Bahujan Samaj Party

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For the Nepalese party, see Bahujan Samaj Party, Nepal.


Bahujan Samaj Party
AbbreviationBSP
PresidentMayawati[1]
General Secretary
Lok Sabha leaderKunwar Danish Ali
Rajya Sabha leaderRamji Gautam
FounderKanshi Ram
Founded14 April 1984 (39 years ago) (1984-04-14)
Preceded byDSSSS or DS4
Headquarters12, Gurudwara Rakabganj Road, New Delhi, India-110001
NewspaperBahujan Samaj Bulletin
IdeologySocial equality[3]
Social justice[4]
Colours  Blue
ECI StatusNational Party
AllianceSAD+ (2021—present)
(Punjab)
Seats in Lok Sabha
9 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha
1 / 245
Seats in Vidhan Sabha & Vidhan Parishad
7 / 4,036

(3987 MLAs & 49 Vacant)

1 / 426

(400 MLCs & 26 Vacant)

List
1 / 403
(Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha)
1 / 100
(Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad)
2 / 90
(Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha)
1 / 230
(Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha)
2 / 70
(Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha)
1 / 117
(Punjab Vidhan Sabha)
Number of states and union territories in government
0 / 31
Election symbol
Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png
Website
www.bspindia.co.in

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is a national level political party in India that was formed to represent Bahujans (literally means "community in majority"), referring to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBC), along with religious minorities.[5] According to Kanshi Ram, when he founded the party in 1984, the Bahujans comprised 85 percent of India's population, but were divided into 6,000 different castes.[6][7] The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of Gautama Buddha, B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, and Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj.

Kanshi Ram named his protégée, Mayawati, as his successor in 2001. The BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh where it was the second-largest party in the 2019 Indian general election with 19.3% of votes[8] and third-largest in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election with 12.88% of votes.[9] Its election symbol is an elephant which is the same symbol historically used by Dr. Ambedkar's Scheduled Castes Federation.[10]

Etymology[edit]

BSP Cadre Camp, Faizabad

"Bahujan" is a Sanskritic term found in Hindu and Buddhist texts, and literally refers to "many people", or "the majority". It connotes the combined population of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled tribes, Other Backward Classes, Muslims, and minorities who together constitute the demographic majority of India.[11][12] The word "Bahujan" appears in the dictum "Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya", or "The benefit and prosperity of the many", articulated by Gautama Buddha.[13][14][15]

In his writing, Dr.B. R. Ambedkar used the term to refer to the majority of people in society that experienced discrimination and oppression on the basis of caste. Jyotirao Phule used the term in a similar context, and compared the Bahujans of India to Slavery in the United States.Schedule Caste and Bahujan writers have suggested this proportion was 70 percent of the population.[15][16]

History[edit]

Kanshi Ram, founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party

Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the birth anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1984) by Kanshi Ram,[17] who named former school teacher, Mayawati, as his successor of BSP in 2001.[18] The party's power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. In 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. On 2 June 1995, she withdrew support from his government, which led to a major incident where Yadav was accused of sending his zealots to keep her party legislators hostage at a Lucknow guest house and shout casteist abuses at her.[19] Since this incident, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals.[20] Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of President's Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power"[21] and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan.[22] In 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term.[23]

Silver jubilee[edit]

The Bahujan Samaj Party on 14 April 2009 celebrated its silver jubilee.[24] The Manywar Shri Kanshi Ramji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna housing scheme for poor was launched by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA).[25] The role of Mayawati was discussed in BSP's success.[26] A mass rally was organised in Lucknow with 10000 police personnel on duty.[27] It was the 305th and largest rally of BSP since 1984.[28] As per Observer Research Foundation, within 25 years BSP became third largest political party of India.[29]

Views[edit]

BSP believes in "Social Transformation and Economic Emancipation" of the "Bahujan Samaj". The Bahujan Samaj signifies the Bahujans as the Scheduled Castes (SC), the Scheduled Tribes (ST), and the Other Backward Castes (OBC). B. R. Ambedkar, a proponent of Bahujan rights, is their important ideological inspiration. The BSP also speaks in favor of religious minorities. The party claims not to be prejudiced against upper-caste Hindus. In 2008, while addressing the audience, Mayawati said: "Our policies and ideology are not against any particular caste or religion. If we were anti-upper caste, we would not have given tickets to candidates from upper castes to contest elections".[30]

List of chief ministers[edit]

Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh[edit]

No Image Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Assembly
1 Mayawati.jpg Mayawati None 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days 12th Assembly
(1993 election)
Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days 13th Assembly
(1996 election)
3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year, 118 days 14th Assembly
(2002 election)
MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years, 307 days 15th Assembly
(2007 election)

Electoral performances[edit]

Success in 2007[edit]

The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a sole majority party, the first to do so since 1991. Mayawati began her fourth term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and took her oath of office along with 50 ministers of cabinet and state rank on 13 May 2007, at Rajbhawan in the state capital of Lucknow.[31] Most importantly, the majority achieved in large part was due to the party's ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party, the BJP.[32]

Flags of "Bahujan Samaj Party" at Shivaji Park, Mumbai.

The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012 as against 206 in 2007 assembly elections. BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term.[33] On 26 May 2018, Ram Achal Rajbhar was replaced by R S Kushwaha as the president of UP unit.[34]

2014 Lok Sabha Elections[edit]

The 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4.2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats.[35]

2019 Lok Sabha Elections Mahagathbandhan[edit]

Prior to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BSP formed a Mahagathbandhan. The Mahagathbandhan (or Grand Alliance), or simply the Gathbandhan (Alliance),[36][37] is an anti-Congress,[38] anti-BJP[39] Indian political alliance formed in the run-up to the 2019 general election under the leadership of two former Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati of the Bahujan Samaj Party, along with Ajit Singh's Rashtriya Lok Dal and several other political parties, contesting in different states of India.[40][41][42][43][44][45]

The Mahagathbandhan won 15 seats out of 80 in Uttar Pradesh in 2019 Indian General Election.[46]

Election results[edit]

Lok Sabha (Lower House)[edit]

Lok Sabha Term Year Seats
contested 		Seats won Seats
change 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested 		State (seats)
9th Lok Sabha 1989 245
4 / 543
 Increase 4 2.07% 4.53% Punjab (1)
Uttar Pradesh (3)[47]
10th Lok Sabha 1991 231
3 / 543
 Decrease 1 1.61% 3.64% Madhya Pradesh (1)
Punjab (1)
Uttar Pradesh (1)[48]
11th Lok Sabha 1996 210
11 / 543
 Increase 8 4.02% 11.21% Madhya Pradesh (2)
Punjab (3)
Uttar Pradesh (6)
12th Lok Sabha 1998 251
5 / 543
 Decrease 6 4.67% 9.84% Haryana (1)
Uttar Pradesh (4)
13th Lok Sabha 1999 225
14 / 543
 Increase 9 4.16% 9.97% Uttar Pradesh (14)
14th Lok Sabha 2004 435
19 / 543
 Increase 5 5.33% 6.66% Uttar Pradesh (19)
15th Lok Sabha 2009 500
21 / 543
 Increase 2 6.17% 6.56% Madhya Pradesh (1)
Uttar Pradesh (20)
16th Lok Sabha 2014 503
0 / 543
 Decrease 21 4.19% 4.5%[49] N/A
17th Lok Sabha 2019 383
10 / 543
 Increase 10 3.67% 5.1%[50] Uttar Pradesh (10)

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Lower House)[edit]

Year Seats contested Seats won +/- Voteshare (%) +/-(%)
1989 372
13 / 425
 Increase13 9.41% Increase9.41

%

1991 386
12 / 425
 Decrease1 9.44% Increase0.03%
1993 164
67 / 425
 Increase67 11.12% Increase1.68%
1996 299
67 / 425
 Steady 19.64% Increase8.52%
2002 401
98 / 403
 Increase31 23.06% Increase3.42%
2007 403
206 / 403
 Increase108 30.43% Increase7.37%
2012 403
80 / 403
 Decrease126 25.95% Decrease4.48%
2017 403
19 / 403
 Decrease61 22.24% Decrease3.71%
2022 403
1 / 403
 Decrease18 12.81% Decrease9.43%

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly[edit]

Year Seats contested Seats won +/- Voteshare (%) +/-(%)
1990 183
2 / 320
 Increase2 3.54% Increase3.54%
1993 286
11 / 320
 Increase9 7.05% Increase3.51%
1998 170
11 / 320
 Steady 6.15% Decrease0.9%
2003 157
2 / 230
 7.26%
2008 228
7 / 230
 Increase5 8.97% Increase1.71%
2013 227
4 / 230
 Decrease3 6.29% Decrease2.68%
2018 227
0 / 230
 Decrease4 5.01% Decrease1.28%

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Rajasthan
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
9th Vidhan Sabha 1990 57 0 0.79 2.54
10th Vidhan Sabha 1993 50 0 0.56 2.01
11th Vidhan Sabha 1998 108 2 2.17 3.81
12th Vidhan Sabha 2003 124 2 3.97 6.40
13th Vidhan Sabha 2008 199 6 7.60 7.66
14th Vidhan Sabha 2013 199 3 3.37 3.48
15th Vidhan Sabha 2018 199 6 4.00

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Chhattisgarh

Assembly Election

Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
2nd Vidhan Sabha 2003 54 2 4.45 6.94
3rd Vidhan Sabha 2008 90 2 6.11 6.11
4th Vidhan Sabha 2013 90 1 4.27 4.27
5th Vidhan Sabha 2018 33 2 3.9 3.9

Bihar Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Bihar
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha 1990 164 0 0.73 1.41
11th Vidhan Sabha 1995 161 2 1.34 2.66
12th Vidhan Sabha 2000 249 5 1.89 2.47
13th Vidhan Sabha Feb. 2005 238 2 4.41 4.50
14th Vidhan Sabha Oct. 2005 212 4 4.17 4.75
15th Vidhan Sabha 2010 243 0 3.21 3.27
16th Vidhan Sabha 2015 228 0 2.1 2.2
17th Vidhan Sabha 2020 80 1 1.5 6.1

Delhi Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Delhi
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
1st Vidhan Sabha 1992 55 1 3.90 2.42
2nd Vidhan Sabha 1998 58 0 3.15 3.63
3rd Vidhan Sabha 2003 40 0 5.76 8.96
4th Vidhan Sabha 2008 70 2 14.05 14.05
5th Vidhan Sabha 2013 69 0 5.33 5.44
6th Vidhan Sabha 2015 70 0 1.31 1.31
7th Vidhan Sabha 2020 68 0 0.71 0.71

Haryana Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Haryana

Assembly Election

Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha 2000 83 1 5.74 6.22
11th Vidhan Sabha 2005 84 1 3.22 3.44
12th Vidhan Sabha 2009 86 1 6.73 7.05
13th Vidhan Sabha 2014 87 1[51] 4.37[52] 4.52
14th Vidhan Sabha 2019 87 0 4.14 4.31

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Himachal Pradesh
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
7th Vidhan Sabha 1990 35 0 0.94 1.76
8th Vidhan Sabha 1993 49 0 2.25 3.0
9th Vidhan Sabha 1998 28 0 1.41 3.28
10th Vidhan Sabha 2003 23 0 0.7 2.02
11th Vidhan Sabha 2007 67 1 7.40 7.37
12th Vidhan Sabha 2012 67 0 1.7 2.02
13th Vidhan Sabha 2017 42 0 0.49 0.79

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Jammu and Kashmir
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
9th Vidhan Sabha 1996 29 4 6.43 15.07[53]
10th Vidhan Sabha 2002 33 1 4.50 7.86[54]
11th Vidhan Sabha 2008 83 0 3.73 3.73[55]
12th Vidhan Sabha 2014 50 0 1.41 2.07[56]

Jharkhand Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Jharkhand
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
3rd Vidhan Sabha 2009 78 0 2.44 2.55[57]
4th Vidhan Sabha 2014 61[58] 1[59] 1.8 2.4
5th Vidhan Sabha 2019 67 0 2.5 2.6

Karnataka Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Karnataka

Assembly Election

Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		Total of
votes 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
15th Vidhan Sabha 2018 18 1 108592 0.30% 3.72%

Kerala Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Kerala
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
13th Vidhan Sabha 2011 122 0 0.60 0.70
14th Vidhan Sabha 2016 74 0 0.24 0.45

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Maharashtra

Assembly Election

Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
8th Vidhan Sabha 1990 122 0 0.42 0.98
9th Vidhan Sabha 1995 145 0 1.49 2.82
10th Vidhan Sabha 1999 83 0 0.39 1.24
11th Vidhan Sabha 2004 272 0 4.0 4.18
12th Vidhan Sabha 2009 287 0 2.35 2.42
13th Vidhan Sabha 2014 280[60] 0 2.25[61] 2.33
14th Vidhan Sabha 2019 262 0 0.92 1.00

Punjab Legislative Assembly[edit]

Vidhan Sabha Term Punjab
Assembly Election 		Seats
contested 		Seats
won 		% of
votes 		% of votes in
seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha 1992 105 9 16.32 17.59
11th Vidhan Sabha 1997 67 1 7.48 13.28
12th Vidhan Sabha 2002 100 0 5.69 6.61
13th Vidhan Sabha 2007 115 0 4.13 4.17
14th Vidhan Sabha 2012 117 0 4.29 4.30
15th Vidhan Sabha 2017 111 0 1.52 1.59
16th Vidhan Sabha 2022 20 1

Telangana Legislative Assembly[edit]

Electoral performance in the Telangana Legislative Assembly
Election Leader Votes Seats Position Resulting government
# % # ±
2014 Mayawati 4,58,762 1.00
2 / 117
  – 7th TRS majority
2018 Mayawati 4,28,430 2.10
0 / 117
 Decrease2 none TRS majority

Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly[edit]

Electoral performance in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
Election Leader Votes Seats Position Resulting government
# % # ±
2002 Mayawati 3,12,842 10.93
7 / 70
  – 3rd INC majority
2007 Mayawati 4,43,703 11.76
8 / 70
 Increase1 3rd BJP coalition
2012 Mayawati 5,18,227 12.19
3 / 70
 Decrease5 3rd INC coalition
2017 Mayawati 3,47,533 6.98
0 / 70
 Decrease3 none BJP majority
2022 Mayawati 2,59,371 4.82
2 / 70
 Increase2 none BJP majority

Gallery[edit]

  • BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra

    BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra

  • BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra

    BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra

  • BSP cadre camp

    BSP cadre camp

  • BSP cadre camp

    BSP cadre camp

  • BSP cadre camp

    BSP cadre camp

  • BSP cadre camp

    BSP cadre camp

  • BSP cadre camp

    BSP cadre camp


See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ livemint (26 May 2018). "Mayawati says she will remain BSP president for next 20 years". livemint.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  2. ↑ "BSP appoints Munquad Ali as UP party chief, Danish Ali removed as leader in LS". India Today. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  3. ↑ "BSP stands for social equality". Deccan Herald. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Cong damaged cause of social justice: Mayawati". Hindustan Times. 10 April 2009. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  5. ↑ "Bahujan Samaj Party". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Hurst. ISBN 9781850653981. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "The Contradictory Bahujan of the BSP – Countercurrents". Countercurrents. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "Indian politics has undergone a tremendous change. Uttar Pradesh results the proof". The Economic Times. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  9. ↑ Bureau, Zee Media (10 March 2022). "UP Election Results: Landslide victory for BJP, SP distant 2nd; Congress, BSP decimated". Zee News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  10. ↑ Mishra, Anant Shekhar (20 April 2014). "A tale of election symbols". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  11. ↑ "What is Bahujan, Mandal, and Kamandal Politics in India?". The Justice Mirror. 22 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  12. ↑ Chishti, Seema (27 January 2022). "The substance of the U.P. elections". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  13. ↑ Gurusamy, S. (2013). Dalit Empowerment in India. MJP Publisher. p. 98. GGKEY:SW8XELLJGLC. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  14. ↑ Madan, Gurmukh Ram (1999). Buddhism: Its Various Manifestations. Mittal Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-7099-728-3.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Roy, Indrajit (2015). "Transformative politics: The imaginary of the Mulnibasi in West Bengal". In Chandra, Uday; Heierstad, Geir; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (eds.). The Politics of Caste in West Bengal. Routledge. pp. 169–192. ISBN 978-1-317-41477-3.
  16. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Columbia University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-231-12786-8. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  17. ↑ Singh, Pitam (2003). Women legislators in Indian politics. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 101. ISBN 8180690199. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
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  19. ↑ "Report indicting Mulayam Singh Yadav comes handy for BJP". India Today. 15 August 1996. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  20. ↑ Ghildiyal, Subodh. not-stand-Mulayam/articleshow/1387716.cms "Why Mayawati cannot stand Mulayam". {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  21. ↑ "Uttar Pradesh chief quits". BBC News. 26 August 2003. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "Mayawati offers to resign". The Times of India. 25 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  23. ↑ "Mayawati rules Uttar Pradesh". India Today. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  24. ↑ Mathew, Liz (14 April 2009). "BSP celebrates silver jubilee with golden hopes". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  25. ↑ Shah, Pankaj. "LDA ready with its gift for BSP silver jubilee". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  26. ↑ Singh, Pallavi (18 November 2009). "25 years on, what's next for Mayawati?". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  27. ↑ "BSP supporters congregate in Lucknow to celebrate party's 25 years". Sify. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  28. ↑ "Lucknow braces for mega BSP rally today". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  29. ↑ Misra, Satish. "BSP's 25-year Journey: What Next?". ORF. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  30. ↑ "BSP is not anti-upper caste: Mayawati". Hindustan Times. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  31. ↑ "Mayawati takes oath as UP CM". NDTV. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  32. ↑ "Upper castes played crucial role in bsp victory in up assembly elections". Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  33. ↑ "Election Commission of India". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  34. ↑ "Mayawati effects major reshuffle in BSP, RS Kushwaha appointed state president in UP". 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "BSP gets third-largest vote share, but no seat". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  36. ↑ 'SP-BSP-RLD thagbandhan won't cross double digits' Archived 19 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Hindu (14 April 2019) [verification needed]
  37. ↑ P, Shilpa (11 April 2019). "We can become kingmakers: BSP chief Mayawati eggs on party workers". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. [verification needed]
  38. ↑ "BSP will play a role in 'balance of power' at Centre: Mayawati". The Hindu. 10 April 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2019. [verification needed]
  39. ↑ "Mayawati should be PM, says Pawan Kalyan after poll pact with BSP. She nods". Hindustan Times. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  40. ↑ "Will Be Very Happy, Says Akhilesh Yadav on Mayawati As PM Candidate". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  41. ↑ "Akhilesh hints at supporting Maya as PM". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  42. ↑ "PDA to project Mayawati as next PM, says Khaira". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 23 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  43. ↑ "Mayawati would make an excellent PM, says Ajit Jogi". Hindustan Times. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  44. ↑ "Akhilesh tweets alliance 'logo' made by supporter". The Indian Express. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  45. ↑ SP-BSP Gathbandhan: How effective is the alliance?, 12 April 2019, archived from the original on 18 April 2023, retrieved 13 April 2019 [verification needed]
  46. ↑ Anshuman, Kumar (23 May 2019). "Mahagathbandhan in UP losing five seats because of Congress, one because of Shivpal". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  47. ↑ "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  48. ↑ "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server (in Jawa). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
  49. ↑ "IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2014". Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  50. ↑ "IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2019". Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  51. ↑ "Tek Chand Sharma won the lone seat for the party from the Prithla seat in Faridabad by a margin of 1,179 votes". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
  52. ↑ "Election Commission of India General\Bye Election to Legislative Assemblies – Trends & Result 2014". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014.
  53. ↑ "1996 - Election Commission of India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  54. ↑ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2002" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  55. ↑ "BSP have failed to make a mark". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  56. ↑ "Statistical Report on General Election,2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  57. ↑ "2009 - Election Commission of India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  58. ↑ "41 in Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.
  59. ↑ "Bahujan Samaj Party makes debut with 1/81 score". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  60. ↑ "BSP had contested on 260 seats in Maharashtra". Daily Bhaskar. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ↑ "Election of Commission of India General\Bye Election to Legislative Assemblies – Trends & Result 2014". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014.
  62. ↑ "Back to basics, Mayawati to hold cadre camp in Delhi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  63. ↑ "Journey of a Dalit Party: Why is the BSP Not Able to Extend beyond (...) - Mainstream Weekly". mainstreamweekly.net. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  64. ↑ "Kanshi Ram worked for the Republican Party of India for eight years". The Quint. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  65. ↑ "SAMATA PARTY – Official Website". Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  66. ↑ "Stop Touching My Feet, BSP Chief Mayawati Tells Party Workers". News18. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.

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