Elections in Tamil Nadu: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Overview of the procedure of elections in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Short description|Overview of the procedure of elections in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Former [[Governor-General of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], with former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] (right) and former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[C. N. Annadurai]] (left) in January 1968]]
[[Tamil Nadu]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] and the [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]].


'''Elections in [[Tamil Nadu]]''' are conducted every five years to elect the State assembly and its share of members to the [[Lok Sabha]]. There are '''234''' assembly constituencies and 39 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies. The state has conducted 15 assembly elections and 16 Lok Sabha elections since independence.
The [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] is the ceremonial head of the state. However, it is the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the state elections to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. The chief minister is the leader of the executive branch of the government of Tamil Nadu. The chief minister is the chief adviser to the governor of Tamil Nadu and the head of the [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|state council of ministers]].


== Assembly constituencies ==
Elections in Tamil Nadu are conducted every five years to elect [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] to the [[Lok Sabha]]. There are [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234 assembly constituencies]] and [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Tamil Nadu (39)|39 Lok Sabha constituencies]]. The state has conducted 16 assembly elections and 17 Lok Sabha elections since independence.
{{see also|List of Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}


Tamil Nadu has 234 assembly constituencies. The [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] of the state is elected by legislators of the political party or [[coalition]] commanding an assembly majority, and serves a five-year term with a provision of re-election. The [[Governors of India|Governor]] is the [[head of state]], but his or her role is largely ceremonial.
==Elections==
The [[Tamil Nadu State Election Commission]] is the federal body of Tamil Nadu that is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution and is responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes in Tamil Nadu. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.


The [[Lok Sabha]] is the [[direct election|directly elected]] [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. As of 2019 there have been seventeen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. Tamil Nadu has 39 Lok Sabha constituencies which is supposed to go over 60 in 2026 delimitation a total Loksabha seats go up from 543 to 888.
Elections ensure the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections is as per statutory legislation.


== Pre-Independence elections ==
All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The [[Madras High Court]] has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.
===Madras Presidency Legislative Council election===


{| class="wikitable"
==Types of elections==
!Year
Elections in Tamil Nadu include elections for:
!Election
*[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House)
!Winning Party/Coalition
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House)
!Leader
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
!Elected Chief Minister (Party)
*Members of [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|local governance bodies]] ([[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]])
! Opposition
*A by-election is held when the seatholder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
!Opposition Leader


|----
==Rajya Sabha elections==
|1920-1921
[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (House of the State) from [[Tamil Nadu]] are not directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state but by the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Candidates who win the Rajya Sabha elections are called "[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament]]" and hold their seats for six years. The house meets in the Rajya Sabha Chamber of the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place to elect 18 members from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|title=Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House|website=NDTV.com|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
| [[1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election|First Presidency Council]]
| [[Justice Party (India)]]
| [[P. Theagaroya Chetty]]
| [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] (Justice Party)
|Independents
| n/a


|----
==Lok Sabha elections==
|1923
[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) from [[Tamil Nadu]] are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of Tamil Nadu can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called "[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]]" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chamber of the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once every five years to elect 39 members from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
| [[1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election|Second Presidency Council]]
{|class="wikitable"
| [[Justice Party (India)]]
|-
| [[P. Theagaroya Chetty]]
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
| [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar|Panagal Raja]](Justice Party)
|+style="text-align:left;"|Lok Sabha election results
| Anti-ministerial
|[[File:1977 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[6th Lok Sabha]] ([[1977 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1977]])]]
|
|[[File:1980 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[7th Lok Sabha]] ([[1980 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1980]])]]
|----
|[[File:1984 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[8th Lok Sabha]] ([[1984 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1984]])]]
|1926
|[[File:1989 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[9th Lok Sabha]] ([[1989 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1989]])]]
| [[1926 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election|Third Presidency Council]]
|[[File:1991 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[10th Lok Sabha]] ([[1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1991]])]]
| [[Swaraj Party]]
|[[File:1996 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[11th Lok Sabha]] ([[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1996]])]]
| [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
|[[File:1998 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[12th Lok Sabha]] ([[1998 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1998]])]]
| [[P. Subbarayan]] (Nonpartisan)
|[[File:1999 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[13th Lok Sabha]] ([[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1999]])]]
|[[Justice Party (India)]]
|[[File:2004 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|[[14th Lok Sabha]] ([[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2004]])]]
|[[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Raja of Bobbili]]
|[[File:2009 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|center|thumb|212px|[[15th Lok Sabha]] ([[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2009]])]]
 
|[[File:2014 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha result by constituency.PNG|center|thumb|216px|[[16th Lok Sabha]] ([[2014 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2014]])]]
|----
|[[File:2019 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha result by constituency.svg|center|thumb|273px|[[17th Lok Sabha]] ([[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2019]])]]
|1930
{{Scrolling table/end}}
| [[1930 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election|Fourth Presidency Council]]
|[[Justice Party (India)]]
| P. Munuswamy Naidu
|P. Munuswamy Naidu (Justice Party)
| Independent Nationalist Party
| [[P. Subbarayan]]
 
|----
|1934
| [[1934 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election|Fifth Presidency Council]]
| [[Swaraj Party]]
| [[Sathyamurthy]]
|[[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Raja of Bobbili]] (Justice Party)
|[[Justice Party (India)]]
|[[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Raja of Bobbili]]


===History of Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="toccolours" style="width:75em"
!Colour key for parties
|-
|{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{div col end}}
|}
|}


===Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=14|'''[[Lok Sabha|LOK SABHA]] ELECTIONS'''
!Year
|-
!Election
!rowspan=2|Lok Sabha<br/>{{small|(Election)}}
!Winning Party/Coalition
!rowspan=2|Total Seats
!Chief Minister
!colspan=4|First
!Opposition
!colspan=4|Second
!Opposition Leader
!colspan=4|Third
 
|-
|----  
!colspan=2|Political party
|1937
!Seats
|[[1937 Madras legislative assembly election|First Assembly]]
!Percentage of votes
|[[Indian National Congress]]*
!colspan=2|Political party
|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]
!Seats
|[[Justice Party (India)]]
!Percentage of votes
|[[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Raja of Bobbili]]
!colspan=2|Political party
 
!Seats
|----
!Percentage of votes
|1946
|-
|[[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|Second Assembly]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]<br/>{{small|([[1951 Indian general election in Madras|1951]])}}
|75
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|1) [[T. Prakasam]] <br/>2) [[Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar]] <br/>3) [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|All-India Muslim League
|35
|[[Muhammad Ismail]]
|36.39%
 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
 
|15
== Post-Independence elections ==
|23.15%
=== Madras State Legislative Assembly election ===
|[[Communist Party of India]]
 
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
The Madras state was created in 1950 when India became a republic. In 1968, the name of Madras state was changed to Tamil Nadu.
|8
 
|8.95%
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]<br/>{{small|([[1957 Indian general election in Madras|1957]])}}
!Election
|41
!Winning Party/Coalition
!Chief Minister
|----
|1952
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|First Assembly]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]*
|1) [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]] <br />2) [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br />3) [[K. Kamaraj]]
|----
|1957
|[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Second Assembly]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Kamaraj]](2)
|31
|----  
|46.52%
|1962
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Third Assembly]]
|8
|39.77%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|10.06%
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]<br/>{{small|([[1962 Indian general election in Madras|1962]])}}
|41
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|1)[[K. Kamaraj]](3)<br />2) [[M. Bakthavatsalam]]
|31
|----
|45.26%
|1967
|[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Fourth Assembly]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|1) [[C.N. Annadurai]]<br />2) [[M. Karunanidhi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|}
|7
 
|18.64%
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election ===
|[[Communist Party of India]]
[[File:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly results chart.png|thumb|right|300px|Stacked bar graph with number of seats won in the legislative assembly elections from 1957-2011]]
|2
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|10.24%
!Year
|-
!Election
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]<br/>{{small|([[1967 Indian general election in Madras|1967]])}}
!Winning Party/Coalition
|39
!Resultant Chief Minister
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|----  
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|1971
|25
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifth Assembly]]
|35.78%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};"|
|6
|9.16%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
|4
|6.85%
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]<br/>{{small|([[1971 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1971]])}}
|39
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (2)
|23
|----  
|35.25%
|1977
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixth Assembly]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|9
|12.51%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|4
|5.43%
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]<br/>{{small|([[1977 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1977]])}}
|39
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----  
|17
|1980
|30.04%
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventh Assembly]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|14
|22.27%
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}};"|
|3
|17.67%
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]<br/>{{small|([[1980 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1980]])}}
|39
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}};"|
|20
|31.62%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|16
|23.01%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] (2)
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----  
|2
|1984
|25.38%
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eighth Assembly]]
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]<br/>{{small|([[1984 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1984]])}}
|39
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|25
|40.51%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] (3)<br />[[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|12
|1989
|18.36%
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Ninth Assembly]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (3)
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|2
|1991
|25.90%
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tenth Assembly]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]<br/>{{small|([[1989 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1989]])}}
|39
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|27
|39.86%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|11
|----
|17.12%
|1996
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh Assembly]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|1
|2.04%
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]<br/>{{small|([[1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1991]])}}
|39
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|28
|42.57%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|11
|18.10%
|''Vacant''
|style="background:white;"|
|–
|–
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]<br/>{{small|([[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1996]])}}
|39
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}};"|
|20
|27.00%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (4)
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|17
|2001
|25.63%
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Twelfth Assembly]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|2
|2.33%
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]<br/>{{small|([[1998 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1998]])}}
|39
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (2) <br />[[O. Panneerselvam]] <br />[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (3)
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|18
|2006
|25.89%
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Thirteenth Assembly]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<sup>†</sup>
|5
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (5)
|20.08%
|----
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|2011
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}};"|
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fourteenth Assembly]]
|4
|6.05%
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]<br/>{{small|([[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1999]])}}
|39
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|12
|23.13%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (4) <br />[[O. Panneerselvam]] (2)  <br />[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (5)
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|10
|2016
|25.68%
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth Assembly]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|5
|8.21%
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]<br/>{{small|([[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2004]])}}
|39
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|16
|24.60%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|10
|14.40%
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|5
|6.71%
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]<br/>{{small|([[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2009]])}}
|39
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|18
|25.09%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|9
|22.88%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|8
|15.03%
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br/>{{small|([[2014 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2014]])}}
|39
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (6) <br />[[O. Panneerselvam]] (3) <br />[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|37
|2021
|44.92%
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth Assembly]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
|1
|5.56%
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}};"|
|1
|4.49%
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br/>{{small|([[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2019]])}}
|39
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]] (1)
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|----
|24
|33.52%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|8
|12.62%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|2
|2.40%
|}
|}
* : In 1952, no party could form a majority, which resulted in the first government in the state that was formed without a majority.
† : Indicates a coalition government, since no single party could gain a majority of seats.


===By-elections===
==Legislative Assembly elections==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of [[Tamil Nadu]] can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the legislative assembly elections are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[governor of Tamil Nadu]] on the advice of the [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Assembly Chamber of the [[Fort St. George, India|Chief Secretariat]] in [[Chennai]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of Tamil Nadu. Elections take place once every five years to elect 234 members to the legislative assembly. The leader of the majority party or alliance takes oath as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]].
!Election Year
{|class="wikitable"
!Winning Party/Coalition
|-
!Seats Won - Seats Lost
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
|----
|+style="text-align:left;"|Legislative Assembly election results
|[[1997–98 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|1997–98]]
|[[File:1977 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|6th Assembly ([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[File:1980 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|7th Assembly ([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])]]
|3-0
|[[File:1984 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|8th Assembly ([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])]]
|----
|[[File:1989 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|9th Assembly ([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])]]
|[[1999–2000 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|1999–2000]]
|[[File:1991 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|10th Assembly ([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|DMK-MDMK]]
|[[File:1996 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|11th Assembly ([[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]])]]
|3-2
|[[File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|center|thumb|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th Assembly]] ([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])]]
|----
|[[File:2006 tamil nadu legislative election map.jpg|center|thumb|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th Assembly]] ([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])]]
|[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002–03]]
|[[File:2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Election Map by Parties.svg|center|thumb|245px|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th Assembly]] ([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[File:Tamil Nadu assembly election 2016 results.png|center|thumb|305px|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th Assembly]] ([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])]]
|5-0
|[[File:2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election result.png|center|thumb|300px|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th Assembly]] ([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])]]
|----
{{Scrolling table/end}}
|[[2004–2005 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2004–05]]
 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
===History of Legislative Assembly elections===
|2-1
{|class="toccolours" style="width:75em"
|----
!Colour key for parties
|[[2006–07 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2006–07]]
|-
|[[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DMK-INC]]
|{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
|2-0
{{legend|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
|----
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]|outline=#000000}}
|[[2009–2010 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2009–10]]
{{legend|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
|[[United Progressive Alliance|DMK-INC]]
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
|9-0
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|outline=#000000}}
|----
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
|[[2012-2013 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2012-2013]]
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|outline=#000000}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/emphatic-win-for-aiadmk-in-sankarankoil/article3024170.ece|title= Emphatic win for AIADMK in Sankarankoil}}</ref>
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|outline=#000000}}
|1-0
{{legend|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]]|outline=#000000}}
|----
{{legend|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]|outline=#000000}}
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election, 2015-2016|2015-2016]]
{{div col end}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/emphatic-win-for-aiadmk-in-sankarankoil/article3024170.ece|title= Jayalalithaa wins RK Nagar by-election}}</ref>
|1-0
|----
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election, 2016–2017|2016-2017]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/AIADMK-wins-all-three-seats-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/55560759.cms|title=AIADMK wins all three by poll seats in Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
|3-0
|----
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election, 2017-2018|2017-2018]]
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran|T. T. V. Dhinakaran - Independent]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/live-update-rk-nagar-bypoll-results/article22270082.ece|title= Dhinakaran wins R.K. Nagar bypoll 2017}}</ref>
|1-0
|----
|[[2019–20 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2019-2020]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tamil-nadu-bypoll-results-2019-dmk-adds-13-members-to-assembly-aiadmk-retains-power-with-22-wins-6694791.html|title=Tamil Nadu bypoll results 2019: DMK adds 13 members to Assembly, AIADMK retains power with 22 wins|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>
|13-9
|----
|}
|}


===Madras State and Tamil Nadu===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
!colspan=14|'''[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY]] ELECTIONS'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Election Year
!rowspan=2|Assembly<br/>{{small|(Election)}}
! Assembly
!rowspan=2|Total Seats
! Winning Party/Coalition
!colspan=4|First
! Chief Minister
!colspan=4|Second
! Speaker
!colspan=4|Third
! Leader of Opposition
|-
|-
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!colspan=2|Political party
|[[First Assembly of Madras State|First Assembly]]
!Seats
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Percentage of votes
|[[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]] <br /> [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br />[[K. Kamaraj]](1)
!colspan=2|Political party
|[[J. Shivashanmugam Pillai]] (2)<br />[[N. Gopala Menon]]
!Seats
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]] [[P. Ramamurthi]]
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
|-
|-
|[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[1st Madras Assembly|1st]]<br/>{{small|([[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|[[Second Assembly of Madras State|Second Assembly]]
|375
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Kamaraj]] (2)
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|[[U. Krishna Rao]]
|152
|[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar]]
|34.88%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|62
|13.18%
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
|62
|23.75%
|-
|-
|[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[2nd Madras Assembly|2nd]]<br/>{{small|([[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|[[Third Assembly of Madras State|Third Assembly]]
|205
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Kamaraj]] (3)<br />[[M. Bakthavatsalam]]
|151
|[[S. Chellapandian]]
|45.34%
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
|48
|44.62%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|4
|7.40%
|-
|-
|[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[3rd Madras Assembly|3rd]]<br/>{{small|([[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|[[Fourth Assembly of Madras State|Fourth Assembly]]
|206
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]<br />[[M. Karunanidhi]](1)
|139
|[[S. P. Adithanar]]<br />[[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
|46.14%
|[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|50
|27.10%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};"|
|6
|7.82%
|-
|-
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[4th Madras Assembly|4th]]<br/>{{small|([[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|[[Fifth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fifth Assembly]]
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (2)
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[K. A. Mathiazagan]]<br />[[Pulavar K. Govindan]] (2)
|137
|[[R. Ponnappan Nadar]]
|40.69%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|51
|41.10%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|20
|5.30%
|-
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th<br/>{{small|([[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|184
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|48.58%
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}};"|
|15
|34.99%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|8
|2.32%
|-
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th<br/>{{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventh Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] (2)
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|130
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (2)<br/>K. S. G. Haja Shareef
|30.36%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|48
|24.89%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|27
|17.50%
|-
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|7th<br />{{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eighth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] (3)<br /> [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
|129
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|38.75%
|[[O. Subramanian]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|37
|22.10%
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}};"|
|31
|20.92%
|-
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|8th<br/>{{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Ninth Assembly]]
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (3)
|132
|[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
|37.03%
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />S. R. Eradha<br />[[G. K. Moopanar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|61
|16.28%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|24
|29.34%
|-
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th<br/>{{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tenth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[R. Muthiah]]
|150
|[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]]
|33.18%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|29
|21.77%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|26
|19.83%
|-
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th<br/>{{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh Assembly]]
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (4)
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
|164
|[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|44.39%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|60
|15.19%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|2
|22.46%
|-
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th<br/>{{small|([[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|[[Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Twelfth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (2)<br />[[O. Panneerselvam]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (3)
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|173
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|42.07%
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}};"|
|39
|9.30%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|8
|2.12%
|-
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]<br/>{{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Thirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Thirteenth Assembly]]
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] ([[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA]])
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]] (5)
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[R. Avudaiappan]]
|132
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (2)
|31.44%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|31
|30.92%
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}};"|
|23
|6.73%
|-
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]<br/>{{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fourteenth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (4)<br />[[O. Panneerselvam]] (2) <br /> [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (5)
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[D. Jayakumar]]<br />[[P. Dhanapal]]
|96
|[[Vijayakanth]]
|26.46%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|61
|32.64%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|34
|8.38%
|-
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]<br/>{{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fifteenth Assembly]]
|234
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]] (6)<br />[[O. Panneerselvam]] (3)<br />[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|[[P. Dhanapal]] (2)
|150
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|38.40%
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}};"|
|29
|7.88%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|23
|22.39%
|-
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]<br/>{{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Sixteenth Assembly]]
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|135
|[[M. Appavu]]
|40.77%
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|88
|31.64%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|8
|6.42%
|-
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]<br/>{{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|234
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|133
|37.70%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|66
|33.29%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|18
|4.27%
|}
|}


===Election Maps (1977-2016)===
==By-election==
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}
When an elected candidate to either the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, or Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to as bypolls.
<gallery widths="200" heights="250">
File:1977 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1977:''' AIADMK wins its debut election in a four-cornered contest and MGR is elected as CM for the first time.
File:1980 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1980:''' AIADMK wins again and MGR is elected as CM for the second time.
File:1984 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1984:''' AIADMK wins for the third straight time and MGR is elected as CM for the third time.
File:1989 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1989:''' DMK wins for the third time in a four-cornered contest and Karunanidhi is elected CM for the third time.
File:1991 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1991:''' AIADMK wins in a landslide and Jayalalithaa is elected CM for the first time.
File:1996 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''1996:''' DMK wins in a landslide and Karunanidhi is elected CM for the fourth time.
File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''2001:''' AIADMK wins with a grand alliance and Jayalalithaa is elected CM for the second time.
File:2006 tamil nadu legislative election map.jpg|'''2006:''' DMK wins a majority government by alliance with coalition parties and Karunanidhi is elected CM for the fifth time.
File:2011 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|'''2011:''' AIADMK wins and Jayalalithaa is elected CM for the Fourth time.
File:Tamil_Nadu_assembly_election_2016_results.png|'''2016:''' AIADMK wins and Jayalalithaa is elected CM for the Sixth time.
File:2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election result.png|'''2021:'''DMK wins a majority government by alliance with coalition parties and Stalin is elected CM for the first time.
</gallery>


== Lok Sabha elections ==
Common reasons for by-elections:
[[File:Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha results chart.png|thumb|right|300px|Stacked bar graph with number of seats won in the Lok Sabha elections from 1957-2009]]
*Resignation of the sitting M.P. or an M.L.A.
17 Lok Sabha elections have been contested in India since independence starting 1951. The elections held in Tamil Nadu are listed below.
*Death of the sitting M.P. or an M.L.A.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Lok Sabha Election
!colspan="2"|Winning Party/Coalition
!Total Seats
!Seats won
|----
|1951
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1951|First Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|
|----
|1957
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1957|Second Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Indian National Congress
|
|
|----
|1962
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1962|Third Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Indian National Congress
|
|
|----
|1967
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1967|Fourth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: black" |
|United Front ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]/[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]/[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]/[[Indian Union Muslim League|ML]])*
|
|
|----
|1971
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1971|Fifth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress (Indira) alliance (DMK/INC/[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]/[[Forward Bloc|FBL]]/ML)
|
|
|----
|1977
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1977|Sixth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress (Indira) alliance ([[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]/INC/CPI)*
|39
|34
|----
|1980
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1980|Seventh Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress (Indira) alliance (DMK/INC/ML) - 37/39, AIADMK - 2 seats
|39
|37
|----
|1984
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1984|Eighth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress alliance (AIADMK/INC)
|39
|37
|----
|1989
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|Ninth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress alliance (AIADMK/INC)
|39
|38
|----
|1991
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|Tenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|Congress alliance (AIADMK/INC)
|39
|39
|----
|1996
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1996|Eleventh Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|CPI(M)}}" |
|[[United Front (India)|United Front]] (DMK/TMC/CPI)
|39
|39
|----
|1998
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1998|Twelfth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (ADMK/[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]/[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]/[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]/[[Janata Party|JP]]/[[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress|TRC]]) - 30/39, DMK+TMC= 8-9 seats
|39
|30
|----
|1999
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1999|Thirteenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|National Democratic Alliance (DMK/BJP/PMK/MDMK/[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]) - 26/39 seats
|39
|26
|----
|2004
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2004|Fourteenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[United Progressive Alliance]] (DMK/INC/PMK/MDMK/CPI/CPM) - 39/39
|39
|39
|----
|2009
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2009|Fifteenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[United Progressive Alliance]] (DMK/INC/[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]) 27 out of 39; AIADMK - 10 seats
|39
|27
|----
|2014
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2014|Sixteenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]  (37 out of 39)
|39
|37
|----
|2019
|[[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Seventeenth Lok Sabha]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[United Progressive Alliance]] (DMK 23/INC 8 seats/VCK/MDMK/CPI/CPM/IUML/IJK/KMDK) - 38/39, AIADMK - 1 seat
| 39
| 38
|----
|}
* Note: In 1967, DMK and its 25 newly elected MPs supported the Congress, under [[Indira Gandhi]] after the election.
* Note: Even though AIADMK supported and campaigned with Congress for the 1977 election, after the loss nationally, AIADMK and its newly elected 17 MPs supported [[Morarji Desai]] and the [[Janata Party]] and its alliance, giving them 20 seats (AIADMK, NCO) while the other 17 seats (INC, CPI) and 2 seats (DMK) were in the opposition with [[Indira Gandhi]].


===Election Maps (1977-2014)===
But other reasons occur when the incumbent is disqualified for being ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).
<gallery widths="200" heights="250">
File:1977 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1977:''' INC & AIADMK wins in a landslide, by grabbing 34 out of 39 seats in the state. INC loses the election nationally to the JP alliance. After the loss, AIADMK supported the JP alliance and AIADMK was part of the JP government under [[Morarji Desai]].
File:1980 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1980:''' INC(I) & DMK wins in a landslide, by grabbing 37 out of 39 seats in the state. INC(I) wins the election nationally and DMK was part of the INC government under [[Indira Gandhi]].
File:1984 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1984:''' INC & AIADMK wins in a landslide, by grabbing 37 out of 39 seats in the state. INC wins the election nationally and AIADMK was part of the INC government under [[Rajiv Gandhi]].
File:1989 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1989:''' INC & AIADMK wins in a landslide, by grabbing 38 out of 39 seats in the state. INC loses the election nationally to the NF alliance, which includes the DMK who was part of the JD government under [[V.P. Singh]].
File:1991 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1991:''' INC & AIADMK swept the state winning all 39 seats. INC wins the election nationally and AIADMK was part of the INC government under [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].
File:1996 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1996:''' Newly formed alliance UF, which includes DMK & TMC(M) swept the state winning all 39 seats. UF forms the government, with outside support from INC, nationally after BJP government failed to last in a few days and DMK-TMC(M)-CPI was part of the JD government under [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].
File:1998 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1998:''' Newly formed alliance NDA, which includes BJP & AIADMK wins 30 out of 39 seats in the state. NDA wins the election nationally and AIADMK-PMK-MDMK-JP-TRC was part of the BJP government under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].
File:1999 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''1999:''' New elections were called after AIADMK quits the NDA. NDA, which now includes DMK wins 26 out of 39 seats in the state. NDA wins the election nationally for the second straight-time and DMK-PMK-MDMK-MADMK was part of the BJP government under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].
File:2004 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''2004:''' Newly formed alliance DPA, which includes INC alliance (DMK, PMK, MDMK) and Left Front swept the state winning all 39 seats. UPA wins the election nationally and DMK-PMK-MDMK was part of the INC government under [[Manmohan Singh]], while the Left Front (CPI & CPI(M)) gave outside support.
File:2009 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png|'''2009:''' A shrunken UPA alliance, which includes INC & DMK wins 27 out of 39 seats in the state. UPA wins the election nationally for the second straight time and DMK-INC-VCK was part of the INC government under [[Manmohan Singh]]
File:2014 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha result by constituency.PNG|'''2014:''' AIADMK forming no alliance wins in a landslide grabbing 37 out of 39 seats in a four-cornered race. NDA alliance won the remaining 2 seats. Since BJP under the leader [[Narendra Modi]] was able to get majority on its own, AIADMK and its 37 MPs were part of the opposition being the third largest party nationwide following BJP and INC.
File:2019 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha result by constituency.svg|'''2019:''' The DMK-led UPA wins 38 of 39 seats, with the AIADMK-led NDA winning one seat.  The election was cancelled in one seat (Vellore).
</gallery>


== See also ==
==See also==
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Local Body Election in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Local Body Election in Tamil Nadu]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161203074253/http://www.survey2016.in/ Tamilnadu Election Polls 2016]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161203074253/http://www.survey2016.in/ Tamilnadu Election Polls 2016]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]
*[https://archive.today/20121208164546/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/election-result-06.html Indian Elections]
* [https://archive.today/20121208164546/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/election-result-06.html Indian Elections]
*[http://election.dinakaran.com Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2011]
* [http://election.dinakaran.com Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2011]


{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=collapsed}}
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{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu|state=collapsed}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Elections in Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Elections in Tamil Nadu]]

Latest revision as of 23:59, 25 September 2023


This article is part of a series on
Government and Politics of Tamil Nadu
File:TamilNadu Logo.svg
State of Tamil Nadu
State government
Elections
Politics
Local government

Tamil Nadu has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the state government and the districts.

The Governor of Tamil Nadu is the ceremonial head of the state. However, it is the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the state elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. The chief minister is the leader of the executive branch of the government of Tamil Nadu. The chief minister is the chief adviser to the governor of Tamil Nadu and the head of the state council of ministers.

Elections in Tamil Nadu are conducted every five years to elect members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and members of parliament to the Lok Sabha. There are 234 assembly constituencies and 39 Lok Sabha constituencies. The state has conducted 16 assembly elections and 17 Lok Sabha elections since independence.

Elections[edit | edit source]

The Tamil Nadu State Election Commission is the federal body of Tamil Nadu that is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution and is responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes in Tamil Nadu. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.

Elections ensure the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections is as per statutory legislation.

All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Madras High Court has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.

Types of elections[edit | edit source]

Elections in Tamil Nadu include elections for:

Rajya Sabha elections[edit | edit source]

Members of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (House of the State) from Tamil Nadu are not directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state but by the members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Candidates who win the Rajya Sabha elections are called "Members of Parliament" and hold their seats for six years. The house meets in the Rajya Sabha Chamber of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place to elect 18 members from Tamil Nadu.[1]

Lok Sabha elections[edit | edit source]

Members of parliament in the Lok Sabha (House of the People) from Tamil Nadu are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of Tamil Nadu can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called "Members of Parliament" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the president of India on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chamber of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once every five years to elect 39 members from Tamil Nadu.[2]

History of Lok Sabha elections[edit | edit source]

Colour key for parties
  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Communist Party of India
  Communist Party of India (Marxist)
  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Independent
  Indian National Congress
  Indian National Congress (Indira)
  Indian National Congress (Organisation)
  Pattali Makkal Katchi
  Swatantra Party
  Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
LOK SABHA ELECTIONS
Lok Sabha
(Election) 		Total Seats First Second Third
Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes
1st
(1951) 		75 Indian National Congress 35 36.39% Independent 15 23.15% Communist Party of India 8 8.95%
2nd
(1957) 		41 Indian National Congress 31 46.52% Independent 8 39.77% Communist Party of India 2 10.06%
3rd
(1962) 		41 Indian National Congress 31 45.26% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7 18.64% Communist Party of India 2 10.24%
4th
(1967) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 35.78% Swatantra Party 6 9.16% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 4 6.85%
5th
(1971) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 23 35.25% Indian National Congress 9 12.51% Communist Party of India 4 5.43%
6th
(1977) 		39 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 17 30.04% Indian National Congress 14 22.27% Indian National Congress (Organisation) 3 17.67%
7th
(1980) 		39 Indian National Congress (Indira) 20 31.62% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 16 23.01% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 2 25.38%
8th
(1984) 		39 Indian National Congress 25 40.51% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 12 18.36% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 2 25.90%
9th
(1989) 		39 Indian National Congress 27 39.86% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 11 17.12% Communist Party of India 1 2.04%
10th
(1991) 		39 Indian National Congress 28 42.57% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 11 18.10% Vacant – –
11th
(1996) 		39 Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) 20 27.00% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 17 25.63% Communist Party of India 2 2.33%
12th
(1998) 		39 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 18 25.89% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5 20.08% Pattali Makkal Katchi 4 6.05%
13th
(1999) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 12 23.13% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 10 25.68% Pattali Makkal Katchi 5 8.21%
14th
(2004) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 16 24.60% Indian National Congress 10 14.40% Pattali Makkal Katchi 5 6.71%
15th
(2009) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 18 25.09% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 9 22.88% Indian National Congress 8 15.03%
16th
(2014) 		39 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 44.92% Bharatiya Janata Party 1 5.56% Pattali Makkal Katchi 1 4.49%
17th
(2019) 		39 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 24 33.52% Indian National Congress 8 12.62% Communist Party of India 2 2.40%

Legislative Assembly elections[edit | edit source]

Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of Tamil Nadu can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the legislative assembly elections are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the governor of Tamil Nadu on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Assembly Chamber of the Chief Secretariat in Chennai on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of Tamil Nadu. Elections take place once every five years to elect 234 members to the legislative assembly. The leader of the majority party or alliance takes oath as chief minister of Tamil Nadu.

Legislative Assembly election results
6th Assembly (1977)
7th Assembly (1980)
8th Assembly (1984)
9th Assembly (1989)
10th Assembly (1991)
11th Assembly (1996)
12th Assembly (2001)
13th Assembly (2006)
14th Assembly (2011)
15th Assembly (2016)
16th Assembly (2021)

History of Legislative Assembly elections[edit | edit source]

Colour key for parties
  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Communist Party of India
  Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Independent
  Indian National Congress
  Indian National Congress (Indira)
  Indian National Congress (Organisation)
  Swatantra Party
  Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS
Assembly
(Election) 		Total Seats First Second Third
Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes
1st
(1952) 		375 Indian National Congress 152 34.88% Communist Party of India 62 13.18% Independent 62 23.75%
2nd
(1957) 		205 Indian National Congress 151 45.34% Independent 48 44.62% Communist Party of India 4 7.40%
3rd
(1962) 		206 Indian National Congress 139 46.14% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 50 27.10% Swatantra Party 6 7.82%
4th
(1967) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 137 40.69% Indian National Congress 51 41.10% Swatantra Party 20 5.30%
5th
(1971) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 184 48.58% Indian National Congress (Organisation) 15 34.99% Communist Party of India 8 2.32%
6th
(1977) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 130 30.36% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 48 24.89% Indian National Congress 27 17.50%
7th
(1980) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 129 38.75% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 22.10% Indian National Congress (Indira) 31 20.92%
8th
(1984) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 132 37.03% Indian National Congress 61 16.28% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 24 29.34%
9th
(1989) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 150 33.18% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 29 21.77% Indian National Congress 26 19.83%
10th
(1991) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 164 44.39% Indian National Congress 60 15.19% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 2 22.46%
11th
(1996) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 173 42.07% Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) 39 9.30% Communist Party of India 8 2.12%
12th
(2001) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 132 31.44% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 31 30.92% Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) 23 6.73%
13th
(2006) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 96 26.46% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 61 32.64% Indian National Congress 34 8.38%
14th
(2011) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 150 38.40% Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 29 7.88% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 23 22.39%
15th
(2016) 		234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 135 40.77% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 88 31.64% Indian National Congress 8 6.42%
16th
(2021) 		234 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 133 37.70% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 66 33.29% Indian National Congress 18 4.27%

By-election[edit | edit source]

When an elected candidate to either the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, or Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to as bypolls.

Common reasons for by-elections:

  • Resignation of the sitting M.P. or an M.L.A.
  • Death of the sitting M.P. or an M.L.A.

But other reasons occur when the incumbent is disqualified for being ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House". NDTV.com. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  2. ↑ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.

External links[edit | edit source]

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