Automotive industry in India: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:46, 21 February 2026

The automotive industry in India in 2025 is the world's third-largest by annual production worth US$250 billion, behind the United States (US$880 billion) and China (US$530 billion).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The growth of automotive industry in India is fueled by the country's GDP growth (world's 3rd largest in PPP and 4th largest nominally) and rapid highway construction.^[5] In 2022, the industry accounted for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of overall GDP.^[6]

According to a 2021 National Family Health Survey, only 8% of Indian households own a car, while 54% own motorcycles or scooters.^[7]^[8] In 2025, India had 44 cars per 1,000 people, markedly lower than in other major economies.^[9]

History

A pre-Independence car showroom in Secunderabad, showing Fiat Topolino and Fiat 1100

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers.

An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan Motors was launched in 1942 building Morris products, long-time competitor Premier in 1944, building Chrysler Corporation products such as Dodge and Plymouth, and beginning in the 1960s, Fiat products.^[10] Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. In the same years, J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of Tata Group founded TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (now Tata Motors) in Jamshedpur. Following independence in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.^[10]

1947–1970

The Hindustan Ambassador dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured until 2014.

Fiat 1100D, built under license by Premier Automobiles Limited (PAL), later re-christened 'Premier Padmini', was the Ambassador's only true competitor.

The 1952 Tariff Commission

In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, General Motors, Ford, and Rootes Group, which had assembly-only plants in Mumbai, decided to move out of India.^[11]

The Tariff commission policies by the then Indian National Congress-led government, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the Licence Raj, which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long, even year-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.

Passenger cars

Hindustan Motors was established in Kolkata in technical collaboration with Morris Motors to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador.
Addisons, Madras – An Amalgamations Group company, was the agent for Nuffield's Morris, Wolseley, and Riley cars, and Chrysler's Plymouth, Dodge, and De Soto cars and trucks. The first Morris Minor assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison's twin-plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950.^[12]
Premier Automobiles Limited, Mumbai – entered into technical collaboration with Chrysler to manufacture Dodge, Plymouth and Desoto models and with Fiat to manufacture the 1100D models which would later become Premier Padmini range.
Standard Motor Products of India, Madras – entered into technical collaboration from Standard-Triumph to manufacture Standard Vanguard, Standard 8, 10 and later Standard Herald.

Utility and light commercial vehicles

Vehicle Factory Jabalpur – started manufacturing Jonga Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from Nissan of Japan. They were the main troop carriers of the Indian Armed Forces and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line.
Mahindra & Mahindra plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with Willys to manufacture CJ Series Jeep.
Bajaj Tempo, Pune, now Force Motors – entered into technical collaboration with Tempo to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India.
Standard Motor Products of India – entered into technical collaboration from Standard and had licence to manufacture the Standard Atlas passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants.

Medium and heavy commercial vehicles

Tata Motors established a new plant in Pune with technical collaboration with Mercedes-Benz to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks.
Vehicle Factory Jabalpur started manufacturing Shaktiman trucks with technical assistance from MAN SE of Germany. The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the Indian Army with several specialist variants. VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces.
Heavy Vehicles Factory was established in 1965 in Avadi, Chennai to produce tanks in India. Since its inception, HVF has produced all the tanks of India, including Vijayanta, Arjun, Ajeya, Bhishma and their variants for the Indian Army. HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India.
Ashok Leyland was founded in Chennai with Leyland Motors to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. Ashok Motors also discontinued its Austin venture formed in 1948 to sell Austin A40 and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses.
Hindustan Motors – had technical collaboration with General Motors to manufacture the Bedford range of medium lorry and bus chassis.
Premier Automobiles Limited – entered into technical collaboration with Chrysler to manufacture the Dodge, Fargo range of medium lorry, panel vans, mini-bus, and bus chassis.
Simpsons & Co, Madras – part of Amalgamations Group (TAFE Tractors) – had technical collaboration with Ford to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis, but did not utilise that option until the 1980s.+

Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles

Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled.

Ideal Jawa, Mysore – entered into technical collaboration with CZ - Jawa of Czechoslovakia for its Jawa and Yezdi range of motorcycles.
Royal Enfield (India), Madras – had technical collaboration with Royal Enfield, UK to manufacture the Enfield Bullet range of motorcycles.
Bajaj Auto, Poona – had technical collaboration with Piaggio, Italy to manufacture their best-selling Vespa range of scooters and three-wheelers with commercial options as well.
TVS Motors, Madurai/Chennai - started individually and later had technical collaboration with Suzuki Motors, before finally buying them out of the JV.
Automobile Products of India, Bombay (Better known for API Lambretta) – had a technical collaboration with Innocenti of Milan, Italy to manufacture their Lambretta range of mopeds, scooters and three-wheelers. This company was actually the Rootes Group car plant that was bought over by M. A. Chidambaram family.
Mopeds India Limited, Tirupathi – had technical collaboration with Motobécane, France to manufacture their best selling Mobylette mopeds.
Escorts Group, New Delhi – had technical collaboration with CEKOP of Poland to manufacture the Rajdoot 175 motorcycle whose origin was DKW RT 125.
Hero Motors
Kinetic Engineering

However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the license raj, which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.

1970 to 1983

The beginning of the 1970s did not see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by American Motors Corporation, were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new Green Revolution; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.

But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, price controls were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.^[13] However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and Premier, who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.^[14] The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the average income of an Indian at the time.^[15]

During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: Standard had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active.^[15] A new contender was tiny Sipani, which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the Reliant Kitten-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on Maruti, which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry.^[15]

The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on Petrol and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.

1984 to 1992

Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV) manufactured by the AVANI

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray.

In 1984 AVANI was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as Sarath, the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. AVANI is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the Delhi Auto Expo. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.

Post-1992 liberalisation

Eventually multinational automakers such as Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai and Daewoo Motors of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. Maruti Suzuki was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.^[14] As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.^[16]

Slow export growth

Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.^[17] This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as Proton Holdings, PSA Group, Kia, Mazda, Chrysler, Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.

Emission norms

In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat Stage emission standards. These standards are quite similar to the stringent European emission standards and have been implemented in a phased manner.

Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017.

In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of BS-VI norms to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.^[18]

Local manufacturing push

India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be manufactured or assembled in India, rather than be imported as completely built units.^[19]

Sub-4-metre rule

In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than 4.0 metres (157.5 in) to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.^[20] Tata Motors was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the Indigo sedan, dropping its length to 3,988 mm (157.0 in) and renamed it as the Indigo CS.^[21] The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.^[22] Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter Suzuki Swift Dzire, the Honda Brio Amaze, and others.^[23]

Manufacturing facilities

Isuzu's manufacturing plant at Sri City, Andhra Pradesh

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". In the year 2010, around Chennai was the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Engine Factory Avadi, Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, BMW, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, and Citroën.^[24]^[25]

Near Mumbai, Maharashtra, along the Chakan corridor of Pune, is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. Audi, Volkswagen, and Škoda are located in Aurangabad. Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik. Hyundai, Tata Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar Land Rover, Fiat, and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area.^[26]^[27]^[28]

The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region, and contributes 30%. Gurgaon, Manesar and Kharkhoda in Haryana, are where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is based.

An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat, with a manufacturing facility of MG Motors in Halol, Atul Auto in Rajkot and Tata Motors in Sanand.^[29] Maruti Suzuki also plans to set up a new greenfield plant in Gujarat.^[30]

Uttarakhand with Tata Motors, Telangana with Hyundai, Ordnance Factory Medak, Hyderabad Allwyn and Mahindra & Mahindra, Rajasthan with Honda,^[31] and Bengaluru - Karnataka region with Toyota, Volvo and Scania, Andhra with Isuzu and Kia and Kolkata - Jamshedpur belt also known as East India belt with companies such as Hindustan Motors, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, and Tata Motors are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.^[32]^[33]^[34]

Statewise vehicle manufacturing facilities

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States	Passenger Vehicles	Commercial vehicles	Two wheelers	Other types
Andhra Pradesh	Kia India – Penukonda (Anantapur)	Isuzu Motors India – Sri City Ashok Leyland – Vijayawada	Hero MotoCorp – Satyavedu	Off-highway vehicles Kobelco Cranes – Sri City
Gujarat	Tata Motors – Sanand JSW MG Motor India – Halol Mahindra & Mahindra – Kandla Suzuki Motor Gujarat – Hansalpur	JCB India – Halol Atul Auto – Rajkot & Ahmedabad	Hero MotoCorp – Halol Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India – Vithalapur Joy e-bike – Vadodara
Haryana	Maruti Suzuki – Gurugram, Manesar & Kharkhoda^[35]	Action Construction Equipment – Faridabad Escorts Group – Faridabad JCB India – Faridabad^[36] Omega Seiki Mobility – Faridabad	Hero MotoCorp – Dharuhera, Rewari^[37] Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India – Manesar^[38] India Yamaha Motor – Faridabad^[39] Suzuki Motorcycle India – Gurugram^[40]	Agricultural vehicles Escorts Kubota – Faridabad
Himachal Pradesh	ICML Motors – Amb^[41]	TAFE Tractors – Parwanoo^[42]	TVS Motor – Nalagarh^[43]
Jharkhand		Tata Motors – Jamshedpur^[44]
Karnataka	Mahindra and Mahindra – Bengaluru^[45] Toyota Kirloskar Motor – Bidadi^[46]	Bharat Earth Movers - Bengaluru & Mysuru, KGF Scania Commercial Vehicles India – Bengaluru^[47] TAFE Tractors – Doddaballapur^[42] Tata Motors – Dharwad^[44]	TVS Motor – Mysuru^[43] Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India - Narsapura^[38] River Mobility, Hoskote^[48]
Kerala		Bharat Earth Movers – Palakkad Kerala Automobiles Limited – Thiruvananthapuram
Madhya Pradesh		Vehicle Factory – Jabalpur Eicher Motors – Pithampur^[49] Hindustan Motors – Pithampur^[50] Force Motors – Pithampur^[51] TAFE Tractors – Mandideep^[42] John Deere Tractors – Dewas^[42] CASE Construction Equipment - Pithampur^[52]	Mahindra & Mahindra – Pithampur^[53]
Maharashtra	Hyundai Motor India – Talegaon^[54]^[55] Mahindra & Mahindra – Nashik & Chakan (Pune)^[56]^[57] Tata Motors Limited Tata Motors – Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)^[58] Jaguar Cars – Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)^[59] Land Rover – Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune) Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars – Chakan (Pune)^[60] Jeep India – Ranjangaon (Pune) Volkswagen Group Sales India Volkswagen – Chakan (Pune)^[61] Skoda Auto - Chakan (Pune), Shendra, Aurangabad^[62] Audi India – Shendra, Aurangabad^[63]	Ashok Leyland – Bhandara^[64] Bajaj Auto – Waluj (Aurangabad)^[65] Force Motors – Chakan (Pune)^[66] Mahindra Navistar – Chakan (Pune)^[67] Piaggio Vehicles – Baramati (Pune)^[68] Sany India – Pune Hyundai Construction Equipment – Chakan (Pune).^[69] Caterpillar – Banda (Sindhudurg) John Deere Tractors – Sanaswadi (Pune) Wirtgen India – Bhandgav (Pune)	Bajaj Auto – Chakan (Pune) & Waluj (Aurangabad)^[65] KTM Sportmotorcycles – Chakan (Pune) India Kawasaki Motors – Chakan (Pune) Vespa Scooters and Aprilia (brands part of Piaggio) – Baramati (Pune)^[70]^[71]
Punjab		SML Isuzu – Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar^[72]		Agricultural vehicles Swaraj Tractors – Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Sonalika Tractor – Hoshiarpur
Rajasthan	Honda Cars India – Tapukara^[73]	Ashok Leyland – Alwar^[64]	Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India – Tapukara^[38] Hero Motocorp – Neemrana Okinawa Autotech – Alwar & Bhiwadi^[74]	Agricultural vehicles TAFE Tractors – Alwar^[42]
Tamil Nadu (Chennai)	BMW India – Mahindra World City (Chennai)^[75]^[76] MINI India – Mahindra World City (Chennai)^[77] Hyundai Motor India – Sriperumbudur (Chennai)^[78] Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited Nissan Motor India Private Limited – Oragadam (Chennai)^[79] Renault India Private Limited – Oragadam, Chennai^[80] Datsun – Oragadam, Chennai^[81] Citroën India – Tiruvallur, Chennai BYD India Pvt. Ltd – Sriperumbudur, Chennai	Schwing Stetter India – Chennai^[82] Komatsu India Private Limited – Oragadam, Chennai^[83] Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Private Limited – Oragadam, Chennai^[84] Caterpillar – Tiruvallur, Chennai^[85] Ashok Leyland Limited Ennore, Chennai – trucks, buses, engines, axles etc. Hosur^[64] – three adjacent plants (Hosur-1, Hosur-2, CPPS) for trucks, special vehicles and power units. Sengadu Village, Kanchipuram – technical and production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems KamAZ Vectra Motors – Hosur^[86] SAME Deutz-Fahr Tractors – Ranipet, Vellore^[87] TAFE Tractors – Chennai,^[42] Madurai TVS Motor – Hosur^[43] Force Motors – Chennai^[88]	TVS Motor – Hosur^[43] BMW Motorrad – Hosur^[89] Royal Enfield – Chennai^[90] India Yamaha Motor – Oragadam, Chennai Ola Electric – Krishnagiri ^[91]^[92] Ather Energy – Hosur^[93]	Defence Heavy Vehicles Factory – Avadi, Chennai
Telangana		Mahindra and Mahindra – Zaheerabad		Defence Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited – Medak
Uttar Pradesh	Honda Cars India – Greater Noida	Tata Motors – Lucknow New Holland – Greater Noida	India Yamaha Motor – Greater Noida^[94]
Uttarakhand		Ashok Leyland – Pantnagar Tata Motors – Pantnagar Mahindra & Mahindra – Haridwar	Hero MotoCorp – Haridwar Bajaj Auto – Pantnagar
West Bengal		Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery – Kharagpur Gainwell - Panagarh

Exports

2007 Mahindra Scorpio Pickup in service with Italy's CNSAS

In 2025, India became world's third largest manufacturer of vehicles, and exported 50% of its two-wheeler production.^[1] India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and South Africa.^[95]

According to The New York Times, India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Maruti Suzuki.^[96]

In 2008, Hyundai alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.^[97] Similarly, US automobile company, General Motors had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.^[98]

In September 2009, Ford announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.^[99] The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.^[100] Fiat had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.^[101]

A Tata Safari on display in Poznań, Poland

In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m).^[102]

In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that PSA Peugeot Citroën was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.^[103] Citroën entered the market in 2021 with their first offering being the Citroën C5 Aircross.^[104]

2025 Mahindra 3XO at a dealership in India

In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai are the two biggest exporters of cars from the country. Nissan also exports small cars from its Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to several Asian and African markets. In the 2000s, Mahindra & Mahindra prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle (Mahindra Roxor; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.^[105] It is also sold in Canada. While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.^[106]

Mahindra's major overseas markets include Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, United States and South Asia.^[107]

Top 10 export destinations

India exported $14.5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014. The 10 countries below imported 47.8% of that total.^[108]

Rank	Country	Value (US$)	Share
1	United States	1.2 billion	8.4%
2	Mexico	$1 billion	6.9%
3	South Africa	$888.8 million	6.1%
4	United Kingdom	$637.4 million	4.4%
5	Sri Lanka	$596.9 million	4.1%
6	Bangladesh	$592.1 million	4.1%
7	Turkey	$580.4 million	4%
8	Nigeria	$546.8 million	3.8%
9	United Arab Emirates	$433.6 million	3%
10	Colombia	$428.9 million	3%

Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.


India Exports by Country	Last	Previous
United States	485.03	469.28	INR Billion	Nov/22
United Arab Emirates	211.45	179.69	INR Billion	Nov/22
Netherlands	146.98	118.23	INR Billion	Nov/22
Israel	122.55	44.07	INR Billion	Nov/22
Brazil	91.30	72.88	INR Billion	Nov/22
China	86.57	83.21	INR Billion	Nov/22
Germany	66.84	63.42	INR Billion	Nov/22
Saudi Arabia	60.38	66.42	INR Billion	Nov/22
Indonesia	58.89	51.32	INR Billion	Nov/22
Singapore	55.63	63.31	INR Billion	Nov/22
Hong Kong	51.40	62.34	INR Billion	Nov/22
Belgium	51.05	53.36	INR Billion	Nov/22
Nepal	50.69	36.95	INR Billion	Nov/22
Italy	49.29	45.34	INR Billion	Nov/22
France	45.78	41.27	INR Billion	Nov/22
South Africa	43.83	47.85	INR Billion	Nov/22
Malaysia	40.15	42.70	INR Billion	Nov/22
Japan	37.21	33.27	INR Billion	Nov/22
Australia	34.64	44.76	INR Billion	Nov/22
Nigeria	33.16	38.53	INR Billion	Nov/22
Thailand	32.57	37.15	INR Billion	Nov/22
Sri Lanka	27.95	35.21	INR Billion	Nov/22
Canada	26.50	22.95	INR Billion	Nov/22
Spain	25.97	30.04	INR Billion	Nov/22
Russia	24.72	23.06	INR Billion	Nov/22
Egypt	22.94	20.94	INR Billion	Nov/22
Kenya	20.10	11.64	INR Billion	Nov/22
Iraq	16.64	15.62	INR Billion	Nov/22
Taiwan	13.58	15.32	INR Billion	Nov/22
Philippines	12.80	13.78	INR Billion	Nov/22
Portugal	9.58	4.35	INR Billion	Nov/22
Switzerland	8.82	12.34	INR Billion	Nov/22
Iran	8.33	6.05	INR Billion	Nov/22
Denmark	6.03	4.59	INR Billion	Nov/22
Sweden	5.60	5.49	INR Billion	Nov/22
Ireland	4.26	3.12	INR Billion	Nov/22
Greece	3.91	3.65	INR Billion	Nov/22
Pakistan	3.70	3.20	INR Billion	Nov/22
New Zealand	2.81	2.85	INR Billion	Nov/22
Finland	2.78	2.45	INR Billion	Nov/22
Luxembourg	0.24	0.25	INR Billion	Nov/22

Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India

India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2024–25, it produced 5.06 million cars.^[109] Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.^[110]

This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.

Indian brands

Foreign-owned brands

MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, Kia, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Mini are the foreign automotive companies or brands that manufacture and market their products in India.

Vehicles currently manufactured in India

Audi India: A4, A6, Q5, Q7
BMW India: 3 Series, 5 Series, X1, X3, X4, X5, X7
Citroën India: C3, C3 Aircross, C5 Aircross, ë-C3, Basalt
Honda Cars India: Amaze, City, Elevate
Hyundai Motor India: Grand i10 Nios, i20, Alcazar, Aura, Creta, Exter, Tucson, Venue, Verna
Isuzu Motors India: D-Max
Jaguar (subsidiary of Tata Motors): F-Pace
Jeep: Compass, Grand Cherokee, Meridian, Wrangler
Kia India: Carens, Seltos, Sonet, Syros
Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors): Range Rover, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover Velar
Mercedes-Benz India: C-Class, E-Class, EQS, S-Class, V-Class, GLC, GLE
Nissan Motor India: Magnite
Renault India: Kiger, Kwid, Triber
Škoda Auto India: Kushaq, Kodiaq, Slavia, Kylaq
VinFast: VF 6, VF 7
Volkswagen India: Virtus, Taigun
Volvo Cars: S90, XC40, XC90

Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991

Peugeot stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997.
Daewoo Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003.
Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.
General Motors India stopped producing Chevrolet passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.
Fiat left the Indian market in 2018.
Mitsubishi Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s.
Ford India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.
Nissan stopped selling Datsun passenger cars in India in 2022.

Statistics

Production & sale of vehicles in India^[116]
Type		2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25
Passenger Vehicles	Production	3,424,564	3,062,280	3,650,698	4,587,116	4,901,840	5,061,164
	Domestic Sales	2,773,519	2,711,457	3,069,523	3,890,114	4,218,750	4,301,848
	Export Sales	662,118	404,397	577,875	662,891	672,105	770,364
Commercial Vehicles	Production	756,725	624,939	805,527	1,035,626	1,067,504	1,032,645
	Domestic Sales	717,593	568,559	716,566	962,468	968,770	956,671
	Export Sales	60,379	50,334	92,297	78,645	65,818	80,986
Three wheelers	Production	1,132,982	614,613	758,669	855,696	996,159	1,050,020
	Domestic Sales	637,065	219,446	261,385	488,768	694,801	741,420
	Export Sales	501,651	393,001	499,730	365,549	299,977	306,914
Two wheelers	Production	21,032,927	18,349,941	17,821,111	19,459,009	21,468,527	23,883,857
	Domestic Sales	17,416,432	15,120,783	13,570,008	15,862,771	17,974,365	19,607,332
	Export Sales	3,519,405	3,282,786	4,443,131	3,652,122	3,458,416	4,198,403

Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2024 Source:^[117]^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121]
Year	Models and Ranking
Year	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
1985	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Hindustan Ambassador	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Van	Mahindra FJ/XJ	Force Matador	Force Trax	Hindustan Contessa	Hindustan Trekker
1986	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Hindustan Ambassador	Maruti Van	Mahindra Jeep	Mahindra FJ/XJ	Force Matador	Maruti Gypsy	Tata 407/608/609	Force Trax
1987	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Maruti Van	Mahindra Jeep	Hindustan Ambassador	Force Matador	Tata 407/608/609	Mahindra FJ/XJ	Premier 118NE	Maruti Gypsy
1988	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Hindustan Ambassador	Tata 407/608/609	Force Matador	Mahindra FJ/XJ	Maruti Gypsy	Premier 118NE
1989	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Hindustan Ambassador	Tata 407/608/609	Maruti Gypsy	Force Matador	Premier 118NE	Mahindra FJ/XJ
1990	Maruti 800	Premier Padmini	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Hindustan Ambassador	Tata 407/608/609	Maruti Gypsy	Force Matador	Premier 118NE	Mahindra FJ/XJ
1991	Maruti 800	Maruti Omni	Premier Padmini	Mahindra Jeep	Tata 407/608/609	Hindustan Ambassador	Premier 118NE	Force Matador	Maruti Gypsy	Force Trax
1992	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Omni	Tata 407/608/609	Hindustan Ambassador	Premier Padmini	Force Matador	Premier 118NE	Force Trax	Maruti Gypsy
1993	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Omni	Tata 407/608/609	Hindustan Ambassador	Premier Padmini	Force Matador	Maruti 1000	Premier 118NE	Force Trax
1994	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Omni	Tata 407/608/609	Hindustan Ambassador	Premier Padmini	Force Matador	Maruti 1000	Force Trax	Premier 118NE
1995	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Tata 407/608/609	Maruti Esteem	Maruti Omni	Hindustan Ambassador	Maruti Zen	Premier Padmini	Tata Sumo	Force Matador
1996	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Tata 407/608/609	Maruti Omni	Maruti Zen	Tata Sumo	Maruti Esteem	Hindustan Ambassador	Daewoo Cielo	Force Trax
1997	Maruti 800	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Tata Sumo	Tata 407/608/609	Hindustan Ambassador	Maruti Esteem	Daewoo Cielo	Opel Astra
1998	Maruti 800	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Tata 407/608/609	Tata Sumo	Hindustan Ambassador	Maruti Esteem	Hyundai Santro	Honda City
1999	Maruti 800	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Hyundai Santro	Mahindra Jeep	Tata Indica	Tata 407/608/609	Daewoo Matiz	Tata Sumo	Maruti Esteem
2000	Maruti 800	Hyundai Santro	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Tata Indica	Daewoo Matiz	Tata 407/608/609	Tata Sumo	Toyota Qualis
2001	Maruti 800	Hyundai Santro	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Tata Indica	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Alto	Toyota Qualis	Tata 407/608/609	Tata Sumo
2002	Maruti 800	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indica	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Wagon R	Tata 407/608/609	Fiat Palio	Maruti Alto
2003	Maruti 800	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indica	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Alto	Mahindra Jeep	Toyota Qualis	Tata 407/608/609
2004	Maruti 800	Maruti Alto	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indica	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Zen	Maruti Omni	Mahindra Jeep	Toyota Qualis	Tata Indigo
2005	Maruti Alto	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indica	Maruti 800	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Omni	Maruti Zen	Mahindra Jeep	Maruti Swift	Tata Indigo
2006	Maruti Alto	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indica	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti 800	Maruti Omni	Maruti Swift	Tata Ace	Honda City	Mahindra Jeep
FY07-08	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Tata Indica	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai Santro	Maruti Swift	Maruti Omni	Maruti 800	Maruti Zen Estilo	Hyundai i10	Toyota Innova
2008	data unavailable
2009	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i10	Tata Indica	Maruti Swift	Maruti Omni	Hyundai Santro	Maruti Swift Dzire	Mahindra Bolero	Honda City
2010	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Hyundai i10	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Swift	Tata Indica	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Omni	Hyundai Santro	Tata Indigo	Mahindra Bolero
2011	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i10	Maruti Swift	Tata Indica/Vista	Maruti Swift Dzire	Mahindra Bolero	Maruti Omni	Hyundai i20	Tata Indigo/Manza
2012	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Swift	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Wagon R	Mahindra Bolero	Hyundai i10	Tata Indica/Vista	Hyundai Eon	Hyundai i20	Tata Nano
2013	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Swift	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Wagon R	Mahindra Bolero	Hyundai Eon	Hyundai i10	Hyundai i20	Toyota Innova	Maruti Ertiga
2014	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Swift	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i10	Mahindra Bolero	Hyundai Eon	Honda City	Maruti Omni	Hyundai i20
2015	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Swift	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i20	Hyundai i10	Mahindra Bolero	Maruti Celerio	Honda City	Hyundai Eon
2016	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Swift Dzire	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Swift	Hyundai i10	Hyundai i20	Maruti Baleno	Renault Kwid	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Celerio
2017	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Dzire	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Swift	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i10	Maruti Vitara Brezza	Hyundai i20	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Celerio
2018	Maruti Suzuki Dzire	Maruti Alto	Maruti Swift	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Vitara Brezza	Maruti Wagon R	Hyundai i20	Hyundai i10	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Celerio
2019	Maruti Suzuki Alto	Maruti Dzire	Maruti Swift	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Vitara Brezza	Hyundai i20	Maruti Eeco	Hyundai i10	Hyundai Creta
2020	Maruti Suzuki Swift	Maruti Alto	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Dzire	Maruti Eeco	Hyundai Creta	Kia Seltos	Hyundai i10	Maruti Vitara Brezza
2021	Maruti Suzuki Wagon R	Maruti Swift	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Alto	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Dzire	Maruti Vitara Brezza	Maruti Eeco	Maruti Ertiga	Tata Nexon
2022	Maruti Suzuki Wagon R	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Swift	Tata Nexon	Maruti Alto	Maruti Dzire	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Ertiga	Maruti Brezza	Tata Punch
2023	Maruti Suzuki Swift	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Brezza	Tata Nexon	Maruti Dzire	Hyundai Creta	Tata Punch	Maruti Eeco	Maruti Ertiga
2024	Tata Punch	Maruti Wagon R	Maruti Ertiga	Maruti Brezza	Hyundai Creta	Maruti Swift	Maruti Baleno	Maruti Dzire	Mahindra Scorpio	Tata Nexon
	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
Indigenous manufacturer Local listed-foreign manufacturer (ex- foreign JV) Foreign manufacturer
See also: Best-selling models in Australia Brazil Indonesia Japan Malaysia Philippines Thailand Sweden

2024 passenger car sales data^[122]^[123]
Rank	OEM	2024 sales	Share	2023 sales	Share
1	Maruti Suzuki	1,755,423	40.9%	1,707,668	41.6%
2	Hyundai	605,433	14.1%	602,111	14.7%
3	Tata Motors	562,482	13.1%	550,871	13.4%
4	Mahindra	528,453	12.4%	432,876	10.6%
5	Toyota	300,159	7.0%	221,356	5.4%
6	Kia	245,000	5.7%	255,000	6.2%
7	Honda	68,658	1.6%	84,286	2.1%
8	MG Motor	61,214	1.4%	56,902	1.4%
9	Volkswagen	42,000	1.0%	43,481	1.1%
10	Renault	41,729	1.0%	48,321	1.2%
11	Škoda	35,164	0.8%	48,755	1.2%
12	Nissan	29,009	0.6%	30,375	0.7%
13	Citroën	7,448	0.1%	9,488	0.2%
14	Jeep	4,251	0.1%	6,690	0.2%

Auto companies

Indian brands

Joint-venture (JV) brands

Ashok Leyland^[124] - originally a JV between Ashok Motors (owned by the Hinduja Group) and Leyland Motors, now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and Nissan Motors (Japan) for LCV's; and John Deere (USA) for construction equipment.^[125]
KamAZ Vectra^[126] - A JV between Russia's KamAZ and the Vectra Group
MAN Force - A JV between Force Motors and MAN AG (Germany)
VE Commercial Vehicles Limited^[127] - VE Commercial Vehicles limited - A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited.

Foreign-owned brands

BharatBenz (Owned by Daimler AG of Germany and affiliated with Daimler's Fuso and Mercedes-Benz brands)^[128]
Caterpillar Inc.^[129]
DAF^[130]
Isuzu^[131]
Iveco^[132] (Subsidiary of Tata Motors)
J. C. Bamford (JCB) (Owned by British multinational corporation J. C. Bamford).
KamAZ
Maruti Suzuki
Mercedes-Benz^[133] - manufactures luxury coaches in India.
Piaggio^[134]
Rosenbauer^[135]
Scania^[136]
Tatra^[137]
Volvo^[138]

Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India

Automobile Products of India or API - founded in 1949 at Bombay (now Mumbai), by the British company Rootes Group,^[139] and later bought by M. A. Chidambaram of the MAC Group from Madras (now Chennai).^[139] The company manufactured Lambretta scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from Innocenti of Italy and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in Mumbai, later shifted to Chennai, in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in Mumbai and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and in Ambattur, Chennai.^[140] The company has not been operational since 2002.
Escorts Yamaha - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became India Yamaha Motor.
Hero Motors is a former moped and scooter manufacturer based in Delhi, India. It is a part of multinational company Hero Group, which also currently owns Hero Motocorp (formerly Hero Honda) and Hero Cycles, among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were Puch of Austria and Malaguti of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
Ideal Jawa - motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi.
Kinetic Honda - a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008^[141] when the interests were sold to Mahindra.
Mopeds India Limited - produces the Suvega range of Mopeds under technical collaboration with Motobécane of France.
Standard - produced by Standard Motor Products in Madras from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by Standard-Triumph.Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,^[142] and their first product was the Vanguard, which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
Tatra Vectra - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited.
AMW^[143]

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.^[144] A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.^[144] The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.^[144] The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.^[144] The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA^[145] New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing^[146] and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.^[147]

Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the United States Department of Energy, electric cars produce half as much CO
2 emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.^[148] According to The Economic Times, 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.^[149] Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to Mashable. In 2019, Hyundai launched India's first electric car, the Kona Electric .^[150]

Electric vehicle manufacturers in India

Ather Energy (plug-in electric scooter)
Ajanta Group^[151]
Bajaj Auto (autorickshaw, Scooter, LCV)
Hero Electric^[152] (battery electric Scooter)
Hyundai (cars)
Mahindra^[153] (cars)
MG Motor^[154] (cars)
Tara International^[155]
Omega Seiki Mobility (3-wheelers)
Tata Motors^[156] (cars, LCV)
TVS Motor Company (plug-in electric scooter)
Ola Electric (plug-in electric scooter)
Okinawa Autotech (battery electric scooter)
Euler Motors^[157]
EKA Mobility (EKAM)^[158] (electric bus)

Growth initiatives

Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and standards

The Government of India felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities^[159] in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MoST) constituted a permanent Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)^[160] will publish this standard.^{[citation needed]}

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency, quality, comfort and safety. Having realized the potential of ITS, Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country.^{[citation needed]}

The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled "User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture",^[161] which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 & 27 February 2015. This was primarily focused on ITS in Public Bus Transportation. Nonetheless, the workshop helped to create the outline for "National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport (Bus)", which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government^{[citation needed]}

In the 44th & 45th CMVR-TSC, Chairman had directed - standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Vehicle Location Tracking, Camera Surveillance System and Emergency Request Button. The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely –buses, taxis, etc. The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button. The other ITS components like PIS, CCTV system, Fare collection etc. are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document.^{[citation needed]}

Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Requirements for Public Transport Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system.^{[citation needed]}

For AIS-140 Devices, in India, connectivity to report location, and Emergency Panic Button signal is through wireless cellular connectivity. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things^[162]' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.^[163] eSIM4Things^[162] is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.

Bharat NCAP (BNCAP)

In August 2023, the Bharat New Car Assessment Program, also known as the Bharat NCAP or BNCAP, was launched as the official New Car Assessment Program for India. It was launched by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).

Driverless Technology in India

While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,^[164]^[165] many startups are working on this technology.^[166]

In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV).^[167]^[168]

Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech

Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) performance-linked incentives (PLI) schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.^[169] In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the Government of India (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) "Advanced Chemistry Cell" (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) "Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles" (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.^[170] The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.^[169] These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.^[170] Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.^[169]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Overview of the automotive industry in India}}
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
-The '''automotive industry in [[India]]''' is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|fourth-largest]] in the world as per 2021 statistics.<ref>{{cite web|title=2020 Statistics {{!}} www.oica.net|url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.oica.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles.aspx|title=Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.maschinenmarkt.international/india-is-the-next-manufacturing-hub-for-automobiles-a-692505/|title = India is the next manufacturing hub for automobiles|last1 = Rais|first1 = Ahlam}}</ref> In 2022, India became fourth largest country in the world by valuation of automotive industry. As of 2020, India is the 5th largest automobile market in the world, surpassing Germany in terms of sales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles.aspx |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=www.ibef.org}}</ref>
+The '''automotive industry in India''' in 2025 is the world's [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|third-largest by annual production]] worth US$250 billion, behind the United States (US$880 billion) and China (US$530 billion).<ref name=bumb1>{{cite news |title=India aims to become top automobile manufacturing nation in 5 years: Nitin Gadkari |url=https://indianews.com.au/india-aims-to-become-top-automobile-manufacturing-nation-in-5-years-nitin-gadkari |author=<!--Staff--> |work=India News |location=India |date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/|access-date=2023-09-14 |website=[[OICA]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles.aspx|title=Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.maschinenmarkt.international/india-is-the-next-manufacturing-hub-for-automobiles-a-692505/|title = India is the next manufacturing hub for automobiles|last1 = Rais|first1 = Ahlam}}</ref> The growth of automotive industry in India is fueled by the country's [[Economy of India|GDP growth]] (world's [[List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)|3rd largest in PPP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|4th largest]] nominally) and [[Roads in India|rapid highway construction]].<ref name=ar1>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/govt-constructing-10000-km-greenfield-expressway-projects-at-6-lakh-cr-investment-gadkari/124423868 Govt constructing 10000 km greenfield expressway projects at 6 lakh cr investment- Gadkari], Economic Times, 9 Oct 2025.</ref> In 2022, the industry accounted for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of overall GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invest in Indian Automobile Industry, Auto Sector Growth Trends |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/automobile |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.investindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
-Currently India's auto industry is worth of more that US$ 100 billion and contributes 8% of the country's total export and accounts for 2.3% of India's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invest in Indian Automobile Industry, Auto Sector Growth Trends |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/automobile |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.investindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> India's major automobile manufacturing companies includes [[Tata Motors]], Ashok Leyland, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Force Motors]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]], [[Eicher Motors]], [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]], [[Sonalika Tractors]], [[Hindustan Motors]], [[Hradyesh]], [[ICML Motors|ICML]], [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]],  [[Mahindra Electric|Reva]], [[Pravaig Dynamics]], [[Premier (company)|Premier]], [[Tara International]] and [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].
+According to a 2021 [[National Family Health Survey]], only 8% of Indian&nbsp;households own a [[car]], while 54% own [[motorcycles]] or [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/only-8-indian-families-own-cars-nfhs-finds-over-50-still-use-bicycles-bikes-scooters/971413/ |title=Only 8% Indian families own cars, NFHS finds. Over 50% still use bicycles, bikes & scooters |first=Nikhil |last=Rampal |work=The Print |location=India |date=2022-05-27 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/only-1-in-12-indian-households-have-car-mahindra-asks-netizens-for-conclusion-101672146176271.html |title=Only 1 in 12 Indian households have a car, Mahindra asks netizens for conclusion |first=Singh Rahul |last=Sunilkumar |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |date=2022-12-27 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> In 2025, India had 44 cars per 1,000 people, markedly lower than in other major economies.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Car Sales to Grow 3.5% Annually Till 2030: Moody's |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/indias-car-sales-to-grow-35-annually-till-2030-moodys/492330 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=Entrepreneur |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
 ==History==
 [[File:First Car Showroon secunderabd.jpeg|thumb|left|A pre-Independence car showroom in [[Secunderabad]], showing [[Fiat 500 "Topolino"|Fiat Topolino]] and [[Fiat 1100 (1937)|Fiat 1100]] ]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers.
-An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. [[Hindustan Motors]] was launched in 1942, long-time competitor [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]] in 1944, building [[Chrysler]], [[Dodge]], and [[Fiat]] products respectively.<ref name="pip1">[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2892</ref> [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra & Mahindra]] was established by two brothers in 1945, and began assembly of [[CJ-3|Jeep CJ-3A]] utility vehicles. In the same years, [[J. R. D. Tata]], the chairman of [[Tata Group]] founded [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company]] (now [[Tata Motors]]) in [[Jamshedpur]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.<ref name="pip1" />
+An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. [[Hindustan Motors]] was launched in 1942 building [[Morris Motors|Morris]] products, long-time competitor [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]] in 1944, building [[Chrysler Corporation]] products such as [[Dodge]] and [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]], and beginning in the 1960s, [[Fiat]] products.<ref name="pip1">[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2892</ref> [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra & Mahindra]] was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of [[CJ-3|Jeep CJ-3A]] utility vehicles. In the same years, [[J. R. D. Tata]], the chairman of [[Tata Group]] founded [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company]] (now [[Tata Motors]]) in [[Jamshedpur]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947, the Government of India and the [[private sector]] launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.<ref name="pip1" />
 ===1947–1970===
-[[File:20150704Ambassador.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindustan Ambassador]] dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured till 2014.]]
+[[File:20150704Ambassador.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindustan Ambassador]] dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured until 2014.]]
-[[File:Fiat 1100D, Schaffen Diest Fly-Drive 2013.JPG|thumb|Fiat 1100D, built under license by [[Premier Automobiles]] later re-christened 'Premier Padmini' was the Ambassador's only true competitor.]]
+[[File:Fiat 1100D, Schaffen Diest Fly-Drive 2013.JPG|thumb|Fiat 1100D, built under license by [[Premier Automobiles Limited]] (PAL), later re-christened 'Premier Padmini', was the Ambassador's only true competitor.]]
 {{anchor|Raj|1952|Tariff}}
 ====The 1952 Tariff Commission====
-In 1952, the government appointed the first Tariff Commission, one of whose purposes was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry. In 1953, the commission submitted their report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, with licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Rootes Group]], which had assembly-only plants in [[Mumbai]], decided to move out of India.<ref name="Autocar Professional India">{{Citation | title = The rise of the automobile in free India | location = Mumbai (Bombay) | url = http://www.autocarpro.in/features/rise-automobile-free-india-9078 | publisher = Autocar Professional India }}</ref>
+In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the '''indigenization of the Indian automobile''' industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Rootes Group]], which had assembly-only plants in [[Mumbai]], decided to move out of India.<ref name="Autocar Professional India">{{Citation | title = The rise of the automobile in free India | location = Mumbai (Bombay) | url = http://www.autocarpro.in/features/rise-automobile-free-india-9078 | publisher = Autocar Professional India }}</ref>
-The Tariff commission policies, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the [[Licence Raj]], which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.
+The Tariff commission policies by the then [[Indian National Congress]]-led government, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the [[Licence Raj]], which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long, even year-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.
-[[Hindustan Motors]] was established in [[Kolkata]] in technical collaboration with [[Morris Motors]] to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador. Addisons, Madras – An [[Amalgamations Group]] company, was the agent for [[Nuffield Organization|Nuffield's]] Morris, Wolseley, and Riley cars, and Chrysler's [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]], [[Dodge]], and De Soto cars and trucks. The first [[Morris Minor]] assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison's twin-plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=An opportunity missed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-opportunity-missed/article6095446.ece |access-date=3 July 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Premier Automobiles]], Bombay – technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture [[Dodge]], [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] and [[DeSoto (automobile)|Desoto]] models and with [[Fiat]] to manufacture the 1100D models which would later with [[Premier Padmini]] range. [[Standard Motor Products of India]], Madras – technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] to manufacture [[Standard Vanguard]], [[Standard 8]], 10 and later [[Standard Herald]].
+;Passenger cars
+*[[Hindustan Motors]] was established in Kolkata in technical collaboration with [[Morris Motors]] to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador.
+* Addisons, Madras – An [[Amalgamations Group]] company, was the agent for [[Nuffield Organization|Nuffield's]] Morris, Wolseley, and Riley cars, and Chrysler's [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]], [[Dodge]], and De Soto cars and trucks. The first [[Morris Minor]] assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison's twin-plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=An opportunity missed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-opportunity-missed/article6095446.ece |access-date=3 July 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
+*[[Premier Automobiles Limited]], Mumbai – entered into technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture [[Dodge]], [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] and [[DeSoto (automobile)|Desoto]] models and with [[Fiat]] to manufacture the 1100D models which would later become [[Premier Padmini]] range.
+* [[Standard Motor Products of India]], Madras – entered into technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] to manufacture [[Standard Vanguard]], [[Standard 8]], 10 and later [[Standard Herald]].
-[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] – started manufacturing [[Jonga]] Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from [[Nissan]] of [[Japan]]. They were the main troop carriers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and much powerful than any other vehicle of their class. [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with [[Willys]] to manufacture CJ Series [[Jeep]]. [[Bajaj Tempo]], Pune, now [[Force Motors]] – technical collaboration with [[Tempo (company)]] to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India. [[Standard Motor Products of India]] – technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]] has licence to manufacture the [[Standard Atlas]] passenger van with panel van and one-tonne one tonne pickup variants.
+;Utility and light commercial vehicles
+*[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] – started manufacturing [[Jonga]] Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from [[Nissan]] of [[Japan]]. They were the main troop carriers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line.
+*[[Mahindra & Mahindra]] plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with [[Willys]] to manufacture CJ Series [[Jeep]].
+*[[Bajaj Tempo]], Pune, now [[Force Motors]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[Tempo (automobile)|Tempo]] to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India.
+*[[Standard Motor Products of India]] – entered into technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]] and had licence to manufacture the [[Standard Atlas]] passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants.
-[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] started manufacturing [[Shaktiman truck]]s with technical assistance from [[MAN SE]] of [[Germany]]. The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the [[Indian Army]] with several specialist variants. VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces. [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] was established in 1965 in [[Avadi]] near [[Chennai]] to produce tanks in India. Since its inception, HVF has produced all the tanks of India, including [[Vijayanta]], [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]], [[T-72|Ajeya]], [[T-90|Bhishma]] and their variants for the [[Indian Army]]. HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India. [[Tata Motors]] established a new plant in [[Pune]] with technical collaboration with [[Mercedes Benz]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks.
+;Medium and heavy commercial vehicles
+*[[Tata Motors]] established a new plant in [[Pune]] with technical collaboration with [[Mercedes-Benz]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks.
+*[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] started manufacturing [[Shaktiman truck]]s with technical assistance from [[MAN SE]] of Germany. The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the [[Indian Army]] with several specialist variants. VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces.
+* [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] was established in 1965 in [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]] to produce tanks in India. Since its inception, HVF has produced all the tanks of India, including [[Vijayanta]], [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]], [[T-72|Ajeya]], [[T-90|Bhishma]] and their variants for the [[Indian Army]]. HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India.
+*[[Ashok Leyland]] was founded in [[Chennai]] with [[Leyland Motors]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. Ashok Motors also discontinued its [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] venture formed in 1948 to sell [[Austin A40]] and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses.
+*[[Hindustan Motors]] – had technical collaboration with [[General Motors]] to manufacture the [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] range of medium lorry and bus chassis.
+*[[Premier Automobiles Limited]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture the [[Dodge]], [[Fargo Trucks|Fargo]] range of medium lorry, panel vans, mini-bus, and bus chassis.
+*[[S. Anantharamakrishnan|Simpsons & Co]], Madras – part of [[Amalgamations Group]] ([[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE Tractors]]) – had technical collaboration with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis, but did not utilise that option until the 1980s.+
-[[Ashok Leyland]] was founded in [[Chennai]] with [[Leyland Motors]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. Ashok Motors also discontinued its [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] venture formed in 1948 to sell [[Austin A40]] and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses. [[Hindustan Motors]] – technical collaboration with [[General Motors]] to manufacture the [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] range of medium lorry and bus chassis. [[Premier Automobiles]] – technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture the [[Dodge]], [[Fargo Trucks|Fargo]] range of medium lorry, panel vans, mini-bus and bus chassis. [[S. Anantharamakrishnan|Simpsons & Co]], Madras – part of [[Amalgamations Group]] ([[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE Tractors]]) – technical collaboration with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis, but did not utilise that option until the 1980s.
+;Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles
+Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled.
+* [[Ideal Jawa]], [[Mysore]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[CZ Motorcycles|CZ]] - [[Jawa motorcycles|Jawa]] of Czechoslovakia for its [[Jawa Moto|Jawa]] and [[Yezdi]] range of motorcycles.
+* [[Royal Enfield (India)]], Madras – had technical collaboration with [[Royal Enfield]], UK to manufacture the Enfield Bullet range of motorcycles.
+* [[Bajaj Auto]], Poona – had technical collaboration with [[Piaggio]], Italy to manufacture their best-selling [[Vespa]] range of scooters and three-wheelers with commercial options as well.
+*[[TVS Motors]], Madurai/Chennai - started individually and later had technical collaboration with [[Suzuki Motors]], before finally buying them out of the JV.
+* [[Automobile Products of India]], Bombay (Better known for API Lambretta) – had a technical collaboration with [[Innocenti]] of Milan, Italy to manufacture their [[Lambretta]] range of mopeds, scooters and three-wheelers. This company was actually the [[Rootes Group]] car plant that was bought over by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] family.
+* [[Mopeds India Limited]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] – had technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]], France to manufacture their best selling [[Mobylette]] mopeds.
+* [[Escorts Group]], [[New Delhi]] – had technical collaboration with [[SHL (motorcycle)|CEKOP]] of Poland to manufacture the [[Rajdoot]] 175 motorcycle whose origin was [[DKW RT 125]].
+* [[Hero Motors]]
+* Kinetic Engineering
-Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled. [[Royal Enfield (India)]], Madras – technical collaboration with [[Royal Enfield]], UK to manufacture the Enfield Bullet range of motorcycles. [[Bajaj Auto]], Poona – technical collaboration with [[Piaggio]], Italy to manufacture their best selling [[Vespa]] range of scooters and three wheelers with commercial option as well. [[TVS Motors]], Madurai/Chennai - started individually and later had technical collaboration with [[Suzuki Motors]], before finally buying them out of the JV. [[Automobile Products of India]], Bombay (Better known for API Lambretta) – technical collaboration with [[Innocenti]] of Milan, Italy to manufacture their [[Lambretta]] range of mopeds, scooters and three-wheelers. This company was actually the [[Rootes Group]] car plant that was bought over by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] family. [[Mopeds India Limited]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] – technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]], France to manufacture their best selling [[Mobylette]] mopeds. [[Escorts Group]], [[New Delhi]] – technical collaboration with [[SHL (motorcycle)|CEKOP]] of Poland to manufacture the [[Rajdoot]] 175 motorcycle whose origin was [[DKW RT 125]]. [[Ideal Jawa]], [[Mysore]] – in technical collaboration with [[CZ Motorcycles|CZ]] - [[Jawa motorcycles|Jawa]] of Czechoslovakia for its [[Jawa Moto|Jawa]] and [[Yezdi]] range of motorcycles.
 However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the [[license raj]], which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.
 ===1970 to 1983===
-The beginning of the 1970s saw some growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for to increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]; and Russian and eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.
+[[File:Maruti 800 first.jpg|thumb|[[Maruti 800]], launched in 1983.]]
+The beginning of the 1970s did not see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by [[American Motors Corporation]], were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.
-But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, [[price controls]] were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M21 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by [[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan]] and [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]], who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.<ref name="unconvincing">{{cite journal | title = Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 16 | volume = XX | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = 669 | date = 1985-04-20 }}</ref> The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the [[Per capita income|average income]] of an Indian at the time.<ref name="AC4459a">{{cite magazine | ref = VR1 | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = Motoring for the millions | first = Vaughan | last = Robinson | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 22 | date = 1982-06-05 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref>
+But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, [[price controls]] were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M21 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by [[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan]] and [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]], who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.<ref name="unconvincing">{{cite journal | title = Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 16 | volume = XX | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = 669 | date = 1985-04-20 }}</ref> The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the [[Per capita income|average income]] of an Indian at the time.<ref name="AC4459a">{{cite magazine | ref = VR1 | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = Motoring for the millions | first = Vaughan | last = Robinson | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 22 | date = 1982-06-05 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref>
 During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active.<ref name="AC4459a" /> A new contender was tiny [[Sipani]], which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the [[Reliant Kitten]]-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]], which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry.<ref name="AC4459a" />
-The OPEC oil crisis saw increase need to installing or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on [[Petrol]] and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.
+The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on [[Petrol]] and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.
 ===1984 to 1992===
 [[File:CBRN Recce vehicle during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|thumb|Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV)
-manufactured by the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] of [[Ordnance Factory Board|OFB]] ]]
+manufactured by the [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] ]]
 From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray.
-In 1984, the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] near [[Hyderabad]] was established. It started manufacturing [[Infantry fighting vehicle|Infantry Combat Vehicles]] christened as ''Sarath'', the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. OFMK is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, Engine Factory Avadi, near [[Chennai]] was set in 1987. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the [[Delhi auto expo|Delhi Auto Expo]]. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.
+In 1984 [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing [[Infantry fighting vehicle|Infantry Combat Vehicles]] christened as ''Sarath'', the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the [[Delhi auto expo|Delhi Auto Expo]]. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.
 ===Post-1992 liberalisation===
-[[File:Indica DLX diesel.jpg|thumb|Tata Indica, launched in 1998]]
+[[File:Indica DLX diesel.jpg|thumb|[[Tata Indica]], launched in 1998]]
-Eventually multinational automakers, such as, [[Suzuki]] and [[Toyota]] of Japan and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] of [[South Korea]], were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. [[Maruti Suzuki]] was the first, and the most successful of these new entries, and in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.<ref name="unconvincing" /> As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2893</ref>
+Eventually multinational automakers such as [[Suzuki]] and [[Toyota]] of Japan and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] and [[Daewoo Motors]] of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. [[Maruti Suzuki]] was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.<ref name="unconvincing" /> As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2893</ref>
 ====Slow export growth====
-Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe ([[Hungary]]). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], pp. 2894-2895</ref> This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as [[Proton (automobile)|Proton Holdings]], [[PSA Group]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]], [[Mazda]], [[Chrysler]], [[Dodge]] and [[Geely Holding Group]] were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news/37815051_1_india-plans-kia-motors-chery |title=Global carmakers Proton, Peugeot, Citroen, Kia shelve India plans due to tough financial conditions - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2013-03-18 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
+Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], pp. 2894-2895</ref> This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as [[Proton (automobile)|Proton Holdings]], [[PSA Group]], [[Kia]], [[Mazda]], [[Chrysler]], [[Dodge]] and [[Geely Holding Group]] were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.
 ====Emission norms====
 In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as [[Bharat Stage emission standards]]. These standards are quite similar to the stringent [[European emission standards]] and have been implemented in a phased manner.
-[[BS IV|Bharat Stage IV]] (BS-IV), the most stringent so far, was implemented first, in April 2010, in 13 cities—[[Delhi]] (NCR), [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Pune]], [[Surat]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Solapur]], and [[Agra]]—and then, as of April 2017, the rest of the nation.
+[[BS IV|Bharat Stage IV]] (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017.
 In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS-VI norms]] to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Amid lockdown, India switches to BS-VI emission norms|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-lockdown-india-switches-to-bs-vi-emission-norms/article31231973.ece}}</ref>
-===Local manufacture encouraged===
+===Local manufacturing push===
-[[File:Auto Expo 2014, Noida.jpg|thumb|Auto Expo 2014, Noida]]
+[[File:Mahindra BE6 pic 1.jpg|thumb|[[Mahindra BE 6|Mahindra BE6]], launched in 2024]]
-India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles, is 10%. Therefore, the taxes encourage cars to be assembled in India rather than be imported as completely built units.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Dipak |title=Going Native |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/luxury-carmakers-increasing-use-of-india-made-components/1/220534.html |date=5 July 2015 |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
+India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be manufactured or assembled in India, rather than be imported as completely built units.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Dipak |title=Going Native |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/luxury-carmakers-increasing-use-of-india-made-components/1/220534.html |date=5 July 2015 |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
 === Sub-4-metre rule ===
-In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than {{convert|4.0|m|in|1}} to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Why Everyone is going below 4-Meters|url=https://www.spinny.com/blog/index.php/why-everyone-is-going-below-4-meters/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Spinny Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the [[Tata Indigo|Indigo]] sedan, dropping its length to {{cvt|3988|mm|in|1}} and renamed it as the Indigo CS.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rawuther|first=Afzal|title=The impact of lower taxation on sub-four meter cars|url=https://www.evoindia.com/features/the-impact-of-lower-taxation-on-sub-four-meter-cars|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Evo India|language=en}}</ref> The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwal|first=Shapur|date=2011-07-21|title=The four-metre race|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913235405/http://www.livemint.com:80/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref> Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter [[Suzuki Dzire|Suzuki Swift Dzire]], the new [[Honda Amaze|Honda Brio Amaze]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=The four-meter curse: How the compact sedan segment evolved|url=https://www.cartoq.com/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Cartoq|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808232546/http://www.cartoq.com:80/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved |archive-date=8 August 2015 }}</ref>
+In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than {{convert|4.0|m|in|1}} to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Why Everyone is going below 4-Meters|url=https://www.spinny.com/blog/index.php/why-everyone-is-going-below-4-meters/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Spinny Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the [[Tata Indigo|Indigo]] sedan, dropping its length to {{cvt|3988|mm|in|1}} and renamed it as the Indigo CS.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rawuther|first=Afzal|title=The impact of lower taxation on sub-four meter cars|url=https://www.evoindia.com/features/the-impact-of-lower-taxation-on-sub-four-meter-cars|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Evo India|date=7 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwal|first=Shapur|date=2011-07-21|title=The four-metre race|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913235405/http://www.livemint.com:80/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref> Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter [[Suzuki Dzire|Suzuki Swift Dzire]], the [[Honda Amaze|Honda Brio Amaze]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=The four-meter curse: How the compact sedan segment evolved|url=https://www.cartoq.com/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Cartoq|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808232546/http://www.cartoq.com:80/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved |archive-date=8 August 2015 }}</ref>
 ==Manufacturing facilities==
-[[File:Isuzu manufacturing plant India.jpg|thumb|Isuzu's newly inaugurated manufacturing plant in 2016 at [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India]]The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". Around [[Chennai]] is the southernmost and largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], Engine Factory Avadi, [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford]], [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai]], [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited|Nissan]], [[BMW India|BMW]], [[Hindustan Motors]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Caparo]], [[Mini (marque)|Mini]], [[Citroën]] and [[Datsun]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jayashankar Menon |url=http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |title=South emerges largest auto cluster in India |publisher=Sulekha.com |date=11 December 2010 |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707185024/http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951332300.htm |title=CII launches Chennai zone |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=19 October 2007 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
+[[File:Isuzu manufacturing plant India.jpg|thumb|Isuzu's manufacturing plant at [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
+The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". In the year 2010, around [[Chennai]] was the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Engine Factory Avadi, [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford]], [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai]], [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]], [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited|Nissan]], [[BMW India|BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Caparo]], [[Mini (marque)|Mini]], and [[Citroën]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jayashankar Menon |url=http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |title=South emerges largest auto cluster in India |publisher=Sulekha.com |date=11 December 2010 |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707185024/http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951332300.htm |title=CII launches Chennai zone |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=19 October 2007 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
-Near [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], along the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] corridor near [[Pune]], is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. [[Audi India|Audi]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Škoda Auto India|Škoda]] are located in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] has an SUV and engine assembly plant at [[Nashik]]. [[General Motors India Private Limited|General Motors]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes Benz]], [[Land Rover]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Fiat Automobiles India Limited|Fiat]], and [[Force Motors]] have assembly plants in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/mahindra-rolls-out-15000th-hcv-truck-from-chakan/22931/ |title=Mahindra Chakan - News |publisher=Zigwheels |access-date=28 November 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|title=Volkswagen {{sic|Inaug|rates|nolink=y|expected=Inaugurates}} Chakan Plant!|publisher=cubi[CC]apacity|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108053040/http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|archive-date= 8 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Near [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], along the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] corridor of [[Pune]], is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. [[Audi India|Audi]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Škoda Auto India|Škoda]] are located in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] has an SUV and engine assembly plant at [[Nashik]]. [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz]], [[Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Fiat Automobiles India Limited|Fiat]], and [[Force Motors]] have assembly plants in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/mahindra-rolls-out-15000th-hcv-truck-from-chakan/22931/ |title=Mahindra Chakan - News |publisher=Zigwheels |access-date=28 November 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|title=Volkswagen {{sic|Inaug|rates|nolink=y|expected=Inaugurates}} Chakan Plant!|publisher=cubi[CC]apacity|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108053040/http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|archive-date= 8 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Dipak |date=2025-04-11 |title=Maharashtra land sold by General Motors to Hyundai attracts 18% GST |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Apr/11/maharashtra-land-sold-by-general-motors-to-hyundai-attracts-18-gst |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
-The northern cluster is around the [[National Capital Region]], and contributes 32%. [[Gurgaon]] and [[Manesar]], in [[Haryana]], are where the country's largest car manufacturer, [[Maruti Suzuki]], is based.
+The northern cluster is around the [[National Capital Region]], and contributes 30%. [[Gurgaon]], [[Manesar]] and [[Kharkhoda]] in [[Haryana]], are where the country's largest car manufacturer, [[Maruti Suzuki]], is based.
-An emerging cluster is the state of [[Gujarat]], with a manufacturing facility of [[MG Motor India|MG Motors]] in [[Halol]], [[Atul Auto]] in [[Rajkot]], Ford, Oculus Auto in [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]],<ref name="Oculus Auto">{{cite web |title=Oculus |url=https://www.oculusauto.com/ |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Maruti Suzuki, and [[Groupe PSA|Peugeot-Citroën]] plants are also planned for Gujarat.<ref name=wsj-peugeot>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904583204576545512995853954|title=Peugeot-Citroen to Invest €650 Million in Indian Assembly Plant|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=1 September 2011|access-date=2 September 2011|first=David|last=Pearson}}</ref>
+An emerging cluster is the state of [[Gujarat]], with a manufacturing facility of [[MG Motor India|MG Motors]] in [[Halol]], [[Atul Auto]] in [[Rajkot]] and [[Tata Motors]] in Sanand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contractor |first=Sameer Fayaz |date=2024-01-12 |title=Tata begins production at new Sanand plant acquired from Ford |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/tata-begins-production-at-new-sanand-plant-for-evs-acquired-from-ford-india-41705054181044.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref> Maruti Suzuki also plans to set up a new greenfield plant in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruti Suzuki plans more investments in Gujarat with a New Greenfield Plant and a fourth line in SMG |url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2024/january/ms-plans-more-investments-in-gujarat-with-a-new-greenfield-plant?srsltid=AfmBOoo4bxS5fawyMQ9DjCDmYYBHEocZRj2n3YtR5HmmW2NS6vpp3nVv |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=MarutiSuzuki |language=en}}</ref>
-[[Uttarakhand]] with [[Tata Motors]], [[Telangana]] with [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]] and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Noida]] with [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda]], and [[Bengaluru]] - [[Karnataka]] region with [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]], [[Volvo]] and [[Scania AB|Scania]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] with [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] and [[Kia Motors|Kia]] and [[Kolkata]] - [[Jamshedpur]] belt also known as East India belt with companies such as [[Hindustan Motors]], [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]], [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]], TIL Tractos, [[Tata Daewoo]] and [[Tata Motors]] are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |title=Skoda plant commissioned near Aurangabad |publisher=Autonews.indiacar.com |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100909151256/http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carcrox.com |title=Cars in India,Compare Cars,Upcoming Cars in India |publisher=Carcrox.com |access-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906054807/http://www.carcrox.com/ |archive-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagmart.com/category/Automobiles/Cars|title=New Cars in India - Compare Cars - Latest Cars in India|work=sagmart.com|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>
+[[Uttarakhand]] with [[Tata Motors]], [[Telangana]] with [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]] and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Rajasthan]] with [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honda Rolls Out 20 Lakh Made-in-India Cars from Tapukara Facility; Details Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/honda-rolls-out-20-lakhth-made-in-india-car-from-tapukara-facility-details-here-6330499.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru]] - [[Karnataka]] region with [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]], [[Volvo]] and [[Scania AB|Scania]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] with [[Isuzu]] and [[Kia]] and [[Kolkata]] - [[Jamshedpur]] belt also known as East India belt with companies such as [[Hindustan Motors]], [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]], [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]], and [[Tata Motors]] are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |title=Skoda plant commissioned near Aurangabad |publisher=Autonews.indiacar.com |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100909151256/http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carcrox.com |title=Cars in India, Compare Cars, Upcoming Cars in India |publisher=Carcrox.com |access-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906054807/http://www.carcrox.com/ |archive-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagmart.com/category/Automobiles/Cars|title=New Cars in India - Compare Cars - Latest Cars in India|work=sagmart.com|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>
-===Andhra Pradesh===
+===Statewise vehicle manufacturing facilities===
-;Commercial and passenger vehicles
+{{sticky header}}
+{|Class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
+!States !! Passenger Vehicles !! Commercial vehicles !! Two wheelers !! Other types
+|-
+! [[Andhra Pradesh]]
+|
+* [[Kia India]] &ndash; [[Penukonda]] (Anantapur)
+|
 * [[Isuzu Motors India]] &ndash; [[Sri City]]
-* [[Kia#Kia India|Kia India]] &ndash; [[Penukonda]]
+* [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Vijayawada]]
-;Two wheelers
+|
 * [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Satyavedu]]
+|
 ;Off-highway vehicles
 * [[Kobe Steel|Kobelco Cranes]] &ndash; [[Sri City]]
+|-
-===Gujarat===
+! [[Gujarat]]
-;Passenger vehicles
+|
-* [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Sanand]]<ref name="tatamotors1"/>
+* [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Sanand]]
-* [[Suzuki Motor Gujarat]] &ndash; [[Ahmedabad]]
+*[[JSW MG Motor India]] &ndash; [[Halol]]
-* [[MG Motor]] &ndash; [[Halol]]
+* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Kandla]]
-;Two wheelers
+* [[Suzuki Motor Gujarat]] &ndash; Hansalpur
-* [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Surat]]<ref name="herohonda1">[http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081235/http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm|date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
+|
-* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] &ndash; [[Ahmedabad]]<ref name="HMSI Factory">{{cite web|url=http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |title=HMSI Factory |publisher=.honda2wheelersindia.com |access-date=2014-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228013326/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
+* [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB India]] &ndash; [[Halol]]
+* [[Atul Auto]] &ndash; [[Rajkot]] & [[Ahmedabad]]
-;Commercial vehicles
+|
-* [[Asia MotorWorks|Asia Motor Works AMW]] &ndash; [[Bhuj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amwasia.com/about-amw/manufacturing-facilities/manufacturing-facilities-integrating-quality-speed-and-scale |title=Automobiles &#124; HCV &#124; Heavy Commercial Vehicles - AMW |publisher=Amwasia.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104015748/http://www.amwasia.com/about-amw/manufacturing-facilities/manufacturing-facilities-integrating-quality-speed-and-scale |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>
+* [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Halol]]
-* [[Atul Auto]] &ndash; [[Rajkot]]
+* [[Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] &ndash; Vithalapur
-* Oculus Auto – [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Oculus MI7: This electric three-wheeler from Oculus runs a kilometer for 50 paise, launched in this state - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Oculus+MI7:+This+electric+three-wheeler+from+Oculus+runs+a+kilometer+for+50+paise,+launched+in+this+state&oq=oculus+mi7&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i60j69i61l2.3781j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2021-12-31|website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref name="Oculus Auto" />
+* Joy e-bike &ndash; Vadodara
+|
-===Haryana===
+|-
-* [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Dharuhera]], [[Gurgaon]]<ref name="herohonda1"/>
+! [[Haryana]]
-* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] &ndash; [[Manesar]]<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
+|
+* [[Maruti Suzuki]] &ndash; [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Manesar]] & [[Kharkhoda]]<ref>[http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702232313/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx|date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
+|
+* [[Action Construction Equipment]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+* [[Escorts Group]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+* [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB India]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcb.com/en-in/company|title = Company &#124; JCB - Earthmoving and Construction Equipments}}</ref>
+* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+|
+* [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Dharuhera]], [[Rewari]]<ref name="herohonda1">[http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081235/http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm|date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
+* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] &ndash; [[Manesar]]<ref name="HMSI Factory">{{cite web|url=http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |title=HMSI Factory |publisher=.honda2wheelersindia.com |access-date=2014-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228013326/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
 * [[India Yamaha Motor]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]<ref name="yamaha-motor-india1">{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |title=About us &#124; India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Yamaha-motor-india.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006072830/http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
-* [[Suzuki]] &ndash; [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]<ref>[http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629015322/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
+* [[Suzuki Motorcycle India]] &ndash; [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]<ref>[http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629015322/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
-;Passenger vehicles
+|
-* [[Maruti Suzuki]] &ndash; [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Manesar]]<ref>[http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702232313/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx|date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
+;Agricultural vehicles
+* [[Escorts Kubota Limited|Escorts Kubota]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
-;Commercial vehicles
+|-
-* [[JCB (company)|JCB India]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcb.com/en-in/company|title = Company &#124; JCB - Earthmoving and Construction Equipments}}</ref>
+! [[Himachal Pradesh]]
-* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+|
+* [[ICML Motors]] &ndash; [[Amb (town)|Amb]]<ref>[http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225739/http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html|date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
-;Agricultural Vehicles
+|
-* [[Escorts Group]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+* [[TAFE|TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Parwanoo]]<ref name="tafe1">[http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505054231/http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm|date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
-* [[Kubota Corporation]] &ndash; [[Faridabad]]
+|
-===Himachal Pradesh===
-;Two wheelers
 * [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Nalagarh]]<ref name="tvsmotor1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsmotor.in/dealer-locator-gmap.asp |title=TVS Motor Company |publisher=Tvsmotor.in |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
-;Passenger vehicles
+|
-* [[ICML motors]] &ndash; [[Amb (town)|Amb]]<ref>[http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225739/http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html|date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
+|-
-;Commercial vehicles
+! [[Jharkhand]]
-* [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Parwanoo]]<ref name="tafe1">[http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505054231/http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm|date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
+|
+|
-===Jharkhand===
-;Commercial vehicles
 * [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Jamshedpur]]<ref name="tatamotors1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/company-profile.php |title=Tata Motors Limited - India's Largest Automobile Company |publisher=Tatamotors.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208132710/http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/company-profile.php |archive-date=8 December 2013 }}</ref>
+|
-===Karnataka===
+|
-;Two wheelers
+|-
-* [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Mysuru]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
+! [[Karnataka]]
-* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India Pvt. Ltd.]] - Narsapura<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
+|
+* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Reva-Electric-Vehicles |title=Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
-;Passenger vehicles
+* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited|Toyota Kirloskar Motor]] &ndash; [[Bidadi]]<ref>[http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034754/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>
-* [[Mahindra Reva]] Electric Vehicles &ndash; [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Reva-Electric-Vehicles |title=Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
+|
-* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Bidadi]]<ref>[http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034754/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>
+* [[Bharat Earth Movers]] - [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru &]] [[Mysuru]], KGF
+* [[Scania AB|Scania Commercial Vehicles India]] &ndash; [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/scania-to-setassembly-plant-in-india/3572/1 |title=Scania to set up assembly plant in India |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
-;Commercial vehicles
-* [[Bharat Earth Movers]] - [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru &]] [[Mysuru]]
-* [[Scania AB|Scania Commercial Vehicles India Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/scania-to-setassembly-plant-in-india/3572/1 |title=Scania to set up assembly plant in India |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
 * [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Doddaballapur]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
 * [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Dharwad]]<ref name="tatamotors1"/>
-* VE Commercial Vehicles Limited - [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd.|url=https://www.vecv.in/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.vecv.in}}</ref>
+|
+* [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Mysuru]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
-===Kerala===
+* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] - Narsapura<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
-;Commercial vehicles
+* River Mobility, Hoskote<ref>{{cite web| title= River Mobility registers its best-ever monthly EV sales in July Aut…| url= https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/river-mobility-registers-best-ever-monthly-sales-in-july-1518-indie-e-scooters-127876| date= 2025-09-30| archiveurl= https://archive.today/20250930160041/https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/river-mobility-registers-best-ever-monthly-sales-in-july-1518-indie-e-scooters-127876|archivedate = 2025-09-30}}</ref>
+|
+|-
+! [[Kerala]]
+|
+|
 * [[Bharat Earth Movers]] &ndash;   [[Palakkad]]
 * [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]] &ndash; [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
+|
-===Madhya Pradesh===
+|
-;Two wheelers
+|-
-* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |title=Welcome to Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra2wheelers.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827110013/http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |archive-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+! [[Madhya Pradesh]]
+|
-;Commercial vehicles
+|
-* [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory]] &ndash;  [[Jabalpur]]
+* [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory]] &ndash; [[Jabalpur]]
 * [[Eicher Motors]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eicherworld.com/contactA.aspx?leftlink=Addresses&leftid=102&id=7&toplink=Contact+Us&mid=102 |title=Eicher :: Eicher Motors Limited :: Home |publisher=Eicherworld.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013184626/http://www.eicherworld.com/contactA.aspx?leftlink=Addresses&leftid=102&id=7&toplink=Contact+Us&mid=102 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 * [[Hindustan Motors]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref name="hindmotor">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindmotor.com/ |title=Hindustan Motors |publisher=Hindmotor.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
-* [[Force Motors|Force Motors Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |title=Force Motors LTD |publisher=Forcemotors.com |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054746/http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
+* [[Force Motors]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |title=Force Motors LTD |publisher=Forcemotors.com |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054746/http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
 * [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Mandideep]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
 * [[John Deere Tractors]] &ndash; [[Dewas]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
 * [[Case CE|CASE Construction Equipment]] - [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Case CE Equipment|url = http://www.casece.com|website = www.casece.com|access-date = 2015-10-27}}</ref>
+|
-===Maharashtra===
+* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |title=Welcome to Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra2wheelers.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827110013/http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |archive-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-;Two wheelers
+|
-* [[Bajaj Auto]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]] & [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj, Aurangabad]]<ref name="bajajauto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |title=Bajaj |publisher=Bajajauto.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172440/http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
+|-
-** [[KTM|KTM Sportmotorcycles]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
+! [[Maharashtra]]
-* [[India Kawasaki Motors]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
+|
-* [[Vespa|Vespa Scooters]] &ndash; [[Baramati|Baramati (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vespa opens up its first Indian plant |url=http://www.topgear.com/india/bike-news/vespa-opens-up-its-first-indian-plant/itemid-50 |date=1 May 2012 |website=Topgear India |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>
+* [[Hyundai Motor India]] &ndash; [[Talegaon Dabhade (village)|Talegaon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai signs deal to acquire General Motors' Talegaon manufacturing plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/hyundai-signs-deal-to-acquire-general-motors-talegaon-manufacturing-plant-123081600346_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=After Mitsubishi, Hyundai to invest Rs 7,000 crore in Pune's Talegaon area |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mitsubishi-hyundai-invest-rs-7000-crore-pune-talegaon-9108941/ |website=Indian Express |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
-;Passenger vehicles
+* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Nashik]] & [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Vehicle-Manufacturers |title=Mahindra Vehicle Manufacturers &#124; Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826071458/http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-Do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Vehicle-Manufacturers |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-and-Mahindra-Automotive-Division |title=Mahindra & Mahindra-Automotive Division |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
-* [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra & Mahindra Automotive Division]] &ndash; [[Nashik]], [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Vehicle-Manufacturers |title=Mahindra Vehicle Manufacturers &#124; Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-and-Mahindra-Automotive-Division |title=Mahindra & Mahindra-Automotive Division |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
 * [[Tata Motors|Tata Motors Limited]]
 ** [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php |title=Know Us : Manufacturing |publisher=Tata Motors |date=13 March 2000 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920004648/http://tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
-** [[Jaguar Land Rover|Jaguar Cars]] &ndash; [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]] [[Pune]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/jaguar-land-rover-inaugurates-new-vehicle-assembly-plant-in-pune/8572/1 |title=Jaguar Land Rover Inaugurates New Vehicle Assembly Plant in Pune |publisher=ZigWheels.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
+** [[Jaguar Land Rover|Jaguar Cars]] &ndash; [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/jaguar-land-rover-inaugurates-new-vehicle-assembly-plant-in-pune/8572/1 |title=Jaguar Land Rover Inaugurates New Vehicle Assembly Plant in Pune |publisher=ZigWheels.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
-** [[Land Rover]] - [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad]], (Pune).
+** [[Land Rover]]  &ndash; [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]
 * [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/world/Google_Maps_Test_Frontend.html |title=Mercedes-Benz India - Mercedes World - Contact Us |publisher=Mercedes-benz.co.in |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627133948/http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/world/Google_Maps_Test_Frontend.html |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 * [[Jeep|Jeep India]] &ndash; [[Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon (Pune)]]
-* [[Volkswagen Group Sales India|Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited (Pune)]]
+* [[Volkswagen Group Sales India]]
-** [[Volkswagen India Private Limited|Volkswagen]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/volkswagen_world/volkswagen_india.html |title=Volkswagen India < Volkswagen World < Welcome to Volkswagen India |publisher=Volkswagen.co.in |date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
+** [[Volkswagen India Private Limited|Volkswagen]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/volkswagen_world/volkswagen_india.html |title=Volkswagen India < Volkswagen World < Welcome to Volkswagen India |publisher=Volkswagen.co.in |date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828111208/http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/volkswagen_world/volkswagen_india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ** [[Škoda Auto India Private Limited|Skoda Auto]] - [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]], [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]<ref>[http://www.skoda-auto.co.in/ind/about/contacts/Pages/ContactPage.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812045653/http://www.skoda-auto.co.in/ind/about/contacts/Pages/ContactPage.aspx|date=12 August 2012}}</ref>
-** [[Audi India|Audi AG]] &ndash; [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra, Aurangabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.in/sea/brand/in/company/About_Audi_India.html |title=About Audi India > Audi India |publisher=Audi.in |date=2011-11-17 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
+** [[Audi India]] &ndash; [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra, Aurangabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.in/sea/brand/in/company/About_Audi_India.html |title=About Audi India > Audi India |publisher=Audi.in |date=2011-11-17 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
-;Commercial vehicles
+|
-* [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Bhandara]]<ref name="ashokleyland1"/>
+* [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]<ref name="ashokleyland1"/>
-* [[Bajaj Auto]] (Pune) &ndash; [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj, Aurangabad]]<ref name="bajajauto1"/>
+* [[Bajaj Auto]] &ndash; [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj (Aurangabad)]]<ref name="bajajauto1"/>
 * [[Force Motors]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>[http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054746/http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
-* [[Mahindra Navistar]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan, (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindranavistar.com/aboutus.html |title=Mahindra Navistar Automotives Ltd. - Indian Lorry and Commercial Truck Manufacturer in India |publisher=Mahindranavistar.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
+* [[Mahindra Navistar]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindranavistar.com/aboutus.html |title=Mahindra Navistar Automotives Ltd. - Indian Lorry and Commercial Truck Manufacturer in India |publisher=Mahindranavistar.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
 * [[Piaggio|Piaggio Vehicles]] &ndash; [[Baramati|Baramati (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piaggio.co.in/category/contact-us.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=Piaggio |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016120526/http://piaggio.co.in/category/contact-us.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
-* Eicher (VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd.) &ndash; [[Thane]].
+* [[Sany]] India &ndash; Pune
-* [[Sany]] India &ndash; (Pune).
+* [[Hyundai Heavy Industries|Hyundai Construction Equipment]] &ndash; Chakan (Pune).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.hd-hyundaice.com/ |title=Construction Equipment |publisher=Hyundai |location=India| access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
-* [[Hyundai Construction Equipment]] &ndash; Chakan (Pune).
+* [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] &ndash;  Banda (Sindhudurg)
-* [[Terex]] &ndash; Khed (Pune).
+* [[John Deere Tractors]] &ndash; Sanaswadi (Pune)
-* [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] &ndash;  Banda, Sindhudurg.
+* [[Wirtgen]] India – Bhandgav (Pune)
-* [[John Deere Tractors]] &ndash; Sanaswadi (Pune).
+|
-* [https://dynapac.com/in-en/ Dynapac Road Construction] – Phulgaon (Pune)
+* [[Bajaj Auto]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]] & [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj (Aurangabad)]]<ref name="bajajauto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |title=Bajaj |publisher=Bajajauto.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172440/http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
+** [[KTM|KTM Sportmotorcycles]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
-===Punjab===
+* [[India Kawasaki Motors]] &ndash; [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
-;Commercial vehicles
+* [[Vespa|Vespa Scooters]] and [[Aprilia]] (brands part of [[Piaggio]]) &ndash; [[Baramati|Baramati (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vespa opens up its first Indian plant |url=http://www.topgear.com/india/bike-news/vespa-opens-up-its-first-indian-plant/itemid-50 |date=1 May 2012 |website=Topgear India |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Aprilia RS 457 production commenced - Overdrive |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/aprilia-rs-457-production-commenced-at-baramati-plant-in-maharashtra/ |date=4 Jan 2024|website=Overdrive |access-date=22 Feb 2024}}</ref>
-* [[SML Isuzu]]  &ndash; [[Nawanshahar]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Contact Us | url = http://smlisuzu.com/Financials/Contact_Us.aspx | publisher = SML Isuzu Limited | location = [[Chandigarh]] | access-date = 2013-09-16 }}</ref>
+|
-* [[Punjab Tractors Ltd.|Swaraj Tractors]] &ndash; [[Mohali]].
+|-
+! [[Punjab]]
+|
+|
+* [[SML Isuzu]]  &ndash; [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Contact Us | url = http://smlisuzu.com/Financials/Contact_Us.aspx | publisher = SML Isuzu Limited | location = [[Chandigarh]] | access-date = 2013-09-16 }}</ref>
+|
+|
+;Agricultural vehicles
+* [[Punjab Tractors Ltd.|Swaraj Tractors]] &ndash; [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
 * [[Sonalika Group|Sonalika Tractor]] &ndash; [[Hoshiarpur]]
-* [[Preet Group Motors|Preet Tractor]] &ndash; [[Nabha]]
+|-
-* [[Standard Corp|Standard Tractors]] &ndash; [[Barnala]]
+! [[Rajasthan]]
+|
-===Rajasthan===
+* [[Honda Cars India]] &ndash; [[Alwar district|Tapukara]]<ref name="hondacarindia1">[http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215724/http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx|date=12 July 2011}}</ref>
-; Two Wheelers
+|
+* [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Alwar]]<ref name="ashokleyland1">[http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051908/http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing|date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
+|
 * [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] &ndash; Tapukara<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
-* [[Hero|Hero Motocorp]] &ndash; Neemrana
+* [[Hero Motocorp]] &ndash; Neemrana
-;Passenger vehicles
+* [[Okinawa Autotech]] &ndash; [[Alwar]] & [[Bhiwadi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Jan 2021 |title=Okinawa to invest ₹150 crore to set up new manufacturing unit in Rajasthan |work=HT Auto |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/okinawa-to-invest-rs-150-crore-to-set-up-new-manufacturing-unit-in-rajasthan-41611470341020.html}}</ref>
-* [[Honda Cars India|Honda Cars India Ltd.]] &ndash; [[Alwar district|Tapukara]]<ref name="hondacarindia1">[http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215724/http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx|date=12 July 2011}}</ref>
+|
-;Commercial vehicles
+;Agricultural vehicles
-* [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Alwar]]<ref name="ashokleyland1">[http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051908/http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing|date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
 * [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Alwar]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
+|-
-===Tamil Nadu===
+! [[Tamil Nadu]] ''([[Automotive industry in Chennai|Chennai]])''
-;
+|
-;Two wheelers
+* [[BMW India]] &ndash; [[Mahindra World City, Chennai|Mahindra World City (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Jagannathan |first=K. T. |title=Business : BMW Chennai facility goes on stream |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/BMW-Chennai-facility-goes-on-stream/article14739527.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 March 2007 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |title=BMW India : Careers : Job Offers |publisher=Bmw.in |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017021052/http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
-* [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
+** [[Mini|MINI India]] &ndash; [[Mahindra World City, Chennai|Mahindra World City (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Mini Countryman production begins at Chennai plant|url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2018-mini-countryman-production-begins-at-chennai-plant/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Overdrive|language=en}}</ref>
-**[[BMW Motorrad]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-12-15|title=17% of BMW bikes produced at TVS Motor's plant: Stoll|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/17-of-bmw-bikes-produced-at-tvs-motors-plant-stoll/article33339862.ece|access-date=2021-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
+* [[Hyundai Motor India]] &ndash; [[Sriperumbudur|Sriperumbudur (Chennai)]]<ref>[http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511053350/http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx|date=11 May 2012}}</ref>
-* [[Royal Enfield]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=Royalenfield.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205053039/http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[India Yamaha Motor]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]
-* [[Ola Electric]] &ndash; [[Krishnagiri]]  <ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Ola commences construction of mega factory on 500-acre site in Tamil Nadu, eyes production soon|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/auto/ola-commences-construction-of-mega-factory-on-500-acre-site-in-tamil-nadu-eyes-production-soon-8425271.htm|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal Looks To Disrupt India's EV Market By Mass Producing Vehicles|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/olas-bhavish-aggarwal-looks-to-disrupt-indias-ev-market-by-mass-producing-vehicles-6616401.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Ather Energy]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ather Energy offers a peek into its new production facility at Hosur|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/bike-news/ather-energy-offers-a-peek-into-its-new-production-facility-at-hosur-419925|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Autocar India|language=en}}</ref>
-* [https://www.simpleenergy.in/ Simple Energy] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Simple Energy plans million e-scooters capacity plant in Hosur|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/simple-energy-plans-million-escooters-capacity-plant-in-hosur-79753|access-date=2021-09-04|website=www.autocarpro.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
-* [https://amperevehicles.com/ Ampere Electric] &ndash; [[Ranipet]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ampere Electric to invest Rs 700 crore in new EV plant in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/ampere-electric-to-invest-rs-700-crore-in-new-ev-plant-in-tamil-nadu-78509|access-date=2021-09-04|website=www.autocarpro.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
-* [https://srivarumotors.com/ Sri Varu Motors] &ndash; [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=SVM Prana Electric Motorcycle Launch Price Rs 1.99 L - 126 Kms Range|url=https://www.rushlane.com/svm-prana-electric-motorcycle-launch-12391549.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=RushLane|language=en-US}}</ref>
-* [https://www.boommotors.com/index.html Boom Motors] - [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=EV start-up Boom Motors launches moto-scooters at Rs 89,999|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/ev-startup-boom-motors-launches-motoscooters-at-rs-89-999-80428|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.autocarpro.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
-*Raptee Energy - [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Raptee Energy Inc.|url=https://rapteemotors.com/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=rapteemotors.com}}</ref>
-*Aventose Energy - [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2021-06-30|title=Aventose Energy's electric two-wheeler enters pre-production stage|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/aventose-energy-s-electric-two-wheeler-enters-pre-production-stage-121063000574_1.html|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>
-;Passenger vehicles
-* [[BMW India]] &ndash; [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Jagannathan |first=K. T. |title=Business : BMW Chennai facility goes on stream |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/BMW-Chennai-facility-goes-on-stream/article14739527.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 March 2007 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |title=BMW India : Careers : Job Offers |publisher=Bmw.in |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017021052/http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
-** [[Mini|MINI India]] &ndash; [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Mini Countryman production begins at Chennai plant|url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2018-mini-countryman-production-begins-at-chennai-plant/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Overdrive|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Hyundai Motor India Limited]] &ndash; [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Chennai]]<ref>[http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511053350/http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx|date=11 May 2012}}</ref>
 * [[Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited]]
-** [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |title=Nissan India &#124; Corporate Information |publisher=Nissan.in |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829005503/http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>
+** [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Oragadam|Oragadam (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |title=Nissan India &#124; Corporate Information |publisher=Nissan.in |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829005503/http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>
 ** [[Renault India Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>[http://www.renault.co.in/about/india.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607042658/http://www.renault.co.in/about/india.html|date=7 June 2012}}</ref>
-** [[Datsun]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Datsun GO Production at Chennai Plant|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+** [[Datsun]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Datsun GO Production at Chennai Plant| date=8 June 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 * [[Citroën India]] &ndash; [[Tiruvallur]], [[Chennai]]
-*[[BYD Auto|BYD India Pvt. Ltd]] &ndash; [[Sriperumbudur]], [https://www.bydindia.com/about Chennai]
+*[[BYD Auto|BYD India Pvt. Ltd]] &ndash; [[Sriperumbudur]], Chennai
-*[https://www.newenergywagon.com/ New Energy Wagon Pvt. Ltd] - [[Tiruppur]]
+|
-;Commercial vehicles
+* [[Schwing Stetter|Schwing Stetter India]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Schwing Stetter commissions ₹300-cr factory near Chennai|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/schwing-stetter-commissions-300-cr-factory-near-chennai/article33830480.ece|access-date=2021-09-04|website=@businessline|date=13 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Schwing Stetter|Schwing Stetter India]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Schwing Stetter commissions ₹300-cr factory near Chennai|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/schwing-stetter-commissions-300-cr-factory-near-chennai/article33830480.ece|access-date=2021-09-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref>
 * [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu India Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-05-12|title=Komatsu Opens New Factory in India|url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2015/05/12/komatsu-opens-new-factory-in-india/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Dredging Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
 *[[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles|Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Private Limited]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact|url=http://www.bharatbenz.com/contact|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606053050/http://www.bharatbenz.com/contact|archive-date=6 June 2012|access-date=27 August 2012|publisher=bharatbenz.com}}</ref>
 *[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] &ndash; [[Tiruvallur]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Caterpillar sets up new manufacturing plant in India for backhoe loaders|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/caterpillar-sets-up-new-manufacturing-plant-in-india-for-backhoe-loaders/24947.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] &ndash; [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]]
 * [[Ashok Leyland|Ashok Leyland Limited]]
 ** [[Ennore]], [[Chennai]] – trucks, buses, engines, axles etc.
 ** [[Hosur]]<ref name="ashokleyland1" /> – three adjacent plants (Hosur-1, Hosur-2, CPPS) for trucks, special vehicles and power units.
 ** Sengadu Village, [[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]] – technical and production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
-* [[Kamaz|KamAZ Vectra Motors]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |title=::Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd:: |publisher=Kamazvectra.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151525/http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
+* [[Kamaz|KamAZ Vectra Motors]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |title=Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd |publisher=Kamazvectra.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151525/http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
-* [[SAME Deutz-Fahr]] [[Tractors]] &ndash; [[Ranipet]], [[Vellore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/same-deutz-fahr-to-make-ranipet-its-export-hub-109030500059_1.html|title=SAME Deutz-Fahr to make Ranipet,Vellore its export hub |date=5 March 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
+* [[SAME Deutz-Fahr]] [[Tractors]] &ndash; [[Ranipet]], [[Vellore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/same-deutz-fahr-to-make-ranipet-its-export-hub-109030500059_1.html|title=SAME Deutz-Fahr to make Ranipet, Vellore its export hub |date=5 March 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
-* [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref name="tafe1" />
+* [[TAFE Tractors]] &ndash; [[Chennai]],<ref name="tafe1" /> [[Madurai]]
 * [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref name="tvsmotor1" />
-* [[Force Motors]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-07-21|title=Force Motors opens a new plant in Chennai, starts assembly of BMW engines-Auto News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/auto/force-motors-opens-a-new-plant-in-chennai-starts-assembly-of-bmw-engines-2354740.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
+* [[Force Motors]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-07-21|title=Force Motors opens a new plant in Chennai, starts assembly of BMW engines-Auto News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/auto/force-motors-opens-a-new-plant-in-chennai-starts-assembly-of-bmw-engines-2354740.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
-* Mauto Electric Mobility Pvt. Ltd &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=M Auto|url=https://melectric.in/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=melectric.in}}</ref>
+|
-* E Royce Motors India Pvt Ltd &ndash; [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.eroyce.in/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Eroyce|language=en-US}}</ref>
+* [[TVS Motor]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
-* REEP Motors &ndash; [[Maraimalai Nagar]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reep Motors|url=https://reepmotors.com/|access-date=2021-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
+**[[BMW Motorrad]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=17% of BMW bikes produced at TVS Motor's plant: Stoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/17-of-bmw-bikes-produced-at-tvs-motors-plant-stoll/article33339862.ece |date=15 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |language=en-IN |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
-*DP Auto India Pvt Ltd - [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]<ref>{{cite web|title=DP AUTOINDIA PRIVATE LIMITED|url=https://dpauto.in/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=dpauto.in}}</ref>
+* [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] &ndash; [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=Royalenfield.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205053039/http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+* [[India Yamaha Motor]] &ndash; [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]
-===Telangana===
+* [[Ola Electric]] &ndash; [[Krishnagiri]]  <ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Ola commences construction of mega factory on 500-acre site in Tamil Nadu, eyes production soon|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/auto/ola-commences-construction-of-mega-factory-on-500-acre-site-in-tamil-nadu-eyes-production-soon-8425271.htm|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal Looks To Disrupt India's EV Market By Mass Producing Vehicles|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/olas-bhavish-aggarwal-looks-to-disrupt-indias-ev-market-by-mass-producing-vehicles-6616401.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Moneycontrol|date=7 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[Ather Energy]] &ndash; [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ather Energy offers a peek into its new production facility at Hosur|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/bike-news/ather-energy-offers-a-peek-into-its-new-production-facility-at-hosur-419925|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Autocar India|language=en}}</ref>
+|
 ;Defence
-* [[Ordnance Factory Medak|Ordinance Factory]] &ndash; [[Medak]]
+* [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] &ndash; [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]]
+|-
-;Commercial vehicles
+! [[Telangana]]
-* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] &ndash; [[Hi Tech city]]
+|
+|
 * [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Zaheerabad]]
-* [[Deccan auto Limited]] &ndash; [[Patancheru]]
+|
+|
-===Uttar Pradesh===
+;Defence
-;Two wheelers
+* [[Ordnance Factory Medak|Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] &ndash; [[Medak]]
+|-
+! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
+|
+*[[Honda Cars India]] &ndash; [[Greater Noida]]
+|
+* [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Lucknow]]
+* [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] &ndash; [[Greater Noida]]
+|
 * [[India Yamaha Motor]] &ndash; [[Greater Noida]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |title=About us &#124; India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Yamaha-motor-india.com |access-date=2013-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006072830/http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
+|
-;Commercial vehicles
+|-
-* [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Lucknow]]
+! [[Uttarakhand]]
-* [[New Holland India|New Holland]] &ndash; [[Greater Noida]]
+|
-*[[J.S. Auto (P) LTD.]] &ndash; [[Kanpur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.jsauto.co.in|access-date=17 March 2015|website=J. S. Auto (P) Ltd.: Manufacturer of JSA Three Wheelers}}</ref>
+|
-===Uttarakhand===
-;Commercial vehicles
 * [[Ashok Leyland]] &ndash; [[Pantnagar]]
 * [[Tata Motors]] &ndash; [[Pantnagar]]
 * [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] &ndash; [[Haridwar]]
+|
-;Two wheelers
 * [[Hero MotoCorp]] &ndash; [[Haridwar]]
 * [[Bajaj Auto]] &ndash; [[Pantnagar]]
+|
-===West Bengal===
+|-
-;Commercial vehicles
+! [[West Bengal]]
+|
+|
 * [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]] – [[Kharagpur]]
+* [[Gainwell]] - [[Panagarh]]
+|
+|
+|}
 ==Exports==
-[[File:2june 2007 569.jpg|thumb|2007 [[Mahindra Scorpio]] in service with [[Italy]]'s CNSAS]]
+[[File:2june 2007 569.jpg|thumb|2007 [[Mahindra Scorpio]] Pickup in service with Italy's CNSAS]]
-India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the [[United Kingdom]] being India's largest export market, followed by [[Italy]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name="ETcars">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |title=Britain India's largest automobile export market |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124110746/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |archive-date=24 November 2010 }}</ref>
+In 2025, India became world's third largest manufacturer of vehicles, and exported 50% of its two-wheeler production.<ref name=bumb1/> India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and South Africa.<ref name="ETcars">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |title=Britain India's largest automobile export market |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124110746/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |archive-date=24 November 2010 }}</ref>
-According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like [[Hyundai Motors India|Hyundai]], [[Nissan]], [[Toyota Kirloskar|Toyota]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Suzuki#Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurczewski |first=Nick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/automobiles/28INDIA.html |title=More Cars Are Coming From India |location=India |work=Nytimes.com |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>
+According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Nissan]], [[Toyota Kirloskar|Toyota]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Maruti Suzuki]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurczewski |first=Nick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/automobiles/28INDIA.html |title=More Cars Are Coming From India |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>
-In 2008, South Korean [[multinational corporation|multinational]] Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. [[Nissan Motors]] planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |title=Nissan upcoming Chennai plant to be its global small car hub - WheelsUnplugged Automobile Industry News |publisher=Wheelsunplugged.com |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620005406/http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, [[US]] automobile company, [[General Motors]] had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Darlington |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |title=GM to make India small car hub |publisher=mydigitalfc.com |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627155340/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In 2008, Hyundai alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |title=Nissan upcoming Chennai plant to be its global small car hub - WheelsUnplugged Automobile Industry News |publisher=Wheelsunplugged.com |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620005406/http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, US automobile company, [[General Motors]] had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Darlington |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |title=GM to make India small car hub |publisher=mydigitalfc.com |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627155340/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In September 2009, [[Ford Motors]] announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/business/global/04fobriefs-FORDPLANSTOB_BRF.html |title=India: Ford Plans to Build Small Cars |department=World Business Briefing &#124; Asia |location=India |work=Nytimes.com |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.<ref>{{cite news|last=Choudhury |first=Santanu |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125197825802282897 |title=Ford Set to Start Production of Small Car in India |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Motors]] had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSBMA00584420090903 |title=Fiat Purchasing to source $1 bln parts from India |publisher=Reuters.com |date= 3 September 2009|access-date=28 November 2010 |first=C.J. |last=Kuncheria}}</ref>
+In September 2009, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/business/global/04fobriefs-FORDPLANSTOB_BRF.html |title=India: Ford Plans to Build Small Cars |department=World Business Briefing &#124; Asia |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.<ref>{{cite news|last=Choudhury |first=Santanu |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125197825802282897 |title=Ford Set to Start Production of Small Car in India |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]] had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSBMA00584420090903 |title=Fiat Purchasing to source $1 bln parts from India |publisher=Reuters.com |date= 3 September 2009|access-date=28 November 2010 |first=C.J. |last=Kuncheria}}</ref>
 [[File:Tata Safari II front - PSM 2009.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Tata Safari]] on display in [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] ]]
@@ Line 316: / Line 363: @@
 In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m).<ref name="bloomberg1">{{cite news|last = Nair|first = Vipin V.|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=aO9LxvSmKTzE|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130102052319/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=aO9LxvSmKTzE|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 January 2013|title = Suzuki, Hyundai's Indian Car Exports Beat China's|publisher = Bloomberg.com|date = 7 September 2009|access-date = 1 September 2010}}</ref>
-In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Peugeot-may-revive-India-plans-invest-881-mn-in-new-unit/articleshow/6140773.cms |title=Peugeot may revive India plans, invest $881 mn in new unit |publisher=Economic Times: Times of India |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> PSA's intention to utilise this production facility for export purposes however remains unclear as of December 2010.
+In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Peugeot-may-revive-India-plans-invest-881-mn-in-new-unit/articleshow/6140773.cms |title=Peugeot may revive India plans, invest $881 mn in new unit |publisher=Economic Times: Times of India |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> [[Citroën]] entered the market in 2021 with their first offering being the [[Citroën C5 Aircross]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Citroen C5 Aircross launched in India, prices start from Rs 29.90 lakh |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2021-citroen-c5-aircross-launched-in-india-prices-start-from-rs-29-90-lakh/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Mahindra XUV 3XO 2025.jpg|thumb|2025 [[Mahindra XUV 3XO|Mahindra 3XO]] at a dealership in India]]
+In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] are the two biggest exporters of cars from the country. [[Nissan]] also exports small cars from its Indian assembly line. [[Tata Motors]] exports its passenger vehicles to several Asian and African markets. In the 2000s, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small [[SUV]] models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle ([[Mahindra Roxor]]; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.<ref>[https://www.autoblog.com/2019/03/14/mahindra-roxor-us-market/ How Mahindra plans to grow in U.S. with 'India tough' Roxor off-roader]</ref> It is also sold in Canada. While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.<ref name="thomaswhite.com">{{cite web |date=26 February 2010 |title=India Automobiles; Car Industry in India |work=Thomas White International |url=http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/automobiles-sector-in-india-fast-growth/ |access-date=28 November 2010 |publisher=Thomaswhite.com}}</ref>
-In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India. Apart from [[Maruti Exports]]' shipments to [[Suzuki]]'s other markets, [[Maruti Suzuki]] also manufactures small cars for [[Nissan]], which sells them in Europe. [[Nissan]] will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. [[Tata Motors]] exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is preparing to sell electric cars in Europe in 2010. The firm is planning to sell an electric version of its affordable car the [[Tata Nano]] in Europe and in the [[U.S.]] In the 2000s, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small [[SUV]] models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle ([[Mahindra Roxor]]; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.<ref>[https://www.autoblog.com/2019/03/14/mahindra-roxor-us-market/ How Mahindra plans to grow in U.S. with 'India tough' Roxor off-roader]</ref> It is also sold in Canada. [[Bajaj Auto]] is designing a low-cost car for [[Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited|Renault Nissan Automotive India]], which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer [[Ashok Leyland]] in another small car project.<ref name="thomaswhite.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/automobiles-sector-in-india-fast-growth/ |title=India Automobiles; Car Industry in India |publisher=Thomaswhite.com |date=26 February 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.<ref name="thomaswhite.com"/>
+Mahindra's major overseas markets include Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, United States and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 4, 2023 |title=Mahindra eyes global expansion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/m-m-eyeing-global-expansion-diversifying-ops-to-boost-revenue-growth-123100400191_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
 ===Top 10 export destinations===
@@ Line 380: / Line 429: @@
 |$428.9 million
 |3%
+|}
+<big>Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.</big>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+
+!India Exports by Country
+!Last
+!Previous
+!
+!
+|-
+|United States
+|485.03
+|469.28
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|United Arab Emirates
+|211.45
+|179.69
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Netherlands
+|146.98
+|118.23
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Israel
+|122.55
+|44.07
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Brazil
+|91.30
+|72.88
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|China
+|86.57
+|83.21
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Germany
+|66.84
+|63.42
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Saudi Arabia
+|60.38
+|66.42
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Indonesia
+|58.89
+|51.32
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Singapore
+|55.63
+|63.31
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Hong Kong
+|51.40
+|62.34
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Belgium
+|51.05
+|53.36
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Nepal
+|50.69
+|36.95
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Italy
+|49.29
+|45.34
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|France
+|45.78
+|41.27
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|South Africa
+|43.83
+|47.85
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Malaysia
+|40.15
+|42.70
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Japan
+|37.21
+|33.27
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Australia
+|34.64
+|44.76
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Nigeria
+|33.16
+|38.53
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Thailand
+|32.57
+|37.15
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Sri Lanka
+|27.95
+|35.21
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Canada
+|26.50
+|22.95
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Spain
+|25.97
+|30.04
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Russia
+|24.72
+|23.06
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Egypt
+|22.94
+|20.94
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Kenya
+|20.10
+|11.64
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Iraq
+|16.64
+|15.62
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Taiwan
+|13.58
+|15.32
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Philippines
+|12.80
+|13.78
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Portugal
+|9.58
+|4.35
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Switzerland
+|8.82
+|12.34
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Iran
+|8.33
+|6.05
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Denmark
+|6.03
+|4.59
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Sweden
+|5.60
+|5.49
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Ireland
+|4.26
+|3.12
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Greece
+|3.91
+|3.65
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Pakistan
+|3.70
+|3.20
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|New Zealand
+|2.81
+|2.85
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Finland
+|2.78
+|2.45
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
+|-
+|Luxembourg
+|0.24
+|0.25
+|INR Billion
+|Nov/22
 |}
 ==Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India==
+{{Main|List of vehicle plants in India}}
 <!-- Commented out: [[File:Maruti Suzuki Logo.svg|thumb|right|Maruti Suzuki is the largest Indian passenger vehicle manufacturer in the local market<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Maruti-Suzuki-sales-up-24-in-Aug-/articleshow/6472709.cms |title=Maruti Suzuki sales up 24% in August |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>]] -->
-India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2018–19, it produced 4.06 million cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/226032/light-vehicle-producing-countries/|title=Passenger cars - major producing countries 2018|publisher=Statista|access-date= 15 April 2019}}</ref> Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/why-carmakers-are-still-betting-on-india-1557855432498.html|title=Why carmakers are still betting on India|date=14 May 2019|publisher=Live mint.com|access-date= 15 May 2019}}</ref>
+India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2024–25, it produced 5.06 million cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of Indian Auto Industry in 2023-24 |url=https://www.siam.in/statistics |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.siam.in}}</ref> Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/why-carmakers-are-still-betting-on-india-1557855432498.html|title=Why carmakers are still betting on India|date=14 May 2019|publisher=Live mint.com|access-date= 15 May 2019}}</ref>
 This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.
@@ Line 392: / Line 697: @@
 ====Models currently manufactured by Indian brands====
-[[File:Maruti Suzuki Swift 4456.JPG|thumb|[[Maruti Swift]]]]
+[[File:2021 Mahindra XUV700 2.2 AX7 (India) front view.png|thumb|[[Mahindra XUV700]]]]
-* [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html |title=Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125144153/http://mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html| archive-date= 25 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Mahindra Bolero Camper|Bolero]], [[Mahindra Scorpio|Scorpio]], [[Mahindra Thar|Thar]], [[Mahindra TUV300|Bolero Neo]], [[Mahindra KUV100|KUV100NXT]], [[Mahindra Marazzo|Marazzo]], [[Mahindra Alturas G4|Alturas G4]], [[Mahindra XUV300|XUV300]], [[Mahindra XUV700|XUV700]]
+[[File:Tata Buzzard Genf 2019 1Y7A5791.jpg|thumb|[[Tata Safari]]]]
-* [[Tata Motors]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |title=Products |publisher=Tata Motors |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235620/http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tata TL|Xenon]], [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]], [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]], [[Tata Tigor|Tigor EV]], [[Tata Nexon|Nexon]], [[Tata Nexon|Nexon EV]], [[Tata Harrier|Harrier]], [[Tata Altroz|Altroz]], [[Tata Safari (2021)|Safari]], [[Tata Punch|Punch]]
+* [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html |title=Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125144153/http://mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html| archive-date= 25 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Mahindra Bolero|Bolero]], [[Mahindra Bolero Neo|Bolero Neo]], [[Mahindra Scorpio|Scorpio]], [[Mahindra Scorpio#Second generation (Z101; 2022)|Scorpio-N]], [[Mahindra Scorpio Getaway|Scorpio Getaway]], [[Mahindra Thar|Thar]], [[Mahindra Thar#Thar Roxx|Thar Roxx]], [[Mahindra Marazzo|Marazzo]], [[Mahindra XUV 3XO|XUV3XO]], [[Mahindra XUV300#Mahindra XUV400|XUV400]], [[Mahindra XUV 7XO|XUV 7XO]], [[Mahindra BE 6|BE 6]], [[Mahindra XEV 9e|XEV 9e]], [[Mahindra XEV 9S|XEV 9S]]
+* [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |title=Products |publisher=Tata Motors |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235620/http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]], [[Tata Tiago#Tiago.ev|Tiago EV]], [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]], [[Tata Tigor EV|Tigor EV]], [[Tata Nexon|Nexon]], [[Tata Nexon EV|Nexon EV]], [[Tata Harrier|Harrier]], [[Tata Altroz|Altroz]], [[Tata Safari|Safari]], [[Tata Punch|Punch]], [[Tata Punch#Tata Punch.ev|Punch EV]], [[Tata Curvv|Curvv]], [[Tata Curvv|Curvv EV]], [[Tata Sierra|Sierra]]
+* [[Force Motors]]: [[Force Trax|Trax]], [[Force Gurkha|Gurkha]]
 ====Defunct Indian brands====
+* [[Hindustan Motors]] - the company still exists, but no longer manufactures automobiles
+* [[Premier Automobiles Limited]]
 * [[Sipani|Sipani Automobiles]]
-* [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard Motor Products of India]]
+* [[Standard Motor Products of India Limited]]
 ===Joint-venture (JV) brands===
-* [[Maruti Suzuki]] (subsidiary of Japanese auto maker [[Suzuki]])<ref>[http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx Maruti Suzuki Corporate Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126163908/http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx |date=26 January 2013 }}. Retrieved 2013-02-01.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marutisuzuki.com |title=Maruti Suzuki company manufactures the best selling cars in India |publisher=Marutisuzuki.com |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101129185626/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/| archive-date= 29 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Maruti Suzuki Alto|Alto]], [[Maruti Suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]], [[Suzuki Swift|Swift]], [[Maruti Suzuki Dzire|Dzire]], [[Maruti Suzuki Eeco|Eeco]], [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]], [[Maruti Suzuki Celerio|Celerio]], [[Maruti Suzuki Ciaz|Ciaz]], [[Suzuki Vitara Brezza|Vitara Brezza]], [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Baleno]], [[Suzuki Ignis|Ignis]], [[Suzuki SX4|S-Cross]], [[Maruti Suzuki XL6|XL6]], [[Maruti Suzuki S-Presso|S-Presso]], [[Suzuki Jimny|Jimny]] (exports only)<ref>{{cite web|title=Maruti Suzuki starts production of Jimny SUV in India|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/article/maruti-suzuki-starts-production-of-jimny-suv-in-india/709535|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
+* [[Maruti Suzuki]] (subsidiary of Japanese auto maker [[Suzuki]])<ref>[http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx Maruti Suzuki Corporate Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126163908/http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx |date=26 January 2013 }}. Retrieved 2013-02-01.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marutisuzuki.com |title=Maruti Suzuki company manufactures the best selling cars in India |publisher=Marutisuzuki.com |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101129185626/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/| archive-date= 29 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>: [[Suzuki Alto|Alto K10]], [[Suzuki Eeco|Eeco]], [[Maruti Suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]], [[Suzuki Swift|Swift]], [[Suzuki Dzire|Dzire]], [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]], [[Suzuki Celerio|Celerio]], [[Suzuki Brezza|Brezza]], [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Baleno]], [[Suzuki Ignis|Ignis]], [[Suzuki XL6|XL6]], [[Suzuki S-Presso|S-Presso]], [[Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)|Grand Vitara]], [[Suzuki Jimny|Jimny]], [[Suzuki Fronx|Fronx]], [[Suzuki Carry#Futura|Super Carry]], [[Suzuki Invicto|Invicto]], [[Suzuki Victoris|Victoris]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Maruti Suzuki starts production of Jimny SUV in India|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/article/maruti-suzuki-starts-production-of-jimny-suv-in-india/709535|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[JSW MG Motor India]] (joint venture between [[JSW Group]] and [[SAIC Motor]]): [[MG Astor|Astor]], [[MG Comet EV|Comet EV]], [[MG Gloster|Gloster]], [[MG Hector|Hector]], [[MG Hector#Hector Plus|Hector Plus]], [[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]], [[MG Windsor EV|Windsor EV]], [[MG Majestor|Majestor]]
+* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]] (joint venture between [[Toyota]] and [[Kirloskar Group]]): [[Toyota Innova Crysta|Innova Crysta]], [[Innova Hycross]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]], [[Toyota Camry|Camry]], [[Toyota glanza|Glanza]], [[Rumion]], [[Urban Cruiser Hyryder]], [[Toyota Hilux|Hilux]], [[Suzuki Fronx|Urban Cruiser Taisor]]
 ===Foreign-owned brands===
-MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Datsun, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, KIA, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and MINI are the foreign automotive companies that manufacture and market their products in India.
+MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, Kia, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Mini are the foreign automotive companies or brands that manufacture and market their products in India.
 ====Vehicles currently manufactured in India====
-* [[Audi India]]: [[Audi A4|A4]], [[Audi A6|A6]], [[Audi Q5|Q5]] [[Audi Q7|Q7]]
+* [[Audi India]]: [[Audi A4|A4]], [[Audi A6|A6]], [[Audi Q5|Q5]], [[Audi Q7|Q7]]
 * [[BMW India]]: [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]], [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]], [[BMW X1|X1]], [[BMW X3|X3]], [[BMW X4|X4]], [[BMW X5|X5]], [[BMW X7|X7]]
-* [[Citroën India]]: [[Citroën C3 (C21)|C3]], [[Citroën C5 Aircross|C5 Aircross]]
+* [[Citroën India]]: [[Citroën C3 (CC21)|C3]], [[Citroën C3 Aircross|C3 Aircross]], [[Citroën C5 Aircross|C5 Aircross]], [[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]], [[Citroën Basalt|Basalt]]
-* [[Honda Cars India]]: [[Honda Amaze|Amaze]], [[Honda City|City]], [[Honda Fit|Jazz]], [[Honda WR-V|WR-V]]
+* [[Honda Cars India]]: [[Honda Amaze|Amaze]], [[Honda City|City]], [[Honda Elevate|Elevate]]
-* [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]]: [[Hyundai i10|Grand i10]], [[Hyundai i10|Grand i10 Nios]], [[Hyundai i20|i20]], [[Hyundai Alcazar|Alcazar]], [[Hyundai Aura|Aura]], [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]], [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]], [[Hyundai Kona|Kona Electric]], [[Hyundai Santro|Santro]], [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]], [[Hyundai Venue|Venue]], [[Hyundai Verna|Verna]]
+* [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]]: [[Hyundai i10|Grand i10 Nios]], [[Hyundai i20|i20]], [[Hyundai Alcazar|Alcazar]], [[Hyundai Aura|Aura]], [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]], [[Hyundai Exter|Exter]], [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]], [[Hyundai Venue|Venue]], [[Hyundai Verna|Verna]]
 * [[Isuzu Motors India]]: [[Isuzu D-Max|D-Max]]
-* [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Jaguar XE|XE]], [[Jaguar XF (X260)|XF]]
+* [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Jaguar F-Pace|F-Pace]]
 * [[FCA India Automobiles|Jeep]]: [[Jeep Compass|Compass]], [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]], [[Jeep Meridian|Meridian]], [[Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Wrangler]]
-* [[Kia India]]: [[Kia Carens|Carens]], [[Kia Carnival|Carnival]], [[Kia Seltos|Seltos]], [[Kia Sonet|Sonet]]
+* [[Kia India]]: [[Kia Carens|Carens]], [[Kia Seltos|Seltos]], [[Kia Sonet|Sonet]], [[Kia Syros|Syros]]
-* [[Land Rover]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Range Rover Evoque]]
+* [[Land Rover]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Range Rover (L460)|Range Rover]], [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Range Rover Sport]], [[Range Rover Velar]]
-* [[MG Motor|MG]]: [[MG Astor|Astor]], [[Maxus D90|Gloster]], [[MG Hector|Hector]], [[MG ZS SUV|ZS EV]]
+* [[Mercedes-Benz India]]: [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz EQS|EQS]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class|V-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]]
-* [[Mercedes-Benz India]]: [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class|V-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class|GLC-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class|GLE-Class]]
+* [[Nissan Motor India]]: [[Nissan Magnite|Magnite]]
-* [[BMW India|MINI]]: [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]]
-* [[Nissan Motor India]]: [[Nissan Kicks|Kicks]], [[Nissan Magnite|Magnite]]
 * [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault India]]: [[Renault Kiger|Kiger]], [[Renault Kwid|Kwid]], [[Renault Triber|Triber]]
-* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda Auto India]]: [[Škoda Kushaq|Kushaq]], [[Škoda Kodiaq|Kodiaq]], [[Škoda Octavia|Octavia]], [[Škoda Slavia|Slavia]], [[Škoda Superb|Superb]]
+* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda Auto India]]: [[Škoda Kushaq|Kushaq]], [[Škoda Kodiaq|Kodiaq]], [[Škoda Slavia|Slavia]], [[Škoda Kylaq|Kylaq]]
-* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]]: [[Toyota Innova|Innova Crysta]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]], [[Toyota Camry|Camry]], [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Glanza]], [[Toyota Rumion|Rumion]], [[Toyota Urban Cruiser (2020)|Urban Cruiser]], [[Lexus ES]]300h, [[Lexus NX]]300h
+* [[VinFast]]: [[VinFast VF 6|VF 6]], [[VinFast VF 7|VF 7]]
-* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen India]]: [[Volkswagen Virtus|Virtus]], [[Volkswagen Taigun|Taigun]], [[Volkswagen Tiguan|Tiguan]]
+* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen India]]: [[Volkswagen Virtus|Virtus]], [[Volkswagen Taigun|Taigun]]
+* [[Volvo Cars]]: [[Volvo S90|S90]], [[Volvo XC40|XC40]], [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]
+====Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991====
+* [[Peugeot]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997.
+* [[Daewoo Motors]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003.
+* [[Opel]] was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.
+* [[General Motors]] India stopped producing [[Chevrolet]] passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.
+* [[Fiat]] left the Indian market in 2018.
+* [[Mitsubishi Motors]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s.
+* [[Ford India]] stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.
+* [[Nissan]] stopped selling [[Datsun]] passenger cars in India in 2022.
-[[Opel]] was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.
+===Statistics===
+{| class="wikitable"
-[[General Motors]] India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.
+|+Production & sale of vehicles in India<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of Indian Auto Industry in 2023-24 |url=https://www.siam.in/statistics |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.siam.in}}</ref>
+!Type
-[[Ford India]] stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.
+!
+!2019-20
+!2020-21
+!2021-22
+!2022-23
+!2023-24
+!2024-25
+|-
+| rowspan="3" |Passenger Vehicles
+!Production
+|3,424,564
+|3,062,280
+|3,650,698
+|4,587,116
+|4,901,840
+|5,061,164
+|-
+!Domestic Sales
+|2,773,519
+|2,711,457
+|3,069,523
+|3,890,114
+|4,218,750
+|4,301,848
+|-
+!Export Sales
+|662,118
+|404,397
+|577,875
+|662,891
+|672,105
+|770,364
+|-
+| rowspan="3" |Commercial Vehicles
+!Production
+|756,725
+|624,939
+|805,527
+|1,035,626
+|1,067,504
+|1,032,645
+|-
+!Domestic Sales
+|717,593
+|568,559
+|716,566
+|962,468
+|968,770
+|956,671
+|-
+!Export Sales
+|60,379
+|50,334
+|92,297
+|78,645
+|65,818
+|80,986
+|-
+| rowspan="3" |Three wheelers
+!Production
+|1,132,982
+|614,613
+|758,669
+|855,696
+|996,159
+|1,050,020
+|-
+!Domestic Sales
+|637,065
+|219,446
+|261,385
+|488,768
+|694,801
+|741,420
+|-
+!Export Sales
+|501,651
+|393,001
+|499,730
+|365,549
+|299,977
+|306,914
+|-
+| rowspan="3" |Two wheelers
+!Production
+|21,032,927
+|18,349,941
+|17,821,111
+|19,459,009
+|21,468,527
+|23,883,857
+|-
+!Domestic Sales
+|17,416,432
+|15,120,783
+|13,570,008
+|15,862,771
+|17,974,365
+|19,607,332
+|-
+!Export Sales
+|3,519,405
+|3,282,786
+|4,443,131
+|3,652,122
+|3,458,416
+|4,198,403
+|-
+|}
-====Statistics====
 {| class="wikitable"  style="float:left; text-align:center; width:99%; font-size:85%;"
-! colspan="11" |{{anchor|top10models}}{{big|Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2021}}<br />Source:<ref>{{cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2018-10-11|title=India 1958-2019: More detailed Historical Data now available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/10/india-1950-2009-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=Top 10 best-selling cars in India in 2021: Hatchbacks lead SUVs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114030048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms |archive-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref>
+! colspan="11" |{{anchor|top10models}}{{big|Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2024}}<br />Source:<ref>{{cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2018-10-11|title=India 1958-2019: More detailed Historical Data now available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/10/india-1950-2009-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=Top 10 best-selling cars in India in 2021: Hatchbacks lead SUVs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114030048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms |archive-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="cy2022_top30">{{Cite web |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/cy2022-top-30-selling-cars-analysis |title=CY2022 - Top 30 Selling Cars Analysis |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Top 10 selling cars in India in 2023: Swift drives past WagonR, Baleno as Brezza beats Nexon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/exclusive-top-10-selling-cars-in-india-in-2023-swift-drives-past-wagonr-baleno-as-brezza-beats-nexon-2483680-2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Autopunditz |first=Team |date=2025-01-09 |title=Best Selling Cars in India for 2024! |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/best-selling-cars-in-india-for-2024 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Autopunditz |language=en}}</ref>
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" style="width:4%;" |Year
@@ Line 453: / Line 880: @@
 |'''1985'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti 800]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Premier Padmini]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Premier Padmini]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Hindustan Ambassador]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Hindustan Ambassador]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Mahindra Jeep]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Jeep]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Omni|Maruti Van]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Mahindra Jeep|Mahindra FJ/XJ]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Jeep|Mahindra FJ/XJ]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Force Motors|Force]] Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Force Motors|Force]] Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Hindustan Contessa]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Hindustan Contessa]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Trekker
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Trekker
 |-
 |'''1986'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Van
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra FJ/XJ
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Gypsy]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata 407|Tata 407/608/609]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata 407|Tata 407/608/609]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
 |-
 |'''1987'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Van
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra FJ/XJ
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Premier 118NE|Premier NE118]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Premier 118NE]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
 |-
 |'''1988'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra FJ/XJ
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
 |-
 |'''1989'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Maruti Gypsy
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Maruti Gypsy
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra FJ/XJ
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
 |-
 |'''1990'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra FJ/XJ
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
 |-
 |'''1991'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
 |-
 |'''1992'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
 |-
 |'''1993'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti 1000]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
 |-
 |'''1994'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 1000
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier NE118
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
 |-
 |'''1995'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Esteem]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Zen]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Premier Padmini
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Sumo]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Sumo]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Matador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
 |-
 |'''1996'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Daewoo Cielo]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Force Trax
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
 |-
 |'''1997'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Daewoo Cielo
@@ Line 611: / Line 1,038: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
-| style="background:#fec;"| Hindustan Ambassador
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai Santro]]
@@ Line 624: / Line 1,051: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Indica]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Indica]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Daewoo Matiz]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
 |-
@@ Line 636: / Line 1,063: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Daewoo Matiz
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Toyota Qualis]]
 |-
@@ Line 648: / Line 1,075: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Alto]]
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Sumo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
 |-
 |'''2002'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Wagon R]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Fiat Palio]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
@@ Line 670: / Line 1,097: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata 407/608/609
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
 |-
 |'''2004'''
@@ Line 683: / Line 1,110: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Indigo]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Indigo]]
 |-
 |'''2005'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Swift]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indigo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo
 |-
 |'''2006'''
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Ace]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Ace]]
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Jeep
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
 |-
 |'''''FY07-08'''''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
@@ Line 731: / Line 1,158: @@
 |-
 |'''2009'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Suzuki Dzire|Maruti Swift Dzire]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Mahindra Bolero]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Bolero]]
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
 |-
 |'''2010'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indigo
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 |-
 |'''2011'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica/[[Tata Vista|Vista]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica/[[Tata Vista|Vista]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai i20]]
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indigo/[[Tata Manza|Manza]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo/[[Tata Manza|Manza]]
 |-
 |'''2012'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
-| style="background:#fec;"| Tata Indica/Vista
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica/Vista
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai Eon]]
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Hyundai i20
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Nano]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Nano]]
 |-
 |'''2013'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Eon
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
@@ Line 791: / Line 1,218: @@
 |-
 |'''2014'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Eon
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
@@ Line 803: / Line 1,230: @@
 |-
 |'''2015'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
@@ Line 809: / Line 1,236: @@
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
-| style="background:#fec;"| Mahindra Bolero
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Suzuki Celerio|Maruti Celerio]]
 | style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
@@ Line 815: / Line 1,242: @@
 |-
 |'''2016'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
@@ Line 827: / Line 1,254: @@
 |-
 |'''2017'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
@@ Line 839: / Line 1,266: @@
 |-
 |'''2018'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
@@ Line 851: / Line 1,278: @@
 |-
 |'''2019'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
@@ Line 863: / Line 1,290: @@
 |-
 |'''2020'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
@@ Line 875: / Line 1,302: @@
 |-
 |'''2021'''
-| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Wagon R
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
@@ Line 884: / Line 1,311: @@
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Eeco
 | style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
-| style="background:#fec;"| [[Tata Nexon]]
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Nexon]]
+|-
+|'''2022'''
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Wagon R
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
+| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Punch]]
+|-
+|'''2023'''
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Swift
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
+| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Punch
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Eeco
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
+|-
+|'''2024'''
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Punch
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
+| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
+| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Scorpio
+| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
 |-
 !
@@ Line 898: / Line 1,361: @@
 ! style="width:9%;" |10th
 |-
-| colspan="11" |{{legend inline|#ffeecc|Indigenous manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#ffd8d8|Local-foreign joint venture manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#cce6ff|Foreign manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}
+| colspan="11" |{{legend inline|#ffeecc|Indigenous manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#ffd8d8|Local listed-foreign manufacturer (ex- foreign JV) |outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#cce6ff|Foreign manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}
 |-
-| colspan="11" |'''See also''' : Best-selling models in {{hlist|class=inline|[[Automotive industry in Australia#top10models|Australia]]|[[Automotive industry in Brazil#top10models|Brazil]]|4=[[Automotive industry in Indonesia#top10models|Indonesia]]|5=[[Automotive industry in Japan#top10models|Japan]]|6=[[Automotive industry in Malaysia#top10models|Malaysia]]|7=[[Automotive industry in the Philippines#top10models|Philippines]]|8=[[Automotive industry in Thailand#top10models|Thailand]]|9=[[Automotive industry in Sweden#top10models|Sweden]]}}
+| colspan="11" |'''See also''': Best-selling models in {{hlist|class=inline|[[Automotive industry in Australia#top10models|Australia]]|[[Automotive industry in Brazil#top10models|Brazil]]|4=[[Automotive industry in Indonesia#top10models|Indonesia]]|5=[[Automotive industry in Japan#top10models|Japan]]|6=[[Automotive industry in Malaysia#top10models|Malaysia]]|7=[[Automotive industry in the Philippines#top10models|Philippines]]|8=[[Automotive industry in Thailand#top10models|Thailand]]|9=[[Automotive industry in Sweden#top10models|Sweden]]}}
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+2019 passenger car sales data<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autopunditz.com/news/report-card-2019-car-sales-india/|title=Report Card – 2019 Car Sales India – Auto Punditz|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
+|+2024 passenger car sales data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/cy2024-car-sales-snapshot |title=CY2024 Car Sales Snapshot |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/indian-passenger-vehicle-manufacturer-analysis-cy2023 |title=Indian Passenger Vehicle Manufacturer Analysis - CY2023 |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref>
 !Rank
 ![[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]]
-!2019 sales
+!2024 sales
 !Share
-!2018 sales
+!2023 sales
 !Share
 |-
 |1
 |[[Maruti Suzuki]]
-|{{Decrease}} 1,485,943
+|{{Increase}} 1,755,423
-|{{Decrease}} 50.6%
+|{{Decrease}} 40.9%
-|1,731,179
+|1,707,668
-|51.7%
+|41.6%
 |-
 |2
-|[[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai]]
+|[[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]]
-|{{Decrease}} 510,260
+|{{Increase}} 605,433
-|{{Increase}} 17.4%
+|{{Decrease}} 14.1%
-|550,002
+|602,111
-|16.4%
+|14.7%
 |-
 |3
-|[[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]
+|[[Tata Motors]]
-|{{Decrease}} 219,663
+|{{Increase}} 562,482
-|{{Increase}} 7.5%
+|{{Decrease}} 13.1%
-|232,181
+|550,871
-|6.9%
+|13.4%
 |-
 |4
-|[[Tata Motors]]
+|[[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]
-|{{Decrease}} 152,944
+|{{Increase}} 528,453
-|{{Decrease}} 5.2%
+|{{Increase}} 12.4%
-|213,625
+|432,876
-|6.4%
+|10.6%
 |-
 |5
-|[[Honda Cars India|Honda]]
+|[[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]]
-|{{Decrease}} 134,741
+|{{Increase}} 300,159
-|{{Decrease}} 4.6%
+|{{Increase}} 7.0%
-|174,880
+|221,356
-|5.2%
+|5.4%
 |-
 |6
-|[[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]]
+|[[Kia India|Kia]]
-|{{Decrease}} 126,701
+|{{Decrease}} 245,000
-|{{Decrease}} 4.3%
+|{{Decrease}} 5.7%
-|151,480
+|255,000
-|4.5%
+|6.2%
 |-
 |7
-|[[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]]
+|[[Honda Cars India|Honda]]
-|{{Increase}} 88,869
+|{{Decrease}} 68,658
-|{{Increase}} 3.0%
+|{{Decrease}} 1.6%
-|82,368
+|84,286
-|2.5%
+|2.1%
 |-
 |8
-|[[Ford India Private Limited|Ford]]
+|[[MG Motor India|MG Motor]]
-|{{Decrease}} 73,636
+|{{Increase}} 61,214
-|{{Decrease}} 2.5%
+|{{Steady}} 1.4%
-|97,804
+|56,902
-|2.9%
+|1.4%
 |-
 |9
-|[[Kia Motors India|Kia]]
+|[[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]]
-|{{Increase}} 45,494
+|{{Decrease}} 42,000
-|{{Increase}} 1.5%
+|{{Decrease}} 1.0%
-|0
+|43,481
-|0.0%
+|1.1%
 |-
 |10
-|[[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]]
+|[[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]]
-|{{Decrease}} 32,324
+|{{Decrease}} 41,729
-|{{Decrease}} 1.1%
+|{{Decrease}} 1.0%
-|37,029
+|48,321
-|1.1%
+|1.2%
 |-
 |11
-|[[Nissan Motor India Private Limited|Nissan-Datsun]]
+|[[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda]]
-|{{Decrease}} 23,580
+|{{Decrease}} 35,164
 |{{Decrease}} 0.8%
-|41,583
+|48,755
 |1.2%
 |-
 |12
-|[[MG Motor India|MG Motor]]
+|[[Nissan Motor India|Nissan]]
-|{{Increase}} 15,930
+|{{Decrease}} 29,009
-|{{Increase}} 0.5%
+|{{Decrease}} 0.6%
-|0
+|30,375
-|0.0%
+|0.7%
-|-
-|13
-|[[Škoda Auto India|Škoda]]
-|{{Decrease}} 15,284
-|{{Steady}} 0.5%
-|16,692
-|0.5%
-|-
-|14
-|[[FCA India Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler]]
-|{{Decrease}} 11,238
-|{{Decrease}} 0.4%
-|19,030
-|0.6%
-|}
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+2019 best selling cars in India
-!Rank
-!Model
-!2019 sales
-!2018 sales
-|-
-|1
-|[[Suzuki Alto|Maruti Suzuki Alto]]
-|208,087
-|256,661
-|-
-|2
-|[[Maruti Suzuki Dzire]]
-|198,904
-|264,612
-|-
-|3
-|[[Suzuki Swift|Maruti Suzuki Swift]]
-|191,901
-|223,630
-|-
-|4
-|[[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Maruti Suzuki Baleno]]
-|183,862
-|210,236
-|-
-|5
-|[[Suzuki Wagon R|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R]]
-|155,967
-|152,020
-|-
-|6
-|[[Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza]]
-|127,094
-|155,466
-|-
-|7
-|[[Hyundai i20|Hyundai Elite i20]]
-|123,201
-|141,104
-|-
-|8
-|[[Maruti Suzuki Eeco]]
-|114,105
-|84,565
-|-
-|9
-|[[Hyundai i10|Hyundai Grand i10]]
-|102,693
-|134,249
-|-
-|10
-|[[Hyundai Creta]]
-|99,736
-|120,905
-|-
-|11
-|[[Suzuki Ertiga|Maruti Suzuki Ertiga]]
-|93,081
-|56,408
-|-
-|12
-|[[Suzuki Celerio|Maruti Suzuki Celerio]]
-|70,930
-|100,957
 |-
 |13
-|[[Hyundai Venue]]
+|[[Citroën India|Citroën]]
-|70,443
+|{{Decrease}} 7,448
-|0
+|{{Decrease}} 0.1%
+|9,488
+|0.2%
 |-
 |14
-|[[Mahindra Bolero]]
+|[[FCA India Automobiles|Jeep]]
-|69,656
+|{{Decrease}} 4,251
-|85,464
+|{{Decrease}} 0.1%
-|-
+|6,690
-|15
+|0.2%
-|[[Honda Amaze]]
-|67,715
-|67,584
-|-
-|16
-|[[Hyundai Santro]]
-|64,729
-|24,741
-|-
-|17
-|[[Tata Tiago]]
-|63,215
-|92,286
-|-
-|18
-|[[Toyota Innova|Toyota Innova Crysta]]
-|61,743
-|78,130
-|-
-|19
-|[[Renault Kwid]]
-|53,438
-|66,815
-|-
-|20
-|[[Tata Nexon]]
-|49,312
-|52,519
 |}
@@ Line 1,121: / Line 1,477: @@
 ===Indian brands===
-* [[Asia Motor Works|AMW]]<ref name="amwasia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.amwasia.com/about_us.html |title=Welcome to the AMW The Global Truck |publisher=Amwasia.com |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116121910/http://amwasia.com/about_us.html |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* [[Ashok Leyland]]
 * [[Atul Auto]]
-* Oculus Auto<ref name="Oculus Auto" />
 * [[Bajaj Auto]]
-* [[Eicher Motors]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eicherworld.com/about.aspx?leftlink=Eicher+Motors+Limited&leftid=32&id=4&toplink=Investors&mid=32 |title=Eicher Motors Limited |publisher=Eicherworld.com |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009120854/http://www.eicher.in/ |archive-date=9 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* [[Eicher Motors]]
-* [[Force Motors|Force]]<ref>[http://forcemotors.com/index.aspx Force Motors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228051658/http://forcemotors.com/index.aspx |date=28 February 2009 }}</ref>
+* [[Force Motors]]
-*[[Hindustan Motors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmambassador.com/winner-overview.asp |title=Hindustan Motors' Winner |publisher=HindMotor |access-date=14 December 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101123055810/http://hmambassador.com/winner-overview.asp| archive-date= 23 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
+* [[Hero MotoCorp]]
+* [[Hindustan Motors]]
 * [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
-* [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]]<ref name="Premier Automobiles Limited">[http://www.premier.co.in/wa/content/view/29/111/ Premier Automobiles Limited] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004215117/http://www.premier.co.in/wa/content/view/29/111/|date=4 October 2009}}</ref>
-* [[Tata Motors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cvglobal.tatamotors.com/ |title=Leading Commercial Vehicle Manufacturer - Tata Motors Commercial |publisher=Cvglobal.tatamotors.com |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101216223104/http://cvglobal.tatamotors.com/| archive-date= 16 December 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
 * [[Omega Seiki Mobility]]
+* [[Royal Enfield]]
+* [[Tara International]]
+* [[Tata Motors]]
+* [[TVS Motor Company]]
 ===Joint-venture (JV) brands===
-* [[Ashok Leyland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/ |title=Ashok Leyland |publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101119135818/http://ashokleyland.com/| archive-date= 19 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> - originally a JV between [[Ashok Motors]] (owned by the [[Hinduja Group]]) and [[Leyland Motors]], now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and [[Nissan Motors]] (Japan) for LCV's; and [[John Deere]] (USA) for construction equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/joint-ventures |title=Joint Ventures|publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
+* [[Ashok Leyland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/ |title=Ashok Leyland |publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101119135818/http://ashokleyland.com/| archive-date= 19 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> - originally a JV between [[Ashok Motors]] (owned by the [[Hinduja Group]]) and [[Leyland Motors]], now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and [[Nissan Motors]] (Japan) for LCV's; and [[John Deere]] (USA) for construction equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/joint-ventures |title=Joint Ventures |publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020154249/http://www.ashokleyland.com/joint-ventures |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[KamAZ Vectra]]<ref>{{cite web|author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/kamaz-vectra-plans-to-invest-60-mn-in-5-yrs/2787/1 |title=Kamaz Vectra plans to invest $60 mn in 5 yrs |publisher=Business Standard motoring |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> - A JV between Russia's [[KamAZ]] and the Vectra Group
+* KamAZ Vectra<ref>{{cite web|author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/kamaz-vectra-plans-to-invest-60-mn-in-5-yrs/2787/1 |title=Kamaz Vectra plans to invest $60 mn in 5 yrs |publisher=Business Standard motoring |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> - A JV between Russia's [[KamAZ]] and the Vectra Group
-* [[MAN Force]] - A JV between [[Force Motors]] and [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] (Germany)
+* MAN Force - A JV between [[Force Motors]] and [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] (Germany)
-* [[SML Isuzu]] - originally, as [[Swaraj Mazda]], a JV between Punjab Tractors and [[Mazda]], now 53.5% owned by [[Sumitomo Group]] and with its current name since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smlisuzu.com/CompanyHistory.aspx | title = Company History: Major Milestones |publisher= SML Isuzu Limited | access-date = 2013-09-16 | location = [[Chandigarh]] }}</ref>
 * VE Commercial Vehicles Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vecv.in/ |title=VE Commercial Vehicles Limited |publisher=VE Commercial Vehicles Limited |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> - VE Commercial Vehicles limited - A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited.
 ===Foreign-owned brands===
-* [[BharatBenz]] (Owned by [[Daimler AG]] of [[Germany]] and affiliated with Daimler's [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]] and [[Mercedes Benz India|Mercedes-Benz]] brands)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1369134-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Unveils BharatBenz – An Exclusive Brand for Its Trucks in India |publisher=Daimler AG |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>
+* [[BharatBenz]] (Owned by [[Daimler AG]] of [[Germany]] and affiliated with Daimler's [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]] and [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz]] brands)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1369134-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Unveils BharatBenz – An Exclusive Brand for Its Trucks in India |publisher=Daimler AG |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>
-* [[Caterpillar Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.cat.com/ |title=Caterpillar: India |publisher=India.cat.com |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>
+* [[Caterpillar Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.cat.com/ |title=Caterpillar: India |publisher=India.cat.com |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028150739/http://www.india.cat.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 * [[DAF Trucks|DAF]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/2012-auto-expo-daf-unveils-cf-truck/4473/1 |title=2012 Auto Expo: DAF unveils CF truck |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
-* [[Hino Motors|Hino]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hino.co.in/index.html|title=Hino Motors|publisher=Hino Motors}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+* [[Isuzu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2006/p_0703.html |title=Enters Local Assembly and Sales Collaboration Contract for Medium Duty Busses in India |publisher=ISUZU |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-date=27 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627024743/http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2006/p_0703.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[Isuzu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2006/p_0703.html |title=Enters Local Assembly and Sales Collaboration Contract for Medium Duty Busses in India |publisher=ISUZU |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
+* [[Iveco]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html# |title=Iveco |publisher=Web.iveco.com |access-date=1 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101231045657/http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html| archive-date= 31 December 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> (Subsidiary of Tata Motors)
-* [[Iveco]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html# |title=Iveco |publisher=Web.iveco.com |access-date=1 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101231045657/http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html| archive-date= 31 December 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
 * [[J. C. Bamford]] (JCB) (Owned by British multinational corporation [[J. C. Bamford]]).
 * [[Kamaz|KamAZ]]
-* [[MAN SE|MAN]]
+* [[Maruti Suzuki]]
 * [[Mercedes-Benz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/commercial_vehicles/chassis.flash.html |title=Mercedes-Benz India - Commercial Vehicles - Bus |publisher=Mercedes-benz.co.in |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104084040/http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/commercial_vehicles/chassis.flash.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> - manufactures luxury coaches in India.
 * [[Piaggio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piaggio.co.in/index.aspx |title=Home Page |publisher=Piaggio |access-date=2 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092501/http://www.piaggio.co.in/index.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* [[Rosenbauer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosenbauer.com/index.php?node_id=9199#4 |title=Rosenbauer World - Rosenbauer World Vielseitig im Einsatz. Einzigartig in der Technik |publisher=Rosenbauer.com |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
+* [[Rosenbauer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosenbauer.com/index.php?node_id=9199#4 |title=Rosenbauer World - Rosenbauer World Vielseitig im Einsatz. Einzigartig in der Technik |publisher=Rosenbauer.com |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
 * [[Scania AB|Scania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scania.com/scania-group/scania-around-the-world/ |title=around the world |publisher=Scania |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127191233/http://scania.com/scania-group/scania-around-the-world/ |archive-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |title=Tatra, A.S. |publisher=Tatra.cz |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128061223/http://tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |title=Tatra, A.S. |publisher=Tatra.cz |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128061223/http://tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* [[Volvo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/india/en-in/Pages/homepage.aspx |title=Volvo Buses |publisher=Volvo Buses |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
+* [[Volvo]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/india/en-in/Pages/homepage.aspx |title=Volvo Buses |publisher=Volvo Buses |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
 ===Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India===
 * [[Automobile Products of India]] or API - founded in 1949 at [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), by the British company [[Rootes Group]],<ref name=lamby>
-{{cite web |title=API and Rootes Group|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/5th-june-1953/34/only-five-indian-vehicle-makers|publisher=Commercial Motor archive |date=5 June 1953 }}</ref> and later bought by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] of the MAC Group from [[Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name="lamby"/> The company manufactured [[Lambretta]] scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from [[Innocenti]] of [[Italy]] and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems.  API's registered offices were earlier in [[Mumbai]], later shifted to [[Chennai]], in Tamil Nadu.  The manufacturing facilities were located in [[Mumbai]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra and in [[Ambattur]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=myiris>
+{{cite web |title=API and Rootes Group|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/5th-june-1953/34/only-five-indian-vehicle-makers|publisher=Commercial Motor archive |date=5 June 1953 }}</ref> and later bought by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] of the MAC Group from [[Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name="lamby"/> The company manufactured [[Lambretta]] scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from [[Innocenti]] of [[Italy]] and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in [[Mumbai]], later shifted to [[Chennai]], in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in [[Mumbai]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra and in [[Ambattur]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=myiris>
 {{cite web |title=Automobile Products of India Limited|url=http://myiris.com/shares/company/writeDet.php?icode=autproof#rec |publisher=My Iris |date=14 July 2008 }}
 </ref> The company has not been operational since 2002.
-* [[Escorts Group|Escorts Yamaha]] - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008 became [[India Yamaha Motor]].
+* [[Escorts Group|Escorts Yamaha]] - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became [[India Yamaha Motor]].
-* [[Hero Motors]] is a former [[moped]] and [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] manufacturer based in [[Delhi]], India.  It is a part of multinational company [[Hero Cycles|Hero Group]], which also currently owns [[Hero Motocorp]] (formerly [[Hero Honda]]) and [[Hero Cycles]], among others.  Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, [[mokick]]s and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s.  Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were [[Puch]] of Austria and [[Malaguti]] of Italy.  Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
+* [[Hero Motors]] is a former [[moped]] and [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] manufacturer based in [[Delhi]], India. It is a part of multinational company [[Hero Cycles|Hero Group]], which also currently owns [[Hero Motocorp]] (formerly [[Hero Honda]]) and [[Hero Cycles]], among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were [[Puch]] of Austria and [[Malaguti]] of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
 * [[Ideal Jawa]] -  motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi.
-* [[Kinetic Honda]] - a joint venture between [[Kinetic Engineering Limited]], India and [[Honda Motor Company]], Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke [[motorscooter|scooters]] in India.  In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Engineering]] continued to sell the models under the brand name ''Kinetic'' until 2008<ref>''International Business Times'', 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys Kinetic Motor for Rs. 110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit Chatterjee.</ref> when the interests were sold to [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]].
+* [[Kinetic Honda]] - a joint venture between [[Kinetic Engineering Limited]], India and [[Honda Motor Company]], Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke [[motorscooter|scooters]] in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Engineering]] continued to sell the models under the brand name ''Kinetic'' until 2008<ref>''International Business Times'', 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys Kinetic Motor for Rs. 110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit Chatterjee.</ref> when the interests were sold to [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]].
-* [[Mopeds India Limited]] - produces the [[Suvega]] range of [[Mopeds]] under technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]] of [[France]].
+* [[Mopeds India Limited]] - produces the Suvega range of [[Mopeds]] under technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]] of [[France]].
-* [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] - produced by Standard Motor Products in [[Madras]] from 1949 to 1988.  Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]].Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,<ref name=CBR>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M22 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> and their first product was the [[Standard Vanguard|Vanguard]], which began to be assembled in 1949.  The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
+* [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] - produced by Standard Motor Products in [[Madras]] from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]].Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,<ref name=CBR>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M22 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> and their first product was the [[Standard Vanguard|Vanguard]], which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
-* [[Tatra Vectra]] - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]].
+* [[Tatra (company)|Tatra Vectra]] - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]].
+* [[Asia MotorWorks|AMW]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Maulik |date=2023-08-03 |title=AMW Motors admitted for insolvency as Triton fails to implement revival plan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/lcv-hcv/amw-motors-admitted-for-insolvency-as-triton-fails-to-implement-revival-plan/articleshow/102365038.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
 ==Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry==
 {{Further|Electric vehicle industry in India}}
-During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web|author=Roudra Bhattacharya |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2900639.ece |title=Electric vehicles policy rollout likely in April &#124; Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref> A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as [[Anand Mahindra]] (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and [[Vikram Kirloskar]] (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avera.in |title=AVERA Electric Vehicles |website=AVERA|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref> New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hop-on-to-the-plug-in-wonder/article23534073.ece |title=AVERA News on The Hindu |website=The Hindu|date=14 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref> and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/city-based-firm-to-launch-e-bikes-in-new-year/article19821621.ece |title=City-based firm to launch e-bikes in New Year |website=The Hindu|date=8 October 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-08|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref>
-Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the [[United States Department of Energy]], electric cars produce half as much {{CO2}} emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicles|title=Electric Vehicles {{!}} Department of Energy|website=www.energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/what-indian-consumers-prefer-the-most-while-buying-a-car/53825945|title=What Indian consumers prefer the most while buying a car? - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to [[Mashable]].In 2019 Hyundai Launched India's First Electric Car Kona Electric .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/india-electric-vehicles-clean-energy/#uHd7eIiKGaqb|title=Electric cars in India to get a boost with new clean energy policy|last=Lekach|first=Sasha|work=Mashable|access-date=2018-12-02|language=en}}</ref>
+During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web|author=Roudra Bhattacharya |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2900639.ece |title=Electric vehicles policy rollout likely in April &#124; Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref> A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as [[Anand Mahindra]] (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avera.in |title=AVERA Electric Vehicles |website=AVERA|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref> New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hop-on-to-the-plug-in-wonder/article23534073.ece |title=AVERA News on The Hindu |website=The Hindu|date=14 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref> and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/city-based-firm-to-launch-e-bikes-in-new-year/article19821621.ece |title=City-based firm to launch e-bikes in New Year |website=The Hindu|date=8 October 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-08|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref>
+Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the [[United States Department of Energy]], electric cars produce half as much {{CO2}} emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicles|title=Electric Vehicles {{!}} Department of Energy|website=www.energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/what-indian-consumers-prefer-the-most-while-buying-a-car/53825945|title=What Indian consumers prefer the most while buying a car? - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to [[Mashable]]. In 2019, Hyundai launched India's first electric car, the Kona Electric .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/india-electric-vehicles-clean-energy/#uHd7eIiKGaqb|title=Electric cars in India to get a boost with new clean energy policy|last=Lekach|first=Sasha|work=Mashable|access-date=2018-12-02|language=en}}</ref>
 ===Electric vehicle manufacturers in India===
-* [[Ather Energy]]
+* [[Ather Energy]] (plug-in electric scooter)
-* [[Ajanta Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17985 |title=Indian Company to Build Electric Car to Challenge Nano |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
+* [[Ajanta Group]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17985 |title=Indian Company to Build Electric Car to Challenge Nano |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192557/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[Bajaj Auto]]
+* [[Bajaj Auto]] (autorickshaw, Scooter, LCV)
-* Oculus Auto<ref name="Oculus Auto" />
+* [[Hero Cycles|Hero Electric]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19001 |title=Hero Electric Plans E-Car Launch in Five Years |publisher=Evworld.com |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192021/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (battery electric Scooter)
-* [[Hero Cycles|Hero Electric]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19001 |title=Hero Electric Plans E-Car Launch in Five Years |publisher=Evworld.com |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
+* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] (cars)
-* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
+* [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arshad |date=2024-11-27 |title=Mahindra launches new electric vehicle lineup at starting price of Rs 18.90 lakh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Nov/27/mahindra-launches-new-electric-vehicle-lineup-at-starting-price-of-rs-1890-lakh |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (cars)
-* [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=18999 |title=India's Mahindra Planning E4-Seat Electric Car for 2010 |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
+* [[JSW MG Motor India|MG Motor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=MG Windsor Pro EV launched in India: Price, new features and other details |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/mg-windsor-ev-pro-launched-in-india-price-new-features-and-other-details-nc-125050600740_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509002335/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/mg-windsor-ev-pro-launched-in-india-price-new-features-and-other-details-nc-125050600740_1.html |archive-date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (cars)
-** Reva, now [[Mahindra Reva]] Electric Vehicles.
+* [[Tara International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17794 |title=Tara Introduces $2450 Electric Car |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=17 March 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192248/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17794 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[MG Motor India|MG Motor]]
+* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]] (3-wheelers)
-* [[Tara International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17794 |title=Tara Introduces $2450 Electric Car |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=17 March 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
+* [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Tata Motors launches Curvv.ev at Rs 17.49 lakh: New electric SUV to compete with upcoming Hyundai Creta EV - Tata Motors launches Curvv.ev at Rs 17.49 lakh: New electric SUV to compete with upcoming Hyundai Creta EV BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/tata-motors-launches-curvvev-at-rs-1749-lakh-new-electric-suv-to-compete-with-upcoming-hyundai-creta-ev-440482-2024-08-07 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> (cars, LCV)
-* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]]
+* [[TVS Motor Company]] (plug-in electric scooter)
-* [[Tata Motors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=18776 |title=Tata Announces It Is Developing Electric Car |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=26 July 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
+* [[Ola Electric]] (plug-in electric scooter)
-* [[TVS Motor Company]]
+* [[Okinawa Autotech]] (battery electric scooter)
+* [[Euler Motors]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euler Motors Launches Storm EV And Storm EV LR 4-Wheeler: First ADAS-Enabled Commercial Vehicle In India {{!}} Trucks.cardekho.com |url=https://trucks.cardekho.com/en/news/detail/euler-motors-launches-storm-ev-storm-ev-lr-4-wheeler-first-adas-enabled-commercial-vehicle-in-india-2463.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=TruckDekho |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[EKA Mobility|EKA Mobility (EKAM)]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravichandran |first=Dhiyanesh |title=Pinnacle's EV arm EKA Mobility unveils its first product 'E9' electric bus |url=https://etn.news/iesa-contacts-menu/4892-pinnacle-industries-eka-mobility-e9-electric-bus-launched |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Emerging Technology News |language=en-gb}}</ref> (electric bus)
-==Growth initiatives ==
+== Growth initiatives ==
-{{expand section |date=September 2021}}
+{{expand section|date=September 2021}}
-===Automotive Research Association of India and standards===
+===Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and standards===
 The [[Government of India]] felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities<ref>{{cite web|url=https://araiindia.com/hmr/Control/AIS/68201793238AMFinal_Draft_AIS_140.pdf|title=ARAI Draft AIS 140}}</ref> in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The [[Ministry of Surface Transport]] (MoST) constituted a permanent [[Automotive industry|Automotive]] Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.araiindia.com/|title=ARAI website}}</ref> will publish this standard.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}
@@ Line 1,208: / Line 1,566: @@
 Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"[[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent Transportation Systems]] (ITS) - Requirements for [[Public transport|Public Transport]] Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}
-For AIS-140 Devices, in [[India]], connectivity to report location, and Emergency [[Panic button|Panic Button]] signal is though wireless [[Cellular network|cellular connectivity]]. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.esim4things.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301222607/http://esim4things.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2021|title=eSIM4things}}</ref>' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bsnl-aerovoyce-plintron-team-up-for-first-mvno-service-plan-starts-at-rs-29-a-month/65121576|title=BSNL ropes in Plintron to launch pan-India MVNO service}}</ref> eSIM4Things<ref name=":0" /> is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.
+For AIS-140 Devices, in [[India]], connectivity to report location, and Emergency [[Panic button|Panic Button]] signal is through wireless [[Cellular network|cellular connectivity]]. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.esim4things.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301222607/http://esim4things.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2021|title=eSIM4things}}</ref>' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bsnl-aerovoyce-plintron-team-up-for-first-mvno-service-plan-starts-at-rs-29-a-month/65121576|title=BSNL ropes in Plintron to launch pan-India MVNO service}}</ref> eSIM4Things<ref name=":0" /> is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.
+=== Bharat NCAP (BNCAP) ===
+In August 2023, the [[Bharat New Car Assessment Program]], also known as the Bharat NCAP or BNCAP, was launched as the official [[New Car Assessment Program]] for [[India]]. It was launched by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).
 ===Driverless Technology in India===
-While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/technology/is-india-ready-for-driverless-cars|title=Is India Ready for Driverless Cars?|website=OPEN Magazine|language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/nitin-gadkari-is-right-driverless-cars-make-no-sense-in-india/articleshow/59769631.cms|title=Nitin Gadkari is right, driverless cars make no sense in India|date=2017-07-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> many startups are working on this technology:
+While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/technology/is-india-ready-for-driverless-cars|title=Is India Ready for Driverless Cars?|website=OPEN Magazine|date=15 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/nitin-gadkari-is-right-driverless-cars-make-no-sense-in-india/articleshow/59769631.cms|title=Nitin Gadkari is right, driverless cars make no sense in India|date=2017-07-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> many startups are working on this technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/9-startups-india-working-self-driving-technology/|title=9 Startups in India working on Self Driving Technology|website=analyticsindiamag.com|date=28 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>
-{{div col | colwidth=18em }}
+In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with [[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles]] (DICV).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/hi-tech-robotic-systemz-to-provide-driver-state-monitoring-system-to-daimler/articleshow/62836382.cms|title=Hi-Tech Robotic Systemz to provide driver state monitoring system to Daimler |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-technology/hi-tech-robotic-to-expand-global-footprint-for-ai-based-driver-behaviour-sensor/62979051|title=Hi-Tech Robotic to expand global footprint for AI-based driver behaviour sensor - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>
-* Flux Auto
-* FishEyeBox
-* Hi Tech Robotic Systemz
-* EC Mobility Pvt. Ltd.
-* ATImotors
-* Netradyne
-* Swaayat Robots
-* Auro Robotics
-* OmniPresent Robotics
-* Mahindra &  Mahindra
-* SeDrica 1.0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/9-startups-india-working-self-driving-technology/|title=9 Startups in India working on Self Driving Technology|website=analyticsindiamag.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>
-{{div col end }}
-In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with [[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles]] (DICV).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/hi-tech-robotic-systemz-to-provide-driver-state-monitoring-system-to-daimler/articleshow/62836382.cms|title=Hi-Tech Robotic Systemz to provide driver state monitoring system to Daimler - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-technology/hi-tech-robotic-to-expand-global-footprint-for-ai-based-driver-behaviour-sensor/62979051|title=Hi-Tech Robotic to expand global footprint for AI-based driver behaviour sensor - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>
+=== Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech ===
-===Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech ===
 {{anchor | PLI | ACC | FAME | PEVHV }}
-Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) ''[[performance-linked incentives]] (PLI) schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.<ref name=pls1/> In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the [[Government of India]] (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of [[electric vehicle]]s and [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen fuel vehicles]] (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) ''"Advanced Chemistry Cell"'' (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) ''"Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles"'' (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.<ref name=pls2/> The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.<ref name=pls1/> These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.<ref name=pls2>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-doesnt-need-speed-breakers-modi-govt-right-to-help-automobile-telecom/734816/ India doesn’t need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom], The Print, 17 September 2021.</ref> [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.<ref name=pls1>[https://www.ndtv.com/business/cabinet-clears-26-000-crore-new-scheme-for-auto-sector-to-boost-production-special-focus-on-electric-vehicles-2541513 Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production], NDTV,  September 15, 2021.</ref>
+Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) ''[[performance-linked incentives]] (PLI)'' schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.<ref name=pls1/> In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the [[Government of India]] (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of [[electric vehicle]]s and [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen fuel vehicles]] (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) ''"Advanced Chemistry Cell"'' (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) ''"Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles"'' (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.<ref name=pls2/> The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.<ref name=pls1/> These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.<ref name=pls2>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-doesnt-need-speed-breakers-modi-govt-right-to-help-automobile-telecom/734816/ India doesn't need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom], The Print, 17 September 2021.</ref> [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.<ref name=pls1>[https://www.ndtv.com/business/cabinet-clears-26-000-crore-new-scheme-for-auto-sector-to-boost-production-special-focus-on-electric-vehicles-2541513 Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production], NDTV,  September 15, 2021.</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 1,256: / Line 1,603: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 ==Bibliography==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* Black, Anthony, et al. "The political economy of automotive industry development policy in middle income countries: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India, South Africa and Turkey." (2020). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32972/1/Final%20ESID%20WP%20No%20143.pdf online]
+* Dhawan, Rajat, et al. "The auto component industry in India: Preparing for the future." (McKinsey & Company, Sep 2018). [https://www.acma.in/uploads/publication/research-studies/ACMA-Mckinsey-Study-2018.pdf online]
 * {{citation | last = Gupta | first = Sadanand | year = 2012 | title = Automobile Industry in India: A Cluster Approach | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-81-922182-6-7 | ref = none }}
+* Haneesh, Gaddipati Raama, and Abhishek Venkteshwar. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Management'' (IJM) 12.4 (2021). [https://www.academia.edu/download/66587456/IJM_12_04_024.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
 * Kamala, T.N. & Doreswamy, A.G. (2007). [http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/478/1/215-220+.pdf ''Strategies for Enhancing Competitiveness of Indian Auto Component Industries''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401030528/http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/478/1/215-220+.pdf |date=1 April 2010 }}. [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]].
 * {{cite journal | ref = TapPip | last = Piplai | first = Tapas | title = Automobile Industry: Shifting Strategic Focus | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 30 | volume = 36 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | pages = 2892–2897 | date = 2001-07-28 }}
+* Remesh, Babu P. "Re-reading the ‘Auto-revolution’in India with a Labour Lens: Shifting Roles and Positions of State, Industry and Workers." in ''Changing Contexts and Shifting Roles of the Indian State'' (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp.&nbsp;175–189.
+* Rengamani, J. "A Study On The Factors Influencing The Job Stress Of Production Engineers In The Automobile Companies In Chennai." ''International Journal of Mechanical and ProductionEngineering Research and Development'' (IJMPERD) 8#5 (2018) pp.&nbsp;427–436 [https://www.academia.edu/download/58128841/48.IJMPERDOCT201848.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
+* Saha, Priya, And Aruna Sharma. "Creating Value Through Customer Relationship Management In The Automotive Industry In India." ''CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management'' 11.9 (2020).
+* Shrestha, Shahadave. "Supplier development in Indian auto industry: Case of Maruti Suzuki India Limited." ''The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University'' 39 (2019): 1–15. [https://soka.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=39856&item_no=1&attribute_id=15&file_no=1 online]
+* Sureshkrishna, G., and D. Simanchala. "Occupational stress and job satisfaction: A Study of Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology'' (IJMET) 9.2 (2018): 690–97.
 * {{cite book|last=Tiku|first= Pran|year=2008|title=Six Sizzling Markets: How to Profit from Investing in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, and Mexico|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-17888-1}}
+* Uppal, Nishant. "CEO narcissism, CEO duality, TMT agreeableness and firm performance: An empirical investigation in auto industry in India." ''European Business Review'' (2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nishant-Uppal/publication/339405677_CEO_narcissism_CEO_duality_TMT_agreeableness_and_firm_performance_An_empirical_investigation_in_auto_industry_in_India/links/5ea912e692851cb26762f68e/CEO-narcissism-CEO-duality-TMT-agreeableness-and-firm-performance-An-empirical-investigation-in-auto-industry-in-India.pdf online]
+{{refend}}
 ==External links==
 *{{Commons category-inline|Automotive industry in India}}
+{{Portal bar|India|Buses|Cars|Transport|Business and economics|Companies}}
 {{Automotive industry in India}}
 {{Asia topic|Automotive industry in}}
@@ Line 1,272: / Line 1,630: @@
 {{Economy of India}}
 {{India topics}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Automobile Industry In India}}
 [[Category:Automotive industry in India| ]]