1991 Indian general election: Difference between revisions

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| country = India
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1989 Indian general election
| previous_election = 1989 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1989
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election
| next_year = 1996
| next_year = 1996
| election_date = 20 May, 12 June, and 15 June 1991<ref>http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm</ref>
| election_date = 20 May, 12 June, and 15 June 1991<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br>19 February 1992 (Punjab)
| seats_for_election = 521 out of 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] <br /> 273 seats needed for majority
| seats_for_election = 534 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 55.88% ({{decrease}}6.07%)
| majority_seats = 268
| image1 = [[File:Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg|100px]]
| turnout =
| leader1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]]
| image_size = 130x130px
 
| image1 = Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg
| leader1 = {{nowrap|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = Congress alliance
| seats1 = '''244'''
| seats1 = '''232''' {{efn|name=seats|Elections to Lok Sabha held in 1992 resulted in 12 more INC MPs being elected, thereby taking their tally to 244}}
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 47
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}35
| popular_vote1 = '''101,285,692'''
| percentage1 = '''35.66%'''
| percentage1 = '''36.40%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}}3.87%
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:Lal Krishna Advani 2008-12-4.jpg|100px]]
 
| image2 = Lal Krishna Advani 2008-12-4.jpg
| leader2 = [[L.K. Advani]]
| leader2 = [[L.K. Advani]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = Bharatiya Janata Party alliance
| leaders_seat2 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] ''(vacated)'' <br /> [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] ''(vacated)'' <br /> [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| seats2 = 120
| seats2 = 120
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}35
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 35
| percentage2 = 20.04%
| popular_vote2 = 55,843,074
| swing2 = {{increase}}8.38%
| percentage2 = 20.07%
| image3 = [[File:V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| swing2 =
 
| image3 = V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg
| leader3 = [[V.P. Singh]]
| leader3 = [[V.P. Singh]]
| party3 = Janata Dal
| party3 = Janata Dal
| alliance3 = National Front (India)
| leaders_seat3 = [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| seats3 = 69
| seats3 = 59
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}74
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 84
| percentage3 = 11.77%
| popular_vote3 = 32,628,400
| swing3 = {{decrease}}28.89%
| percentage3 = 11.73%
<!-- election map-->| map = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg|300px|lang=en]]
| swing3 =
 
| map = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg|300px|lang=en]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Subsequent Prime Minister
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_election = [[Chandra Sekhar]]
| before_election = [[Chandra Sekhar]]
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party
| after_election = [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]]
| after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| after_party = Congress alliance
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
}}
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] in 1991<ref>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> to elect the members of the [[10th Lok Sabha]]. Voter turnout was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|access-date=2020-09-06|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> No party could muster a majority in the Lok Sabha, hence INC formed a minority government with the support of other parties, resulting in a stable government for the next 5 years under the new Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].
 
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the [[10th Lok Sabha]], although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.
 
No party could muster a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the [[Indian National Congress]] forming a minority government under new Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] with the support of other parties.
 
Elections were not held in 2 seats in Bihar and 1 seat in Uttar Pradesh. Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Voter turnout was the lowest to date in an Indian general election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|access-date=2020-09-06|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
The 1991 Indian general election were held as the previous Lok Sabha, with Chandra Sekhar at its helm had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation. The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the [[Mandal Commission]] fallout and the [[Ayodhya debate|Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid issue]].
The 1991 elections were held as the previous Lok Sabha, with Chandra Sekhar at its helm had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation. The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the [[Mandal Commission]] fallout and the [[Ayodhya debate|Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid issue]].


===Mandal-Mandir Issue===
===Mandal-Mandir Issue===
While the [[Mandal Commission]] report implemented by the VP Singh government gave 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country, with many students in and around Delhi even setting themselves on fire. Mandir represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over the disputed Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya, which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using as its major election [[manifesto]].
While the [[Mandal Commission]] report implemented by the VP Singh government gave 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country, with many students in and around Delhi even setting themselves on fire. Mandir represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over the disputed Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya, which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using as its major election [[manifesto]].


Line 63: Line 72:
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated]] while campaigning for [[Margatham Chandrasekar]] at [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperembudur]]. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Voting was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections with just 53 per cent of the electorate exercising their right to vote.
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated]] while campaigning for [[Margatham Chandrasekar]] at [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperembudur]]. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Voting was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections with just 53 per cent of the electorate exercising their right to vote.


Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. <ref>The congress party did poorly in the pre-assassination constituencies and swept the post-assassination constituencies</ref>. The end result was a Congress-led minority government led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who had previously announced his retirement from politics.
Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases.<ref>The congress party did poorly in the pre-assassination constituencies and swept the post-assassination constituencies</ref> The end result was a Congress-led minority government led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who had previously announced his retirement from politics.


=== Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab ===
=== Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab ===
Line 69: Line 78:


==Results==
==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{Election results
|colspan=6|[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1991.svg|center|300px]]
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1991.svg|350px]]
|-
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=99799403|seats1=232|sc1=
! colspan=2 | [[Lok Sabha]] elections 1991<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II)|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/}}</ref><br />{{nobold|Electoral participation: 55,71%. No elections held in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] elections were held in 1992.}}
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=55345075|seats2=120|sc2=
!%
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=32589180|seats3=59|sc3=
!Won<br />{{small|(total 545)}}
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=16954797|seats4=35|sc4=
|-
|party5=[[Janata Party]]|votes5=9267096|seats5=5|sc5=
| Janata Dal
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=8223271|seats6=13|sc6=
| JD
|party7=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes7=6851114|seats7=14|sc7=
| 11.77
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=5741910|seats8=0|sc8=
| 69
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=4470542|seats9=11|sc9=
|-
|party10=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes10=4420719|seats10=2|sc10=
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|party11=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes11=2208712|seats11=4|sc11=
| CPI(M)
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1749730|seats12=4|sc12=
| 6.14
|party13=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes13=1489898|seats13=1|sc13=
| 35
|party14=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes14=1481900|seats14=6|sc14=
|-
|party15=[[Janata Dal (Gujarat)]]|votes15=1399702|seats15=1|sc15=
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|party16=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes16=1283065|seats16=0|sc16=
| CPI
|party17=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes17=1145015|seats17=3|sc17=
| 2.48
|party18=[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]|votes18=982954|seats18=1|sc18=
| 14
|party19=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes19=845418|seats19=2|sc19=
|-
|party20=[[Indian Peoples Front]]|votes20=644891|seats20=0|sc20=
| [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|party21=[[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes21=494628|seats21=0|sc21=
| IC(S)
|party22=Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha|votes22=490275|seats22=0|sc22=
| 0.35
|party23=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes23=466869|seats23=0|sc23=
| 1
|party24=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes24=456900|seats24=1|sc24=
|-
|party25=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes25=384255|seats25=1|sc25=
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|party26=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes26=350699|seats26=0|sc26=
| INC
|party27=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes27=331794|seats27=1|sc27=
| 35.66
|party28=[[Naga People's Front|Nagaland People's Council]]|votes28=328015|seats28=1|sc28=
| '''244'''
|party29=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes29=327941|seats29=0|sc29=
|-
|party30=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes30=319933|seats30=0|sc30=
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|party31=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes31=295402|seats31=0|sc31=
| BJP
|party32=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes32=206737|seats32=0|sc32=
| 20.04
|party33=[[Lokdal]]|votes33=173884|seats33=0|sc33=
| 120
|party34=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes34=171767|seats34=0|sc34=
|-
|party35=United Reservation Movement Council of Assam|votes35=170376|seats35=0|sc35=
| [[Janata Party]]
|party36=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes36=169692|seats36=1|sc36=
| JP
|party37=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes37=139785|seats37=1|sc37=
| 3.34
|party38=Sanjukta Loka Parishad|votes38=125738|seats38=0|sc38=
| 5
|party39=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes39=106247|seats39=1|sc39=
|-
|party40=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes40=91557|seats40=0|sc40=
| [[Lok Dal]]
|party41=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes41=88084|seats41=0|sc41=
| LD
|party42=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes42=87387|seats42=0|sc42=
| 0.06
|party43=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes43=82019|seats43=0|sc43=
| 0
|party44=Sarv Jati Janata Parishad|votes44=70368|seats44=0|sc44=
|-
|party45=[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes45=67495|seats45=0|sc45=
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|party46=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes46=64752|seats46=0|sc46=
| AIADMK
|party47=Tharasu Makkal Mandram|votes47=55165|seats47=0|sc47=
| 1.61
|party48=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes48=47369|seats48=0|sc48=
| 11
|party49=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes49=43085|seats49=0|sc49=
|-
|party50=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes50=42504|seats50=0|sc50=
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|party51=Jan Parishad|votes51=37725|seats51=0|sc51=
| AIFB
|party52=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes52=36541|seats52=0|sc52=
| 0.41
|party53=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes53=35186|seats53=0|sc53=
| 3
|party54=Indian Union Muslim League (IML)|votes54=31387|seats54=0|sc54=
|-
|party55=Sampooran Kranti Das|votes55=29647|seats55=0|sc55=
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|party56=Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das|votes56=28528|seats56=0|sc56=
| AGP
|party57=Uttar Pradesh Republican Party|votes57=28379|seats57=0|sc57=
| 0.54
|party58=Yuva Vikas Party|votes58=28159|seats58=0|sc58=
| 1
|party59=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]|votes59=27730|seats59=0|sc59=
|-
|party60=Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes60=23929|seats60=0|sc60=
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|party61=Proutist Bloc of India|votes61=22734|seats61=0|sc61=
| BSP
|party62=Soshit Samaj Dal|votes62=19925|seats62=0|sc62=
| 1.8
|party63=Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh|votes63=19243|seats63=0|sc63=
| 3
|party64=Orissa Vikas Parishad|votes64=15893|seats64=0|sc64=
|-
|party65=[[Hul Jharkhand Party]]|votes65=15406|seats65=0|sc65=
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|party66=Socialist Party of India (Lohia)|votes66=12928|seats66=0|sc66=
| IUML
|party67=Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party|votes67=12820|seats67=0|sc67=
| 0.3
|party68=Dalit Panthers Party|votes68=11967|seats68=0|sc68=
| 2
|party69=Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal|votes69=10837|seats69=0|sc69=
|-
|party70=Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal|votes70=8825|seats70=0|sc70=
| [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party]]
|party71=Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi|votes71=8810|seats71=0|sc71=
| JPP
|party72=Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal|votes72=8519|seats72=0|sc72=
| 0.0
|party73=[[Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam]]|votes73=8252|seats73=0|sc73=
| 0
|party74=Asom Jatiya Parishad|votes74=8047|seats74=0|sc74=
|-
|party75=Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey)|votes75=7104|seats75=0|sc75=
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|party76=Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party|votes76=6897|seats76=0|sc76=
| JMM
|party77=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|votes77=5888|seats77=0|sc77=
| 0.53
|party78=Vidarbha Praja Party|votes78=5597|seats78=0|sc78=
| 6
|party79=Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad|votes79=5521|seats79=0|sc79=
|-
|party80=Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal|votes80=5436|seats80=0|sc80=
| [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
|party81=Hindu Swaraj Sangathan|votes81=5325|seats81=0|sc81=
| KC(M)
|party82=Republican Presidium Party of India|votes82=4967|seats82=0|sc82=
| 0.14
|party83=Surajya Party|votes83=4705|seats83=0|sc83=
| 1
|party84=Sarvodaya Party|votes84=4642|seats84=0|sc84=
|-
|party85=Janata Dal (Samajwadi)|votes85=4548|seats85=0|sc85=
| [[Manipur Peoples Party]]
|party86=Deseeya Karshaka Party|votes86=4508|seats86=0|sc86=
| MPP
|party87=Gondwana Party|votes87=3605|seats87=0|sc87=
| 0.06
|party88=Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)|votes88=3543|seats88=0|sc88=
| 1
|party89=Samdarshi Party|votes89=2921|seats89=0|sc89=
|-
|party90=Lok Party|votes90=2873|seats90=0|sc90=
| [[Naga People's Front|Nagaland Peoples Council]]
|party91=Socialist League of India|votes91=2852|seats91=0|sc91=
| NPC
|party92=All India Urdu Morcha|votes92=2655|seats92=0|sc92=
| 0.12
|party93=Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul)|votes93=2519|seats93=0|sc93=
| 1
|party94=All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha|votes94=2311|seats94=0|sc94=
|-
|party95=Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani|votes95=2259|seats95=0|sc95=
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|party96=Pandav Dal|votes96=2213|seats96=0|sc96=
| RSP
|party97=[[Internationalist Democratic Party]]|votes97=2078|seats97=0|sc97=
| 0.63
|party98=Gomant Lok Party|votes98=1983|seats98=0|sc98=
| 5
|party99=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes99=1792|seats99=0|sc99=
|-
|party100=[[Workers Party of India]]|votes100=1781|seats100=0|sc100=
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|party101=Nationalist Party|votes101=1768|seats101=0|sc101=
| SS
|party102=Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association|votes102=1692|seats102=0|sc102=
| 0.79
|party103=Nagaland Peoples Party|votes103=1572|seats103=0|sc103=
| 4
|party104=Adarsh Lok Dal|votes104=1544|seats104=0|sc104=
|-
|party105=Desh Bhakt Party|votes105=1521|seats105=0|sc105=
| [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
|party106=Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party|votes106=1466|seats106=0|sc106=
| SSP
|party107=[[Republican Party of India (Kamble)]]|votes107=1300|seats107=0|sc107=
| 0.04
|party108=Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party|votes108=1245|seats108=0|sc108=
| 1
|party109=Mukt Bharat|votes109=1191|seats109=0|sc109=
|-
|party110=Rashtriya Krantikari Dal|votes110=1125|seats110=0|sc110=
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|party111=Sampooran Rashtriya Sena|votes111=1040|seats111=0|sc111=
| TDP
|party112=Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam|votes112=1030|seats112=0|sc112=
| 2.96
|party113=Navbharat Party|votes113=787|seats113=0|sc113=
| 13
|party114=Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)|votes114=684|seats114=0|sc114=
|-
|party115=Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam|votes115=665|seats115=0|sc115=
| [[United Minorities Front, Assam]]
|party116=Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress|votes116=605|seats116=0|sc116=
| UMFA
|party117=Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party|votes117=587|seats117=0|sc117=
| 0.07
|party118=Kannada Paksha|votes118=576|seats118=0|sc118=
| 1
|party119=Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal|votes119=573|seats119=0|sc119=
|-
|party120=Socialist Revolutionary Party|votes120=571|seats120=0|sc120=
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen]]
|party121=Lokhit Morcha|votes121=532|seats121=0|sc121=
| AIMIM
|party122=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes122=521|seats122=0|sc122=
| 0.16
|party123=Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee)|votes123=434|seats123=0|sc123=
| 1
|party124=Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party|votes124=408|seats124=0|sc124=
|-
|party125=Cheluva Kannad Nadu|votes125=383|seats125=0|sc125=
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
|party126=Azad Party|votes126=372|seats126=0|sc126=
| ASDC
|party127=Democratic Party of India|votes127=359|seats127=0|sc127=
| 0.5
|party128=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes128=329|seats128=0|sc128=
| 1
|party129=Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt)|votes129=325|seats129=0|sc129=
|-
|party130=Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das|votes130=316|seats130=0|sc130=
| [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
|party131=Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad|votes131=314|seats131=0|sc131=
| HVP
|party132=Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha|votes132=257|seats132=0|sc132=
| 0.12
|party133=Sr. Citizens National Party of India|votes133=250|seats133=0|sc133=
| 1
|party134=Socialist Labour League|votes134=246|seats134=0|sc134=
|-
|party135=M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam|votes135=228|seats135=0|sc135=
| [[Janata Dal (Gujarat)]]
|party136=Mahabharat People's Party|votes136=225|seats136=0|sc136=
| JD(G)
|party137=Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha|votes137=194|seats137=0|sc137=
| 0.5
|party138=Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal|votes138=193|seats138=0|sc138=
| 1
|party139=Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party|votes139=166|seats139=0|sc139=
|-
|party140=Kannada Desh Party|votes140=164|seats140=0|sc140=
| Independents
|party141=Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party|votes141=142|seats141=0|sc141=
| -
|party142=Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti|votes142=138|seats142=0|sc142=
| 4.01
|party143=Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party|votes143=120|seats143=0|sc143=
| 1
|party144=Vishal Bharat Party|votes144=56|seats144=0|sc144=
|-
|party145=Jan Ekata Morcha|votes145=34|seats145=0|sc145=
| Nominated [[Anglo-Indian]]s
|party146=Independents|votes146=11441688|seats146=1|sc146=
| -
|row147=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats147=2
| -
|invalid=7493952
| 2
|electorate=498363801
|-
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9764&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
|}
}}
 
===Delayed elections in Punjab===
{{Election results
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1486289|seats1=12
|party2=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes2=594628|seats2=1
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=497999|seats3=0
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=119902|seats4=0
|party5=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes5=77970|seats5=0
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=47226|seats6=0
|party7=[[Janata Dal]]|votes7=39220|seats7=0
|party8=[[Janata Party]]|votes8=27966|seats8=0
|party9=[[Lokdal]]|votes9=2839|seats9=0
|party10=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes10=1349|seats10=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=121009|seats11=0
|invalid=139126
|electorate=13169797
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4122-general-election-1992-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9767&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
}}


==Premiership==
==Aftermath==
The [[10th Lok Sabha]] constituted. [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:<ref name=eighteen>{{cite news |date=18 June 1991 |title=Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>
[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:<ref name=eighteen>{{cite news |date=18 June 1991 |title=Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>
* ''Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]'' [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref name=eighteen />
* ''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]'' [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref name=eighteen />
Line 235: Line 262:
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[1989 Indian general election]]
*[[1989 Indian general election]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 244: Line 268:
{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian General Election, 1991}}
[[Category:1991 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:1991 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:May 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:May 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1991 events in Asia]]
[[Category:1991 elections in Asia|India]]

Revision as of 22:32, 25 June 2021


1991 Indian general election
← 1989 20 May, 12 June, and 15 June 1991[1]
19 February 1992 (Punjab)		 1996 →
534 of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha
268 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
  File:Pumapaparti.N.rao.jpg
Leader P. V. Narasimha Rao L.K. Advani V.P. Singh
Party INC BJP JD
Leader's seat Nandyal New Delhi (vacated)
Gandhinagar 		Fatehpur
Seats won 244 120 59
Seat change Increase 47 Increase 35 Decrease 84
Popular vote 101,285,692 55,843,074 32,628,400
Percentage 36.40% 20.07% 11.73%
Prime Minister before election

Chandra Sekhar
Samajwadi Janata Party

Prime Minister after election

P. V. Narasimha Rao
INC

General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.

No party could muster a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties.

Elections were not held in 2 seats in Bihar and 1 seat in Uttar Pradesh. Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Voter turnout was the lowest to date in an Indian general election.[2]

Background

The 1991 elections were held as the previous Lok Sabha, with Chandra Sekhar at its helm had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation. The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the Mandal Commission fallout and the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid issue.

Mandal-Mandir Issue

While the Mandal Commission report implemented by the VP Singh government gave 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country, with many students in and around Delhi even setting themselves on fire. Mandir represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over the disputed Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya, which the Bharatiya Janata Party was using as its major election manifesto.

The Mandir issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the National Front falling apart, the Congress managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.[3]

Rajiv Gandhi Assassination

A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning for Margatham Chandrasekar at Sriperembudur. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Voting was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections with just 53 per cent of the electorate exercising their right to vote.

Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases.[4] The end result was a Congress-led minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao, who had previously announced his retirement from politics.

Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab

76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.[5] No elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.[6] Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,[7] where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,[8] thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.

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Results

PartyVotes%Seats
Indian National Congress99,799,40336.26232
Bharatiya Janata Party55,345,07520.11120
Janata Dal32,589,18011.8459
Communist Party of India (Marxist)16,954,7976.1635
Janata Party9,267,0963.375
Telugu Desam Party8,223,2712.9913
Communist Party of India6,851,1142.4914
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam5,741,9102.090
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam4,470,5421.6211
Bahujan Samaj Party4,420,7191.612
Shiv Sena2,208,7120.804
Revolutionary Socialist Party1,749,7300.644
Asom Gana Parishad1,489,8980.541
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha1,481,9000.546
Janata Dal (Gujarat)1,399,7020.511
Pattali Makkal Katchi1,283,0650.470
All India Forward Bloc1,145,0150.423
Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha982,9540.361
Indian Union Muslim League845,4180.312
Indian Peoples Front644,8910.230
Natun Asom Gana Parishad494,6280.180
Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha490,2750.180
Doordarshi Party466,8690.170
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen456,9000.171
Kerala Congress (M)384,2550.141
Jharkhand Party350,6990.130
Haryana Vikas Party331,7940.121
Nagaland People's Council328,0150.121
Bharatiya Republican Paksha327,9410.120
Kerala Congress319,9330.120
Peasants and Workers Party of India295,4020.110
United Minorities Front, Assam206,7370.080
Lokdal173,8840.060
Marxist Co-ordination Committee171,7670.060
United Reservation Movement Council of Assam170,3760.060
Manipur Peoples Party169,6920.061
Autonomous State Demand Committee139,7850.051
Sanjukta Loka Parishad125,7380.050
Sikkim Sangram Parishad106,2470.041
Republican Party of India (Khobragade)91,5570.030
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)88,0840.030
Plain Tribals Council of Assam87,3870.030
Mizo National Front82,0190.030
Sarv Jati Janata Parishad70,3680.030
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha67,4950.020
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party64,7520.020
Tharasu Makkal Mandram55,1650.020
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal47,3690.020
Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)43,0850.020
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh42,5040.020
Jan Parishad37,7250.010
Republican Party of India36,5410.010
Amra Bangali35,1860.010
Indian Union Muslim League (IML)31,3870.010
Sampooran Kranti Das29,6470.010
Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das28,5280.010
Uttar Pradesh Republican Party28,3790.010
Yuva Vikas Party28,1590.010
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)27,7300.010
Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party23,9290.010
Proutist Bloc of India22,7340.010
Soshit Samaj Dal19,9250.010
Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh19,2430.010
Orissa Vikas Parishad15,8930.010
Hul Jharkhand Party15,4060.010
Socialist Party of India (Lohia)12,9280.000
Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party12,8200.000
Dalit Panthers Party11,9670.000
Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal10,8370.000
Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal8,8250.000
Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi8,8100.000
Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal8,5190.000
Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam8,2520.000
Asom Jatiya Parishad8,0470.000
Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey)7,1040.000
Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party6,8970.000
All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh5,8880.000
Vidarbha Praja Party5,5970.000
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad5,5210.000
Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal5,4360.000
Hindu Swaraj Sangathan5,3250.000
Republican Presidium Party of India4,9670.000
Surajya Party4,7050.000
Sarvodaya Party4,6420.000
Janata Dal (Samajwadi)4,5480.000
Deseeya Karshaka Party4,5080.000
Gondwana Party3,6050.000
Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)3,5430.000
Samdarshi Party2,9210.000
Lok Party2,8730.000
Socialist League of India2,8520.000
All India Urdu Morcha2,6550.000
Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul)2,5190.000
All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha2,3110.000
Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani2,2590.000
Pandav Dal2,2130.000
Internationalist Democratic Party2,0780.000
Gomant Lok Party1,9830.000
Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha1,7920.000
Workers Party of India1,7810.000
Nationalist Party1,7680.000
Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association1,6920.000
Nagaland Peoples Party1,5720.000
Adarsh Lok Dal1,5440.000
Desh Bhakt Party1,5210.000
Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party1,4660.000
Republican Party of India (Kamble)1,3000.000
Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party1,2450.000
Mukt Bharat1,1910.000
Rashtriya Krantikari Dal1,1250.000
Sampooran Rashtriya Sena1,0400.000
Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam1,0300.000
Navbharat Party7870.000
Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)6840.000
Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam6650.000
Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress6050.000
Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party5870.000
Kannada Paksha5760.000
Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal5730.000
Socialist Revolutionary Party5710.000
Lokhit Morcha5320.000
Republican Party of India (Athawale)5210.000
Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee)4340.000
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party4080.000
Cheluva Kannad Nadu3830.000
Azad Party3720.000
Democratic Party of India3590.000
Bharatiya Backward Party3290.000
Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt)3250.000
Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das3160.000
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad3140.000
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha2570.000
Sr. Citizens National Party of India2500.000
Socialist Labour League2460.000
M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam2280.000
Mahabharat People's Party2250.000
Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha1940.000
Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal1930.000
Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party1660.000
Kannada Desh Party1640.000
Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party1420.000
Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti1380.000
Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party1200.000
Vishal Bharat Party560.000
Jan Ekata Morcha340.000
Independents11,441,6884.161
Nominated Anglo-Indians2
Total275,206,990100.00523
Valid votes275,206,99097.35
Invalid/blank votes7,493,9522.65
Total votes282,700,942100.00
Registered voters/turnout498,363,80156.73
Source: ECI

Delayed elections in Punjab

PartyVotes%Seats
Indian National Congress1,486,28949.2712
Bahujan Samaj Party594,62819.711
Bharatiya Janata Party497,99916.510
Communist Party of India (Marxist)119,9023.980
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)77,9702.580
Communist Party of India47,2261.570
Janata Dal39,2201.300
Janata Party27,9660.930
Lokdal2,8390.090
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh1,3490.040
Independents121,0094.010
Total3,016,397100.0013
Valid votes3,016,39795.59
Invalid/blank votes139,1264.41
Total votes3,155,523100.00
Registered voters/turnout13,169,79723.96
Source: ECI

Aftermath

Congress was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:[9]

Congress eventually formed the government under the Prime Ministership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. After Lal Bahadur Shastri, Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family and the first Congress Prime Minister to head a minority government that completed full 5-year term.[11] He introduced Economic reforms in India.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  3. ↑ "History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election". Zee News. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  4. ↑ The congress party did poorly in the pre-assassination constituencies and swept the post-assassination constituencies
  5. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (17 June 1991). "Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991)". The Indian Express. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Vinayak, Ramesh (3 September 2013) [February 29, 1992]. "With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib". India Today. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  8. ↑ "1992 India General Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership". The Indian Express. Madras. 18 June 1991. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "A meeting of hearts". The Indian Express. Madras. 15 June 1991. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  11. ↑ "How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
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