events in Asia
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[[Category:1991 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:1991 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:May 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:May 1991 in India|General]]
[[Category:June 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1991 in India|General]]
[[Category:1991 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1991 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Revision as of 03:34, 16 March 2026


1991 Indian general election
← 1989 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991[1]
19 February 1992 (Punjab)		 1996 →
537 of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha
269 seats needed for a majority
Registered498,363,801
Turnout56.73% (Decrease 5.22pp)
  First party Second party
 
P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG
Lal Krishna Advani 2009.jpg
Leader P. V. Narasimha Rao L. K. Advani
Party Indian National Congress (Indira) BJP
Last election 39.53%, 197 seats 11.36%, 85 seats
Seats won 244 120
Seat change Increase 47 Increase 35
Popular vote 101,285,692 55,843,074
Percentage 36.26% 20.11%
Swing Decrease 3.27pp Increase 8.75pp
  Third party Fourth party
 
V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg
E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg
Leader V. P. Singh E. M. S. Namboodiripad
Party JD CPI (M)
Alliance NF NF
Last election 17.79%, 143 seats 6.55%, 33 seats
Seats won 59 35
Seat change Decrease 84 Increase 2
Popular vote 32,628,400 16,954,797
Percentage 11.84% 6.16%
Swing Decrease 5.95pp Decrease 0.39 pp
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Chandra Shekhar
Samajwadi Janata Party

Prime Minister after election

P. V. Narasimha Rao
Indian National Congress (Indira)

General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.

No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress (Indira) forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties. The government survived 28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the Janata Dal and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.[2][3]

Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, elections were also delayed in Punjab. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.[4]

Background

In the previous elections held 16 months before, the Janata Dal came into power with outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party, however the BJP withdrew it's support from the government after its Ram Rathyatra was stopped at Samastipur in Bihar, a state ruled by the Janata Dal, whose Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav had the BJP president Lal Krishna Advani arrested on spot. Following the resignation of V. P. Singh, the main opposition party, the Indian National Congress (Indira) provided outside support to a small breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, the Samajwadi Janata Party headed by Chandra Shekhar for a time, but soon withdrew its support. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.[5] The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the Mandal Commission fallout and the Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid issue.

Mandal-Mandir Issue

While the Mandal Commission report released by the VP Singh government suggested giving 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students from the Forward Caste groups in and around the capital city of Delhi even setting themselves on fire in opposition to increase in reservations. Violence also erupted between Scheduled Caste groups, who opposed increasing reservation for other communities & OBC groups, who supported reservation for their own community. 'Mandir' represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over construction of Ram Mandir at the disputed site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya which the Hindu right wing Bharatiya Janata Party was using as its major election manifesto. To counter the intense religious polarisation unleashed due to the Ram mandir movement, the ruling Janata Dal heavily campaigned on implementing the Mandal Commission report, which the BJP alleged was a ploy to undermine Hindu unity.

The Mandir-Mandal issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the Janata Dal beginning to fall apart into different splinter groups each supporting a particular caste in a specific state, the Congress (I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.[6]

Rajiv Gandhi assassination

Main article: Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning for Margatham Chandrasekar in Sriperembudur. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.

Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. After the assassination, voter sentiment shifted dramatically, many undecided and regional voters moved toward INC for stability.[5] Congress (I) retained strong regional dominance in parts of India that voted in the first polling phase, and although Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination affected public sentiment, it did not result in a national seat sweep in later phases,which included major states where BJP and Janata Dal won a large share of seats.[7] The result was a Congress (I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal and led by P. V. Narasimha Rao, who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in a by-election in Nandyal which he won by a record five lakh votes.

Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab

76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by Khalistani gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence since the 1980s. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.[8] Similarly, insurgency in Kashmir also saw the mass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Kashmir Valley under threats from Pakistan-sponsored Muslim militants. Due to these insurgencies, no elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.[9] Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,[10] where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,[11] thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.

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Results

PartyVotes%Seats
Indian National Congress (Indira)99,799,40336.26232
Bharatiya Janata Party55,345,07520.11120
Janata Dal32,589,18011.8459
Communist Party of India (Marxist)16,954,7976.1635
Janata Party9,267,0963.375
Telugu Desam Party8,223,2712.9913
Communist Party of India6,851,1142.4914
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam5,741,9102.090
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam4,470,5421.6211
Bahujan Samaj Party4,420,7191.612
Shiv Sena2,208,7120.804
Revolutionary Socialist Party1,749,7300.644
Asom Gana Parishad1,489,8980.541
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha1,481,9000.546
Janata Dal (Gujarat)1,399,7020.511
Pattali Makkal Katchi1,283,0650.470
All India Forward Bloc1,145,0150.423
Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha982,9540.361
Indian Union Muslim League845,4180.312
Indian Peoples Front644,8910.230
Natun Asom Gana Parishad494,6280.180
Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha490,2750.180
Doordarshi Party466,8690.170
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen456,9000.171
Kerala Congress (M)384,2550.141
Jharkhand Party350,6990.130
Haryana Vikas Party331,7940.121
Nagaland People's Council328,0150.121
Bharatiya Republican Paksha327,9410.120
Kerala Congress319,9330.120
Peasants and Workers Party of India295,4020.110
United Minorities Front, Assam206,7370.080
Lokdal173,8840.060
Marxist Co-ordination Committee171,7670.060
United Reservation Movement Council of Assam170,3760.060
Manipur Peoples Party169,6920.061
Autonomous State Demand Committee139,7850.051
Sanjukta Loka Parishad125,7380.050
Sikkim Sangram Parishad106,2470.041
Republican Party of India (Khobragade)91,5570.030
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)88,0840.030
Plain Tribals Council of Assam87,3870.030
Mizo National Front82,0190.030
Sarv Jati Janata Parishad70,3680.030
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha67,4950.020
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party64,7520.020
Tharasu Makkal Mandram55,1650.020
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal47,3690.020
Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)43,0850.020
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh42,5040.020
Jan Parishad37,7250.010
Republican Party of India36,5410.010
Amra Bangali35,1860.010
Indian Union Muslim League (IML)31,3870.010
Sampooran Kranti Das29,6470.010
Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das28,5280.010
Uttar Pradesh Republican Party28,3790.010
Yuva Vikas Party28,1590.010
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)27,7300.010
Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party23,9290.010
Proutist Bloc of India22,7340.010
Soshit Samaj Dal19,9250.010
Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh19,2430.010
Orissa Vikas Parishad15,8930.010
Hul Jharkhand Party15,4060.010
Socialist Party of India (Lohia)12,9280.000
Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party12,8200.000
Dalit Panthers Party11,9670.000
Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal10,8370.000
Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal8,8250.000
Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi8,8100.000
Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal8,5190.000
Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam8,2520.000
Asom Jatiya Parishad8,0470.000
Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey)7,1040.000
Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party6,8970.000
All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh5,8880.000
Vidarbha Praja Party5,5970.000
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad5,5210.000
Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal5,4360.000
Hindu Swaraj Sangathan5,3250.000
Republican Presidium Party of India4,9670.000
Surajya Party4,7050.000
Sarvodaya Party4,6420.000
Janata Dal (Samajwadi)4,5480.000
Deseeya Karshaka Party4,5080.000
Gondwana Party3,6050.000
Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)3,5430.000
Samdarshi Party2,9210.000
Lok Party2,8730.000
Socialist League of India2,8520.000
All India Urdu Morcha2,6550.000
Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul)2,5190.000
All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha2,3110.000
Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani2,2590.000
Pandav Dal2,2130.000
Internationalist Democratic Party2,0780.000
Gomant Lok Party1,9830.000
Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha1,7920.000
Workers Party of India1,7810.000
Nationalist Party1,7680.000
Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association1,6920.000
Nagaland Peoples Party1,5720.000
Adarsh Lok Dal1,5440.000
Desh Bhakt Party1,5210.000
Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party1,4660.000
Republican Party of India (Kamble)1,3000.000
Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party1,2450.000
Mukt Bharat1,1910.000
Rashtriya Krantikari Dal1,1250.000
Sampooran Rashtriya Sena1,0400.000
Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam1,0300.000
Navbharat Party7870.000
Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)6840.000
Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam6650.000
Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress6050.000
Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party5870.000
Kannada Paksha5760.000
Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal5730.000
Socialist Revolutionary Party5710.000
Lokhit Morcha5320.000
Republican Party of India (Athawale)5210.000
Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee)4340.000
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party4080.000
Cheluva Kannad Nadu3830.000
Azad Party3720.000
Democratic Party of India3590.000
Bharatiya Backward Party3290.000
Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt)3250.000
Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das3160.000
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad3140.000
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha2570.000
Sr. Citizens National Party of India2500.000
Socialist Labour League2460.000
M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam2280.000
Mahabharat People's Party2250.000
Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha1940.000
Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal1930.000
Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party1660.000
Kannada Desh Party1640.000
Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party1420.000
Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti1380.000
Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party1200.000
Vishal Bharat Party560.000
Jan Ekata Morcha340.000
Independents11,441,6884.161
Nominated Anglo-Indians2
Total275,206,990100.00523
Valid votes275,206,99097.35
Invalid/blank votes7,493,9522.65
Total votes282,700,942100.00
Registered voters/turnout498,363,80156.73
Source: ECI

Delayed elections in Punjab

PartyVotes%Seats
Indian National Congress (Indira)1,486,28949.2712
Bahujan Samaj Party594,62819.711
Bharatiya Janata Party497,99916.510
Communist Party of India (Marxist)119,9023.980
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)77,9702.580
Communist Party of India47,2261.570
Janata Dal39,2201.300
Janata Party27,9660.930
Lokdal2,8390.090
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh1,3490.040
Independents121,0094.010
Total3,016,397100.0013
Valid votes3,016,39795.59
Invalid/blank votes139,1264.41
Total votes3,155,523100.00
Registered voters/turnout13,169,79723.96
Source: ECI

State Wise Results

State/Union Territory Seats
INC BJP JD LF OTH
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1 0 0 0 0
Andhra Pradesh 42 25 1 0 2 14
Arunachal Pradesh 2 2 0 0 0 0
Assam 14 8 2 0 1 3
Bihar 52 1 5 31 9 6
Chandigarh 1 1 0 0 0 0
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 1 0 0 0 0
Daman and Diu 1 0 1 0 0 0
Goa 2 2 0 0 0 0
Gujarat 26 5 20 0 0 1
Haryana 10 9 0 0 0 1
Himachal Pradesh 4 2 2 0 0 0
Karnataka 28 23 4 0 0 1
Kerala 20 13 0 0 3 4
Lakshadweep 1 1 0 0 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 40 27 12 0 0 1
Maharashtra 48 38 5 0 1 4
Manipur 2 1 0 0 0 1
Meghalaya 2 2 0 0 0 0
Mizoram 1 1 0 0 0 0
Nagaland 1 0 0 0 0 1
NCT Delhi 7 2 5 0 0 0
Odisha 21 13 0 6 2 0
Puducherry 1 1 0 0 0 0
Punjab 13 12 0 0 0 1
Rajasthan 25 13 12 0 0 0
Sikkim 1 0 0 0 0 1
Tamil Nadu 39 28 0 0 0 11
Tripura 2 2 0 0 0 0
Uttar Pradesh 84 5 51 22 1 5
West Bengal 42 5 0 0 37 0
Total 534 244 120 59 56 55

Aftermath

Congress(I) was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:[12]

At the suggestion of Rajiv's widow Sonia, P. V. Narasimha Rao was chosen as the prime-ministerial candidate of Congress (Indira). Rao, who got himself by-elected from Nandyal, secured the outside support of the Janata Dal & Jharkhand Mukti Morcha under controversial circumstances. After Lal Bahadur Shastri, Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family and the second Congress Prime Minister to head a minority government that completed full 5-year term (Indira Gandhi also headed a minority government from 1969 to 1971 following the 1969 split of the Congress party into Congress(O) & Congress(R)).[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Narashima Rao becomes butt of 'suitcase' and 'crore' jokes among Congressmen, Opposition". India Today. 15 August 1993. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  3. ↑ "JMM MP turns approver in bribery case against Rao". www.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  4. ↑ "India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "INKredible India: The story of 1991 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know". Zee News. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  6. ↑ "History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election". Zee News. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  7. ↑ The congress party had a strike rate of 38% in the first phase which got bumped up to 45% in phases 2&3. States such as Maharashtra and Karnataka went to polls in Phase 1 and were swept by the INC. Notably Uttar Pradesh and Bihar which mainly polled in the later phases were swept by BJP and JD respectively which shows that there wasn't simply a sympathy wave which caused INC to win.
  8. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (17 June 1991). "Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  9. ↑ "Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991)". The Indian Express. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Vinayak, Ramesh (3 September 2013) [February 29, 1992]. "With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib". India Today. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  11. ↑ "1992 India General Elections Results". www.elections.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership". The Indian Express. Madras. 18 June 1991. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  13. ↑ "A meeting of hearts". The Indian Express. Madras. 15 June 1991. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  14. ↑ "How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
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