Marathi language: Difference between revisions

Marathi
Marathi
मराठी, 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲, مراٹھی (Template:Translit)
	The word Template:Translit in Devanagari
Pronunciation	mr; English: /məˈrɑːti/
Native to	India
Region	South, South Central and Western India Maharashtra; Goa (minority); Karnataka (minority in the districts of Belagavi, and Bidar); Gujarat (a small population in Vadodara and Surat); Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (minority); Tamil Nadu (by some people in Thanjavur);
Ethnicity	Marathi
Speakers	L1: 83 million (2011)e27; L2: 16 million (2011)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Southern Marathi–Konkani Marathi; ; ; ; ;
Early form	Maharashtri Prakrit
Standard forms	Standard Marathi
Dialects	Varhadi (major); Zadi Boli; Southern Indian Marathi (Thanjavur Marathi, Kerala Marathi); East Indian Marathi; Judeo-Marathi;
Writing system	Devanagari (official); (Marathi alphabet); Modi (historical); Arabic script (sometimes by Marathi Muslims); Goykanadi (historical, sometimes); Kadamba (historical); Nagari (historical);
Signed forms	Indian Signing System
Official status
Official language in	India Maharashtra; Goa (additional);
Regulated by	Ministry of Marathi Language and various other institutions
Language codes
ISO 639-1	mr
ISO 639-2	mar
ISO 639-3	Either:; mar – Modern Marathi; omr – Old Marathi
Linguist List	omr Old Marathi
Glottolog	mara1378 Modern Marathi; oldm1244 Old Marathi
Linguasphere	59-AAF-o
	regions where Marathi is the language of the majority or plurality regions where Marathi is the language of a significant minority
	Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.

← Older edit

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 21:41, 29 March 2026

Marathi (/məˈrɑːti/ mə-RAH-tee;^[15] मराठी, 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲, مراٹھی, Marāṭhī, mr) is a classical Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by the Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra and is also spoken in Goa, and parts of Gujarat, Karnataka and the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.^[1]^[2]^[16]^[17] It is the official language of Maharashtra, and an additional official language in the state of Goa, where it is used for replies when requests are received in Marathi.

It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 15th in the list of languages with the most native speakers in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindustani and Bengali.^[18] Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages.^[19] The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi Marathi.^[5] Marathi was designated as a classical language by the Government of India in October 2024.^[20]

Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Its phonology contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ([l] and [ɭ] (Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively).^[21]

History[edit | edit source]

981 CE, Maharashtri Prakrit inscription at the foot of Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola Jain temple, Karnataka

Modern Indo-Aryan languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from Prakrits via Apabhraṃśa. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further changes led to the formation of Apabhraṃśa, followed by Old Marathi.^[22] However, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indo-Aryan dialect.^[23] Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions.^[24] The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the Shilahara rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (agrahara) to a Brahmin.^[25] A 2-line 1118 CE Prakrit inscription at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. These inscriptions suggest that Prakrit was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, after the Gaha Sattasai, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.^[26]

Yadava period[edit | edit source]

After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Yadava kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.^[25] Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadavas' attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.^[24]^[27]

Further growth and usage of the language occurred due to two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the Yadava kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers was created. Nalopakhyana, Rukminiswayamvara and Shripati's Jyotisharatnamala (1039) are a few examples.

The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (विवेकसिंधु), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language.

Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Līḷācarītra" (लीळाचरित्र), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The Līḷācarītra is considered to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Ruddhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, poetical works narrating the stories of the life of Krishna and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of the sect.

Medieval and Deccan Sultanate period[edit | edit source]

The 13th century Varkari saint Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called Dnyaneshwari and Amrutanubhava.^[28]^[29]

Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi.^[30] He is known for the Viveka-Siddhi and Parammruta which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism.

The 16th century saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud.^[31] Mukteshwar translated the Mahabharata into Marathi; Tukaram (1608–1649) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 abhangs or devotional songs.^[32] Manmathswamy(1561–1631) wrote a large volume of poetry and literature in Marathi. The Shivparv Ambhag composed by him is still read with interest by Veerashaiva people of Marathwada. Apart from this, the Pararamrhasya, a spiritual book composed by him on Shatsthalsiddhanta, is also recited.^[33]

Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily Persianised in its vocabulary.^[34] The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand)^[35]^[36] Marathi also became language of administration during the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.^[37] Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.^[38]

Maratha Empire[edit | edit source]

Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Kingdom beginning with the reign of Shivaji. In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi. The Marathi language used in administrative documents also became less Persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677.^[39] His reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.^[40] Shivaji Maharaj commissioned one of his officials, Balaji Avaji Chitnis, to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and Arabic terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of 'Rājavyavahārakośa', the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.^[41]

Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the confederacy. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a number of Bakhars (journals or narratives of historical events) written in Marathi and Modi script from this period.

Marathi inscription inside Brihadisvara temple complex, Thanjavur

In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by Vaman Pandit, Naladamayanti Swayamvara by Raghunath Pandit, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by Moropant were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints were written by Mahipati in the 18th century.^[42]^[32] Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar.^[43] Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the Ovi meter. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honour of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of Powada and Lavani songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala.^[43]

British colonial period[edit | edit source]

The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were the first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginised Marathi called "Missionary Marathi" in the early 1800s.^[44] The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain James Thomas Molesworth and Major Thomas Candy in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.^[45] The colonial authorities also worked on standardising Marathi under the leadership of Molesworth and Candy. They consulted Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]

The first Marathi translation of the New Testament was published in 1811 by the Serampore press of William Carey.^[50] The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832.^[51] Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. The First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840. The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as Sangeet Natak also evolved.^[52] Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of essayist Vishnushastri Chiplunkar with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticised social reformers like Phule and Gopal Hari Deshmukh. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called Kesari in 1881.^[53] Later under the editorship of Lokmanya Tilak, the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views.^[54]^[55]^[56] Phule and Deshmukh also started their periodicals, Deenbandhu and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day.^[57] The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were Tarkhadkar, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi^[58]

The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, N.C. Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. In folk arts, Patthe Bapurao wrote many lavani songs during the late colonial period.

Marathi since Indian independence in 1947[edit | edit source]

The popular Marathi language newspapers at a newsstand in Mumbai, 2006

After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganised, which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers.

Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of the 20th century include Khandekar's Yayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. P.L. Deshpande (popularly known as PuLa), Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, P.K. Atre, Prabodhankar Thackeray and Vishwas Patil are known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. Bashir Momin Kavathekar wrote Lavani's and folk songs for Tamasha artists.^[59]^[60]

In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule and eminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.^[61] Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) was a pioneer of Dalit writings in Marathi.^[62] His first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली, "When I Stole My Caste"), published in 1963, created a stir in Marathi literature with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi.^[63]^[64] Gradually with other writers like Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement.^[65] Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include Arun Kamble, Shantabai Kamble, Raja Dhale, Namdev Dhasal, Daya Pawar, Annabhau Sathe, Laxman Mane, Laxman Gaikwad, Sharankumar Limbale, Bhau Panchbhai, Kishor Shantabai Kale, Narendra Jadhav, Keshav Meshram, Urmila Pawar, Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, Kumud Pawde and Jyoti Lanjewar.^[66]^[67]^[68]^[69]

In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to English medium schools. There is some concern that this may lead to the marginalisation of the language.^[70]

Geographic distribution[edit | edit source]

Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra^[71] and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat (majorly in Vadodara, and among a small number of population in Surat), Madhya Pradesh (in the districts of Burhanpur, Betul, Chhindwara and Balaghat), Goa, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu (in Thanjavur) and Karnataka (in the districts of Belagavi, Karwar, Bagalkote, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi and Bidar), Telangana, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.^[1]^[2] The former Maratha ruled cities of Baroda, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Tanjore have had sizeable Marathi-speaking populations for centuries.^{[citation needed]} Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian migrants to other parts of India and overseas.^[71] For instance, the people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi.^[72]

There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh, and 1.52% in Gujarat.^[18]

International[edit | edit source]

The following table is a list of the geographic distribution of Marathi speakers as it appears in the 2019 edition of Ethnologue, a language reference published by SIL International, which is based in the United States.^[73]

International geographic distribution as per *Ethnologue.*^[74]
Country	Speaker population	Notes
Australia	22,300	2021 census
Canada	19,600	2021 census
Oman	14,000	2020
Israel	11,000	Leclerc 2018a
Mauritius	17,000	Leclerc 2018c
Template:NZ	4,770	2018 census
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg UK	11,600	2021 census
USA	147,000	2021 census

Status[edit | edit source]

Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and additional official language in the state of Goa.^[13] In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for any or all official purposes in case any request is received in Marathi.^[14] Marathi is included among the languages that are part of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language".^[75] The Government of Maharashtra has applied to the Ministry of Culture to grant classical language status to Marathi language, which was approved by the Government of India on 3 October 2024.^[76]^[20]

The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi.^{[citation needed]} Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to tatsamas, words adapted from Sanskrit. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with the demands of new technical words whenever needed. Currently there are many different dialects spoken across India for example, Konkani,Mumbaikar etc.

In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara,^[77] Osmania University in Hyderabad,^[78] Karnataka University in Dharwad,^[79] Gulbarga University in Kalaburagi,^[80] Devi Ahilya University in Indore^[81] and Goa University in Goa^[82] have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.^[83]

Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet Kusumagraj (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).^[84]

Dialects[edit | edit source]

Standard Marathi is based on dialects used by academics and the print media.

Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects is considerable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.^[85]

Varhadi[edit | edit source]

Varhadi (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडि) or Vaidarbhi (वैदर्भि) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. In Marathi, the retroflex lateral approximant ḷ [ɭ] is common, while sometimes in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant y (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another.

Zadi Boli[edit | edit source]

Zaadi Boli or Zhaadiboli^[6] (झाडिबोलि) is spoken in Zaadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising Gondia, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and some parts of Nagpur of Maharashtra.^[86]^[87]

Zaadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this dialect of Marathi.

Southern Indian Marathi[edit | edit source]

Thanjavur Marathi तञ्जावूर् मराठि, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi (Telangana), Kasaragod (north Kerala) and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages^[7] after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.^[3]

Other[edit | edit source]

Thanjavur Marathi, spoken in Tanjore, Tamil Nadu
Judæo-Marathi, spoken by the Bene Israel Jews
East Indian Marathi, spoken by the Indian Christian East Indian ethno-religious group

Other Marathi–Konkani languages and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include Maharashtrian Konkani, Malvani, Sangameshwari, Agri, Andh, Warli, Vadvali and Samavedi.

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Writing systems[edit | edit source]

An effort to conserve the "Modi Script" under India Post's My Stamp scheme. Here, the word 'Marathi' is printed in the "Modi Script".

The Kadamba script and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates.^[88] The Marathi version of Devanagari, called Balbodh, is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Some words in Marathi preserve the schwa, which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the anuswara, is pronounced as 'khara'. The anuswara in this case is used to avoid schwa deletion in pronunciation; most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in the 19th century, Marathi was written in the Modi script for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. Except for Father Thomas Stephens' Krista Purana in the Latin script in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because William Carey, the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.^[89]

Brahmic script (Devanagari)[edit | edit source]

Marathi is usually written in the Balbodh^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93] version of Devanagari script, an abugida consisting of 36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are additional letters in the Marathi alphabet and Western punctuation is used.

William Carey in 1807 Observed that as with other parts of India, a traditional duality existed in script usage between Devanagari for religious texts, and Modi for commerce and administration.

Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond.^[94]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Devanagari	Transliterated	IPA	Pronunciation
अ	a	/ə/	Template:Multi-listen item small
आ	ā	/a(ː)/	Template:Multi-listen item small
इ	i	/i/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ई	ī	/i(ː)/	Template:Multi-listen item small
उ	u	/u/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ऊ	ū	/u(ː)/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ऋ	ṛ	/ru/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ए	e	/e/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ऐ	ai	/əi/	Template:Multi-listen item small
ओ	o	/o/	Template:Multi-listen item small
औ	au	/əu/	Template:Multi-listen item small
अं	aṃ	/əm/	Template:Multi-listen item small
अः	aḥ	/əɦə/	Template:Multi-listen item small

Consonants[edit | edit source]

क	ख	ग	घ	ङ
ka /kə/Template:Multi-listen item small	kha /kʰə/Template:Multi-listen item small	ga /ɡə/Template:Multi-listen item small	gha /ɡʱə/Template:Multi-listen item small	ṅa (/ŋə/)Template:Multi-listen item small
च	छ	ज	झ	ञ
ca, ċa /t͡ɕə/ or /t͡sə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	cha /t͡ɕʰə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ja, j̈a /d͡ʑə/ or /d͡zə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	jha, j̈ha /d͡ʑʱə/ or /d͡zʱə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ña (/ɲə/)Template:Multi-listen item small
ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण
ṭa /ʈə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ṭha /ʈʰə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ḍa /ɖə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ḍha /ɖʱə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ṇa /ɳə/Template:Multi-listen item small
त	थ	द	ध	न
ta /tə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	tha /tʰə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	da /də/ Template:Multi-listen item small	dha /dʱə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	na /nə/Template:Multi-listen item small
प	फ	ब	भ	म
pa /pə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	pha /pʰə/ or /fə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ba /bə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	bha /bʱə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ma /mə/Template:Multi-listen item small
य	र	ल	व
ya /jə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ra /rə/Template:Multi-listen item small	la /lə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	va /ʋə/Template:Multi-listen item small
श	ष	स	ह
śa /ɕə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ṣa /ʂə/Template:Multi-listen item small	sa /sə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	ha /ɦə/ Template:Multi-listen item small
ळ	क्ष	ज्ञ
ḷa /𝼈ə/ Template:Multi-listen item small	kṣa /kʂə/Template:Multi-listen item small	jña /dɲə/Template:Multi-listen item small

It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different from that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.

Example of consonant–vowel combination[edit | edit source]

Combination of the vowels with K:

Script	Pronunciation (IPA)
क	/kə/
का	/kaː/
कि	/ki/
की	/kiː/
कु	/ku/
कू	/kuː/
कृ	/kru/
के	/ke/
कै	/kəi̯/
को	/ko/
कौ	/kəu̯/
कं	/kəm/
कः	/kəɦ(ə)/

The Modi script[edit | edit source]

From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the Modi script, a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.^[95]

Consonant clusters in Devanagari[edit | edit source]

In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. To form 'tyāche', you will have to write it as त् + याचे, giving त्याचे.

When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below:

त्याचे – tyāche – "his"
प्रस्ताव – prastāva – "proposal"
विद्या – vidyā – "knowledge"
म्यान – myān – "Sheath/scabbard"
त्वरा – tvarā – "immediate/Quick"
महत्त्व – mahattva – "importance"
फक्त – phakta – "only"
बाहुल्या – bāhulyā – "dolls"
कण्हेरी – kaṇherī – "oleander" (known for its flowers)
न्हाणे – nhāṇe – "bathing"
म्हणून – mhaṇūna – "therefore"
तऱ्हा – taṟhā – "different way of behaving"
कोल्हा – kolhā – "fox"
केव्हा – kevhā – "when"

In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh (ण्ह), nh (न्ह) and mh (म्ह)) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh (ल्ह), and vh व्ह). Some examples are given above.

Eyelash reph/raphar[edit | edit source]

The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence [ra र ] + [virāma ्] + [ZWJ] and [rra ऱ ]+ [virāma ्] + [ZWJ].^[96] In Marathi, when 'र' is the first consonant of a consonant cluster and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.^[97]

Examples
तर्‍हा
वाऱ्याचा
ऱ्हास
ऱ्हस्व
सुऱ्या
दोऱ्या

Minimal pairs[edit | edit source]

Source:^[98]

Using the (Simple) Reph/Raphar	Using the Eyelash Reph/Raphar
आचार्यास (to the teacher)	आचार्‍यास (to the cook)
दर्या (ocean)	दर्‍या (valleys)

Braille[edit | edit source]

In February 2008, Swagat Thorat published India's first Braille newspaper, the Marathi Sparshdnyan, a news, politics and current affairs fort nightly magazine.^[99]

Arabic Script (Nastaliq)[edit | edit source]

The Arabic script is used to write Marathi by the Marathi Muslims, particularly in northern parts of Maharashtra. However, the majority of the Marathi Muslims uses the official Brahmic script in Devanagari to write the language and only some people uses the Nastaliq style, along with Hindustani (Urdu).

Grammar[edit | edit source]

Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Jain Acharya Hemachandra is the grammarian of Maharashtri Prakrit. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi grammar was printed in 1805 by William Carey.

Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms.^[100] Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi has kept three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The primary word order of Marathi is subject–object–verb^[101] Marathi follows a split-ergative pattern of verb agreement and case marking: it is ergative in constructions with either perfective transitive verbs or with the obligative ("should", "have to") and it is nominative elsewhere.^[102] An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we, common to the Austroasiatic and Dravidian languages. Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use of participial constructions^[100] and also to a certain extent the use of the two anaphoric pronouns swətah and apəṇ.^[103] Numerous scholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.^[104]

Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages[edit | edit source]

Marathi neon signboard at Maharashtra Police headquarters in Mumbai

Marathi is primarily influenced by Prakrit, Maharashtri, and Apabhraṃśa. Formal Marathi draws literary and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit.^[105] Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages.^[105] Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as Persian,^[35] Arabic, English, and European romance languages such as French, Spanish, Portuguese and other European languages.^[105]

Dravidian Influence[edit | edit source]

Spoken in the historically active region of the Deccan Plateau, the language has been subject to contact and mostly one-way influence with the surrounding Dravidian languages. Up to 5% of Marathi's basic vocabulary is of a Dravidian origin.^[106] According to various scholars like Bloch (1970) and Southworth (1971), Marathi's very origins can be traced to a pidgin or a substratum origin with surrounding Dravidian language.^[107]^[108]

Morphology and etymology[edit | edit source]

Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (tatsama) words. ^{[citation needed]} Such words are for example nantar (from nantara or after), pūrṇa (pūrṇa or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (ola or damp), kāraṇ (kāraṇa or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkala or much, many), satat (satata or always), vichitra (vichitra or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatna or effort, attempt), bhītī (from bhīti, or fear) and bhāṇḍe (bhāṇḍa or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("tadbhavas") have undergone phonological changes from their Sanskrit roots, for example dār (dwāra or door), ghar (gṛha or house), vāgh (vyāghra or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification. Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include:

Hawā: "air" directly borrowed from Arabic hawa
Jamin: "land" borrowed from Persian zamin
Kaydā: "law" borrowed from Arabic qaeda
"Mahiti" : "information" borrowed from Arabic "Mahiyya"
Jāhirāt: "advertisement" is derived from Arabic zaahiraat
Marjī: "wish" is derived from Persian marzi
Shiphāras: "recommendation" is derived from Persian sefaresh
Hajērī: "attendance" from Urdu haziri
Aṇṇā: "father", "grandfather" or "elder brother" borrowed from Dravidian languages
Undir: "rat" borrowed from Munda languages

A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include words like "pen" (पेन, pen) and "shirt" (शर्ट, sharṭa) whose native Marathi counterparts are lekhaṇī (लेखणी) and sadarā (सदरा) respectively.

Compounds[edit | edit source]

Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam, Ganesh + Utsav = Ganeshotsav, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).

Counting[edit | edit source]

Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20.

As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions ¹⁄₄, ¹⁄₂, and ³⁄₄. They are pāva, ardhā, and pāuṇa, respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvā-, sāḍē-, pāvaṇe- are used. There are special names for ³⁄₂ (dīḍ), ⁵⁄₂ (aḍīch), and ⁷⁄₂ (aut).

Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in the table below.

Number power to 10	Marathi Number name^[109]^[110]	In Devanagari
10⁰	Eka, Ekaka	एक/एकक
10¹	Daha, Dashaka	दहा/दशक
10²	Shambhara, Shataka	शंभर/शतक
10³	Hajara, Sahasra,	हजार/सहस्र
10⁴	Dasha Hajara, Dasha Sahasra	दशहजार/दशसहस्र
10⁵	Lakha, Laksha	लाख/लक्ष
10⁶	Daha Lakha, Dasha Laksha	दहा लाख (दशलक्ष)
10⁷	Koti	कोटी
10⁸	Dasha Koti	दशकोटी
10⁹	Abja, Arbuda	अब्ज/अर्बुद
10¹⁰	Dasha-Abja	दशाब्ज
10¹¹	Vrunda	वृंद
10¹²	Kharva (Kharab)	खर्व
10¹³	Nikharva	निखर्व
10¹⁴	Sashastra	सशस्त्र
10¹⁵	Mahapadma, Padma	महापद्म/पद्म
10¹⁶	Kamala	कमळ
10¹⁷	Shanku, Shankha	शंकू/शंक
10¹⁷	Skanda	स्कंद
10¹⁸	Suvachya	सुवाच्य
10¹⁹	Jaladhi, Samudra	जलधी/समुद्र
10²⁰	Krutya	कृत्य
10²¹	Antya	अंत्य
10²²	Ajanma	आजन्म
10²³	Madhya	मध्य
10²⁴	Lakshmi	लक्ष्मी
10²⁵	Parardha	परार्ध

A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67 (१२ लाख ३४ हजार ५ शे ६७).

Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before Hazara are written in the same way.

Marathi on computers and the Internet[edit | edit source]

Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, Kiran fonts KF-Kiran^[111] and many more (about 48) are clip fonts that were used prior to the introduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on internet since those did not have Unicode compatibility.

Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localisation projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and macOS. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the Marathi language Bharatpedia, with 76,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.^[112]

Natural language processing for Marathi[edit | edit source]

More recent attention has focused on developing natural language processing tools for Marathi. Some studies proposed a couple of text corpora for Marathi. L3CubeMahaSent^[113] is the first major publicly available Marathi dataset for sentiment analysis. It contains about 16,000 distinct tweets classified into three broad classes, such as positive, negative, and neutral. L3Cube-MahaNER ^[114] is a dataset for named-entity recognition consisting of 25,000 manually tagged sentences categorised according to the eight entity classes. There are at least two public available datasets for hate speech detection in Marathi: L3Cube-MahaHate ^[115] and HASOC2021.^[116]

The HASOC2021 dataset was proposed for conducting a machine learning competition on hate, offensive, and profane content identification in Marathi collocated with Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2021). The participants of the competition presented 25 solutions based on supervised learning. The winning teams^[117]^[118] used pre-trained language models (XLM-RoBERTa, Language Agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddings (LaBSE)) fine-tuned on the HASOC2021 dataset proposed by the organisers. The participants also experimented with the joint use of multilingual data for fine-tuning.

Corpus development[edit | edit source]

Corpus linguistics shows how texts, sentences, or words from written or spoken language have changed over time or how they have been used in an organised way. The Volume VII: 'Indo-Aryan Languages (Southern Group) of the 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George Abraham Grierson describes first systematic and structured attempt to create documentation of Marathi language data.

Corpora of Marathi

Attempts have been made to create a corpus of Marathi. One of the first efforts to make a corpus with Indian text was the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English^[119] (Shastri, 1986). The corpus was developed at the university in Maharastra, but Indian English was studied. The IIT Bombay WordNet^[120] (IndoWordNet; Bhattacharya, 2010) project in Indian languages includes Marathi. WordNet do not give word counts for further useful data analysis. The raw text based corpus in Marathi^[121] (Ramamoorthy et al., 2019a) is based on sampled pages from different select books. This work is carried out at Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore. A corpus-based linguistic study at the University of Mumbai explores the language contact between English and Marathi by compiling and analysing an overarching corpus of English loan-words in Marathi existing between the years 2001 and 2020. The study also investigates the attitudes of Marathi speakers towards English loan-words in contemporary Marathi, attempting to understand their motivations for borrowing English words (Doibale, 2022).^[122]

The work at University of Mumbai by Belhekar and Bhargava (2023)^[123] provided the first Marathi word count collection (Marathi WordCorp). The bag-of-words (BoW) model was used to make 1-gram (single-word) Marathi WordCorp. They used more than 700 complete works of literature.

The Google Books Ngram Viewer (Michel et al., 2011)^[124] is a relatively new and advanced method that shows how the frequency of n-grams has changed over a specific period. There is no database of Indian languages in the Google Books Ngram viewer. The Indian Languages Word Corpus^[125] (ILWC) WebApp, which was made by Belhekar and Bhargava,^[123] shows how often words are used by decade from before 1920 to 2020. The limitation with the method is that it only gives researchers the raw OCR data to "combine and collapse frequencies of correctly and incorrectly recognised words" (p. 2).^[123]

Statistical models for Marathi corpora

Attempts to evaluate statistical models for Marathi language Corpuses and text-collections have been carried out. For the Marathi corpus (Marathi WordCorp), the y-intercept of Zipf's law is reported as 12.49, and the coefficient is 0.89 and these numbers show that Zipf's law is applicable for Marathi language.^[123] The coefficients show that the number of words and texts used in the corpus metadata is enough. Heaps' law intercept for the Marathi word corpora is 2.48, and the coefficient is 0.73.^[123] The coefficient values show that there are more unique words in Marathi writings than would be expected. The higher number of unique words could be due to the number of alphabets (36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters, with each consonant taking 14 forms with vowel pairs), the orthographic features of the Devanagari script (for example, the same word can be written in different ways), the use of consonant clusters (jodakshar), the number of suffixes a word can have, etc.

Marathi Language Day[edit | edit source]

Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस transl. Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa. This day is regulated by the Ministry of Marathi Language. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet V.V. Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj.^[126]^[127]

Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.^[128]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 [1] Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Indian Linguistics. Linguistic Society of India. 2008. p. 161.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e27
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Dhoṅgaḍe, Rameśa; Wali, Kashi (2009). "Marathi". London Oriental and African Language Library. 13. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101, 139. ISBN 978-90-272-3813-9.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) | मिसळपाव". www.misalpav.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "Marathi | South Asian Languages and Civilizations". salc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
↑ Ghatage 1970.
↑ "Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business". 5 February 2022.
↑ "'Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback". The Times of India. 7 July 2019.
↑ "Goykanadi script".
↑ "Marathi language, alphabet and pronunciation".
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [2], pp. para 11.3 Archived 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ Lal, M. B. (2008). N. E. R. Exam. Upkar Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7482-464-6.
↑ Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Roger, D. Long PH D. (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-37463-0.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.
↑ "arts, South Asian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Kumar, Vivek; Roy, Suryagni (3 October 2024). "Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali now among classical languages". India Today. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
↑ Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 11–15.
↑ Pandharipande, Rajeshwari (1997). Marathi. Routledge. p. xxxvii. ISBN 0-415-00319-9.
↑ Bloch 1970, p. 32.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, p. 53.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, pp. 53-54.
↑ Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, p. 54.
↑ Cynthia Talbot (20 September 2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9.
↑ Mokashi 1987, p. 39.
↑ Doderet, W. (1926). "The Passive Voice of the Jnanesvari". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (1): 59–64. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 607401.
↑ Kher 1895, pp. 446–454.
↑ Keune, Jon Milton (2011). Eknāth Remembered and Reformed: Bhakti, Brahmans, and Untouchables in Marathi Historiography (Thesis). New York, New York, US: Columbia University press. p. 32. doi:10.7916/D8CN79VK. hdl:10022/AC:P:11409. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Natarajan, Nalini, ed. (1996). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.
↑ eGangotri. Param Rahasya By Shri Manmath Swami Shaiva Bharati Varanasi.
↑ Kulkarni, G.T. (1992). "Deccan (Maharashtra) Under the Muslim Rulers From Khaljis to Shivaji: a Study in Interaction, Professor S.M Katre Felicitation". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 51/52: 501–510. JSTOR 42930434.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Qasemi, S. H. "Marathi Language, Persian Elements In". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
↑ Pathan, Y. M. (2006). Farsi-Marathi Anubandh (फारसी मराठी अनुबंध) (PDF). Mumbai: महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
↑ Gordon, Stewart (1993). Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
↑ Kamat, Jyotsna. "The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
↑ Eaton, Richard M. (2005). The new Cambridge history of India (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-521-25484-1. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
↑ Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800. Duke University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8223-4904-4.
↑ Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800. Duke University Press. pp. 50, 60. ISBN 978-0-8223-4904-4.
↑ Callewaert, Winand M.; Snell, Rupert; Tulpule, S G (1994). According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 3-447-03524-2. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 Ranade, Ashok D. (2000). Kosambi, Meera (ed.). Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra. London: Sangam. pp. 194–210. ISBN 978-0-86311-824-1.
↑ Sawant, Sunil (2008). Ray, Mohit K. (ed.). Studies in translation (2nd rev. and enl. ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-81-269-0922-3.
↑ Molesworth, James; Candy, Thomas (1857). Molesworth's, Marathi-English dictionary. Narayan G Kalelkar (preface) (2nd ed.). Pune: J.C. Furla, Shubhada Saraswat Prakashan. ISBN 81-86411-57-7.
↑ Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4438-4250-1.
↑ Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India (first ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 136–184. ISBN 978-1-4438-4250-1. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
↑ Deo, Shripad D. (1996). Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.
↑ Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7.
↑ Smith, George (2016). Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-5369-7612-0.
↑ Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.
↑ Govind, Ranjani (29 May 2019). "Musical drama brings epic to life". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
↑ Rosalind O'Hanlon (22 August 2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-521-52308-0.
↑ Rao, P.V. (2008). "Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part II–Higher Education". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 15 (1): 141–148. doi:10.1177/097152150701500108. S2CID 143961063.
↑ Rao, P.V. (2007). "Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part I-Basic Education". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 14 (2): 307. doi:10.1177/097152150701400206. S2CID 197651677.
↑ Gail Omvedt (1974). "Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona". Economic and Political Weekly. 9 (6/8): 201–219. JSTOR 4363419.
↑ Deo, Shripad D. (1996). Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.
↑ Pardeshi, Prashant (2000). The Passive and Related Constructions in Marathi (PDF). Kobe papers in linguistics. Kobe, Japan: Kobe University. pp. 123–146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2018.
↑ Deshpande, G. P. (1997). "Marathi Literature since Independence: Some Pleasures and Displeasures". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (44/45): 2885–2892. JSTOR 4406042.
↑ "अवलिया लोकसाहित्यीक", "Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily", Pune, 21 November 2021.
↑ Natarajan, Nalini; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1996). "Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo". Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 363. ISBN 0-313-28778-3.
↑ Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (9 September 1996). Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.
↑ Rāmakr̥ṣṇan, I. Vi (2005). Indian Short Stories,1900-2000. Sahitya Akademi. p. 409. ISBN 978-81-260-1091-2.
↑ Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1823. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
↑ "Of art, identity, and politics". The Hindu. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 July 2003.
↑ Mathur, Barkha (28 March 2018). "City hails Pantawane as 'father of Dalit literature'". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
↑ Deo, Veena; Zelliot, Eleanor (1994). "Dalit Literaturetwenty-Five Years of Protest? Of Progress?". Journal of South Asian Literature. 29 (2): 41–67. JSTOR 25797513.
↑ Feldhaus, Anne (1996). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. SUNY Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7914-2837-5. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
↑ Maya Pandit (27 December 2017). "How three generations of Dalit women writers saw their identities and struggle?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
↑ Assayag, Jackie; Fuller, Christopher John (2005). Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below. London, UK: Anthem Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-84331-194-1.
↑ ^71.0 ^71.1 "Marathi". ethnologue.com.
↑ "Marathi Culture, History and Heritage in Mauritius" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2020.
↑ "Summary by language size". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019. For items below #26, see individual Ethnologue entry for each language.
↑ "Marathi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
↑ "Schedule". constitution.org.
↑ "Marathi may become the sixth classical language". Indian Express. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
↑ "Dept. of Marathi, M.S. University of Baroda". Msubaroda.ac.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
↑ "University College of Arts and Social Sciences". osmania.ac.in.
↑ kudadmin. "Departments and Faculty". kudacademics.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
↑ "Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Marathi". kar.nic.in. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
↑ "Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore". www.dauniv.ac.in. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
↑ "Dept.of Marathi, Goa University". Unigoa.ac.in. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
↑ "01 May 1960..." www.unitedstatesofindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
↑ "मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी". www.marathimati.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
↑ Khodade, 2004
↑ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (25 September 2017). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-039324-8.
↑ देसाई, बापूराव (2006). महाराष्ट्रातील समग्र बोलींचे: लोकसाहित्यशास्त्रीय अध्ययन: महाराष्ट्रातूनच नव्हे तर भारतातून प्रथमतः एकाच ग्रंथात सर्व बोलींचे लोकसाहित्यशास्त्र संस्कृतीदर्शन (in मराठी). अनघा प्रकाशन. p. 79.
↑ Sohoni, Pushkar (May 2017). "Marathi of a single type: the demise of the Modi script". Modern Asian Studies. 51 (3): 662–685. doi:10.1017/S0026749X15000542. S2CID 148081127.
↑ Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Delhi: Academic Foundation. p. 49. ISBN 81-7188-057-6.
↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
↑ Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
↑ Ajmire, P.E.; Dharaskar, RV; Thakare, V M (22 March 2013). "A Comparative Study of Handwritten Marathi Character Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Applications. Introduction. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2014.
↑ Bhimraoji, Rajendra (28 February 2014). "Reviving the Modi Script" (PDF). Typoday. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2014.
↑ Carey, William. "Memoir Relative to the Translations" 1807: Serampore Mission Press.
↑ [3] Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Indic Working Group (7 November 2004). "Devanagari Eyelash Ra". The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014.
↑ Kalyan, Kale; Soman, Anjali (1986). Learning Marathi. Pune: Shri Vishakha Prakashan. p. 26.
↑ Naik, B.S. (1971). Typography of Devanagari-1. Bombay: Directorate of Languages.
↑ Menon, Sudha (15 January 2008). "Marathi magazine to be launched in Feb is first Braille fortnightly". mint. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
↑ ^100.0 ^100.1 Bhosale, G.; Kembhavi, S.; Amberkar, A.; Mhatre, M.; Popale, L.; Bhattacharyya, P. (2011), "Processing of Kridanta (Participle) in Marathi" (PDF), Proceedings of ICON-2011: 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, Macmillan Publishers, India
↑ "Wals.info". Wals.info. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
↑ Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 179–80.
↑ Dhongde & Wali 2009, p. 263.
↑ Polomé, Edgar C. (1 January 1992). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Walter De Gruyter. p. 521. ISBN 978-3-11-086792-3.
↑ ^105.0 ^105.1 ^105.2 J. Bloch (1970). Formation of the Marathi Language. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 33, 180. ISBN 978-81-208-2322-8.
↑ Southworth, Franklin (2005). "Prehistoric Implications of the Dravidian element in the NIA lexicon, with special attention to Marathi" (PDF). IJDL. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.
↑ Southworth, F. C. (1971). Detecting prior creolization: an analysis of the historical origins of Marathi Franklin C. Southworth; In: Hymes, Dell, Pidginization and creolization of languages : proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968.
↑ "The formation of the Marathi language, by Jules Bloch. Translated by Dev Raj Chanana - Catalogue | National Library of Australia". catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
↑ "Indian Numbering System". Oocities.org. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
↑ Sushma Gupta. "Indian Numbering System". Sushmajee.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
↑ "Welcome to www.kiranfont.com". Kiranfont.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
↑ Askari, Faiz. "Inside the Indian Blogosphere". Express Computer. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
↑ Kulkarni, Atharva; Mandhane, Meet; Likhitkar, Manali; Kshirsagar, Gayatri; Joshi, Raviraj (2021). L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Dataset (PDF). Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. Online. pp. 213–220.
↑ Patil, Parth; Ranade, Aparna; Sabane, Maithili; Litake, Onkar; Joshi, Raviraj (12 April 2022). "L3Cube-MahaNER: A Marathi Named Entity Recognition Dataset and BERT models". arXiv:2204.06029 [cs.CL].
↑ Velankar, Abhishek; Patil, Hrushikes; Gore, Amol; Salunke, Shubham; Joshi, Raviraj (22 May 2022). "L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT models". arXiv:2203.13778 [cs.CL].
↑ Modha, Sandip; Mandl, Thomas; Shahi, Gautam Kishore; Madhu, Hiren; Satapara, Shrey; Ranasinghe, Tharindu; Zampieri, Marcos (2021). Overview of the HASOC subtrack at FIRE 2021: Hate speech and offensive content identification in English and Indo-Aryan languages and conversational hate speech. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation. Online. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1145/3503162.3503176. hdl:2436/624705.
↑ Nene, Mayuresh; North, Kai; Ranasinghe, Tharindu; Zampieri, Marcos (2021). Transformer Models for Offensive Language Identification in Marathi. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE). Online. pp. 272–281.
↑ Glazkova, Anna; Kadantsev, Michael; Glazkov, Maksim (2021). Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE). Online. pp. 52–62. arXiv:2110.12687.
↑ Shastri, S.V. (1986). "The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English".
↑ Bhattacharyya, Pushpak (2010). IndoWordNet. (in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC'10). Valletta, Malta: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). pp. 3785–3792. ISBN 978-2-9517408-6-0.
↑ "A Gold Standard Marathi Raw Text Corpus". data.ldcil.org. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
↑ Doibale, Kranti (2022). "A Corpus-Based Linguistic Study of English Loan-Words in Contemporary Marathi". University. hdl:10603/487393. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
↑ ^123.0 ^123.1 ^123.2 ^123.3 ^123.4 Belhekar, Vivek; Bhargava, Radhika (December 2023). "Development of word count data corpus for Hindi and Marathi literature". Applied Corpus Linguistics. 3 (3) 100070. doi:10.1016/j.acorp.2023.100070. S2CID 261150616.
↑ Michel, Jean-Baptiste; Shen, Yuan Kui; Aiden, Aviva Presser; Veres, Adrian; Gray, Matthew K.; The Google Books Team; Pickett, Joseph P.; Hoiberg, Dale; Clancy, Dan; Norvig, Peter; Orwant, Jon; Pinker, Steven; Nowak, Martin A.; Aiden, Erez Lieberman (14 January 2011). "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books". Science. 331 (6014): 176–182. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..176M. doi:10.1126/science.1199644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3279742. PMID 21163965.
↑ "Indian Languages Word Corpus". indianlangwordcorp.shinyapps.io. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
↑ "मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी". MarathiMati.com. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
↑ "jagatik Marathi bhasha din celebration - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com". divyabhaskar. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
↑ "आम्ही मराठीचे शिलेदार!". Loksatta. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Bloch, J (1970). Formation of the Marathi Language. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2322-8.
Ghatage, A.M (1970). Marathi Of Kasargod. Mumbai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). Marathi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. ISBN 978-90-272-38139.
A Survey of Marathi Dialects. VIII. Gāwḍi, A. M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. The State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay. 1972.
Marathi: The Language and its Linguistic Traditions - Prabhakar Machwe, Indian and Foreign Review, 15 March 1985.
'Atyavashyak Marathi Vyakaran' (Essential Marathi Grammar) - Dr. V. L. Vardhe
'Marathi Vyakaran' (Marathi Grammar) - Moreshvar Sakharam More.
'Marathi Vishwakosh, Khand 12 (Marathi World Encyclopedia, Volume 12), Maharashtra Rajya Vishwakosh Nirmiti Mandal, Mumbai
'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, Shrimangesh Publishers, Nagpur
'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200 CE, by C. V. Vaidya
Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi
Christian Lee Novetzke (2016). The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54241-8.
Kher, Appaji Kashinath (1895), A higher Anglo-Marathi grammar, pp. 446–454

Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna (1987), Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-461-6

External links[edit | edit source]

Dictionaries

Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas; 1857). A Dictionary, Marathi, and English. 2d ed., rev. and all. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press.
Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh (1911). The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Marathi-English. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press.
Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus (1999). A Dictionary of Old Marathi. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.

[dadra-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 [1] Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

[Indian_Linguistics-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Indian Linguistics. Linguistic Society of India. 2008. p. 161.

[e27-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e27

[kas-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Dhoṅgaḍe, Rameśa; Wali, Kashi (2009). "Marathi". London Oriental and African Language Library. 13. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101, 139. ISBN 978-90-272-3813-9.

[misalpav.com-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) | मिसळपाव". www.misalpav.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[salc.uchicago.edu-7] 7.0 ^7.1 "Marathi | South Asian Languages and Civilizations". salc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[FOOTNOTEGhatage1970-8] Ghatage 1970.

[9] "Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business". 5 February 2022.

[10] "'Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback". The Times of India. 7 July 2019.

[11] "Goykanadi script".

[12] "Marathi language, alphabet and pronunciation".

[ic-13] 13.0 ^13.1 "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[goa-14] 14.0 ^14.1 The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [2], pp. para 11.3 Archived 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[15] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[16] Lal, M. B. (2008). N. E. R. Exam. Upkar Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7482-464-6.

[17] Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Roger, D. Long PH D. (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-37463-0.

[auto1-18] 18.0 ^18.1 "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.

[19] "arts, South Asian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.

[IT_Oct2024-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Kumar, Vivek; Roy, Suryagni (3 October 2024). "Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali now among classical languages". India Today. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200911–15-21] Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 11–15.

[22] Pandharipande, Rajeshwari (1997). Marathi. Routledge. p. xxxvii. ISBN 0-415-00319-9.

[FOOTNOTEBloch197032-23] Bloch 1970, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653-54-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, pp. 53-54.

[FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201654-26] Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, p. 54.

[Talbot2001-27] Cynthia Talbot (20 September 2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9.

[FOOTNOTEMokashi198739-28] Mokashi 1987, p. 39.

[29] Doderet, W. (1926). "The Passive Voice of the Jnanesvari". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (1): 59–64. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 607401.

[FOOTNOTEKher1895446–454-30] Kher 1895, pp. 446–454.

[31] Keune, Jon Milton (2011). Eknāth Remembered and Reformed: Bhakti, Brahmans, and Untouchables in Marathi Historiography (Thesis). New York, New York, US: Columbia University press. p. 32. doi:10.7916/D8CN79VK. hdl:10022/AC:P:11409. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

[Greenwood_Press-32] 32.0 ^32.1 Natarajan, Nalini, ed. (1996). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.

[33] Gangotri. Param Rahasya By Shri Manmath Swami Shaiva Bharati Varanasi.

[34] Kulkarni, G.T. (1992). "Deccan (Maharashtra) Under the Muslim Rulers From Khaljis to Shivaji: a Study in Interaction, Professor S.M Katre Felicitation". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 51/52: 501–510. JSTOR 42930434.

[iranicaonline.org-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Qasemi, S. H. "Marathi Language, Persian Elements In". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 17 September 2017.

[36] Pathan, Y. M. (2006). Farsi-Marathi Anubandh (फारसी मराठी अनुबंध) (PDF). Mumbai: महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ. Retrieved 13 February 2022.

[37] Gordon, Stewart (1993). Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.

[38] Kamat, Jyotsna. "The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

[39] Eaton, Richard M. (2005). The new Cambridge history of India (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-521-25484-1. Retrieved 25 March 2016.

[40] Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800. Duke University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8223-4904-4.

[41] Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800. Duke University Press. pp. 50, 60. ISBN 978-0-8223-4904-4.

[42] Callewaert, Winand M.; Snell, Rupert; Tulpule, S G (1994). According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 3-447-03524-2. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[auto-43] 43.0 ^43.1 Ranade, Ashok D. (2000). Kosambi, Meera (ed.). Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra. London: Sangam. pp. 194–210. ISBN 978-0-86311-824-1.

[44] Sawant, Sunil (2008). Ray, Mohit K. (ed.). Studies in translation (2nd rev. and enl. ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-81-269-0922-3.

[45] Molesworth, James; Candy, Thomas (1857). Molesworth's, Marathi-English dictionary. Narayan G Kalelkar (preface) (2nd ed.). Pune: J.C. Furla, Shubhada Saraswat Prakashan. ISBN 81-86411-57-7.

[46] Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4438-4250-1.

[47] Chavan, Dilip (2013). Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India (first ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 136–184. ISBN 978-1-4438-4250-1. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

[48] Deo, Shripad D. (1996). Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.

[Rao1994-49] Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7.

[50] Smith, George (2016). Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-5369-7612-0.

[51] Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.

[52] Govind, Ranjani (29 May 2019). "Musical drama brings epic to life". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[O'Hanlon2002-53] Rosalind O'Hanlon (22 August 2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-521-52308-0.

[rao2008-54] Rao, P.V. (2008). "Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part II–Higher Education". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 15 (1): 141–148. doi:10.1177/097152150701500108. S2CID 143961063.

[55] Rao, P.V. (2007). "Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part I-Basic Education". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 14 (2): 307. doi:10.1177/097152150701400206. S2CID 197651677.

[jstor.org-56] Gail Omvedt (1974). "Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona". Economic and Political Weekly. 9 (6/8): 201–219. JSTOR 4363419.

[57] Deo, Shripad D. (1996). Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.

[58] Pardeshi, Prashant (2000). The Passive and Related Constructions in Marathi (PDF). Kobe papers in linguistics. Kobe, Japan: Kobe University. pp. 123–146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2018.

[59] Deshpande, G. P. (1997). "Marathi Literature since Independence: Some Pleasures and Displeasures". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (44/45): 2885–2892. JSTOR 4406042.

[60] "अवलिया लोकसाहित्यीक", "Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily", Pune, 21 November 2021.

[61] Natarajan, Nalini; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1996). "Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo". Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 363. ISBN 0-313-28778-3.

[han-62] Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (9 September 1996). Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.

[sa-63] Rāmakr̥ṣṇan, I. Vi (2005). Indian Short Stories,1900-2000. Sahitya Akademi. p. 409. ISBN 978-81-260-1091-2.

[64] Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1823. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.

[65] "Of art, identity, and politics". The Hindu. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 July 2003.

[66] Mathur, Barkha (28 March 2018). "City hails Pantawane as 'father of Dalit literature'". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[67] Deo, Veena; Zelliot, Eleanor (1994). "Dalit Literaturetwenty-Five Years of Protest? Of Progress?". Journal of South Asian Literature. 29 (2): 41–67. JSTOR 25797513.

[68] Feldhaus, Anne (1996). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. SUNY Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7914-2837-5. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[69] Maya Pandit (27 December 2017). "How three generations of Dalit women writers saw their identities and struggle?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[70] Assayag, Jackie; Fuller, Christopher John (2005). Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below. London, UK: Anthem Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-84331-194-1.

[eth-71] 71.0 ^71.1 "Marathi". ethnologue.com.

[72] "Marathi Culture, History and Heritage in Mauritius" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2020.

[:02-73] "Summary by language size". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019. For items below #26, see individual Ethnologue entry for each language.

[74] "Marathi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 June 2021.

[75] "Schedule". constitution.org.

[76] "Marathi may become the sixth classical language". Indian Express. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

[77] "Dept. of Marathi, M.S. University of Baroda". Msubaroda.ac.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.

[78] "University College of Arts and Social Sciences". osmania.ac.in.

[79] udadmin. "Departments and Faculty". kudacademics.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.

[80] "Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Marathi". kar.nic.in. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2014.

[81] "Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore". www.dauniv.ac.in. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

[82] "Dept.of Marathi, Goa University". Unigoa.ac.in. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.

[83] "01 May 1960..." www.unitedstatesofindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

[84] "मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी". www.marathimati.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.

[UCLA-85] Khodade, 2004

[86] Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (25 September 2017). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-039324-8.

[87] देसाई, बापूराव (2006). महाराष्ट्रातील समग्र बोलींचे: लोकसाहित्यशास्त्रीय अध्ययन: महाराष्ट्रातूनच नव्हे तर भारतातून प्रथमतः एकाच ग्रंथात सर्व बोलींचे लोकसाहित्यशास्त्र संस्कृतीदर्शन (in मराठी). अनघा प्रकाशन. p. 79.

[88] Sohoni, Pushkar (May 2017). "Marathi of a single type: the demise of the Modi script". Modern Asian Studies. 51 (3): 662–685. doi:10.1017/S0026749X15000542. S2CID 148081127.

[89] Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Delhi: Academic Foundation. p. 49. ISBN 81-7188-057-6.

[90] Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.

[91] Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.

[92] Ajmire, P.E.; Dharaskar, RV; Thakare, V M (22 March 2013). "A Comparative Study of Handwritten Marathi Character Recognition" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Applications. Introduction. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2014.

[93] Bhimraoji, Rajendra (28 February 2014). "Reviving the Modi Script" (PDF). Typoday. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2014.

[94] Carey, William. "Memoir Relative to the Translations" 1807: Serampore Mission Press.

[95] [3] Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[96] Indic Working Group (7 November 2004). "Devanagari Eyelash Ra". The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014.

[97] Kalyan, Kale; Soman, Anjali (1986). Learning Marathi. Pune: Shri Vishakha Prakashan. p. 26.

[98] Naik, B.S. (1971). Typography of Devanagari-1. Bombay: Directorate of Languages.

[99] Menon, Sudha (15 January 2008). "Marathi magazine to be launched in Feb is first Braille fortnightly". mint. Retrieved 18 November 2020.

[Bhosale_et_al-100] 100.0 ^100.1 Bhosale, G.; Kembhavi, S.; Amberkar, A.; Mhatre, M.; Popale, L.; Bhattacharyya, P. (2011), "Processing of Kridanta (Participle) in Marathi" (PDF), Proceedings of ICON-2011: 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, Macmillan Publishers, India

[101] "Wals.info". Wals.info. Retrieved 9 May 2013.

[FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009179–80-102] Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 179–80.

[FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009263-103] Dhongde & Wali 2009, p. 263.

[104] Polomé, Edgar C. (1 January 1992). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Walter De Gruyter. p. 521. ISBN 978-3-11-086792-3.

[Bloch1970-105] 105.0 ^105.1 ^105.2 J. Bloch (1970). Formation of the Marathi Language. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 33, 180. ISBN 978-81-208-2322-8.

[106] Southworth, Franklin (2005). "Prehistoric Implications of the Dravidian element in the NIA lexicon, with special attention to Marathi" (PDF). IJDL. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.

[107] Southworth, F. C. (1971). Detecting prior creolization: an analysis of the historical origins of Marathi Franklin C. Southworth; In: Hymes, Dell, Pidginization and creolization of languages : proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968.

[108] "The formation of the Marathi language, by Jules Bloch. Translated by Dev Raj Chanana - Catalogue | National Library of Australia". catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 June 2024.

[109] "Indian Numbering System". Oocities.org. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

[110] Sushma Gupta. "Indian Numbering System". Sushmajee.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

[111] "Welcome to www.kiranfont.com". Kiranfont.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

[112] Askari, Faiz. "Inside the Indian Blogosphere". Express Computer. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.

[113] Kulkarni, Atharva; Mandhane, Meet; Likhitkar, Manali; Kshirsagar, Gayatri; Joshi, Raviraj (2021). L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Dataset (PDF). Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. Online. pp. 213–220.

[114] Patil, Parth; Ranade, Aparna; Sabane, Maithili; Litake, Onkar; Joshi, Raviraj (12 April 2022). "L3Cube-MahaNER: A Marathi Named Entity Recognition Dataset and BERT models". arXiv:2204.06029 [cs.CL].

[115] Velankar, Abhishek; Patil, Hrushikes; Gore, Amol; Salunke, Shubham; Joshi, Raviraj (22 May 2022). "L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT models". arXiv:2203.13778 [cs.CL].

[116] Modha, Sandip; Mandl, Thomas; Shahi, Gautam Kishore; Madhu, Hiren; Satapara, Shrey; Ranasinghe, Tharindu; Zampieri, Marcos (2021). Overview of the HASOC subtrack at FIRE 2021: Hate speech and offensive content identification in English and Indo-Aryan languages and conversational hate speech. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation. Online. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1145/3503162.3503176. hdl:2436/624705.

[117] Nene, Mayuresh; North, Kai; Ranasinghe, Tharindu; Zampieri, Marcos (2021). Transformer Models for Offensive Language Identification in Marathi. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE). Online. pp. 272–281.

[118] Glazkova, Anna; Kadantsev, Michael; Glazkov, Maksim (2021). Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi. Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE). Online. pp. 52–62. arXiv:2110.12687.

[119] Shastri, S.V. (1986). "The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English".

[120] Bhattacharyya, Pushpak (2010). IndoWordNet. (in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC'10). Valletta, Malta: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). pp. 3785–3792. ISBN 978-2-9517408-6-0.

[121] "A Gold Standard Marathi Raw Text Corpus". data.ldcil.org. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

[122] Doibale, Kranti (2022). "A Corpus-Based Linguistic Study of English Loan-Words in Contemporary Marathi". University. hdl:10603/487393. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

[:0-123] 123.0 ^123.1 ^123.2 ^123.3 ^123.4 Belhekar, Vivek; Bhargava, Radhika (December 2023). "Development of word count data corpus for Hindi and Marathi literature". Applied Corpus Linguistics. 3 (3) 100070. doi:10.1016/j.acorp.2023.100070. S2CID 261150616.

[124] Michel, Jean-Baptiste; Shen, Yuan Kui; Aiden, Aviva Presser; Veres, Adrian; Gray, Matthew K.; The Google Books Team; Pickett, Joseph P.; Hoiberg, Dale; Clancy, Dan; Norvig, Peter; Orwant, Jon; Pinker, Steven; Nowak, Martin A.; Aiden, Erez Lieberman (14 January 2011). "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books". Science. 331 (6014): 176–182. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..176M. doi:10.1126/science.1199644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3279742. PMID 21163965.

[125] "Indian Languages Word Corpus". indianlangwordcorp.shinyapps.io. Retrieved 28 September 2023.

[126] "मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी". MarathiMati.com. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[127] "jagatik Marathi bhasha din celebration - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com". divyabhaskar. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[128] "आम्ही मराठीचे शिलेदार!". Loksatta. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Marathi
Grammar Phonology Literature Poetry Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Maharashtra State Marathi Wikipedia
Marathi dialects and Marathic languages	Maharastri Prakrit Andh Deccani East Indian (Mumbai dialect) Judeo-Marathi Katkari Maharashtrian Konkani Malvani Konkani Phudagi Samvedi Thanjavur Marathi Varhadi (Varhadi-Nagpuri) Varli
Marathi scripts	Balbodh style of Devanagari Braille Modi
Other	Marathi Cinema Marathi theatre Literature Marathi people (List)
Arts	Awards Sahitya Akademi Award Jnanpith Award Writers Poets National Film Award Maharashtra

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
+{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of India}}
-{{Redirect|Maharashtrian language|the [[Prakrit]]|Maharashtri Prakrit|other uses|Languages of Maharashtra}}
+{{Redirect|Maharashtrian language|the Prakrit|Maharashtri Prakrit|other uses|Languages of Maharashtra}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
-{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name             = Marathi
-| nativename       = मराठी
+| nativename       = {{lang|mr|मराठी}}, {{lang|mr|𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲}}, {{lang|mr|مراٹھی}} ({{translit|mr|Marāṭhī}})
-| altname          = {{lang|mr|Marāṭhī}}
+| altname          =
-| imagecaption     = The word "Marathi" in [[Devanagari]] and [[Modi script|Modi]] scripts
+| image            = Marathi language.svg
-| image            = Devanāgarī_and_Modi_scripts.svg
+| imagecaption     = The word {{translit|mr|Marāṭhī}} in [[Devanagari]]
-| imagescale       =
 | imageheader      =
-| pronunciation    = {{IPA-mr|məˈɾaːʈʰiː|}}
+| pronunciation    = {{IPA|mr|məˈɾaːʈʰiː|lang|MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg}}<br/>{{IPAc-en|lang|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}}
-| ethnicity        = [[Marathi people|Marathis]]
+| ethnicity        = [[Marathi people|Marathi]]
-| state            = [[India]]
+| state            = [[Languages of India|India]]
-| region           = [[Maharashtra]]
+| region           = [[South India|South]], South Central and [[Western India]]
-| speakers         = {{sigfig|83|2}} million
+* [[Maharashtra]]
+* [[Goa]] (minority)
+* [[Karnataka]] (minority in the districts of [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], and [[Bidar district|Bidar]])
+* [[Gujarat]] (a small population in [[Vadodara]] and [[Surat]])
+* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<ref name="dadra">[http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf|date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="C-16 Population By Mother Tongue">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Indian Linguistics">{{cite book |title=Indian Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=Linguistic Society of India. |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCmz4B8I62QC |language=en}}</ref> (minority)
+* [[Tamil Nadu]] (by some people in [[Thanjavur]])
+| stand1           = Standard Marathi<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African Language Library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=978-90-272-3813-9|pages=101, 139}}</ref>
+| dialects         = * [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]] (major)<ref name=kas/>
+* Zadi Boli<ref name="misalpav.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.misalpav.com/node/30533|title=झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) {{!}} मिसळपाव|website=www.misalpav.com|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
+* Southern Indian Marathi<ref name="salc.uchicago.edu">{{cite web|url=https://salc.uchicago.edu/language-study/marathi|title=Marathi {{!}} South Asian Languages and Civilizations|website=salc.uchicago.edu|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> ([[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]], Kerala Marathi{{Sfn|Ghatage|1970}})
+* [[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]]
+* [[Judeo-Marathi]]
+| speakers         = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|83.247270|2}} million
 | date             = 2011
-| ref              = e22
+| ref              = e27
-| speakers2        = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|12.2|2}} million<ref name=e22/>
+| speakers2        = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|16.015600|2}} million (2011)<ref name=e27/>
+| speakers_label   = Speakers
 | familycolor      = Indo-European
 | fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
 | fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
-| fam4             = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Indo-Aryan]]
+| fam4             = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]
-| fam5             = [[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]]
+| fam5             = [[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]]
-| dia1             = [[Maharashtrian Konkani]]
+| dia1             = [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi Marathi]]
-| dia2             = [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi Marathi]]
+| dia2             = [[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]]
-| dia3             = [[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]]
+| dia3             = [[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]]
-| dia4             = [[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]]
+| dia4             = [[Judeo-Marathi]]
-| dia5             = [[Judeo-Marathi]]
+| ancestor         = [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]
-| ancestor         = [[Prakrit]]
+| script           = *[[Devanagari]] (official)<br/>([[Marathi phonology|Marathi alphabet]])
-| ancestor2 = [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]
+*[[Modi script|Modi]] (historical)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-modi-script-7758105/ | title=Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business | date=5 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/other-modi-wave-how-700-year-marathi-script-is-making-a-comeback/articleshow/70111334.cms | title='Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 July 2019 }}</ref>
-| script           = *[[Devanagari]] (official)
+*[[Arabic script]] (sometimes by [[Marathi Muslims]])
-*[[Devanagari Braille]]
+*[[Goykanadi]] (historical, sometimes)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/goykanadi.htm | title=Goykanadi script}}</ref>
-*[[Modi script]] (historical) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-modi-script-7758105/ | title=Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business | date=5 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/other-modi-wave-how-700-year-marathi-script-is-making-a-comeback/articleshow/70111334.cms | title='Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback &#124; Mumbai News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 July 2019 }}</ref>
+*[[Kadamba script|Kadamba]] (historical)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marathi.htm | title=Marathi language, alphabet and pronunciation}}</ref>
+*[[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] (historical)
 | sign             = [[Indian Signing System]]
-| nation           = {{IND}}
+| nation           = [[Official languages of India|India]]
 * [[Maharashtra]]
 * [[Goa]]<ref name="ic">{{cite web |title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6809/1/official_language_act.pdf |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=indiacode.nic.in }}</ref><ref name="goa"/> (additional)
@@ Line 56: / Line 69: @@
 | notice2          = IPA
 | map              = Marathi speaker map.svg
+| mapscale         = 1.0
 | mapcaption       = {{Legend|#2a7fff|regions where Marathi is the language of the majority or plurality}} {{Legend|#80b3ff|regions where Marathi is the language of a significant minority}}
-| map2              = File:Geographic distribution of Marathi language.png|
+| map2             = File:Geographic distribution of Marathi language.png|
-| mapcaption2       = Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.
+| mapcaption2      = Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.
-| map3             = Lang Status 99-NI.png
-| mapcaption3      = {{center|{{small|Marathi is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
 }}
-{{Constitutionally recognised languages in India}}
-'''Marathi''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> ''Marāṭhī'', मराठी {{IPA-mr|məˈɾaːʈʰiː|lang|MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] predominantly spoken by [[Marathi people]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is the official language of Maharashtra, and additional official language in the state of [[Goa]]. It is one of the 22 [[scheduled languages of India]], with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 11th in the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|list of languages with most native speakers in the world]]. Marathi has the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|third largest number]] of native speakers in India, after [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages.<ref>"arts, South Asian". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the [[Varhadi dialect]].<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African Language Library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=9789027238139|pages=101, 139}}</ref>
-Marathi distinguishes [[Clusivity|inclusive and exclusive]] forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way [[Grammatical gender|gender]] system, that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its [[phonology]], it contrasts [[apico-alveolar]] with [[alveopalatal]] [[affricates]] and [[alveolar lateral|alveolar]] with [[Retroflex lateral|retroflex]] laterals ({{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɭ]}} (Marathi letters {{lang|mr|ल}} and {{lang|mr|ळ}} respectively).{{Sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|pp=11–15}}
+'''Marathi''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}} {{respell|mə|RAH|tee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|mr|मराठी}}, {{lang|mr|𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲}}, {{Lang|mr|مراٹھی}}, {{Transliteration|mr|Marāṭhī}}, {{IPA|mr|məˈɾaːʈʰiː|pron|MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg}}) is a [[Classical languages of India|classical]] [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] predominantly spoken by the [[Marathi people]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] and is also spoken in [[Goa]], and parts of [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]] and the territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref name="dadra">[http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf|date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="C-16 Population By Mother Tongue">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1hg-aCdw_4C&dq=marathi+silvassa&pg=RA2-PA4 | title=N. E. R. Exam. | isbn=978-81-7482-464-6 | last1=Lal | first1=M. B. | date=2008 | publisher=Upkar Prakashan }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xabOEAAAQBAJ&dq=marathi+silvassa&pg=PA153 | title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic &#91;2 volumes&#93; | isbn=978-0-313-37463-0 | last1=Kaminsky | first1=Arnold P. | last2=Roger | first2=D. Long PH D. | date=23 September 2011 | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA}}</ref>
+It is the official language of Maharashtra, and an additional official language in the state of [[Goa]], where it is used for replies when requests are received in Marathi.
+It is one of the 22 [[scheduled languages of India]], with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 15th in the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|list of languages with the most native speakers in the world]]. Marathi has the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|third largest number]] of native speakers in India, after [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> Marathi has some of the oldest [[literature]] of all modern Indian languages.<ref>"arts, South Asian". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi Marathi]].<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African Language Library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=978-90-272-3813-9|pages=101, 139}}</ref> Marathi was designated as a [[classical languages of India|classical language]] by the [[Government of India]] in October 2024.<ref name="IT_Oct2024"/>
+Marathi distinguishes [[Clusivity|inclusive and exclusive]] forms of 'we' and possesses three [[Grammatical gender|genders]]: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Its [[phonology]] contrasts [[apico-alveolar]] with [[alveopalatal]] [[affricates]] and [[alveolar lateral|alveolar]] with [[Retroflex lateral|retroflex]] laterals ({{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɭ]}} (Marathi letters {{lang|mr|ल}} and {{lang|mr|ळ}} respectively).{{Sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|pp=11–15}}
 == History ==
 {{see also|Marathi literature}}
-[[File:Foot bahubali2.jpg|right|thumb|981 A.D. Marathi inscription at the foot of [[Bahubali|Bahubali statue]] at Jain temple in [[Shravanabelagola]] is the earliest known Marathi inscription found. It was derived from [[Prakrit language]]]]
+[[File:Foot bahubali2.jpg|right|thumb|981 CE, Maharashtri Prakrit inscription at the foot of [[Bahubali]] statue at [[Shravanabelagola]] [[Jain]] temple, [[Karnataka]]]]
-Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]] are derived from early forms of [[Prakrit]]. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. Further changes led to the formation of [[Apabhraṃśa|Jain Apabhraṃśa]] followed by Old Marathi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |author-link= |date=1997 |title=Marathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeNBEAAAQBAJ&q=jain&pg=PT24 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=xxxvii |isbn=0-415-00319-9}}</ref>
+Modern Indo-Aryan languages, including Marathi, that belong to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]] are derived from [[Prakrit]]s via [[Apabhraṃśa]]. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. Further changes led to the formation of [[Apabhraṃśa]], followed by Old Marathi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |date=1997 |title=Marathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeNBEAAAQBAJ&q=jain&pg=PT24 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=xxxvii |isbn=0-415-00319-9}}</ref>
-However, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that [[Apabhraṃśa]] was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect.{{sfn|Bloch|1970|p=32}}
+However, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that [[Apabhraṃśa]] was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indo-Aryan dialect.{{sfn|Bloch|1970|p=32}} Marathi, a derivative of
+[[Maharashtri]], is probably first attested in a 739&nbsp;CE [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] found in [[Satara district|Satara]]. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to [[Sanskrit]] or [[Kannada language|Kannada]] in these inscriptions.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the [[Shilahara]] rule, including a {{circa|1012 CE}} stone inscription from Akshi taluka of [[Raigad district]] and a 1060 or 1086&nbsp;CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (''[[agrahara]]'') to a Brahmin.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=53-54}} A 2-line 1118&nbsp;CE Prakrit inscription at [[Shravanabelagola]] records a grant by the [[Hoysala]]s. These inscriptions suggest that Prakrit was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, after the Gaha Sattasai, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=54}}
-The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 1st century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at [[Naneghat]], [[Junnar]] in [[Pune district]] had been written in Maharashtri using [[Brahmi script]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=384 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=D'Arms |first1=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |last2=Thurnau |first2=Arthur F. |last3=Alcock |first3=Susan E. |date=9 August 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77020-0 |page=168 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1974 |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=35–37 |language=en}}</ref> A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the [[Languages of India#Classical languages|Classical]] status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 1,500 - 2,000 years ago alongside [[Sanskrit]] as a [[sister language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/clamour-grows-for-marathi-to-be-given-classical-language-status/articleshow/63776578.cms|title=Clamour grows for Marathi to be given classical language status|author=Clara Lewis|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2018|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri [[Prakrit language]], is probably first attested in a 739 CE [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] found in [[Satara district|Satara]]. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to [[Sanskrit]] or [[Kannada language|Kannada]] in these inscriptions.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the [[Shilahara]] rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of [[Raigad district]], and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (''[[agrahara]]'') to a Brahmin.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=53-54}} A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription at [[Shravanabelagola]] records a grant by the [[Hoysala]]s. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=54}}
 === Yadava period ===
+{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
+After 1187&nbsp;CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=53-54}} Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadavas' attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking [[Hoysala]]s.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}}<ref name="Talbot2001">{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PR9|date=20 September 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=211–213}}</ref>
-After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=53-54}} Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking [[Hoysala]]s.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}}<ref name="Talbot2001">{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PR9|date=20 September 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=211–213}}</ref>
+Further growth and usage of the language occurred due to two religious sects – the [[Mahanubhava]] and [[Varkari]] ''[[panthan]]''s – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, [[medicine]], [[Puranas]], [[Vedanta]], kings and courtiers was created. ''Nalopakhyana'', ''Rukminiswayamvara'' and Shripati's ''Jyotisharatnamala'' (1039) are a few examples.
-Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the [[Mahanubhava]] and [[Varkari]] ''[[panthan]]''s – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, [[Puranas]], [[Vedanta]], kings and courtiers were created. ''Nalopakhyana'', ''Rukminiswayamvara'' and Shripati's ''Jyotisharatnamala'' (1039) are a few examples.
-The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, ''Vivēkasindhu'' ({{lang|mr|विवेकसिंधु}}), was written by [[Mukundaraj]]a, a [[Nath]] yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the [[Hindu philosophy]] and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of [[Shankaracharya]]. Mukundaraja's other work, ''Paramamrta,'' is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language
+The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, ''Vivēkasindhu'' ({{lang|mr|विवेकसिंधु}}), was written by [[Mukundaraj]]a, a [[Nath]] yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the [[Hindu philosophy]] and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of [[Shankaracharya]]. Mukundaraja's other work, ''Paramamrta,'' is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language.
-Notable examples of Marathi prose are "{{IAST|Līḷācarītra}}" ({{lang|mr|लीळाचरित्र}}), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of [[Chakradhar Swami]] of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The ''[[Leela Charitra|Līḷācarītra]]'' is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the ''Shri Govindaprabhucharitra'' or ''Ruddhipurcharitra'', a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', poetical works narrating the stories of the life of [[Krishna]] and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect.
+Notable examples of Marathi prose are "{{IAST|Līḷācarītra}}" ({{lang|mr|लीळाचरित्र}}), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled life of [[Chakradhar Swami]] of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The ''[[Leela Charitra|Līḷācarītra]]'' is considered to be the first [[biography]] written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the ''Shri Govindaprabhucharitra'' or ''Ruddhipurcharitra'', a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava [[sect]] made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. [[Mahanubhava]] literature generally comprises works that describe the [[incarnations]] of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', poetical works narrating the stories of the life of [[Krishna]] and grammatical and [[etymology|etymological]] works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of the sect.
 ===Medieval and Deccan Sultanate period===
-The 13th century Varkari saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' and ''[[Amrutanubhav]]a''.
+The 13th century Varkari saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' and ''[[Amrutanubhav]]a''.{{sfn|Mokashi|1987|p=39}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doderet |first1=W. |title=The Passive Voice of the Jnanesvari |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1926 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |jstor=607401 |issn=1356-1898}}</ref>
 Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi.{{sfn|Kher|1895|pp=446–454}} He is known for the ''Viveka-Siddhi'' and ''Parammruta'' which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox [[Advaita Vedanta|Vedantism]].
-The 16th century saint-poet [[Eknath]] (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keune|first1=Jon Milton|title=Eknāth Remembered and Reformed: Bhakti, Brahmans, and Untouchables in Marathi Historiography|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University press|location=New York, NY, USA|page=32|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10022/AC:P:11409|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> Mukteshwar translated the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into Marathi; [[Tukaram]] (1608–49) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 [[abhang]]s or devotional songs.<ref name="Greenwood Press">{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0313287787|page=209|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=dnyaneshwari+geeta+bhavarth+deepika&pg=PA207}}</ref>
+The 16th century saint-poet [[Eknath]] (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud.<ref>{{cite thesis|last1=Keune|first1=Jon Milton|title=Eknāth Remembered and Reformed: Bhakti, Brahmans, and Untouchables in Marathi Historiography|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University press|location=New York, New York, US|page=32|doi=10.7916/D8CN79VK |hdl=10022/AC:P:11409 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10022/AC:P:11409|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> Mukteshwar translated the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into Marathi; [[Tukaram]] (1608–1649) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 [[abhang]]s or devotional songs.<ref name="Greenwood Press">{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=209|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=dnyaneshwari+geeta+bhavarth+deepika&pg=PA207}}</ref> [[Manmath Swami|Manmathswamy]](1561–1631) wrote a large volume of poetry and literature in Marathi. The Shivparv Ambhag composed by him is still read with interest by [[Veerashaiva]] people of Marathwada. Apart from this, the Pararamrhasya, a spiritual book composed by him on Shatsthalsiddhanta, is also recited.<ref>{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=https://archive.org/details/param-rahasya-by-shri-manmath-swami-shaiva-bharati-varanasi |title=Param Rahasya By Shri Manmath Swami Shaiva Bharati Varanasi}}</ref>
-Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily [[Persian language in South Asia|Persian]]ised in its vocabulary.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1992|title=DECCAN (MAHARASHTRA) UNDER THE MUSLIM RULERS FROM KHALJIS TO SHIVAJI : A STUDY IN INTERACTION, PROFESSOR S.M KATRE Felicitation|jstor=42930434|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=51/52|pages=501–510|last1=Kulkarni|first1=G.T.}}</ref> The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand)<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|last1=Qasemi|first1=S. H.|title=MARATHI LANGUAGE, PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/marathi-language|website=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pathan |first1=Y. M. |title=Farsi-Marathi Anubandh (फारसी मराठी अनुबंध) |date=2006 |publisher=महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ |location=Mumbai |url=https://sahitya.marathi.gov.in/scans/Farsi-Marathi%20Anubandh.pdf |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Marathi also became language of administration during the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600-1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=marathi++nizamshahi+stewart+gordon&pg=PR9}}</ref> Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamat|first1=Jyotsna|title=The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm|website=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>
+Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily [[Persian language in South Asia|Persian]]ised in its vocabulary.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1992|title=Deccan (Maharashtra) Under the Muslim Rulers From Khaljis to Shivaji: a Study in Interaction, Professor S.M Katre Felicitation|jstor=42930434|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=51/52|pages=501–510|last1=Kulkarni|first1=G.T.}}</ref> The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand)<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|last1=Qasemi|first1=S. H.|title=Marathi Language, Persian Elements In|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/marathi-language|website=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pathan |first1=Y. M. |title=Farsi-Marathi Anubandh (फारसी मराठी अनुबंध) |date=2006 |publisher=महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ |location=Mumbai |url=https://sahitya.marathi.gov.in/scans/Farsi-Marathi%20Anubandh.pdf |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Marathi also became language of administration during the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600-1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=marathi++nizamshahi+stewart+gordon&pg=PR9}}</ref> Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamat|first1=Jyotsna|title=The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm|website=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>
 ===Maratha Empire===
-Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] beginning with the reign of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]. In his court, Shivaji Maharaj replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi.The Marathi language used in administrative documents also became less [[Persianization|persianised]]. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M. |title=The new Cambridge history of India|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-25484-1|page=154|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=Afanasy+Nikitin+bahamani&pg=PR12|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>.His reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=50|language=en}}</ref>  Shivaji Maharaj commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [[Arabic]] terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of ‘Rājavyavahārakośa’, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=50,60|language=en}}</ref> Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the empire northwards to [[Peshawar]], eastwards to [[Odisha]], and southwards to [[Thanjavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a number of [[Bakhar]]s (journals or narratives of histoical events)n written in Marathi and Modi script from this period.
+Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the [[Maratha Kingdom]] beginning with the reign of [[Shivaji]]. In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi. The Marathi language used in administrative documents also became less [[Persianised]]. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M. |title=The new Cambridge history of India|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-25484-1|page=154|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=Afanasy+Nikitin+bahamani&pg=PR12|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> His reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|page=50|language=en}}</ref> Shivaji Maharaj commissioned one of his officials, [[Khando Ballal|Balaji Avaji Chitnis]], to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [[Arabic]] terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of '[[Rajya Vyavahara Kosha|Rājavyavahārakośa]]', the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=50, 60|language=en}}</ref>
+Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the confederacy. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a number of [[Bakhar]]s (journals or narratives of historical events) written in Marathi and Modi script from this period.
 [[File:Ancient scriptures on the walls in Big Temple, Thanjavur - 2.JPG|right|thumb|Marathi inscription inside [[Brihadisvara temple]] complex, Thanjavur]]
 In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by [[Vaman Pandit]], Naladamayanti Swayamvara by [[Raghunath Pandit]], Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by [[Moropant]] were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the [[Peshwa]] period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints were written by [[Mahipati]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Callewaert|first1=Winand M.|last2=Snell|first2=Rupert|last3=Tulpule|first3=S G|title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India|date=1994|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden, Germany|isbn=3-447-03524-2|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&q=mahipati+&pg=PA159|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Greenwood Press"/>
-Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were [[Mukteshwar]] and [[Shridhar]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|editor-last1=Kosambi|editor-first1=Meera|last=Ranade|first=Ashok D.|title=Intersections : socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra|date=2000|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0863118241|pages=194–210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=anant+phandi&pg=PA194}}</ref> Mukteshwar was the grandson of [[Eknath]] and is the most distinguished poet in the ''Ovi'' meter. He is most known for translating the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]] in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the [[Pandharpur]] area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honor of warriors), and [[Lavani]] (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of [[Powada]] and [[Lavani]] songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and [[Honaji Bala]].<ref name="auto"/>
+Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were [[Mukteshwar]] and [[Shridhar]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|editor-last1=Kosambi|editor-first1=Meera|last=Ranade|first=Ashok D.|title=Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra|date=2000|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0-86311-824-1|pages=194–210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=anant+phandi&pg=PA194}}</ref> Mukteshwar was the grandson of [[Eknath]] and is the most distinguished poet in the ''Ovi'' meter. He is most known for translating the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]] in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the [[Pandharpur]] area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honour of warriors), and [[Lavani]] (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of [[Powada]] and [[Lavani]] songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and [[Honaji Bala]].<ref name="auto"/>
 ===British colonial period===
-The [[British Raj|British colonial period]] starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in [[Devanagari]]. Translations of the [[Bible]] were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the [[Marathi Christians|American Marathi mission]] and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ray|editor-first1=Mohit K.|last=Sawant|first=Sunil|title=Studies in translation|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788126909223|pages=134–135|edition=2nd rev. and enl.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Puy3WGwVWXoC&pg=PA133}}</ref> The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain [[James Thomas Molesworth]] and Major [[Thomas Candy]] in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.<ref>{{cite book|first1=James|last1=Molesworth|first2=Thomas|last2=Candy|others=Narayan G Kalelkar (preface)|title=Molesworth's, Marathi-English dictionary|year=1857 |edition=2nd <!-- |year=1975 corrected reprint -->|publisher=J.C. Furla, Shubhada Saraswat Prakashan|location=Pune|isbn=81-86411-57-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owHmI3qi_BIC&q=william+carey+printing++marathi+sharma+modi&pg=PP7}}</ref>
+The [[British Raj|British colonial period]] starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in [[Devanagari]]. Translations of the [[Bible]] were the first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the [[Marathi Christians|American Marathi mission]] and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginised Marathi called "Missionary Marathi" in the early 1800s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ray|editor-first1=Mohit K.|last=Sawant|first=Sunil|title=Studies in translation|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-269-0922-3|pages=134–135|edition=2nd rev. and enl.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Puy3WGwVWXoC&pg=PA133}}</ref> The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain [[James Thomas Molesworth]] and Major [[Thomas Candy]] in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.<ref>{{cite book|first1=James|last1=Molesworth|first2=Thomas|last2=Candy|others=Narayan G Kalelkar (preface)|title=Molesworth's, Marathi-English dictionary|year=1857 |edition=2nd <!-- |year=1975 corrected reprint -->|publisher=J.C. Furla, Shubhada Saraswat Prakashan|location=Pune|isbn=81-86411-57-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owHmI3qi_BIC&q=william+carey+printing++marathi+sharma+modi&pg=PP7}}</ref>
-The colonial authorities also worked on standardizing Marathi under the leadership of Molesworth and Candy. They used Brahmins of [[Pune]] for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Dilip|title=Language politics under colonialism : caste, class and language pedagogy in western India|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1443842501|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuIxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Dilip|title=Language politics under colonialism : caste, class and language pedagogy in western India|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1443842501|pages=136–184|edition=first|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuIxBwAAQBAJ&q=pune+standard+dialect&pg=PA148|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini |last=Deo|first=Shripad D.|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0313287787|page=212|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=pune+culture+theatre+movies&pg=PA207}}</ref><ref name="Rao1994">{{cite book|editor=Goparaju Sambasiva Rao|author=Rajyashree|title=Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC&pg=PA9|year=1994|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-057-7|pages=45–58}}</ref>
+The colonial authorities also worked on standardising Marathi under the leadership of Molesworth and Candy. They consulted Brahmins of [[Pune]] for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Dilip|title=Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1-4438-4250-1|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuIxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Dilip|title=Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1-4438-4250-1|pages=136–184|edition=first|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuIxBwAAQBAJ&q=pune+standard+dialect&pg=PA148|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini |last=Deo|first=Shripad D.|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=212|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=pune+culture+theatre+movies&pg=PA207}}</ref><ref name="Rao1994">{{cite book|editor=Goparaju Sambasiva Rao|author=Rajyashree|title=Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC&pg=PA9|year=1994|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-057-7|pages=45–58}}</ref>
-The first Marathi translation of the [[New Testament]] was published in 1811 by the [[Serampore Mission Press|Serampore press]] of William Carey.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=George|title=Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary|date=2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1536976120|page=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLa787pY5gMC&pg=PR1}}</ref> The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref>Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.</ref> Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. First Marathi periodical ''Dirghadarshan'' was started in 1840.
+The first Marathi translation of the [[New Testament]] was published in 1811 by the [[Serampore Mission Press|Serampore press]] of William Carey.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=George|title=Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary|date=2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-5369-7612-0|page=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLa787pY5gMC&pg=PR1}}</ref> The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref>Tucker, R., 1976. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348.</ref> Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. The First Marathi periodical ''Dirghadarshan'' was started in 1840.
 The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as ''[[Sangeet Natak]]'' also evolved.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govind|first=Ranjani|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/musical-drama-brings-epic-to-life/article27287694.ece|title=Musical drama brings epic to life|date=29 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 March 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Keshavasut]], the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885.
-The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of [[essayist]] [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]] with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticized social reformers like [[Jyotirao Phule|Phule]] and [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]]. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called [[Kesari (newspaper)|Kesari]] in 1881.<ref name="O'Hanlon2002">{{cite book|author=[[Polly O'Hanlon|Rosalind O'Hanlon]]|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC|date=22 August 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|page=288}}</ref> Later under the editorship of [[Lokmanya Tilak]], the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views.<ref name="rao2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = P.V. | s2cid = 143961063 | year = 2008 | title = Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part II–Higher Education | journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies | volume = 15 | issue = 1| pages = 141–148 | doi=10.1177/097152150701500108}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = P.V. | s2cid = 197651677 | year = 2007 | title = Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part I-Basic Education | journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies | volume = 14 | issue = 2| page = 307 | doi=10.1177/097152150701400206}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|author=Gail Omvedt|title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1974|volume=9|issue=6/8|pages=201–219|jstor=4363419}}</ref> Tilak was also opposed to intercaste marriage, particularly the match where an upper caste woman married a lower caste man.<ref name="jstor.org"/>  Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, ''[[Deenbandhu]]'' and ''Prabhakar'', that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini |last=Deo|first=Shripad D.|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0313287787|pages=213–214|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=pune+culture+theatre+movies&pg=PA207}}</ref> The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were [[Dadoba Pandurang|Tarkhadkar]], A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pardeshi|first1=Prashant|title=The Passive and Related Constructions in Marathi. Kobe papers in linguistics, 2, pp.123-146|date=2000|location=Kobe, Japan|pages=123–146|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81001549.pdf}}</ref>
+The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of [[essayist]] [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]] with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticised social reformers like [[Jyotirao Phule|Phule]] and [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]]. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] in 1881.<ref name="O'Hanlon2002">{{cite book|author=[[Polly O'Hanlon|Rosalind O'Hanlon]]|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC|date=22 August 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|page=288}}</ref> Later under the editorship of [[Lokmanya Tilak]], the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views.<ref name="rao2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = P.V. | s2cid = 143961063 | year = 2008 | title = Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part II–Higher Education | journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies | volume = 15 | issue = 1| pages = 141–148 | doi=10.1177/097152150701500108}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = P.V. | s2cid = 197651677 | year = 2007 | title = Women's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India: Part I-Basic Education | journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies | volume = 14 | issue = 2| page = 307 | doi=10.1177/097152150701400206}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|author=Gail Omvedt|title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1974|volume=9|issue=6/8|pages=201–219|jstor=4363419}}</ref> Phule and Deshmukh also started their periodicals, ''[[Deenbandhu]]'' and ''Prabhakar'', that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini |last=Deo|first=Shripad D.|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=213–214|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=pune+culture+theatre+movies&pg=PA207}}</ref> The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were [[Dadoba Pandurang|Tarkhadkar]], A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pardeshi |first1=Prashant |title=The Passive and Related Constructions in Marathi |series=Kobe papers in linguistics |issue=2 |date=2000 |location=Kobe, Japan |publisher=Kobe University |pages=123–146 |url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81001549.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070603/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/81001549.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>
-The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in [[Marathi literature]], drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar|N.C.Kelkar]]'s biographical writings, novels of [[Hari Narayan Apte]], [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]] and [[V. S. Khandekar]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]'s nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. In folk arts, [[Patthe Bapurao]] wrote many lavani songs during the late colonial period.
+The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in [[Marathi literature]], drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar|N.C. Kelkar]]'s biographical writings, novels of [[Hari Narayan Apte]], [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]] and [[V. S. Khandekar]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]'s nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. In folk arts, [[Patthe Bapurao]] wrote many lavani songs during the late colonial period.
-===Marathi since Indian independence===
+===Marathi since Indian independence in 1947===
 [[File:marathinewspapers.jpg|thumb| The popular [[List of Marathi-language newspapers|Marathi language newspapers]] at a newsstand in Mumbai, 2006]]
-After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], Marathi was accorded the status of a [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|scheduled language]] on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized, which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called ''[[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]'' (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the ''Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan'' (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers.
+After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], Marathi was accorded the status of a [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|scheduled language]] on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganised, which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called ''[[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]'' (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the ''Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan'' (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers.
-Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar's [[Yayati]], which won him the [[Jnanpith Award]]. Also [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond [[Maharashtra]]. [[P.L.Deshpande|P.L. Deshpande]] (popularly known as ''PuLa''), [[Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar]], [[P.K.Atre|P.K. Atre]], [[Prabodhankar Thackeray]] and Vishwas Patil are known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]] wrote Lavani's and folk songs for [[Tamasha]] artists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deshpande|first1=G. P.|title=Marathi Literature since Independence: Some Pleasures and Displeasures|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1997|volume=32|issue=44/45|pages=2885–2892|jstor=4406042}}</ref><ref>“अवलिया लोकसाहित्यीक”, "Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily”, Pune, 21-Nov-2021.</ref>
+Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of the 20th century include Khandekar's [[Yayati]], which won him the [[Jnanpith Award]]. Also [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond [[Maharashtra]]. [[P.L.Deshpande|P.L. Deshpande]] (popularly known as ''PuLa''), [[Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar]], [[P.K.Atre|P.K. Atre]], [[Prabodhankar Thackeray]] and Vishwas Patil are known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]] wrote Lavani's and folk songs for [[Tamasha]] artists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deshpande|first1=G. P.|title=Marathi Literature since Independence: Some Pleasures and Displeasures|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1997|volume=32|issue=44/45|pages=2885–2892|jstor=4406042}}</ref><ref>"अवलिया लोकसाहित्यीक", "Sakal, a leading Marathi Daily", Pune, 21 November 2021.</ref>
-In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of ''Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha'' (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at [[Mumbai]], a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, [[Jyotiba Phule]] and eminent dalit leader, Dr. [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India |last=Natarajan |first=Nalini |author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|chapter= Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-28778-3|page=363 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=Dalit+literature&pg=PA363 }}</ref> [[Baburao Bagul]] (1930–2008) was a pioneer of [[Dalit]] writings in Marathi.<ref name=han>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA368&dq=Baburao+Bagul&lr= Issues of Language and Representation: Babu Rao Bagul] ''Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India'', Editors: Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. {{ISBN|0-313-28778-3}}. '' Page 368''.</ref> His first collection of stories, ''Jevha Mi Jat Chorali'' ({{lang|mr|जेव्हा मी जात चोरली}}, "''When I Stole My Caste''"), published in 1963, created a stir in [[Marathi literature]] with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi.<ref name=sa>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&pg=PA409 Mother 1970] ''Indian short stories, 1900–2000'', by E.V. Ramakrishnan, I. V. Ramakrishnana. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. ''Page 217'', ''Page 409'' (Biography).</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1823&dq=Baburao+Bagul&lr=. Jevha Mi Jat Chorali Hoti (1963)] ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2''. Editors	Amaresh Datta. [[Sahitya Akademi]], 1988. {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}. ''Page 1823''.</ref> Gradually with other writers like [[Namdeo Dhasal]] (who founded [[Dalit Panther]]), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Of art, identity, and politics |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030702073745/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2 July 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2003 }}</ref> Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include [[Arun Kamble]], [[Shantabai Kamble]], [[Raja Dhale]], [[Namdev Dhasal]], [[Daya Pawar]], [[Annabhau Sathe]], [[Laxman Mane]], [[Laxman Gaikwad]], [[Sharankumar Limbale]], [[Bhau Panchbhai]], [[Kishor Shantabai Kale]], [[Narendra Jadhav]], [[Keshav Meshram]], [[Urmila Pawar]], Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, Kumud Pawde and Jyoti Lanjewar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Barkha |title=City hails Pantawane as 'father of Dalit literature' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/city-hails-pantawane-as-father-of-dalit-literature-mourn-his-passing-away/articleshow/63494065.cms |access-date=22 February 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deo |first1=Veena |title=Dalit Literaturetwenty-Five Years of Protest? Of Progress? |last2=Zelliot |first2=Eleanor |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1994 |volume= 29 |issue=2 |pages=41–67 |jstor=25797513}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldhaus |first1=Anne |title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion |date=1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=Jyoti+Lanjewar+news&pg=PA78 |access-date=22 February 2019|isbn=9780791428375 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/how-three-generations-of-dalit-women-writers-saw-their-identities-and-struggle-4984202/ |title=How three generations of Dalit women writers saw their identities and struggle? |website=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Maya Pandit |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref>
+In 1958 the term "[[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Maharashtra|Dalit literature]]" was used for the first time, when the first conference of ''Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha'' (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at [[Mumbai]], a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, [[Jyotiba Phule]] and eminent dalit leader, Dr. [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India |last=Natarajan |first=Nalini |author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|chapter= Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-28778-3|page=363 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=Dalit+literature&pg=PA363 }}</ref> [[Baburao Bagul]] (1930–2008) was a pioneer of [[Dalit]] writings in Marathi.<ref name=han>{{cite book |last1=Natarajan |first1=Nalini |last2=Nelson |first2=Emmanuel Sampath |title=Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India |date=9 September 1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-28778-7 |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=Baburao+Bagul&pg=PA368}}</ref> His first collection of stories, ''Jevha Mi Jat Chorali'' ({{lang|mr|जेव्हा मी जात चोरली}}, "''When I Stole My Caste''"), published in 1963, created a stir in [[Marathi literature]] with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi.<ref name=sa>{{cite book |last1=Rāmakr̥ṣṇan |first1=I. Vi |title=Indian Short Stories,1900-2000 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1091-2 |page=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&pg=PA409 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |page=1823 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Baburao+Bagul&pg=PA1823 |language=en}}</ref> Gradually with other writers like [[Namdeo Dhasal]] (who founded [[Dalit Panther]]), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Of art, identity, and politics |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030702073745/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm|archive-date= 2 July 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2003 }}</ref> Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include [[Arun Kamble]], [[Shantabai Kamble]], [[Raja Dhale]], [[Namdev Dhasal]], [[Daya Pawar]], [[Annabhau Sathe]], [[Laxman Mane]], [[Laxman Gaikwad]], [[Sharankumar Limbale]], [[Bhau Panchbhai]], [[Kishor Shantabai Kale]], [[Narendra Jadhav]], [[Keshav Meshram]], [[Urmila Pawar]], Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, [[Kumud Pawde]] and Jyoti Lanjewar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Barkha |title=City hails Pantawane as 'father of Dalit literature' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/city-hails-pantawane-as-father-of-dalit-literature-mourn-his-passing-away/articleshow/63494065.cms |access-date=22 February 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deo |first1=Veena |title=Dalit Literaturetwenty-Five Years of Protest? Of Progress? |last2=Zelliot |first2=Eleanor |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1994 |volume= 29 |issue=2 |pages=41–67 |jstor=25797513}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldhaus |first1=Anne |title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion |date=1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=Jyoti+Lanjewar+news&pg=PA78 |access-date=22 February 2019|isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/how-three-generations-of-dalit-women-writers-saw-their-identities-and-struggle-4984202/ |title=How three generations of Dalit women writers saw their identities and struggle? |website=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Maya Pandit |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref>
-In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to [[English-medium education|English medium schools]]. There is some concern that this may lead to the marginalization of the language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Assayag|first1=Jackie|last2=Fuller|first2=Christopher John|title=Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London, UK|isbn=1-84331-194-1|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLd5yo3JIgkC&q=marathi+maharashtra+school+english+medium&pg=PA141}}</ref>
+In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to [[English-medium education|English medium schools]]. There is some concern that this may lead to the marginalisation of the language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Assayag|first1=Jackie|last2=Fuller|first2=Christopher John|title=Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London, UK|isbn=1-84331-194-1|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLd5yo3JIgkC&q=marathi+maharashtra+school+english+medium&pg=PA141}}</ref>
 == Geographic distribution ==
-[[File:Marathi121312.png|thumb|Marathi language speakers in India (Census 2011)]]
+Marathi is primarily spoken in [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="eth" /> and parts of neighbouring states of [[Gujarat]] (majorly in [[Vadodara]], and among a small number of population in [[Surat]]), [[Madhya Pradesh]] (in the districts of [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]], [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]), [[Goa]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (in [[Thanjavur]]) and [[Karnataka]] (in the districts of [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Uttara Kannada|Karwar]], [[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]], [[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Bidar district|Bidar]]), [[Telangana]], union-territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="dadra"/><ref name="C-16 Population By Mother Tongue"/> The former Maratha ruled cities of [[Baroda]], [[Indore]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jabalpur]], and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] have had sizeable Marathi-speaking populations for centuries.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Marathi is also spoken by [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] migrants to other parts of India and overseas.<ref name="eth">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mar|title=Marathi|website=ethnologue.com}}</ref> For instance, the people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmcct.mu/userfiles/file/pdf/MARATHI%20REPORT%20AS%20AT%20090112final.pdf|title=Marathi Culture, History and Heritage in Mauritius|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Geographic distribution of Marathi language.png|thumb|Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.]]
-Marathi is primarily spoken in [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="eth" /> and parts of neighbouring states of [[Gujarat]] (majorly in [[Vadodara]], and amongst small amount of population in [[Surat]]), [[Madhya Pradesh]] (in the districts of [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]], [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]), [[Goa]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (in [[Thanjavur]]) and [[Karnataka]] (in the districts of [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Uttara Kannada|Karwar]], [[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]], [[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Bidar district|Bidar]]), [[Telangana]], union-territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="dadra">[http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf|date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> The former Maratha ruled cities of [[Baroda]], [[Indore]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jabalpur]], and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] have had sizable Marathi-speaking populations for centuries.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Marathi is also spoken by [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] migrants to other parts of India and overseas.<ref name="eth">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mar|title=Marathi|website=ethnologue.com}}</ref> For instance, the people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmcct.mu/userfiles/file/pdf/MARATHI%20REPORT%20AS%20AT%20090112final.pdf|title=Marathi Culture, History and Heritage in Mauritius|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Marathi Speaker Comparison Plain File.jpg|alt=Number of Marathi speakers is more than combined population of Germany and Netherlands.  |thumb|Poster showcasing comparison of Marathi language speakers with [[Demographics of Germany|Germany]] and [[Demography of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]. |290x290px]]
 There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh, and 1.52% in Gujarat.<ref name="auto1"/>
@@ Line 140: / Line 151: @@
 |-
 |{{AUS}}
-|13,100
+|22,300
-|2016 census
+|2021 census
 |-
 |{{CAN}}
-|8,300
+|19,600
-|2016 census
+|2021 census
+|-
+|{{OMN}}
+|14,000
+|2020
 |-
 |{{ISR}}
@@ Line 156: / Line 171: @@
 |-
 |{{NZ}}
-|2,900
+|4,770
-|2013 census
+|2018 census
 |-
 |{{flag|UK}}
-|6,410
+|11,600
-|2011 census
+|2021 census
 |-
 |{{flag|USA}}
-|73,600
+|147,000
-|2015 census
+|2021 census
 |}
 == Status ==
-Marathi is the [[official language]] of [[Maharashtra]] and additional official language in the state of [[Goa]].<ref name="ic"/> In [[Goa]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes in any case.<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm], pp. para 11.3 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919055657/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Marathi is included among the languages that stand apart of the Eighth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]], thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/shed08.htm|title=SCHEDULE|website=constitution.org}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] has submitted an application to the Ministry of Culture to grant ''[[Languages of India|classical language]]'' status to Marathi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi may become the sixth classical language|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-may-become-the-sixth-classical-language/1137485/0|access-date=25 June 2017|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>
+Marathi is the [[official language]] of [[Maharashtra]] and additional official language in the state of [[Goa]].<ref name="ic"/> In [[Goa]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for any or all official purposes in case any request is received in Marathi.<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm], pp. para 11.3 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919055657/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Marathi is included among the languages that are part of the Eighth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]], thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/shed08.htm|title=Schedule |website=constitution.org}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] has applied to the Ministry of Culture to grant [[Languages of India|classical language]] status to Marathi language, which was approved by the [[Government of India]] on 3 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi may become the sixth classical language|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-may-become-the-sixth-classical-language/1137485/0|access-date=25 June 2017|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="IT_Oct2024">{{cite magazine |last1=Kumar |first1=Vivek |last2=Roy |first2=Suryagni |date=3 October 2024 |title=Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali now among classical languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-bengali-classical-languages-2610800-2024-10-03 |magazine=India Today |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
-[[File:Rajya Marathi sanstha.PNG|thumb|Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://rmvs.maharashtra.gov.in/ |title=राज्य मराठी विकास संस्था |publisher=Rmvs.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> is the main regulator of Marathi]]
-The contemporary grammatical rules described by [[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] and endorsed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to [[tatsama]]s, words adapted from [[Sanskrit]]. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with the demands of new technical words whenever needed.
-In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/departmentinfo.php?ffac_code=1&fdept_code=11 |title=Dept. of Marathi, M.S. University of Baroda |publisher=Msubaroda.ac.in |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104231031/http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/departmentinfo.php?ffac_code=1&fdept_code=11 |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/ArtsCollege/marathi.htm|title=University College of Arts and Social Sciences|work=osmania.ac.in}}</ref> [[Karnataka University]] in [[Dharwad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kudacademics.org/departments|title=Departments and Faculty|author=kudadmin|work=kudacademics.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627153519/http://kudacademics.org/departments|archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> [[Gulbarga University]] in [[Kalaburagi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulbargauniversity.kar.nic.in/FacArt/Marathi.html|title=Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Marathi|work=kar.nic.in}}</ref> [[Devi Ahilya University]] in [[Indore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/|title=Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore|website=www.dauniv.ac.in|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Goa University]] in [[Goa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unigoa.ac.in/department.php?adepid=8 |title=Dept.of Marathi, Goa University |publisher=Unigoa.ac.in |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517213912/http://www.unigoa.ac.in/department.php?adepid=8 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatesofindia.com/index.php/inspiration/today-in-history/item/888-01-may-1960|title=01 May 1960...|website=www.unitedstatesofindia.com}}</ref>
+The contemporary grammatical rules described by [[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] and endorsed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to [[tatsama]]s, words adapted from [[Sanskrit]]. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with the demands of new technical words whenever needed. Currently there are many different dialects spoken across India for example, Konkani,Mumbaikar etc.
-Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet [[Kusumagraj]] (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marathimati.com/marathi-bhasha-diwas|title=मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी|website=www.marathimati.com}}</ref>
+In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/departmentinfo.php?ffac_code=1&fdept_code=11 |title=Dept. of Marathi, M.S. University of Baroda |publisher=Msubaroda.ac.in |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104231031/http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/departmentinfo.php?ffac_code=1&fdept_code=11 |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/ArtsCollege/marathi.htm|title=University College of Arts and Social Sciences|work=osmania.ac.in}}</ref> [[Karnataka University]] in [[Dharwad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kudacademics.org/departments|title=Departments and Faculty|author=kudadmin|work=kudacademics.org|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627153519/http://kudacademics.org/departments|archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> [[Gulbarga University]] in [[Kalaburagi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulbargauniversity.kar.nic.in/FacArt/Marathi.html|title=Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Marathi|work=kar.nic.in|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123518/http://www.gulbargauniversity.kar.nic.in/FacArt/Marathi.html}}</ref> [[Devi Ahilya University]] in [[Indore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/|title=Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore|website=www.dauniv.ac.in|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Goa University]] in [[Goa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unigoa.ac.in/department.php?adepid=8 |title=Dept.of Marathi, Goa University |publisher=Unigoa.ac.in |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517213912/http://www.unigoa.ac.in/department.php?adepid=8 |archive-date=17 May 2013 }}</ref> have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatesofindia.com/index.php/inspiration/today-in-history/item/888-01-may-1960|title=01 May 1960...|website=www.unitedstatesofindia.com|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123521/http://www.unitedstatesofindia.com/index.php/inspiration/today-in-history/item/888-01-may-1960}}</ref>
+Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet [[Kusumagraj]] (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marathimati.com/marathi-bhasha-diwas|title=मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी|website=www.marathimati.com|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525023926/http://www.marathimati.com/marathi-bhasha-diwas/}}</ref>
 == Dialects ==
@@ Line 185: / Line 200: @@
 === Varhadi ===
 {{main|Varhadi dialect}}
-''Varhadi'' (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडी) or ''Vaidarbhi'' (वैदर्भी) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
+''Varhadi'' (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडि) or ''Vaidarbhi'' (वैदर्भि) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
 In Marathi, the [[retroflex lateral approximant]] ''ḷ'' {{IPAblink|ɭ}} is common, while sometimes in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the [[palatal]] [[approximant]] ''y'' (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such [[phonetic]] shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another.
 === Zadi Boli ===
-Zaadi Boli or Zhaadiboli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.misalpav.com/node/30533|title=झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) {{!}} मिसळपाव|website=www.misalpav.com|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> ({{Lang|mr|झाडीबोली}}) is spoken in Zaadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and some parts of [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Jared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT695|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics|last2=Joseph|first2=Brian|last3=Fritz|first3=Matthias|date=25 September 2017|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-039324-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=देसाई|first=बापूराव|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXELAQAAMAAJ|title=महाराष्ट्रातील समग्र बोलींचे: लोकसाहित्यशास्त्रीय अध्ययन : महाराष्ट्रातूनच नव्हे तर भारतातून प्रथमतः एकाच ग्रंथात सर्व बोलींचे लोकसाहित्यशास्त्र संस्कृतीदर्शन|date=2006|publisher=अनघा प्रकाशन|page=79|language=mr}}</ref>
+Zaadi Boli or Zhaadiboli<ref name="misalpav.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.misalpav.com/node/30533|title=झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) {{!}} मिसळपाव|website=www.misalpav.com|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> ({{Lang|mr|झाडिबोलि}}) is spoken in Zaadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and some parts of [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Jared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT695|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics|last2=Joseph|first2=Brian|last3=Fritz|first3=Matthias|date=25 September 2017|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-039324-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=देसाई|first=बापूराव|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXELAQAAMAAJ|title=महाराष्ट्रातील समग्र बोलींचे: लोकसाहित्यशास्त्रीय अध्ययन: महाराष्ट्रातूनच नव्हे तर भारतातून प्रथमतः एकाच ग्रंथात सर्व बोलींचे लोकसाहित्यशास्त्र संस्कृतीदर्शन|date=2006|publisher=अनघा प्रकाशन|page=79|language=mr}}</ref>
 Zaadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this dialect of Marathi.
 === Southern Indian Marathi ===
-[[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]], Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi (Telangana), Kasaragod (north Kerala) and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to [[Southern India]]. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages<ref>{{cite web|url=https://salc.uchicago.edu/language-study/marathi|title=Marathi {{!}} South Asian Languages and Civilizations|website=salc.uchicago.edu|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=Linguistic Society of India. |page=161 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Linguistics/fCmz4B8I62QC?hl=en |language=en}}</ref>
+[[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]] तञ्जावूर् मराठि, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi (Telangana), Kasaragod (north Kerala) and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to [[Southern India]]. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages<ref name="salc.uchicago.edu">{{cite web|url=https://salc.uchicago.edu/language-study/marathi|title=Marathi {{!}} South Asian Languages and Civilizations|website=salc.uchicago.edu|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Indian Linguistics">{{cite book |title=Indian Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=Linguistic Society of India. |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCmz4B8I62QC |language=en}}</ref>
 === Other ===
 * [[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]], spoken in [[Tanjore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
 * [[Judeo-Marathi|Judæo-Marathi]], spoken by the [[Bene Israel]] Jews
-*[[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]], spoken by the Indian Christian [[East Indians|East Indian]] ethno-religious group
+*[[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]], spoken by the Indian Christian [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian]] ethno-religious group
 Other [[Marathi–Konkani languages]] and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]], Sangameshwari, [[Agri dialect|Agri]], [[Andh language|Andh]], [[Varli language|Warli]], [[Phudagi|Vadvali]] and [[Kadodi language|Samavedi]].
@@ Line 206: / Line 222: @@
 {{Main|Marathi phonology}}
-== Writing ==
+== Writing systems ==
-[[File:Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png|thumb|[[Modi script]] was used to write Marathi]]
+[[File:Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png|thumb|[[Modi script]] was used to write Marathi.]]
 {{Main|Devanagari|Balbodh|Modi script}}
 [[File:Marathi Modi script stamp.png|thumb|An effort to conserve the "Modi Script" under [[India Posts|India Post]]'s My Stamp scheme. Here, the word 'Marathi' is printed in the "[[Modi alphabet|Modi Script]]".]]
-The [[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba script]] and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|title=Marathi of a single type: the demise of the Modi script|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=May 2017|volume=51|issue=3|pages=662–685|doi=10.1017/S0026749X15000542|s2cid=148081127}}</ref> The Marathi version of [[Devanagari]], called ''Balbodh'', is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Some words in Marathi preserve the [[schwa]], which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the [[anuswara]], is pronounced as 'khara'. The anuswara in this case is used to avoid [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]] in pronunciation; most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in 19th century, Marathi was written in the [[Modi script]] for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. Except for Father Stephen's [[Krista Purana]] in the [[Latin script]] in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Goparaju Sambasiva|title=Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|date=1994|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7188-057-6|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC&q=marathi+print+carey+script&pg=PA27}}</ref>
+The [[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba script]] and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|title=Marathi of a single type: the demise of the Modi script|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=May 2017|volume=51|issue=3|pages=662–685|doi=10.1017/S0026749X15000542|s2cid=148081127}}</ref> The Marathi version of [[Devanagari]], called ''Balbodh'', is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Some words in Marathi preserve the [[schwa]], which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the [[anuswara]], is pronounced as 'khara'. The anuswara in this case is used to avoid [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]] in pronunciation; most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in the 19th century, Marathi was written in the [[Modi script]] for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. Except for Father Thomas Stephens' [[Krista Purana]] in the [[Latin script]] in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Goparaju Sambasiva|title=Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|date=1994|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7188-057-6|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC&q=marathi+print+carey+script&pg=PA27}}</ref>
-=== Devanagari ===
+=== Brahmic script (Devanagari) ===
-Marathi is usually written in the ''[[Balbodh]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Indian Languages|last = Masica|first = Colin P.|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1993|isbn = 9780521299442|page = 437|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC|author-link = Colin Masica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082658/https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 9788171880577|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://research.ijcaonline.org/ncipet/number10/ncipet1078.pdf|title = A Comparative Study of Handwritten Marathi Character Recognition|last1 = Ajmire|first1 = P.E.|date = 22 March 2013|journal = International Journal of Computer Applications|first2 = RV|last2 = Dharaskar|first3 = V M|last3 = Thakare|at = INTRODUCTION|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207081847/http://research.ijcaonline.org/ncipet/number10/ncipet1078.pdf|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf|title = Reviving the Modi Script|date = 28 February 2014|website = Typoday|last = Bhimraoji|first = Rajendra|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082007/http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref> version of [[Devanagari]] script, an [[abugida]] consisting of 36 [[consonant]] letters and 16 initial-[[vowel]] letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are additional letters in the Marathi alphabet and Western punctuation is used.
+Marathi is usually written in the ''[[Balbodh]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Indian Languages|last = Masica|first = Colin P.|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-521-29944-2|page = 437|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC|author-link = Colin Masica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082658/https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 978-81-7188-057-7|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://research.ijcaonline.org/ncipet/number10/ncipet1078.pdf|title = A Comparative Study of Handwritten Marathi Character Recognition|last1 = Ajmire|first1 = P.E.|date = 22 March 2013|journal = International Journal of Computer Applications|first2 = RV|last2 = Dharaskar|first3 = V M|last3 = Thakare|at = Introduction|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207081847/http://research.ijcaonline.org/ncipet/number10/ncipet1078.pdf|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf|title = Reviving the Modi Script|date = 28 February 2014|website = Typoday|last = Bhimraoji|first = Rajendra|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082007/http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf|archive-date = 7 December 2014}}</ref> version of [[Devanagari]] script, an [[abugida]] consisting of 36 [[consonant]] letters and 16 initial-[[vowel]] letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are additional letters in the Marathi alphabet and Western punctuation is used.
-William Carey in 1807 Observed that as with other parts of India, a traditional [[Digraphia|duality]] existed in script usage between Devanagari for religious texts, and [[Modi script|Modi]] for commerce and administration. {{quotation|Although in the ''Mahratta'' country the ''Devanagari'' character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the ''Nagari'', though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond.<ref>Carey, William. "Memoir Relative to the Translations" 1807: Serampore Mission Press.</ref>}}
+William Carey in 1807 Observed that as with other parts of India, a traditional [[Digraphia|duality]] existed in script usage between Devanagari for religious texts, and [[Modi script|Modi]] for commerce and administration. {{blockquote|Although in the ''Mahratta'' country the ''Devanagari'' character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the ''Nagari'', though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond.<ref>Carey, William. "Memoir Relative to the Translations" 1807: Serampore Mission Press.</ref>}}
-[[Vowels]]
+====Vowels====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
-! Devanagari
+! Devanagari !! Transliterated !! IPA !! Pronunciation
-| अ || आ || इ || ई || उ || ऊ || ऋ || ए || ऐ || ओ || औ || अं || अः || ॲ || ऑ
 |-
-! Transliterated
+| अ ||  a || {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv01-a.ogg|title=a|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
-| a || ā || i || ī || u || ū || r̥ || e || ai || o || au || aṁ || aḥ || ê || ô
 |-
-! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
+| आ || ā || {{IPA|/a(ː)/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv02-aa.ogg|title=aa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
-| {{IPAblink|ə}} || {{IPAblink|a}} || {{IPAblink|i}} || [iː] || {{IPAblink|u}} || [uː] || [ru] ||{{IPAblink|e}} || {{IPA|[əi]}} || {{IPAblink|o}} || {{IPA|[əu]}} || {{IPA|[əm]}} || {{IPA|[əɦa]}} || {{IPAblink|æ}} || {{IPAblink|ɒ}}
+|-
+| इ || i || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv03-i.ogg|title=i|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ई || ī || {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv04-ee.ogg|title=ee|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| उ || u || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv05-u.ogg|title=u|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ऊ || ū || {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv06-oo.ogg|title=oo|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ऋ || ṛ || {{IPA|/ru/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv13-ru.ogg|title=ru|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ए || e || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv07-e.ogg|title=a|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ऐ || ai || {{IPA|/əi/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv08-aii.ogg|title=aii|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| ओ || o || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv09-o.ogg|title=o|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| औ || au || {{IPA|/əu/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv10-ouu.ogg|title=ouu|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| अं || aṃ || {{IPA|/əm/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv11-um.ogg|title=um|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|-
+| अः || aḥ || {{IPA|/əɦə/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv12-aha.ogg|title=aha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |}
-Vowel ligatures with Consonant क/ka
+====Consonants====
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-|- class="Unicode"
+! | {{lang|mr|क}} || {{lang|mr|ख}} || {{lang|mr|ग}} || {{lang|mr|घ}} || {{lang|mr|ङ}}
-||<big>क</big>||<big>का</big>||<big>कि</big>||<big>की</big>||<big>कु</big>||<big>कू</big>||<big>कृ</big>||<big>के</big>||<big>कै</big>||<big>को</big>||<big>कौ</big>||<big>कं</big>||<big>कः</big>||<big>कॅ</big>||<big>कॉ</big>
-|- class="Unicode"
-||ka||kā||ki||kī||ku||kū||kr̥||ke||kai||ko||kau||kaṁ||kaḥ||kê||kô
-|}
-[[Consonants]]
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-||क्||<big>ख्</big>||<big>ग्</big>||<big>घ्</big>||<big>ङ्</big>
-|-
-||k||kh||g||gh||ṅ
 |-
-||<big>च्</big>||<big>छ्</big>||<big>ज्</big>||<big>झ्</big>||<big>ञ्</big>
+| {{IAST|ka}}<br/>{{IPA|/kə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR01-ka.ogg|title=ka|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|kha}}<br/>{{IPA|/kʰə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR02-kha.ogg|title=kha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ga}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɡə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR03-ga.ogg|title=ga|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|gha}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɡʱə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR04-gha.ogg|title=gha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ṅa}}<br/>({{IPA|/ŋə/}}){{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR05-nga.ogg|title=nga|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |-
-||c||ch||j||jh||ñ
+! | {{lang|mr|च}} || {{lang|mr|छ}} || {{lang|mr|ज}} || {{lang|mr|झ}} || {{lang|mr|ञ}}
 |-
-||<big>ट्</big>||<big>ठ्</big>||<big>ड्</big>||<big>ढ्</big>||<big>ण्</big>
+| {{IAST|ca}}, {{Transliteration|mr|ċa}}<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ɕə/}} or {{IPA|/t͡sə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR06-cha.ogg|title=cha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|cha}} <br/>{{IPA|/t͡ɕʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR07-chha.ogg|title=chha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ja}}, {{Transliteration|mr|j̈a}}<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʑə/}} or {{IPA|/d͡zə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR08-ja.ogg|title=ja|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|jha}}, {{Transliteration|mr|j̈ha}}<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʑʱə/}} or {{IPA|/d͡zʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR09-jha.ogg|title=jha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ña}} <br/>({{IPA|/ɲə/}}){{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR10-nya.ogg|title=nya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |-
-||ṭ||ṭh||ḍ||ḍh||ṇ
+! | {{lang|mr|ट}} || {{lang|mr|ठ}} || {{lang|mr|ड}} || {{lang|mr|ढ}} || {{lang|mr|ण}}
 |-
-||<big>त्</big>||<big>थ्</big>||<big>द्</big>||<big>ध्</big>||<big>न्</big>
+| {{IAST|ṭa}}<br/>{{IPA|/ʈə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR11-Ta.ogg|title=Ta|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ṭha}}<br/>{{IPA|/ʈʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR12-Tha.ogg|title=Tha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ḍa}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɖə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR13-Da.ogg|title=Da|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ḍha}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɖʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR14-Dha.ogg|title=Dha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ṇa}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɳə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR15-Na.ogg|title=Na|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |-
-||t||th||d||dh||n
+! | {{lang|mr|त}} || {{lang|mr|थ}} || {{lang|mr|द}} || {{lang|mr|ध}} || {{lang|mr|न}}
 |-
-||<big>प्</big>||<big>फ्</big>||<big>ब्</big>||<big>भ्</big>||<big>म्</big>
+| {{IAST|ta}}<br/>{{IPA|/tə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR16-ta.ogg|title=ta|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|tha}}<br/>{{IPA|/tʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR17-tha.ogg|title=tha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|da}}<br/>{{IPA|/də/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR18-da.ogg|title=da|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|dha}}<br/>{{IPA|/dʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR19-dha.ogg|title=dha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|na}}<br/>{{IPA|/nə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR20-na.ogg|title=na|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |-
-||p||ph||b||bh||m
+! | {{lang|mr|प}} || {{lang|mr|फ}} || {{lang|mr|ब}} || {{lang|mr|भ}} || {{lang|mr|म}}
 |-
-||<big>य्</big>||<big>र्</big>||<big>{{Lang|mr|ल}}</big>||<big>व्</big>
+| {{IAST|pa}}<br/>{{IPA|/pə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR21-pa.ogg|title=pa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|pha}}<br/>{{IPA|/pʰə/}} or {{IPA|/fə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR22-pha.ogg|title=pha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ba}}<br/>{{IPA|/bə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR23-ba.ogg|title=ba|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|bha}}<br/>{{IPA|/bʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR24-bha.ogg|title=bha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ma}}<br/>{{IPA|/mə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR25-ma.ogg|title=ma|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |-
-||y||r||l||v
+! | {{lang|mr|य}} || {{lang|mr|र}} || {{lang|mr|ल}} || {{lang|mr|व}} ||
 |-
-||<big>श</big>||<big>ष्</big>||<big>स्</big>||<big>ह्</big>||<big>ळ्</big>
+| {{IAST|ya}}<br/>{{IPA|/jə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR26-ya.ogg|title=ya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ra}}<br/>{{IPA|/rə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR27-ra.ogg|title=ra|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|la}}<br/>{{IPA|/lə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR28-la.ogg|title=la|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|va}}<br/>{{IPA|/ʋə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR29-wa.ogg|title=wa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+|
 |-
-||ś||ṣ||s||h||ḷ
+! | {{lang|mr|श}} || {{lang|mr|ष}} || {{lang|mr|स}} || {{lang|mr|ह}} ||
 |-
-||<big>क्ष्</big>||<big>ज्ञ्</big>
+| {{IAST|śa}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɕə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR30-sha.ogg|title=sha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ṣa}}<br/>{{IPA|/ʂə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR31-sha2.ogg|title=sha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|sa}}<br/>{{IPA|/sə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR32-sa.ogg|title=sa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|ha}}<br/>{{IPA|/ɦə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR33-ha.ogg|title=ha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |
 |-
-||kṣ||jñ
+! | {{lang|mr|ळ}} || {{lang|mr|क्ष}} || {{lang|mr|ज्ञ}} || ||
-|
+|-
+| {{IAST|ḷa}}<br/>{{IPA|/𝼈ə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR34-La.ogg|title=La|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|kṣa}}<br/>{{IPA|/kʂə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR35-ksha.ogg|title=ksha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
+| {{IAST|jña}}<br/>{{IPA|/dɲə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR36-dnya.ogg|title=dnya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 |
 |
 |}
-It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.
+It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different from that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.
+==== Example of consonant–vowel combination ====
+Combination of the vowels with K:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+! Script || Pronunciation (IPA)
+|-
+| क || {{IPA|/kə/}}
+|-
+| का || {{IPA|/kaː/}}
+|-
+| कि || {{IPA|/ki/}}
+|-
+| की || {{IPA|/kiː/}}
+|-
+| कु || {{IPA|/ku/}}
+|-
+| कू || {{IPA|/kuː/}}
+|-
+| कृ || {{IPA|/kru/}}
+|-
+| के || {{IPA|/ke/}}
+|-
+| कै || {{IPA|/kəi̯/}}
+|-
+| को || {{IPA|/ko/}}
+|-
+| कौ || {{IPA|/kəu̯/}}
+|-
+| कं || {{IPA|/kəm/}}
+|-
+| कः || {{IPA|/kəɦ(ə)/}}
+|}
-=== The Modi alphabet ===
+=== The Modi script ===
-{{See also|Modi alphabet}}
+{{See also|Modi script}}
-From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the [[Modi alphabet]], a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.<ref>[http://marathimodi.tripod.com/home.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210222/http://marathimodi.tripod.com/home.html|date=16 May 2008}}</ref>
-''See Also:'' [[Khando Ballal|Khando Ballal Chitnis]] (The son of the Balaji Avaji [[Chitnis]], the man who created the official Modi Script.
+From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the [[Modi alphabet|Modi script]], a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.<ref>[http://marathimodi.tripod.com/home.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210222/http://marathimodi.tripod.com/home.html|date=16 May 2008}}</ref>
 === Consonant clusters in Devanagari ===
@@ Line 312: / Line 397: @@
 === Eyelash reph/raphar ===
-{{See also|Zero-width joiner|Virama}}The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence <big>[</big><big>ra</big> र <big>] </big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big> and <big>[</big><big>rra</big> ऱ <big>]</big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big>.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p8/utcdoc.html|title = Devanagari Eyelash Ra|date = 7 November 2004|website = The Unicode Consortium|last = Indic Working Group|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105648/http://unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p8/utcdoc.html|archive-date = 27 May 2014}}</ref> In Marathi, when ‘र’ is the first consonant of a [[consonant cluster]] and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Learning Marathi|last1 = Kalyan|first1 = Kale|publisher = Shri Vishakha Prakashan|year = 1986|location = Pune|page = 26|last2 = Soman|first2 = Anjali}}</ref>
+{{See also|Zero-width joiner|Virama}}The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence <big>[</big><big>ra</big> र <big>] </big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big> and <big>[</big><big>rra</big> ऱ <big>]</big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big>.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p8/utcdoc.html|title = Devanagari Eyelash Ra|date = 7 November 2004|website = The Unicode Consortium|last = Indic Working Group|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105648/http://unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p8/utcdoc.html|archive-date = 27 May 2014}}</ref> In Marathi, when 'र' is the first consonant of a [[consonant cluster]] and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Learning Marathi|last1 = Kalyan|first1 = Kale|publisher = Shri Vishakha Prakashan|year = 1986|location = Pune|page = 26|last2 = Soman|first2 = Anjali}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 330: / Line 415: @@
 |}
-==== Minimal pairs<ref>{{Cite book|title = Typography of Devanagari-1|last = Naik|first = B.S.|publisher = Directorate of Languages|year = 1971|location = Bombay}}</ref> ====
+==== Minimal pairs ====
+Source:<ref>{{Cite book|title = Typography of Devanagari-1|last = Naik|first = B.S.|publisher = Directorate of Languages|year = 1971|location = Bombay}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 344: / Line 430: @@
 === Braille ===
 In February 2008, [[Swagat Thorat]] published India's first Braille newspaper, the Marathi ''Sparshdnyan'', a news, politics and current affairs fort nightly magazine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Sudha |title=Marathi magazine to be launched in Feb is first Braille fortnightly |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/4vVRvrvpIu68VzrnvfDvwL/Marathi-magazine-to-be-launched-in-Feb-is-first-Braille-fort.html |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=mint |date=15 January 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
+=== Arabic Script (Nastaliq) ===
+The [[Arabic script]] is used to write Marathi by the [[Marathi Muslims]], particularly in northern parts of [[Maharashtra]]. However, the majority of the Marathi Muslims uses the official [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] in [[Devanagari]] to write the language and only some people uses the [[Nastaliq]] style, along with [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]]).
 == Grammar ==
 {{Main|Marathi grammar}}
 Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. [[Jainism|Jain]] Acharya [[Hemachandra]] is the grammarian of [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi grammar was printed in 1805 by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]].
@@ Line 368: / Line 458: @@
 | publisher = Macmillan Publishers, India
 | contribution-url = http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~pb/papers/icon11-marathi-kridant.pdf
-}}</ref> and also to a certain extent the use of the two [[anaphoric pronoun]]s {{transl|mr|swətah}} and {{transl|mr|apəṇ}}.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=263}} Numerous scholars have noted the existence of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polomé|first1=Edgar C.|title=Reconstructing Languages and Cultures|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|page=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIj-nZWsX_0C&q=dravidian+marathi&pg=PA521|isbn=9783110867923|date=1 January 1992}}</ref>
+}}</ref> and also to a certain extent the use of the two [[anaphoric pronoun]]s {{transliteration|mr|swətah}} and {{transliteration|mr|apəṇ}}.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=263}} Numerous scholars have noted the existence of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polomé|first1=Edgar C.|title=Reconstructing Languages and Cultures|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|page=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIj-nZWsX_0C&q=dravidian+marathi&pg=PA521|isbn=978-3-11-086792-3|date=1 January 1992}}</ref>
 == Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages ==
-[[File:Marathi sign board.JPG|thumb|Marathi neon signboard at [[Maharashtra Police]] headquarters in Mumbai.]]
+[[File:Marathi sign board.JPG|thumb|Marathi neon signboard at [[Maharashtra Police]] headquarters in Mumbai]]
 Marathi is primarily influenced by [[Prakrit]], [[Maharashtri]], and [[Apabhraṃśa]]. Formal Marathi draws literary and technical vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Bloch1970">{{cite book|author=J. Bloch|title=Formation of the Marathi Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2322-8|pages=33,180}}</ref>
-Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian [[Dravidian languages]].<ref name="Bloch1970"/> Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/> [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]] romance languages such as [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and other European languages.<ref name="Bloch1970"/>
+Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian [[Dravidian languages]].<ref name="Bloch1970"/> Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/> [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]], and European romance languages such as [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and other European languages.<ref name="Bloch1970"/>
+=== Dravidian Influence ===
+Spoken in the historically active region of the [[Deccan Plateau]], the language has been subject to contact and mostly one-way influence with the surrounding Dravidian languages. Up to 5% of Marathi's basic vocabulary is of a Dravidian origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |date=2005 |title=Prehistoric Implications of the Dravidian element in the NIA lexicon, with special attention to Marathi. |url=https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~fsouth/DravidianElement.pdf |journal=IJDL. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics}}</ref> According to various scholars like Bloch (1970) and Southworth (1971), Marathi's very origins can be traced to a ''[[pidgin]]'' or a [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] origin with surrounding Dravidian language.<ref>Southworth, F. C. (1971). Detecting prior creolization: an analysis of the historical origins of Marathi Franklin C. Southworth; In: ''Hymes, Dell, Pidginization and creolization of languages : proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968.''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The formation of the Marathi language, by Jules Bloch. Translated by Dev Raj Chanana - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2673661 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
 === Morphology and etymology ===
@@ Line 384: / Line 477: @@
 * ''Jamin'': "land" borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''zamin''
 * ''Kaydā'': "law" borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''qaeda''
+* "Mahiti" : "information" borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] "Mahiyya"
 * ''Jāhirāt'': "advertisement" is derived from Arabic ''zaahiraat''
 * ''Marjī'': "wish" is derived from Persian ''marzi''
@@ Line 394: / Line 488: @@
 ===Compounds===
-Marathi uses many [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] processes to join words together, forming [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]]. For example, ''ati'' + ''uttam'' gives the word ''atyuttam'', ''miith-bhaakar'' ("salt-bread"), ''udyog-patii'' ("businessman"), ''ashṭa-bhujaa'' ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).
+Marathi uses many [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] processes to join words together, forming [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]]. For example, ''ati'' + ''uttam'' gives the word ''atyuttam'', Ganesh + Utsav = Ganeshotsav, ''miith-bhaakar'' ("salt-bread"), ''udyog-patii'' ("businessman"), ''ashṭa-bhujaa'' ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).
 === Counting ===
@@ Line 405: / Line 499: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! Number power to 10 !! Marathi Number name<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/bhagvatjee/vraamaayan/notesa/41numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Oocities.org |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sushma Gupta |url=http://sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Sushmajee.com |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051359/http://www.sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref>!!In [[Devanagari]]
+! Number power to 10 !! Marathi Number name<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/bhagvatjee/vraamaayan/notesa/41numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Oocities.org |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sushma Gupta |url=http://sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Sushmajee.com |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051359/http://www.sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref>!!In [[Devanagari]]
 |-
 | 10<sup>0</sup>  || Eka, Ekaka || एक/एकक
@@ Line 467: / Line 561: @@
 ==Marathi on computers and the Internet==
-Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, [[Kiran fonts]] KF-Kiran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiranfont.com/ |title=Welcome to www.kiranfont.com |publisher=Kiranfont.com |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031154146/http://www.kiranfont.com/ |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> and many more (about 48) are [[clip font]]s that were used prior to the introduction of [[Unicode]] standard for [[Devanagari script]]. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on [[internet]] since those did not have [[Unicode]] compatibility.
+Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, [[Kiran fonts]] KF-Kiran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiranfont.com/ |title=Welcome to www.kiranfont.com |publisher=Kiranfont.com |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031154146/http://www.kiranfont.com/ |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> and many more (about 48) are [[clip font]]s that were used prior to the introduction of [[Unicode]] standard for [[Devanagari script]]. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on [[internet]] since those did not have [[Unicode]] compatibility.
-Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and [[Internet]] services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localization projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[macOS]]. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the [[Marathi Wikipedia|Marathi language Wikipedia]], with 76,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20070219/technology01.shtml |title=Inside the Indian Blogosphere |access-date=10 October 2008 |last=Askari |first=Faiz |publisher=Express Computer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004182304/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20070219/technology01.shtml |archive-date=4 October 2008 }}</ref>
+Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and [[Internet]] services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localisation projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[macOS]]. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the [[Marathi Bharatpedia|Marathi language Bharatpedia]], with 76,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20070219/technology01.shtml |title=Inside the Indian Blogosphere |access-date=10 October 2008 |last=Askari |first=Faiz |publisher=Express Computer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004182304/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20070219/technology01.shtml |archive-date=4 October 2008 }}</ref>
 ==Natural language processing for Marathi==
 More recent attention has focused on developing [[natural language processing]] tools for Marathi. Some studies proposed a couple of [[text corpora]] for Marathi. L3CubeMahaSent<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Atharva |last1=Kulkarni |first2=Meet|last2=Mandhane|first3=Manali|last3=Likhitkar|first4=Gayatri|last4=Kshirsagar|first5=Raviraj|last5=Joshi|title=L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Dataset |conference=Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis |pages=213–220 |date=2021 |location=Online |url=https://aclanthology.org/2021.wassa-1.23.pdf}}</ref> is the first major publicly available Marathi dataset for [[sentiment analysis]]. It contains about 16,000 distinct tweets classified into three broad classes, such as positive, negative, and neutral. L3Cube-MahaNER
-<ref>{{cite arXiv | last1       =Patil | first1      =Parth | last2       =Ranade | first2      =Aparna | last3       =Sabane | first3      =Maithili | last4       =Litake | first4      =Onkar| last5       =Joshi | first5      =Raviraj | eprint     =2204.06029 | title      =L3Cube-MahaNER: A Marathi Named Entity Recognition Dataset and BERT models | class      =cs.CL | date       =12 April 2022 }}</ref> is a dataset for [[named-entity recognition]] consisting of 25,000 manually tagged sentences categorized according to the eight entity classes. There are at least two public available datasets for [[hate speech]] detection in Marathi: L3Cube-MahaHate
+<ref>{{cite arXiv | last1       =Patil | first1      =Parth | last2       =Ranade | first2      =Aparna | last3       =Sabane | first3      =Maithili | last4       =Litake | first4      =Onkar| last5       =Joshi | first5      =Raviraj | eprint     =2204.06029 | title      =L3Cube-MahaNER: A Marathi Named Entity Recognition Dataset and BERT models | class      =cs.CL | date       =12 April 2022 }}</ref> is a dataset for [[named-entity recognition]] consisting of 25,000 manually tagged sentences categorised according to the eight entity classes. There are at least two public available datasets for [[hate speech]] detection in Marathi: L3Cube-MahaHate
 <ref>{{cite arXiv | last1       =Velankar | first1      =Abhishek | last2       =Patil | first2      =Hrushikes | last3       =Gore | first3      =Amol | last4       =Salunke | first4      =Shubham| last5       =Joshi | first5      =Raviraj | eprint     =2203.13778 | title      =L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT models | class      =cs.CL | date       =22 May 2022 }}</ref> and HASOC2021.<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Sandip |last1=Modha |first2=Thomas|last2=Mandl|first3=Gautam Kishore|last3=Shahi|first4=Hiren|last4=Madhu|first5=Shrey|last5=Satapara|first6=Tharindu |last6=Ranasinghe|first7=Marcos|last7=Zampieri|title=Overview of the HASOC subtrack at FIRE 2021: Hate speech and offensive content identification in English and Indo-Aryan languages and conversational hate speech |conference=Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation |pages=1–3 |date=2021 |location=Online |doi=10.1145/3503162.3503176 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503162.3503176|hdl=2436/624705|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
-The HASOC2021 dataset was proposed for conducting a [[machine learning]] competition on hate, offensive, and profane content identification in Marathi collocated with Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2021). The participants of the competition presented 25 solutions based on [[supervised learning]]. The winning teams<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Mayuresh |last1=Nene|first2=Kai|last2=North|first3=Tharindu|last3=Ranasinghe|first4=Marcos|last4=Zampieri| title=Transformer Models for Offensive Language Identification in Marathi |conference=Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE) |pages=272–281 |date=2021 |location=Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first1=Anna |last1=Glazkova |first2=Michael|last2=Kadantsev|first3=Maksim|last3=Glazkov| title=Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi |conference=Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE) |pages=52–62 |date=2021 |location=Online |arxiv=2110.12687 }}</ref> used pre-trained [[language models]] (XLM-RoBERTa, Language Agnostic [[BERT (language model)|BERT]] Sentence Embeddings (LaBSE)) fine-tuned on the HASOC2021 dataset proposed by the organizers. The participants also experimented with the joint use of multilingual data for fine-tuning.
+The HASOC2021 dataset was proposed for conducting a [[machine learning]] competition on hate, offensive, and profane content identification in Marathi collocated with Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2021). The participants of the competition presented 25 solutions based on [[supervised learning]]. The winning teams<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Mayuresh |last1=Nene|first2=Kai|last2=North|first3=Tharindu|last3=Ranasinghe|first4=Marcos|last4=Zampieri| title=Transformer Models for Offensive Language Identification in Marathi |conference=Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE) |pages=272–281 |date=2021 |location=Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first1=Anna |last1=Glazkova |first2=Michael|last2=Kadantsev|first3=Maksim|last3=Glazkov| title=Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi |conference=Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes) (FIRE) |pages=52–62 |date=2021 |location=Online |arxiv=2110.12687 }}</ref> used pre-trained [[language models]] (XLM-RoBERTa, Language Agnostic [[BERT (language model)|BERT]] Sentence Embeddings (LaBSE)) fine-tuned on the HASOC2021 dataset proposed by the organisers. The participants also experimented with the joint use of multilingual data for fine-tuning.
-==Marathi Language Day==
+==Corpus development==
+[[Corpus linguistics]] shows how texts, sentences, or words from written or spoken language have changed over time or how they have been used in an organised way. The [https://archive.org/details/LSIV0-V11/LSI-V7/ Volume VII: 'Indo-Aryan Languages (Southern Group)] of the '[[Linguistic Survey of India]]' by [[George Abraham Grierson]] describes first systematic and structured attempt to create documentation of Marathi language data.
+'''Corpora of Marathi'''
+Attempts have been made to create a [[Text corpus|corpus]] of Marathi. One of the first efforts to make a corpus with Indian text was the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastri |first=S.V. |date=1986 |title=The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English |url=http://korpus.uib.no/icame/manuals/KOLHAPUR/INDEX.HTM#materia.}}</ref> (Shastri, 1986). The corpus was developed at the university in [[Maharashtra|Maharastra]], but Indian English was studied. The [[IIT Bombay]] WordNet<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Pushpak |title=IndoWordNet. (in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC'10) |publisher=European Language Resources Association (ELRA). |year=2010 |isbn=978-2-9517408-6-0 |location=Valletta, Malta |pages=3785–3792 |language=English}}</ref> (IndoWordNet; Bhattacharya, 2010) project in Indian languages includes Marathi. WordNet do not give word counts for further useful data analysis. The raw text based corpus in Marathi<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Gold Standard Marathi Raw Text Corpus |url=https://data.ldcil.org/a-gold-standard-marathi-raw-text-corpus |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=data.ldcil.org}}</ref> (Ramamoorthy et al., 2019a) is based on sampled pages from different select books. This work is carried out at [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]], [[Mysore]]. A corpus-based linguistic study at the University of Mumbai explores the language contact between English and Marathi by compiling and analysing an overarching corpus of English loan-words in Marathi existing between the years 2001 and 2020. The study also investigates the attitudes of Marathi speakers towards English loan-words in contemporary Marathi, attempting to understand their motivations for borrowing English words (Doibale, 2022).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doibale |first=Kranti |date=2022 |title=A Corpus-Based Linguistic Study of English Loan-Words in Contemporary Marathi |journal=University |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/487393 |access-date=9 September 2023 |hdl=10603/487393}}</ref>
+The work at [[University of Mumbai]] by Belhekar and Bhargava (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Belhekar |first1=Vivek |last2=Bhargava |first2=Radhika |date=December 2023 |title=Development of word count data corpus for Hindi and Marathi literature |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666799123000308 |journal=Applied Corpus Linguistics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100070 |doi=10.1016/j.acorp.2023.100070|s2cid=261150616 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> provided the first Marathi word count collection (Marathi WordCorp). The [[Bag-of-words model|bag-of-words]] (BoW) model was used to make 1-gram (single-word) Marathi WordCorp. They used more than 700 complete works of literature.
+The Google Books [[Ngram Viewer]] (Michel et al., 2011)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Michel |first1=Jean-Baptiste |last2=Shen |first2=Yuan Kui |last3=Aiden |first3=Aviva Presser |last4=Veres |first4=Adrian |last5=Gray |first5=Matthew K. |last6=((The Google Books Team)) |last7=Pickett |first7=Joseph P. |last8=Hoiberg |first8=Dale |last9=Clancy |first9=Dan |last10=Norvig |first10=Peter |last11=Orwant |first11=Jon |last12=Pinker |first12=Steven |last13=Nowak |first13=Martin A. |last14=Aiden |first14=Erez Lieberman |date=14 January 2011 |title=Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books |journal=Science |language=en |volume=331 |issue=6014 |pages=176–182 |doi=10.1126/science.1199644 |pmid=21163965 |pmc=3279742 |bibcode=2011Sci...331..176M |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> is a relatively new and advanced method that shows how the frequency of n-grams has changed over a specific period. There is no database of Indian languages in the Google Books Ngram viewer. The Indian Languages Word Corpus<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianlangwordcorp.shinyapps.io/ILWC/ |title=Indian Languages Word Corpus |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=indianlangwordcorp.shinyapps.io}}</ref> (ILWC) WebApp, which was made by Belhekar and Bhargava,<ref name=":0" /> shows how often words are used by decade from before 1920 to 2020. The limitation with the method is that it only gives researchers the raw OCR data to "combine and collapse frequencies of correctly and incorrectly recognised words" (p.&nbsp;2).<ref name=":0" />
-Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस {{translation|Marathi Din/Marathi Diwas}} is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]]. This day is regulated by the [[Ministry of Marathi Language]]. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet [[Kusumagraj|V.V. Shirwadkar]], popularly known as Kusumagraj.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marathimati.com/p/marathi-bhasha-diwas.html |title=मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी |work=MarathiMati.com |access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |title=jagatik Marathi bhasha din celebration - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com |work=divyabhaskar |access-date=27 February 2016 |date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045736/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+'''Statistical models for Marathi corpora'''
-Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/viva-news/celebration-of-marathi-bhasha-din-on-27-february-and-use-of-marathi-language-66025/ |title=आम्ही मराठीचे शिलेदार! |date=22 February 2013 |work= Loksatta |access-date= 27 February 2016}}</ref>
+Attempts to evaluate statistical models for Marathi language Corpuses and text-collections have been carried out. For the Marathi corpus (Marathi WordCorp), the y-intercept of Zipf's law is reported as 12.49, and the coefficient is 0.89 and these numbers show that Zipf's law is applicable for Marathi language.<ref name=":0" /> The coefficients show that the number of words and texts used in the corpus metadata is enough. Heaps' law intercept for the Marathi word corpora is 2.48, and the coefficient is 0.73.<ref name=":0" /> The coefficient values show that there are more unique words in Marathi writings than would be expected. The higher number of unique words could be due to the number of alphabets (36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters, with each consonant taking 14 forms with vowel pairs), the orthographic features of the Devanagari script (for example, the same word can be written in different ways), the use of consonant clusters (jodakshar), the number of suffixes a word can have, etc.
-==Marathi words coined by Vinayak Savarkar==
+==Marathi Language Day==
-{{More citations needed section|date=April 2021}}
-[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], an independence activist, noted Hindutva ideologue, writer, and poet, contributed to the Marathi language by coining new Marathi equivalents for words from other languages, mostly English.<ref name="Thube">{{cite web|last=Thube|first=Surajkumar|date=31 August 2020|title=VD Savarkar's language purification project was a precursor to creating a 'Hindu language'|url=https://scroll.in/article/971696/vd-savarkars-language-purification-project-was-a-precursor-to-creating-a-hindu-language|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831080032/https://amp.scroll.in/article/971696/vd-savarkars-language-purification-project-was-a-precursor-to-creating-a-hindu-language|archive-date=31 August 2020|access-date=31 August 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Prior to these Marathi equivalents, words of Persian, Turkic origin were widely used, which was unacceptable to Savarkar.<ref name="Thube" /> He opined that foreign words polluted the Marathi language and also made original Marathi words with the same meanings obsolete.<ref name="Thube" /> According to Deshpande, unlike Hindi, Savarkar's campaign of Bhasha Shuddhi to remove Arabic, Farsi and Turkic words from Marathi was a failure.<ref>Reddy, N. Manohar. "Vernacular Discourse as Politics of Liberation: An Interview with Professor G.P. Deshpande." Social Scientist 42, no. 9/10 (2014): 85-98. Accessed 9 April 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24372978</ref>
-The following are some of the words coined by Savarkar:<ref name="Thube" />{{Better source needed|reason=For asubject like introducing a new vocabulary,an academic source is needed rather than a website news article  |date=November 2022}}
+Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस {{translation|Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa}}) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]]. This day is regulated by the [[Ministry of Marathi Language]]. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet [[Kusumagraj|V.V. Shirwadkar]], popularly known as Kusumagraj.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marathimati.com/p/marathi-bhasha-diwas.html |title=मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी |work=MarathiMati.com |access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |title=jagatik Marathi bhasha din celebration - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com |work=divyabhaskar |access-date=27 February 2016 |date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045736/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* lecturer: प्रवाचक
+Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/viva-news/celebration-of-marathi-bhasha-din-on-27-february-and-use-of-marathi-language-66025/ |title=आम्ही मराठीचे शिलेदार! |date=22 February 2013 |work= Loksatta |access-date= 27 February 2016}}</ref>
-* principal: प्राचार्य
-* reader: प्रपथक
-* washing centre: धवल केंद्र, निर्मल केंद्र, परित गृह
-* hair-cutting saloon: केशकर्तनालय
-* buffer state: किलकराष्ट्र
-* number: क्रमांक
-* date: दिनांक
-* up-to-date: अद्ययावत
-* martyr: हुतात्मा
-*plebiscite: सर्वमत
-* ultimatum: अंतीमोतर
-* truce: उपसंधी
-* telephone: दूरध्वनी
-* loudspeaker: ध्वनिक्षेपक
-* teleprinter: दुर्मुद्रक
-* mayor: महापौर
 == See also ==
 {{Portal|India}}
 * [[Konkani language]]
+* [[Navi Peth]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 517: / Line 604: @@
 ===Bibliography===
-{{refbegin|2}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 * {{cite book|last=Bloch|first=J|title=Formation of the Marathi Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2322-8}}
+* {{cite book
+|first=A.M
+|last=Ghatage
+|year=1970
+|title=Marathi Of Kasargod
+|location=Mumbai
+|url=https://archive.org/details/MarathiOfKasargod/page/n10/mode/1up}}
 *{{cite book|last2=Wali|first2=Kashi|last1=Dhongde|first1=Ramesh Vaman|title=Marathi|year=2009|publisher=John Benjamins Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-272-38139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVVOvi5C8uIC}}
 * A Survey of Marathi Dialects. VIII. Gāwḍi, A. M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. The State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay. 1972.
@@ Line 529: / Line 623: @@
 * Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi
 * {{cite book |author=Christian Lee Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}
+* {{Citation |first=Appaji Kashinath |last=Kher |year=1895 |title=A higher Anglo-Marathi grammar |pages=446–454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO0EHQAACAAJ}}
 {{refend}}
+* {{citation|last=Mokashi|first=Digambar Balkrishna|title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgLZGFH1ZTIC&pg=PA38|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-461-6}}
 == External links ==
-{{sisterlinks|Marathi|auto=1|voy=Marathi phrasebook|iw=mr}}
+{{Sister project links|Marathi|auto=1|voy=Marathi phrasebook|iw=mr}}
-* {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Marathi/}}
+{{InterWiki|code=mr}}
 ; Dictionaries
-* Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/molesworth/ A dictionary, Marathi, and English]. 2d ed., rev. and all. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's press, 1857.
+* Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas; 1857). [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/molesworth/ ''A Dictionary, Marathi, and English'']. 2d ed., rev. and all. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press.
-* Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/vaze/ The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English]. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press, 1911.
+* Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh (1911). [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/vaze/ ''The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Marathi-English'']. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press.
-* Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tulpule/ A dictionary of old Marathi]. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999.
+* Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus (1999). [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tulpule/ ''A Dictionary of Old Marathi'']. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
 {{Marathi language topics}}
@@ Line 544: / Line 639: @@
 {{Languages of India}}
 {{Indo-Aryan languages}}
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Language}}
 [[Category:Marathi language| ]]
-[[Category:Languages attested from the 11th century]]
+[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
-[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
+[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
+[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
+[[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]
+[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]
+[[Category:Languages of Madhya Pradesh]]
+[[Category:Languages of Maharashtra]]
+[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
+[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
 [[Category:Official languages of India]]
-[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
 [[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
 [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
-[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
-[[Category:Languages of Maharashtra]]
-[[Category:Languages of Madhya Pradesh]]
-[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]
-[[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]
-[[Category:Languages with own distinct writing systems]]
-[[Category:Languages officially written in Indic scripts]]
-[[Category:Sahitya Akademi recognised languages]]