2004 Indian general election: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|General election in India}}
{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 Indian general election
| country = India
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| type = parliamentary
Line 11: Line 9:
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election
| next_year = 2009
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 April, 26 April, 5 and 10 May 2004}}
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 April 26 April, 5 and 10 May 2004}}
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|Anglo-Indians]] and filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 272
| majority_seats = 272
| turnout = 58.07% ({{decrease}}1.92%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |title = General Elections 2004 - National Summary  |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220231/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registered = 671,487,930
| image_size = 150x150px
| turnout = 58.07% ({{decrease}} 1.92[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = File:Sonia Gandhi 2014 (cropped).jpg
| 1blank = Alliance&nbsp;seats
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sonia Gandhi and Vladimir Putin in March 2010 04.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120
|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| leader1 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 = 19 March 1998
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election1 = 28.30%, 114 seats
| last_election1 = 28.30%, 114 seats
| seats1 = '''145'''
| seats1 = '''145'''
Line 27: Line 27:
| popular_vote1 = '''103,408,949'''
| popular_vote1 = '''103,408,949'''
| percentage1 = '''26.53%'''
| percentage1 = '''26.53%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.77pp
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.77[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (12 June 2002).jpg
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| leader2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 = 16 May 1996
| leaders_seat2 = [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election2 = 23.75%, 182 seats
| last_election2 = 23.75%, 182 seats
| seats2 = 138
| seats2 = 138
Line 39: Line 36:
| popular_vote2 = 86,371,561
| popular_vote2 = 86,371,561
| percentage2 = 22.16%
| percentage2 = 22.16%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.59pp
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.59[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = [[File:Wahlergebnisse Indien 2004.svg|300px|lang=en]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Surjith-6.JPG|bSize=250|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=60|oTop=60}}
| leader3 = [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election3 = 5.40%, 33 seats
| seats3 = 43
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 10
| popular_vote3 = 22,070,614
| percentage3 = 5.66%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 0.26[[Percentage point|pp]]
| 1data1 = '''218'''
| 1data2 = 181
| 1data3 = 60
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 2004.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
Line 48: Line 58:
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
}}
[[File:2004 Indian general election schedule.jpg|Polling dates|thumb]]
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] in four phases between 20 April and 10 May 2004. Over 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the [[14th Lok Sabha]]. Seven states also held assembly elections to elect [[States and union territories of India|state]] governments. They were the first elections fully carried out with [[electronic voting machines]].


On 13 May the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the lead party of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] conceded defeat. The [[Indian National Congress]], which had governed India for all but five years from independence until 1996, returned to power after a record eight years out of office. It was able to put together a comfortable majority of more than 335 members out of 543 with the help of its allies. The 335 members included both the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]], the governing coalition formed after the election, as well as external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Kerala Congress]] (KC) and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].
General elections were held in [[India]] in four phases between 20 April and 10 May 2004. Over 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the [[14th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections 2004: Facts and figures |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/general-elections-2004-facts-and-figures-41654-2009-03-12 |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=13 March 2009 |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723081609/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/general-elections-2004-facts-and-figures-41654-2009-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven states also held assembly elections to elect [[States and union territories of India|state]] governments. They were the first elections fully carried out with [[electronic voting machines]] (EVMs).


After facing criticism from her own party and from the country [[Congress President]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] asked the 22nd [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], an economist, to head the new government. Singh had previously served in the Congress government of Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] in the early 1990s, when he was seen as one of the architects of [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's first economic liberalisation]] plan, which staved off an impending monetary crisis. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat, his considerable goodwill and Sonia Gandhi's nomination won him the support of the UPA allies and the Left Front.
On 13 May the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the lead party of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] conceded a shocking mysterious defeat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2004 |title=In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Party Wins Election in India (Published 2004) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |access-date=22 August 2023 |last1=Waldman |first1=Amy |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214424/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]], which had governed India for all but five years from independence until 1996, returned to power after a record six years out of office. It was unable to put a majority alone in 2004. It formed UPA, which had together a comfortable majority of more than 335 members out of 543 with the help of its allies. The 335 members included both the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]], the governing coalition formed after the election and external support from the [[Communism in India#Alliances|Left Front]], who threatened to withdraw their support during Nuclear Deal.
 
The elections saw the evolution of a [[Two-party system]] with political competition primarily concentrated between the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] and [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]].


==Background==
==Background==
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had recommended premature dissolution of the [[13th Lok Sabha]] (in accordance with a provision of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]) to pave the way for early elections apparently in view of the recent good showing of the BJP in the Assembly elections in four states.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
Speaker [[Manohar Joshi]], who was from the Shiva Sena(NDA), had recommended premature dissolution of the [[13th Lok Sabha]] (in accordance with a provision of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]) to pave the way for early elections apparently in view of the recent good showing of the BJP in the Assembly elections in four states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2004 |title=The dissolution debate |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30221286.ece |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004113657/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30221286.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President dissolves Lok Sabha |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040207/main1.htm |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004233705/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040207/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> But though this recommendation was not accepted by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Bajpayee, the Speaker dissolved the Lok Sabha.


==Organisation==
==Organisation==
The election dates for the parliamentary elections were:
[[File:2004 Indian general election schedule.jpg|Polling dates|thumb]]
 
The election dates for the parliamentary elections were:<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060517/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election Schedule 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/?do=download&r=7022&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=9b39aa893d335b61e29f64e45be0cf2d|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
*20 April – 141 constituencies
*20 April – 141 constituencies
*26 April – 137 constituencies
*26 April – 137 constituencies
Line 67: Line 76:
*10 May – 182 constituencies
*10 May – 182 constituencies


Counting began simultaneously on 13 May. Over 370 million of the 675 million eligible citizens voted, with election violence claiming 48 lives, less than half the number killed during the 1999 election. The Indian elections were held in phases in order to maintain law and order. A few states considered sensitive areas required deployment of the armed forces. The average enrolment of voters in each constituency is 1.2 million, although the largest constituency has 3.1 million.
Counting began simultaneously on 13 May. Over 370 million of the 675 million eligible citizens voted, with election violence claiming 48 lives, less than half the number killed during the 1999 election. The Indian elections were held in phases in order to maintain law and order. A few states considered sensitive areas required deployment of the armed forces. The average enrolment of voters in each constituency was 12 lakhs, although the largest constituency had 31 lakhs.


The [[Election Commission of India]] is responsible for deciding the dates and conducting elections according to constitutional provisions. The Election Commission employed more than a million [[electronic voting]] machines for these elections.
The [[Election Commission of India]] is responsible for deciding the dates and conducting elections according to constitutional provisions. The Election Commission employed more than a million [[electronic voting]] machines for these elections.


According to the magazine ''[[India Today]]'', 115.62 billion rupees were expected to have been spent in campaigning for the elections by [[List of political parties in India|all political parties]] combined. Most of the money was spent on the people involved in the election. The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] limited poll expenses to Rs. 2.5 million per [[constituency]]. Thus, the actual spending is expected to have been approximately ten times the limit. About 6.5 billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on mobilising 150,000 vehicles. About a billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on helicopters and aircraft.
According to ''[[India Today]]'', 115.62 billion rupees were expected to have been spent in campaigning for the elections by [[List of political parties in India|all political parties]] combined. Most of the money was spent on the people involved in the election. The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] limited poll expenses to Rs. 25 lakhs per [[constituency]]. Thus, the actual spending is expected to have been approximately ten times the limit. About 6.5 billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on mobilising 1,50,000 vehicles. About a billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on helicopters and aircraft.
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
!rowspan="3" |State/Union territory
!rowspan="3" |Total constituencies
!colspan="4" |Election dates and number of constituencies
|-
!Phase 1
!Phase 2
!Phase 3
!Phase 4
|-
!20 April
!26 April
!5 May
!10 May
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|''42''
|21
|21
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|''2''
|
|
|2
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
|''14''
|6
|8
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
|''40''
|11
|17
|12
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|''11''
|11
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]]
|''2''
|
|2
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|''26''
|26
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
|''10''
|
|
|
|10
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|''4''
|
|
|
|4
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|''6''
|2
|1
|1
|2
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|''14''
|6
|8
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|''28''
|15
|13
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
|''20''
|
|
|
|20
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|''29''
|
|
|12
|17
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|''48''
|24
|24
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
|''2''
|1
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]
|''21''
|11
|10
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
|''13''
|
|
|
|13
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|''25''
|
|
|25
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|''39''
|
|
|
|39
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|''80''
|
|32
|30
|18
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|''5''
|
|
|
|5
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|''42''
|
|
|
|42
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Daman and Diu|Daman and Diu]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
|''7''
|
|
|
|7
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Pondicherry|Puducherry]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
!Constituencies
!543
!141
!137
!83
!182
|-
! colspan=2|Total states/UTs polling on this day
! 16
! 11
! 7
! 16
|-
!colspan=2|Total constituencies by end of phase
!141
!278
!361
!543
|-
!colspan=2|% complete by end of phase
!26%
!51%
!66%
!100%
|-
! colspan=2|
! colspan=2| States/UTs
! colspan=2| Constituencies
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in single phase
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 24
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 219
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in two phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 8
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 198
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in three phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 120
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in four phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 35
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 543
|-
!colspan=2| Result
! colspan="4" | 13 May 2004
|}


==Pre-poll alliances==
==Pre-poll alliances==
In these elections, compared to all the Lok Sabha elections of the 1990s, the battle was more of a head-to-head contest in the sense that there was no viable third front alternative. Largely the contest was between BJP and its allies on one hand and Congress and its allies on the other. The situation did, however, show large regional differences.
In these elections, compared to all the Lok Sabha elections of the 1990s, the battle was more of a head-to-head contest in the sense that there was no viable third front alternative. Largely the contest was between BJP its allies on one hand and Congress its allies on the other. However, the situation did show large regional differences.


The BJP fought the elections as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), although some of its seat-sharing agreements were made with strong regional parties outside of the NDA such as [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) in [[Tamil Nadu]].
The BJP fought the elections as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), although some of its seat-sharing agreements were made with strong regional parties of the NDA such as [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) in [[Tamil Nadu]].


Ahead of the elections there were attempts to form a Congress-led national level joint opposition front. In the end, an agreement could not be reached, but on regional level alliances between Congress and regional parties were made in several states. This was the first time that Congress contested with that type of alliances in a parliamentary election.
Ahead of the elections there were attempts to form a Congress-led national level joint opposition front. In the end, an agreement could not be reached, but on regional level alliances between Congress and regional parties were made in several states. This was the first time that Congress contested with that type of alliances in a parliamentary election.


The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], contested on their own in their strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both Congress and NDA forces. In several other states, such as [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], they took part in seat sharings with Congress. In [[Tamil Nadu]] they were part of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]].
The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], contested on their own in their strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both Congress and NDA forces. In several other states, such as [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], they took part in seat sharings with Congress. In [[Tamil Nadu]] they were part of the DMK-led [[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA (Democratic Progressive Alliance)]].


Two parties refused to go along with either Congress or BJP, [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]]. Both are based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the largest state of India (in terms of population). Congress made several attempts to form alliances with them, but in vain. Many believed that they would become the 'spoilers' that would rob Congress of an electoral victory. The result was a four-cornered contest in UP, which didn't really hurt or benefit Congress or BJP significantly.
Two parties refused to go along with either Congress or BJP, they were [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] and [[Samajwadi Party]]. Both are based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the largest state of India (in terms of population). Congress made several attempts to form alliances with them, but in vain. Many believed that they would prevent Congress of an electoral victory. The result was a four-cornered contest in UP, which didn't really hurt or benefit BJP or Congress significantly.


==Forecast and campaigns==
==Forecast and campaigns==
Most analysts believed the NDA would win the elections. This assessment was also supported by opinion polls. The economy had shown steady growth in the last few months and the [[Privatization in India|disinvestment]] of government owned production units (a continuation of India's liberalisation policies initiated in the early 1990s) had been on track. The Foreign Exchange Reserves of India stood at more than US$100 billion (7th largest in the world and a record for India). The service sector had also generated a lot of jobs. The party was supposed to have been riding on a wave of the so-called "feel good factor", typified by its promotional campaign "[[India Shining]]".
Most analysts believed the NDA would win the elections. This assessment was also supported by opinion polls. The economy had shown steady growth in the last years and the [[Privatization in India|disinvestment]] of government owned production units (a continuation of [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's liberalisation policies]] ) had been on track. The Foreign Exchange Reserves of India stood at more than US$100 billion (7th largest in the world and a record for India). The service sector had also generated a lot of jobs. The Vajpayee government had launched numerous welfare schemes, thus starting the culture of "Yojana"s in Indian governments.  The party was supposed to have been riding on a wave of the feel good factor, typified by its promotional campaign "[[India Shining]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP spends Rs 150 cr on 'India Shining' campaign |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/advertising/bjp-spends-rs-150-cr-on-india-shining-campaign/articleshow/684246.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017022311/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/advertising/bjp-spends-rs-150-cr-on-india-shining-campaign/articleshow/684246.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>


In the past, BJP has largely been seen as a hard-line [[Hindu]] party with close ties with the Hindu organisation the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). Over the years, the party has slightly distanced itself from its ''[[Hindutva]]'' policies, a change that is being questioned after the party's poor showing in the elections. These elections were marked by the campaign's emphasis on economic gains. From the last few elections, BJP had realised that its voter base had reached a ceiling and had concentrated on pre-poll rather than post-poll alliances. The foreign origin of [[Sonia Gandhi]] also constituted part of the NDA's campaign.
In the past, BJP has largely been seen as a hardline [[Hindutva|Hindu right]] wing party with close ties with the hardline organisations the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]. Over the years, the party under Vajpayee has slightly distanced itself from hardline policies in order to accommodate a variety of parties within the NDA, like [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] (a Congress-breakaway party), breakaway factions of the [[Janata Dal]] like [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] and [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], [[Dravidian nationalism|Dravidianist]] parties like [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (which left the alliance in December 2003), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] (which left the alliance in January 2004) and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (which joined after DMK left) and parties largely representing non-Hindus like [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] and [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (which joined the alliance in 2002), a change that was being questioned after the party's good performance in the [[2003 elections in India|2003 assembly elections]] of [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]], [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]] & [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]], [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]. These elections were marked by the campaign's emphasis on economic gains instead of issues involving religious polarisation. [[Cattle slaughter in India|Ban on cow-slaughter]], implementation of a [[Uniform Civil Code]], construction of [[Ram Mandir|Ram-mandir]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|site of Ayodhya]], abolition of the provisions of [[Secularism in India|secularism]] in order to make [[Hinduism]] the country's state religion etc. characterised BJP's campaign in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 election]]. From the last few elections, BJP had realised that its voter base had reached a ceiling and had concentrated on pre-poll rather than post-poll alliances. The Vajpayee wave and foreign origin of [[Sonia Gandhi]] also constituted part of the NDA's campaign.
 
===Opinion polls===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Conducted in month(s)
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}  |
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}  |
| style="background:gray;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! August 2002
|'''250'''
| 195
| 100
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! February 2003
|'''315'''
| 115
| 115
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
!  August 2003
|'''247'''
| 180
| 115
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! January 2004
|'''335'''
| 110
| 100
|}
 
===Exit polls===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:180px;"| Polling organisation
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}  |
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:gray;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|-
|[[NDTV]]-AC Nielsen
|230-250
|190-205
|100-120
|-
|[[ABP News|Star News]]-C voter
|263-275
|174-184
|86-98
|-
|[[Aaj Tak]]-MARG
|248
|190
|105
|-
|Sahara DRS
|278
|181
|102
|-
|[[Zee News]]-Taleem
|249
|176
|117
|-
! Actual result
! 181
! 218
! 143
|-
! colspan="4" |Sources:-<ref>{{Cite web |title=2004 exit polls: when surveys got it horribly wrong |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/2004-exit-polls-when-surveys-got-it-horribly-wrong-2892987.html |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=Oneindia |date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004135936/https://www.oneindia.com/india/2004-exit-polls-when-surveys-got-it-horribly-wrong-2892987.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can 2019 exit polls turn out to be wrong like 2004? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-exit-polls-will-2019-turn-out-to-be-like-2004-3993761.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |date=20 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121084547/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-exit-polls-will-2019-turn-out-to-be-like-2004-3993761.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exit polls: How accurate are they? A look back at 2004, 2009, 2014 predictions |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/exit-polls-opinion-polls-bjp-congress-nda-upa-predictions-results-in-2004-2009-2014/1582662/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Financial Express |date=19 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140650/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/exit-polls-opinion-polls-bjp-congress-nda-upa-predictions-results-in-2004-2009-2014/1582662/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
 
==State/UT-wise voter turnout details==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! rowspan=2| State/UT
! rowspan=2| Seats
! colspan=3| Electors
! colspan=3| Voters
! colspan=3| Turnout
|-
!Men
! Women
!Total
!Men
! Women
!Total
!Men
! Women
!Total
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 42 || 2,53,55,118 || 2,57,91,224  || 5,11,46,342 || 1,83,20,019 || 1,73,84,444 || 3,57,76,275 || 72.25 || 67.4 || 69.95%
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 2 || 3,51,564 || 3,32,470 || 6,84,034 || 1,99,413 || 1,83,909  || 3,85,446 || 56.72 || 55.31 || 56.35%
|-
| Assam || 14 || 78,21,591 || 71,93,283  || 1,50,14,874 || 56,71,454 || 47,01,710 || 1,03,77,354 || 72.51 || 65.36 || 69.11%
|-
| Bihar || 40 || 2,70,53,408 || 2,35,06,264 || 5,05,59,672 || 1,71,95,139 || 1,21,34,913 ||2,93,32,306 || 63.56 || 51.62 || 58.02%
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 11 || 69,04,742 || 68,14,700 || 1,37,19,442 || 40,39,747 || 31,00,827 || 71,46,189 || 58.51 || 45.50 || 52.09%
|-
| Goa || 2 || 4,75,847 || 4,65,320 || 9,41,167 || 2,86,156 || 2,64,934 || 5,53,105 || 60.14 || 56.94 || 58.77%
|-
| Gujarat || 26 || 1,73,41,760 || 1,63,33,302 || 3,36,75,062 || 86,64,929 || 65,43,424 || 1,52,13,501 || 49.97 || 40.06 || 45.18%
|-
| Haryana || 10 || 66,60,631 || 56,59,926 || 1,23,20,557 || 45,36,234 || 35,54,361 ||80,97,064 || 68.11 || 62.80 || 65.72%
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 4 || 21,28,828 || 20,53,167 || 41,81,995 || 12,69,539 || 12,11,994 || 24,97,149 || 59.84 || 59.03 || 59.71%
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 6 || 34,68,235 || 28,99,880 || 63,68,115 || 13,91,263 || 8,41,489 ||22,41,729 || 40.11 || 29.02 || 35.20%
|-
| Jharkhand || 14 || 89,14,164 || 78,98,175 || 1,68,12,339 || 55,61,056 || 38,01,786 ||93,63,363 || 62.38 || 48.13 || 55.69%
|-
| Karnataka || 28 || 1,96,05,257 || 1,89,86,838 || 3,85,92,095 || 1,31,19,442 || 1,19,62,519 || 2,51,39,122 || 66.92 || 63.00 || 65.14%
|-
| Kerala || 20 || 1,01,68,428 || 1,09,57,045 || 2,11,25,473 || 74,80,351 || 75,67,329 ||1,50,93,960 || 73.56 || 69.06 || 71.45%
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 29 || 2,00,28,161 || 1,83,61,940 || 3,83,90,101 || 1,13,22,391 || 71,24,280 || 1,84,63,451 || 56.53 || 38.80 || 48.09%
|-
| Maharashtra || 48 || 3,27,88,476 || 3,02,23,732 || 6,30,12,208  || 1,89,57,642 || 1,52,63,748 || 3,42,63,317 || 57.82 || 50.50 || 54.38%
|-
| Manipur || 2 || 7,46,054 || 7,90,456 || 15,36,510 || 5,22,526 || 5,12,834 || 10,35,696 || 70.03 || 64.88 || 67.41%
|-
| Meghalaya || 2 || 6,48,654 || 6,40,720 || 12,89,374 || 3,02,113 || 3,77,125 || 6,79,321 || 46.58 || 58.86 || 52.69%
|-
| Mizoram || 1 || 2,73,454 || 2,76,505 || 5,49,959 || 1,75,372 || 1,70,000 || 3,49,799 || 64.13 || 61.48 || 63.60%
|-
| Nagaland || 1 || 5,47,114 || 4,94,319 || 10,41,433 || 5,05,682 || 4,46,002 || 9,55,690 || 92.43 || 90.23 || 91.77%
|-
| Orissa || 21 || 1,31,91,691 || 1,24,60,298 || 2,56,51,989 || 90,10,592 || 79,29,405 || 1,69,45,092 || 68.30 || 63.64 || 66.06%
|-
| Punjab || 13 || 86,52,294 || 79,63,105 || 1,66,15,399 || 54,37,861 || 47,94,658 || 1,02,33,165 || 62.85 || 60.21 || 61.59%
|-
| Rajasthan || 25 || 1,81,49,028 || 1,65,63,357 || 3,47,12,385 || 1,00,09,085 || 72,90,569 || 1,73,46,549 || 55.15 || 44.02 || 49.97% 
|-
| Sikkim || 1 || 1,45,738 || 1,36,199 || 2,81,937 || 1,12,404 || 1,02,890 || 2,19,769 || 77.13 || 75.54 || 77.95%
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 39 || 2,32,69,301 || 2,39,82,970 || 4,72,52,271 || 1,50,06,523 || 1,36,42,797 || 2,87,32,954 || 64.49 || 56.89 ||  60.81%
|-
| Tripura || 2 || 10,23,368 || 9,54,854 || 19,78,222 || 7,14,491 || 6,04,452 || 13,27,000 || 69.82 || 63.30 || 67.08%
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 80 || 6,03,28,608 || 5,02,95,882 || 11,06,34,490 || 3,25,52,479 || 2,07,20,447 || 5,32,78,071 || 53.96 || 41.20 || 48.16%
|-
| Uttarakhand || 5 || 28,38,204 || 27,24,433 || 55,62,637 || 14,70,496 || 11,97,917  || 26,73,832 || 51.81 || 43.97 || 48.16%
|-
| West Bengal || 42 || 2,47,98,089 || 2,26,39,342 || 4,74,37,431 || 1,98,04,552 || 1,70,66,370 || 3,70,21,478 || 79.86 || 75.38 || 78.04%
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) || 1 || 1,31,502 || 1,10,143 || 2,41,645 || 83,520 || 70,284 || 1,53,841 || 63.51 || 63.81 || 63.66%
|-
| Chandigarh (UT) || 1 || 2,92,438 || 2,53,246 || 5,27,684 || 1,51,932 || 1,17,886 || 2,69,849 || 51.95 || 50.11 || 51.14%
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) || 1 || 65,059 || 57,622 || 1,22,681 || 43,795 || 40,904 || 84,703 || 67.32 || 70.99 || 69.04%
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT) || 1 || 39,595 || 39,637 || 79,232 || 29,751 || 55,591 || 25,839 || 65.26 || 75.06 || 70.16%
|-
| Lakshadweep (UT) || 1 || 19,880 || 19,153 || 39,033 || 15,698 || 16,122 || 31,820 || 78.96 || 84.17 || 81.52%
|-
| NCT OF Delhi || 7 || 49,53,925 || 38,09,550 || 87,63,475 || 24,28,289 || 16,97,944 || 41,26,443 || 49.02 || 44.57 || 47.09%
|-
| Pondicherry (UT) || 1 || 3,10,658 || 3,26,009 || 6,36,667 || 2,40,114 || 2,44,202 || 4,84,336 || 77.29 || 74.91 || 76.07%
|-
| '''India''' || '''543''' || '''34,94,90,864''' || '''32,19,97,066''' || '''67,14,87,930''' || '''21,72,34,104''' || '''17,27,14,226''' || '''38,99,48,330''' || '''62.16''' || '''53.64''' || '''58.07%'''
|-
|colspan=12|Source-ECI [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/]
|}


==Results==
==Results==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Seat share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=26.60|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value2=25.32|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value3=7.88|label3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|value4=6.60|label4=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|color4={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
|value5=4.40|label5=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]|color5={{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|value6=3.48|label6=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color6={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value7=2.93|label7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color7={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value8=2.20|label8=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]|color8={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Vote share of parties in the election'''
| other = yes
| value1 = 26.53
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 22.16
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 5.66
| label3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| value4 = 5.33
| label4 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| color4 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value5 = 4.32
| label5 = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| color5 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value6 = 3.04
| label6 = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| color6 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| value7 = 2.41
| label7 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| color7 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| value8 = 2.35
| label8 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| color8 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| other-color = {{Party color|Other}}
}}
{{Election results
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2004.svg|350px]]
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2004.svg|350px]]
Line 101: Line 640:
|party8=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes8=9144963|seats8=8|sc8=
|party8=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes8=9144963|seats8=8|sc8=
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=8547014|seats9=0|sc9=
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=8547014|seats9=0|sc9=
|party10=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes10=8071867|seats10=2|sc10=
|party10=[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]|votes10=8071867|seats10=2|sc10=
|party11=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes11=7064393|seats11=16|sc11=
|party11=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes11=7064393|seats11=16|sc11=
|party12=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes12=7056255|seats12=12|sc12=
|party12=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes12=7056255|seats12=12|sc12=
Line 111: Line 650:
|party18=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes18=2771427|seats18=4|sc18=
|party18=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes18=2771427|seats18=4|sc18=
|party19=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes19=2463607|seats19=3|sc19=
|party19=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes19=2463607|seats19=3|sc19=
|party20=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes20=2441405|seats20=5|sc20=
|party20=[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes20=2441405|seats20=5|sc20=
|party21=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes21=2169020|seats21=6|sc21=
|party21=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes21=2169020|seats21=6|sc21=
|party22=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes22=2069600|seats22=2|sc22=
|party22=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes22=2069600|seats22=2|sc22=
Line 120: Line 659:
|party27=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes27=1365055|seats27=3|sc27=
|party27=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes27=1365055|seats27=3|sc27=
|party28=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes28=1281688|seats28=0|sc28=
|party28=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes28=1281688|seats28=0|sc28=
|party29=[[Apna Dal]]|votes29=844053|seats29=0|sc29=
|party29=[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]|votes29=844053|seats29=0|sc29=
|party30=[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]|votes30=770098|seats30=1|sc30=
|party30=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes30=770098|seats30=1|sc30=
|party31=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes31=720189|seats31=0|sc31=
|party31=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes31=720189|seats31=0|sc31=
|party32=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes32=715366|seats32=1|sc32=
|party32=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes32=715366|seats32=1|sc32=
Line 138: Line 677:
|party45=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes45=295545|seats45=0|sc45=
|party45=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes45=295545|seats45=0|sc45=
|party46=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes46=275267|seats46=0|sc46=
|party46=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes46=275267|seats46=0|sc46=
|party47=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes47=267457|seats47=1|sc47=
|party47=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|PDP(in Kashmir)]]|votes47=267457|seats47=1|sc47=
|party48=[[Peoples Republican Party]]|votes48=261219|seats48=0|sc48=
|party48=[[Peoples Republican Party]]|votes48=261219|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]|votes49=256411|seats49=1|sc49=
|party49=[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]|votes49=256411|seats49=1|sc49=
Line 222: Line 761:
|party130=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes130=7696|seats130=0|sc130=
|party130=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes130=7696|seats130=0|sc130=
|party131=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes131=7584|seats131=0|sc131=
|party131=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes131=7584|seats131=0|sc131=
|party132=Rashtriya Sawarn Dal|votes132=7374|seats132=0|sc132=
|party132=Rashtriya Swarn Dal|votes132=7374|seats132=0|sc132=
|party133=Navbharat Nirman Party|votes133=7169|seats133=0|sc133=
|party133=Navabharata Nirman Party|votes133=7169|seats133=0|sc133=
|party134=[[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]|votes134=6948|seats134=0|sc134=
|party134=[[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]|votes134=6948|seats134=0|sc134=
|party135=[[Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes135=6717|seats135=0|sc135=
|party135=[[Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes135=6717|seats135=0|sc135=
Line 261: Line 800:
|party169=Panchayat Raj Party|votes169=2165|seats169=0|sc169=
|party169=Panchayat Raj Party|votes169=2165|seats169=0|sc169=
|party170=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes170=2162|seats170=0|sc170=
|party170=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes170=2162|seats170=0|sc170=
|party171=[[All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party]]|votes171=2158|seats171=0|sc171=
|party171=All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party|votes171=2158|seats171=0|sc171=
|party172=Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha|votes172=2080|seats172=0|sc172=
|party172=Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha|votes172=2080|seats172=0|sc172=
|party173=Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party|votes173=2055|seats173=0|sc173=
|party173=Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party|votes173=2055|seats173=0|sc173=
Line 284: Line 823:
|party192=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes192=972|seats192=0|sc192=
|party192=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes192=972|seats192=0|sc192=
|party193=Desh Bhakt Party|votes193=912|seats193=0|sc193=
|party193=Desh Bhakt Party|votes193=912|seats193=0|sc193=
|party194=[[Ambedkar National Congress]]|votes194=825|seats194=0|sc194=
|party194=Ambedkar National Congress|votes194=825|seats194=0|sc194=
|party195=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes195=759|seats195=0|sc195=
|party195=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes195=759|seats195=0|sc195=
|party196=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes196=754|seats196=0|sc196=
|party196=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes196=754|seats196=0|sc196=
|party197=[[Jebamani Janata]]|votes197=734|seats197=0|sc197=
|party197=Jebamani Janata|votes197=734|seats197=0|sc197=
|party198=Niswarth Sewa Party|votes198=730|seats198=0|sc198=
|party198=Niswarth Sewa Party|votes198=730|seats198=0|sc198=
|party199=Jan Chetna Party|votes199=671|seats199=0|sc199=
|party199=Jan Chetna Party|votes199=671|seats199=0|sc199=
Line 385: Line 924:
|''+17''
|''+17''
|-
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" |Source: Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| colspan="8" align="left" |Source: Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|access-date=20 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
|}


===By states and territories===
===By state and territory===
====States====
====States====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{Table alignment}}
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|States
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party
!rowspan="2"|Seats
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won
|bgcolor="{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% of Votes
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Other}}"|
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Andhra Pradesh)|Andhra Pradesh]]
![[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|'''29'''
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
|'''41.56'''
!Others
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
![[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency#General Election 2004|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|5
!1
|33.12
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|0
|0
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|35
|5
|5
|6.83
|2
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|0
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
|1.34
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|1.04
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
![[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|1
!2
|7.7
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Arunachal Pradesh)|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''53.85'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Arunachal Congress]]
|0
|0
|19.88
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|2
|[[Indian National Congress|INC affiliated parties]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|12.14
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|0
|0
|9.96
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
![[2004 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|11
|3
|0
|0
|4.16
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Assam)|Assam]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''9'''
|'''35.07'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2
|2
|22.94
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
|2
!40
|19.95
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|29
|None
|11
|0
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
![[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|1
!1
|13.41
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|None
|0
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|8.63
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Bihar)|Bihar]]
|align=left| '''[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]'''
|'''22'''
|'''30.67'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|6
|22.36
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|5
|14.57
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|4
|8.19
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|3
|4.49
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|17.92
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Chhattisgarh)|Chhattisgarh]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
!11
|'''10'''
|'''47.78'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1
|1
|40.16
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|10
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|0
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
!Dadra and Nagar Haveli
!1
|0
|0
|4.54
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|3.86
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|3.66
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Goa)|Goa]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''46.83'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1
|1
|29.76
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party|National Congress Party]]
!Daman and Diu
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|16.04
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|0
|0
|2.17
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|5.20
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Gujarat)|Gujarat]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
!7
|'''14'''
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|6
|'''47.37'''
|1
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|12
|43.86
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|3.45
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|0
|1.48
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
!Goa
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|3.84
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Haryana)|Haryana]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''9'''
|'''42.13'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1
|17.21
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|0
|0
|22.43
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
!26
|12
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|14
|0
|0
|6.25
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|11.98
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Himachal Pradesh)|Himachal Pradesh]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''3'''
|'''51.81'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|9
|1
|1
|44.25
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|0
|1.74
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|1.66
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''27.83'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|2
!4
|22.02
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|3
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|1
|1
|11.94
|0
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!5
|3
|0
|0
|0
|23.04
|3
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|12
|1
|1
|15.17
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Jharkhand)|Jharkhand]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''6'''
|'''21.44'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|4
|16.28
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|2
|n/a
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1
|1
|33.01
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
|n/a
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|6.89
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Karnataka)|Karnataka]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''18'''
|'''34.77'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
!28
|8
|8
|36.82
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|18
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|2
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
!20
|2
|2
|20.45
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|2.34
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|18
|None
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
![[2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
!1
|0
|0
|5.62
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Kerala)|Kerala]]
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|'''12'''
|'''31.52'''
|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|7.89
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|1
|4.86
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|0
|0
|32.13
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|0
|5.1
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
![[2004 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
!29
|4
|4
|18.5
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|None
|0
|0
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Madhya Pradesh)|Madhya Pradesh]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
!48
|'''25'''
|23
|'''48.13'''
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|0
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4
|34.07
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|0
|4.75
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
!2
|1
|0
|0
|4.02
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|9.03
|1
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''13'''
|'''23.77'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|13
|22.61
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Shiv Sena]]
|12
|20.11
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
!Meghalaya
|9
!2
|18.31
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| Others
|1
|1
|15.20
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Manipur)|Manipur]]
|align=left| '''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''22.46'''
|'''None'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1
|1
|14.88
|0
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|0
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
![[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Mizoram]]
!1
|0
|0
|20.65
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|0
|0
|10.37
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|31.64
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Meghalaya)|Meghalaya]]
![[2024 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
!1
|'''1'''
|'''45.55'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1
|28.27
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)]]
|0
|0
|17.55
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|0
|8.63
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Mizoram)|Mizoram]]
|align=left| '''[[Mizo National Front]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''52.46'''
|'''None'''
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|45.67
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Ephraim Union]]
!Orissa
!21
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|18
|0
|0
|1.87
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Nagaland)|Nagaland]]
|align=left| '''[[Nagaland People's Front]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''73.12'''
|'''None'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|0
|0
|25.78
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Pondicherry|Pondicherry]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0.56
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|0
|0
|0.54
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Orissa)|Orissa]]
|align=left| '''[[Biju Janata Dal]]'''
|'''11'''
|'''30.02'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|7
|19.30
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2
|40.43
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|4.50
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|1
|5.75
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Punjab)|Punjab]]
|align=left| '''[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]'''
|'''8'''
|'''34.28'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3
|10.48
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
!13
|2
|2
|34.17
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|11
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|0
|7.67
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|13.40
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Rajasthan)|Rajasthan]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
!25
|'''21'''
|'''49.01'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4
|4
|41.42
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|21
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|0
|3.16
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|0
|2.72
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
![[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Sikkim]]
!1
|0
|0
|3.69
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Sikkim)|Sikkim]]
|align=left| '''[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''69.84'''
|'''None'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|0
|0
|27.43
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
|0
|0
|1.46
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|39
|0
|0
|1.26
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=8 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu]]
|align=left| '''[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'''
|'''16'''
|'''24.60'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|10
|14.40
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|5
|6.71
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|4
|5.85
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|2.97
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2
|2.87
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|0
|0
|29.77
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|0
|12.83
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Tripura)|Tripura]]
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''68.80'''
|'''Left Front'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
!2
|0
|0
|14.28
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|0
|7.82
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|2
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|0
|0
|5.09
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Uttar Pradesh)|Uttar Pradesh]]
|align=left| '''[[Samajwadi Party]]'''
|'''35'''
|'''26.74'''
|'''None'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|19
|24.67
|None
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
![[2004 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|10
!80
|22.17
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|9
|9
|12.04
|11
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|0
|-
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:white;"|61
|align=left| Others
|7
|14.38
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (1)
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Uttarakhand)|Uttarakhand]]
![[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|align=left| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
!5
|'''3'''
|'''40.98'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1
|1
|38.31
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|3
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|0
|-
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1
|1
|7.93
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|6.77
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|6.01
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=8 valign=top|[[Indian general election, 2004 (West Bengal)|West Bengal]]
|align=left| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|'''26'''
|'''38.57'''
|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''
|-
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
![[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
!42
|6
|6
|14.56
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|4.01
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|3
|3.66
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|3
|4.48
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1
|1
|21.04
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|35
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|0
|8.06
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|-
|align=left| Others
!Total
|0
!543
|5.62
!218
|None
!181
!60
!84
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,145: Line 1,199:
====Territories====
====Territories====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Territories
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Territories
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party
Line 1,152: Line 1,205:
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 2004|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency#General Election 2004|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
Line 1,178: Line 1,231:
|None
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Chandigarh, 2004|Chandigarh]]
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2004|Chandigarh]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
Line 1,204: Line 1,257:
|None
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election in National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2004|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''6'''
|'''6'''
Line 1,225: Line 1,278:
|None
|None
|-
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Indian general election in Lakshadweep, 2004|Lakshadweep]]
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Lakshadweep]]
|align=left| '''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''
|align=left| '''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
Line 1,249: Line 1,302:
==Analysis==
==Analysis==
{{main|2004 Indian general election analysis}}
{{main|2004 Indian general election analysis}}
Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the exit polls (immediately after the elections and before the counting began) predicted a [[hung parliament]]. However, even the exit polls could only indicate the general trend and nowhere close to the final figures. There is also the general perception that as soon as the BJP started realising that events might not proceed entirely in its favour, it changed the focus of its campaign from ''India Shining'' to issues of stability. The Congress, who was regarded as "old-fashioned" by the ruling BJP, was largely backed by poor, rural, lower-caste and minority voters that did not participate in the economic boom of previous years that created a large wealthy middle class and thus achieved its overwhelming victory. Another reason which was not mentioned much but still spoken of in the public was that BJP supporters are working-class people, and the poll surveys predicted BJP win, and therefore they did not reach the ballot. Whereas the Congress support base, the weaker sections of the society, don't miss voting at all.{{citation needed|reason=Which polling said that? Sources needed|date=April 2019}}
Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the exit polls (immediately after the elections and before the counting began) predicted a [[hung parliament]]. However, even the exit polls could only indicate the general trend and nowhere close to the final figures. There is also the general perception that as soon as the BJP started realising that events might not proceed entirely in its favour, it changed the focus of its campaign from ''India Shining'' to issues of stability. Congress was regarded as old-fashioned by the ruling NDA and many. But Congress declared that it has largely backing of poor, rural, lower-caste and minority voters though all sections of the society had participated in the economic boom of Vajpayee's years. The BJP declared that, PV Narasimha Rao's govt had created a wealthy middle class. But Congress achieved its victory on grounds of coalition politics.
 
Another more prominent reason came from checking the RSS contribution, RSS cadres reached Vajpayee over the killing of 4 RSS workers in Tripura (August 1999), and Vajpayee disappointed them. RSS backed off, and results were evident.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}
 
Other possible reasons that have been given for the NDA defeat are{{citation needed|reason=Whose analysis is this? Sources needed|date=August 2016}}:
 
* People were more concerned about issues of their immediate environment such as [[water scarcity in India|water scarcity]], drought, etc., than national issues.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}
* The [[anti-incumbency]] factor was at work for the BJP allies.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}
* It is also believed that voters, regardless of which country they are in, are enthused by negative messages and are indifferent to positive messages.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}
* It is generally believed that RSS plays an important role in mobilising the BJP supporters, the results were not for the win for Congress led UPA, but more for the defeat of BJP led NDA. And, the reason was that RSS did not mobilise the voters and BJP cadres.{{citation needed|reason=This section is more of an opinion. Sources needed or this must be removed.|date=July 2021}}


==Impact==
==Impact==
The rout of the ruling parties in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in the general elections led to calls for the dissolution of the governments of these states.
The rout of the ruling parties in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in the general elections led to calls for the dissolution of the governments of these states.


The stock market ([[Bombay Stock Exchange]]) fell in the week prior to the announcement of the results due to fears of an unstable coalition. As soon as counting began, however, it became clear that the Congress coalition was headed for a sizeable lead over the NDA and the market surged, only to crash the following day when the left parties, whose support would be required for government formation, announced that it was their intention to do away with the disinvestment ministry. Following this, [[Manmohan Singh]], the Prime Minister (in office 2004–14) and the prime architect of the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, hurried to reassure investors that the new government would strive to create a business-friendly climate.
The stock market ([[Bombay Stock Exchange]]) fell in the week prior to the announcement of the results due to fears of the defeat of NDA government and stoppage of its economic reforms. As soon as counting began, however, it became clear that the Congress coalition was headed for a sizeable lead over the NDA and the market surged, only to crash the following day when the left parties, whose support would be required for government formation, announced that it was their intention to do away with the disinvestment ministry. Following this, [[Manmohan Singh]], the Prime Minister (in office 2004–14) and the prime architect of the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, hurried to reassure investors that the new government would strive to create a business-friendly climate. Later in his Book, Turning Points Former president [[Abdul Kalam]] said that he has no objection against Sonia's candidancy and he said to ready the documents with Sonia as Prime Minister.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalam-was-ready-to-make-sonia-pm/article3585909.ece</ref>


==Events==
==Events==
*13 May - The Congress and allies win a plurality of seats in the Lok Sabha (219 seats against 188 for the BJP).
*13 May - Congress wins a minority of seats in the Lok Sabha (142) and forms UPA which has plurality of seats (219 seats against 188 for the BJP). This event shocks many.
*13 May - Counting of votes in the parliamentary elections begins.
*13 May - Counting of votes in the parliamentary elections begins.
*11 May - Congress wins the Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh by 2/3 majority.
*11 May - Congress wins the Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh by 2/3 majority.
*10 May - The fourth and final phase of elections comes to an end. Results will come out for 542 of the 543 parliament seats with elections to be held again in [[Chhapra]].
*10 May - The fourth and final phase of elections comes to an end. Results will come out for 542 of the 543 parliament seats with elections to be held again in [[Chhapra]].
*5 May - Third phase of polling comes to an end with the ruling coalition government gaining seats according to exit polls but still off the victory target. Reports of [[booth capturing]] in Chhapra capture headlines.
*5 May - Third phase of polling comes to an end with the ruling coalition government gaining seats according to exit polls but still off the victory target. Reports of [[booth capturing]] in Chhapra, capture headlines.
*26 April - Second phase of elections sees 55-60% polling. This is the final phase for assembly elections. Polling covers 136 parliamentary constituencies in 11 states. The share market starts to crash as it becomes evident that the NDA government may find it hard to come back to power—raising doubts about the continuation of economic reforms initiated by the NDA government.
*26 April - Second phase of elections sees 55-60% polling. This is the final phase for assembly elections. Polling covers 136 parliamentary constituencies in 11 states. The share market starts to crash as the investors suspected that the NDA government might find it hard to come back to power—raising doubts about the continuation of economic reforms initiated by the NDA government.
*22 April - [[Tripura]], where polling was delayed because of a local holiday, votes for its two MPs. A turnout of close to 60% is reported, despite calls for abstention made by separatist militants.
*22 April - [[Tripura]], where polling was delayed because of a local holiday, votes for its two MPs. A turnout of close to 60% is reported, despite calls for abstention made by separatists.
*20 April - The first phase of the vote is held, with average turnouts of between 50% and 55%. Voting is reported as brisk, and the day unfolds relatively smoothly, albeit with some glitches reported with the electronic voting machines. Isolated violent incidents take place in [[Kashmir]], [[Jammu]], [[Manipur]], and [[Jharkhand]].
*20 April - The first phase of the vote is held, with average turnouts of between 50% and 55%. Voting is reported as brisk, and the day unfolds relatively smoothly, albeit with some glitches reported with the electronic voting machines. Isolated violent incidents take place in [[Kashmir]], [[Jammu]], [[Manipur]], and [[Jharkhand]].
*8 April - The NDA's top leaders meet in [[New Delhi]] to adopt its [[manifesto]] for the elections, "Agenda for Development and Good Governance".
*8 April - The NDA's top leaders meet in [[New Delhi]] to adopt its [[manifesto]] for the elections, Agenda for Development and Good Governance.
*7 April - [[Ram Jethmalani]] says he will contest the elections against Prime Minister Vajpayee as an independent candidate from [[Lucknow]]. He claims he will be supported by the Congress and some other parties.
*7 April - Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee files nomination as the candidate from his seat [[Lucknow]].
*6 April - The BJP and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) tell the Election Commission that they will not stop raising the issue of the foreign origin of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.
*6 April - The BJP and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) tell the Election Commission that they will continue to raise the issue of the foreign origin of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.
*4 April - A [[First Information Report]] is lodged against [[external affairs]] [[Political minister|minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] for alleged violation of election [[code of conduct]] during a poll meeting in [[Ranchi]]. Besides Sinha, FIRs were lodged against three other BJP leaders who participated in the meeting.
*4 April - An [[First Information Report|FIR]] is lodged against [[external affairs]] [[Political minister|minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] for alleged violation of election [[code of conduct]] during a poll meeting in [[Ranchi]]. Besides Sinha, FIRs were lodged against three other BJP leaders who participated in the meeting. All were acquitted.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]]
*[[2004 elections in India]]
*[[2004 elections in India]]
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[Election Commission of India]][[:Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory]]


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Shastri, Sandeep, K.C. Suri & Yogendra Yadav (2009) (ed.). ''Electoral Politics in Indian States : Lok Sabha Elections in 2004 and Beyond'', New Delhi : Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-806329-6}}
*Shastri, Sandeep, K.C. Suri & Yogendra Yadav (2009) (ed.). ''Electoral Politics in Indian States : Lok Sabha Elections in 2004 and Beyond'', New Delhi : Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-806329-6}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
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{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{#seo:
|keywords=
|description=
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[[Category:2004 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2004 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2004 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:2004 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2004 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Latest revision as of 19:43, 11 April 2026


2004 Indian general election
← 1999 20 April 26 April, 5 and 10 May 2004 2009 →
543 of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha[lower-alpha 1]
272 seats needed for a majority
Registered671,487,930
Turnout58.07% (Decrease 1.92pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Sonia Gandhi and Vladimir Putin in March 2010 04.jpg
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg
Surjith-6.JPG
Leader Sonia Gandhi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Harkishan Singh Surjeet
Party INC BJP CPI (M)
Last election 28.30%, 114 seats 23.75%, 182 seats 5.40%, 33 seats
Seats won 145 138 43
Seat change Increase 31 Decrease 44 Increase 10
Popular vote 103,408,949 86,371,561 22,070,614
Percentage 26.53% 22.16% 5.66%
Swing Decrease 1.77pp Decrease 1.59pp Increase 0.26pp
Alliance seats 218 181 60
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Atal Bihari Vajpayee
BJP

Prime Minister after election

Manmohan Singh
INC

General elections were held in India in four phases between 20 April and 10 May 2004. Over 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the 14th Lok Sabha.[1] Seven states also held assembly elections to elect state governments. They were the first elections fully carried out with electronic voting machines (EVMs).

On 13 May the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the lead party of the National Democratic Alliance conceded a shocking mysterious defeat.[2] The Indian National Congress, which had governed India for all but five years from independence until 1996, returned to power after a record six years out of office. It was unable to put a majority alone in 2004. It formed UPA, which had together a comfortable majority of more than 335 members out of 543 with the help of its allies. The 335 members included both the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, the governing coalition formed after the election and external support from the Left Front, who threatened to withdraw their support during Nuclear Deal.

Background[edit | edit source]

Speaker Manohar Joshi, who was from the Shiva Sena(NDA), had recommended premature dissolution of the 13th Lok Sabha (in accordance with a provision of the Constitution) to pave the way for early elections apparently in view of the recent good showing of the BJP in the Assembly elections in four states.[3][4] But though this recommendation was not accepted by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Bajpayee, the Speaker dissolved the Lok Sabha.

Organisation[edit | edit source]

Polling dates

The election dates for the parliamentary elections were:[5] [6]

  • 20 April – 141 constituencies
  • 26 April – 137 constituencies
  • 5 May – 83 constituencies
  • 10 May – 182 constituencies

Counting began simultaneously on 13 May. Over 370 million of the 675 million eligible citizens voted, with election violence claiming 48 lives, less than half the number killed during the 1999 election. The Indian elections were held in phases in order to maintain law and order. A few states considered sensitive areas required deployment of the armed forces. The average enrolment of voters in each constituency was 12 lakhs, although the largest constituency had 31 lakhs.

The Election Commission of India is responsible for deciding the dates and conducting elections according to constitutional provisions. The Election Commission employed more than a million electronic voting machines for these elections.

According to India Today, 115.62 billion rupees were expected to have been spent in campaigning for the elections by all political parties combined. Most of the money was spent on the people involved in the election. The Election Commission limited poll expenses to Rs. 25 lakhs per constituency. Thus, the actual spending is expected to have been approximately ten times the limit. About 6.5 billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on mobilising 1,50,000 vehicles. About a billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on helicopters and aircraft.

Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
State/Union territory Total constituencies Election dates and number of constituencies
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
20 April 26 April 5 May 10 May
Andhra Pradesh 42 21 21
Arunachal Pradesh 2 2
Assam 14 6 8
Bihar 40 11 17 12
Chhattisgarh 11 11
Goa 2 2
Gujarat 26 26
Haryana 10 10
Himachal Pradesh 4 4
Jammu and Kashmir 6 2 1 1 2
Jharkhand 14 6 8
Karnataka 28 15 13
Kerala 20 20
Madhya Pradesh 29 12 17
Maharashtra 48 24 24
Manipur 2 1 1
Meghalaya 2 2
Mizoram 1 1
Nagaland 1 1
Orissa 21 11 10
Punjab 13 13
Rajasthan 25 25
Sikkim 1 1
Tamil Nadu 39 39
Tripura 2 2
Uttar Pradesh 80 32 30 18
Uttarakhand 5 5
West Bengal 42 42
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1
Chandigarh 1 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 1
Daman and Diu 1 1
Delhi 7 7
Lakshadweep 1 1
Puducherry 1 1
Constituencies 543 141 137 83 182
Total states/UTs polling on this day 16 11 7 16
Total constituencies by end of phase 141 278 361 543
% complete by end of phase 26% 51% 66% 100%
States/UTs Constituencies
Number of states and UTs polling in single phase 24 219
Number of states and UTs polling in two phases 8 198
Number of states and UTs polling in three phases 2 120
Number of states and UTs polling in four phases 1 6
Total 35 543
Result 13 May 2004

Pre-poll alliances[edit | edit source]

In these elections, compared to all the Lok Sabha elections of the 1990s, the battle was more of a head-to-head contest in the sense that there was no viable third front alternative. Largely the contest was between BJP its allies on one hand and Congress its allies on the other. However, the situation did show large regional differences.

The BJP fought the elections as part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), although some of its seat-sharing agreements were made with strong regional parties of the NDA such as Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) in Tamil Nadu.

Ahead of the elections there were attempts to form a Congress-led national level joint opposition front. In the end, an agreement could not be reached, but on regional level alliances between Congress and regional parties were made in several states. This was the first time that Congress contested with that type of alliances in a parliamentary election.

The left parties, most notably the CPM and the CPI, contested on their own in their strongholds West Bengal, Tripura and Kerala, confronting both Congress and NDA forces. In several other states, such as Punjab and Andhra Pradesh, they took part in seat sharings with Congress. In Tamil Nadu they were part of the DMK-led DPA (Democratic Progressive Alliance).

Two parties refused to go along with either Congress or BJP, they were BSP and Samajwadi Party. Both are based in Uttar Pradesh, the largest state of India (in terms of population). Congress made several attempts to form alliances with them, but in vain. Many believed that they would prevent Congress of an electoral victory. The result was a four-cornered contest in UP, which didn't really hurt or benefit BJP or Congress significantly.

Forecast and campaigns[edit | edit source]

Most analysts believed the NDA would win the elections. This assessment was also supported by opinion polls. The economy had shown steady growth in the last years and the disinvestment of government owned production units (a continuation of India's liberalisation policies ) had been on track. The Foreign Exchange Reserves of India stood at more than US$100 billion (7th largest in the world and a record for India). The service sector had also generated a lot of jobs. The Vajpayee government had launched numerous welfare schemes, thus starting the culture of "Yojana"s in Indian governments. The party was supposed to have been riding on a wave of the feel good factor, typified by its promotional campaign "India Shining".[7]

In the past, BJP has largely been seen as a hardline Hindu right wing party with close ties with the hardline organisations the RSS and Vishva Hindu Parishad. Over the years, the party under Vajpayee has slightly distanced itself from hardline policies in order to accommodate a variety of parties within the NDA, like TMC (a Congress-breakaway party), breakaway factions of the Janata Dal like INLD, RLD, JD(U) and BJD, Dravidianist parties like DMK (which left the alliance in December 2003), PMK (which left the alliance in January 2004) and AIADMK (which joined after DMK left) and parties largely representing non-Hindus like SAD and JKNC (which joined the alliance in 2002), a change that was being questioned after the party's good performance in the 2003 assembly elections of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh, Karnataka. These elections were marked by the campaign's emphasis on economic gains instead of issues involving religious polarisation. Ban on cow-slaughter, implementation of a Uniform Civil Code, construction of Ram-mandir at the site of Ayodhya, abolition of the provisions of secularism in order to make Hinduism the country's state religion etc. characterised BJP's campaign in the 1996 election. From the last few elections, BJP had realised that its voter base had reached a ceiling and had concentrated on pre-poll rather than post-poll alliances. The Vajpayee wave and foreign origin of Sonia Gandhi also constituted part of the NDA's campaign.

Opinion polls[edit | edit source]

Conducted in month(s)
NDA UPA Other
August 2002 250 195 100
February 2003 315 115 115
August 2003 247 180 115
January 2004 335 110 100

Exit polls[edit | edit source]

Polling organisation
NDA UPA Other
NDTV-AC Nielsen 230-250 190-205 100-120
Star News-C voter 263-275 174-184 86-98
Aaj Tak-MARG 248 190 105
Sahara DRS 278 181 102
Zee News-Taleem 249 176 117
Actual result 181 218 143
Sources:-[8][9][10]

State/UT-wise voter turnout details[edit | edit source]

State/UT Seats Electors Voters Turnout
Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total
Andhra Pradesh 42 2,53,55,118 2,57,91,224  5,11,46,342 1,83,20,019 1,73,84,444 3,57,76,275 72.25 67.4 69.95%
Arunachal Pradesh 2 3,51,564 3,32,470 6,84,034 1,99,413 1,83,909  3,85,446 56.72 55.31 56.35%
Assam 14 78,21,591 71,93,283  1,50,14,874 56,71,454 47,01,710 1,03,77,354 72.51 65.36 69.11%
Bihar 40 2,70,53,408 2,35,06,264 5,05,59,672 1,71,95,139 1,21,34,913 2,93,32,306 63.56 51.62 58.02%
Chhattisgarh 11 69,04,742 68,14,700 1,37,19,442 40,39,747 31,00,827 71,46,189 58.51 45.50 52.09%
Goa 2 4,75,847 4,65,320 9,41,167 2,86,156 2,64,934 5,53,105 60.14 56.94 58.77%
Gujarat 26 1,73,41,760 1,63,33,302 3,36,75,062 86,64,929 65,43,424 1,52,13,501 49.97 40.06 45.18%
Haryana 10 66,60,631 56,59,926 1,23,20,557 45,36,234 35,54,361 80,97,064 68.11 62.80 65.72%
Himachal Pradesh 4 21,28,828 20,53,167 41,81,995 12,69,539 12,11,994 24,97,149 59.84 59.03 59.71%
Jammu & Kashmir 6 34,68,235 28,99,880 63,68,115 13,91,263 8,41,489 22,41,729 40.11 29.02 35.20%
Jharkhand 14 89,14,164 78,98,175 1,68,12,339 55,61,056 38,01,786 93,63,363 62.38 48.13 55.69%
Karnataka 28 1,96,05,257 1,89,86,838 3,85,92,095 1,31,19,442 1,19,62,519 2,51,39,122 66.92 63.00 65.14%
Kerala 20 1,01,68,428 1,09,57,045 2,11,25,473 74,80,351 75,67,329 1,50,93,960 73.56 69.06 71.45%
Madhya Pradesh 29 2,00,28,161 1,83,61,940 3,83,90,101 1,13,22,391 71,24,280 1,84,63,451 56.53 38.80 48.09%
Maharashtra 48 3,27,88,476 3,02,23,732 6,30,12,208  1,89,57,642 1,52,63,748 3,42,63,317 57.82 50.50 54.38%
Manipur 2 7,46,054 7,90,456 15,36,510 5,22,526 5,12,834 10,35,696 70.03 64.88 67.41%
Meghalaya 2 6,48,654 6,40,720 12,89,374 3,02,113 3,77,125 6,79,321 46.58 58.86 52.69%
Mizoram 1 2,73,454 2,76,505 5,49,959 1,75,372 1,70,000 3,49,799 64.13 61.48 63.60%
Nagaland 1 5,47,114 4,94,319 10,41,433 5,05,682 4,46,002 9,55,690 92.43 90.23 91.77%
Orissa 21 1,31,91,691 1,24,60,298 2,56,51,989 90,10,592 79,29,405 1,69,45,092 68.30 63.64 66.06%
Punjab 13 86,52,294 79,63,105 1,66,15,399 54,37,861 47,94,658 1,02,33,165 62.85 60.21 61.59%
Rajasthan 25 1,81,49,028 1,65,63,357 3,47,12,385 1,00,09,085 72,90,569 1,73,46,549 55.15 44.02 49.97% 
Sikkim 1 1,45,738 1,36,199 2,81,937 1,12,404 1,02,890 2,19,769 77.13 75.54 77.95%
Tamil Nadu 39 2,32,69,301 2,39,82,970 4,72,52,271 1,50,06,523 1,36,42,797 2,87,32,954 64.49 56.89   60.81%
Tripura 2 10,23,368 9,54,854 19,78,222 7,14,491 6,04,452 13,27,000 69.82 63.30 67.08%
Uttar Pradesh 80 6,03,28,608 5,02,95,882 11,06,34,490 3,25,52,479 2,07,20,447 5,32,78,071 53.96 41.20 48.16%
Uttarakhand 5 28,38,204 27,24,433 55,62,637 14,70,496 11,97,917  26,73,832 51.81 43.97 48.16%
West Bengal 42 2,47,98,089 2,26,39,342 4,74,37,431 1,98,04,552 1,70,66,370 3,70,21,478 79.86 75.38 78.04%
 Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) 1 1,31,502 1,10,143 2,41,645 83,520 70,284 1,53,841 63.51 63.81 63.66%
Chandigarh (UT) 1 2,92,438 2,53,246 5,27,684 1,51,932 1,17,886 2,69,849 51.95 50.11 51.14%
Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) 1 65,059 57,622 1,22,681 43,795 40,904 84,703 67.32 70.99 69.04%
Daman & Diu (UT) 1 39,595 39,637 79,232 29,751 55,591 25,839 65.26 75.06 70.16%
Lakshadweep (UT) 1 19,880 19,153 39,033 15,698 16,122 31,820 78.96 84.17 81.52%
NCT OF Delhi 7 49,53,925 38,09,550 87,63,475 24,28,289 16,97,944 41,26,443 49.02 44.57 47.09%
Pondicherry (UT) 1 3,10,658 3,26,009 6,36,667 2,40,114 2,44,202 4,84,336 77.29 74.91 76.07%
India 543 34,94,90,864 32,19,97,066 67,14,87,930 21,72,34,104 17,27,14,226 38,99,48,330 62.16 53.64 58.07%
Source-ECI [1]

Results[edit | edit source]

Seat share of parties in the election

  INC (26.60%)
  BJP (25.32%)
  CPI(M) (7.88%)
  SP (6.60%)
  RJD (4.40%)
  BSP (3.48%)
  DMK (2.93%)
  SHS (2.20%)
  Other (20.59%)

Vote share of parties in the election

  INC (26.53%)
  BJP (22.16%)
  CPI(M) (5.66%)
  BSP (5.33%)
  SP (4.32%)
  TDP (3.04%)
  RJD (2.41%)
  JD(U) (2.35%)
  Other (28.2%)
PartyVotes%Seats
Indian National Congress103,408,94926.53145
Bharatiya Janata Party86,371,56122.16138
Communist Party of India (Marxist)22,070,6145.6643
Bahujan Samaj Party20,765,2295.3319
Samajwadi Party16,824,0724.3236
Telugu Desam Party11,844,8113.045
Rashtriya Janata Dal9,384,1472.4124
Janata Dal (United)9,144,9632.358
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam8,547,0142.190
Trinamool Congress8,071,8672.072
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam7,064,3931.8116
Shiv Sena7,056,2551.8112
Nationalist Congress Party7,023,1751.809
Janata Dal (Secular)5,732,2961.473
Communist Party of India5,484,1111.4110
Biju Janata Dal5,082,8491.3011
Shiromani Akali Dal3,506,6810.908
Lok Janshakti Party2,771,4270.714
Rashtriya Lok Dal2,463,6070.633
Telangana Rashtra Samithi2,441,4050.635
Pattali Makkal Katchi2,169,0200.566
Asom Gana Parishad2,069,6000.532
Indian National Lok Dal1,936,7030.500
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha1,846,8430.475
Revolutionary Socialist Party1,689,7940.433
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam1,679,8700.434
All India Forward Bloc1,365,0550.353
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation1,281,6880.330
Apna Dal844,0530.220
Indian Union Muslim League770,0980.201
Gondwana Ganatantra Party720,1890.180
Naga People's Front715,3660.181
Janata Party517,6830.130
Haryana Vikas Party506,1220.130
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference493,0670.132
Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh428,5660.110
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen417,2480.111
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)387,6820.100
Republican Party of India (Athawale)367,5100.091
National Loktantrik Party367,0490.091
Kerala Congress353,9050.091
Kannada Nadu Party349,1830.090
Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)337,3860.091
Peasants and Workers Party of India319,5720.080
Republican Party of India295,5450.080
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party275,2670.070
PDP(in Kashmir)267,4570.071
Peoples Republican Party261,2190.070
Indian Federal Democratic Party256,4110.071
Kerala Congress (M)209,8800.050
Rashtriya Samanta Dal209,6940.050
Samta Party201,2760.050
Lok Bhalai Party187,7870.050
Mizo National Front182,8640.051
Bharatiya Navshakti Party171,0800.041
All Jharkhand Students Union157,9300.040
Sikkim Democratic Front153,4090.041
Marxist Co-ordination Committee147,4700.040
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha146,5710.040
Rashtriya Parivartan Dal139,1450.040
Jharkhand Disom Party135,6850.030
Pyramid Party of India130,3620.030
Ekta Shakti126,9240.030
Autonomous State Demand Committee101,8080.030
Akhil Bharatiya Sena92,2100.020
Hindu Mahasabha88,2140.020
Federal Party of Manipur88,1790.020
Bihar People's Party86,4180.020
Party of Democratic Socialism81,9990.020
Samata Samaj Party78,7910.020
Mahabharat People's Party77,0550.020
Arunachal Congress76,5270.020
Jharkhand Party74,3640.020
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party70,0780.020
Indian Justice Party67,9140.020
Jharkhand Party (Naren)67,7820.020
United Minorities Front, Assam64,6570.020
Labour Party (Secular)63,9890.020
Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party58,2960.010
Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party54,7460.010
Lok Rajya Party54,0970.010
Bahujan Kisan Dal52,6690.010
Majlis Bachao Tahreek47,5600.010
Peoples Democratic Party45,7200.010
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal43,8990.010
Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)38,7660.010
Amra Bangali38,1070.010
Vidharbha Rajya Party36,9740.010
Urs Samyuktha Paksha33,1280.010
Ambedkarist Republican Party31,4670.010
Prabuddha Republican Party29,7920.010
Rashtravadi Communist Party28,7570.010
Rashtriya Samajik Nayak Paksha27,5940.010
Sampurna Vikas Dal27,1350.010
Tamil Desiyak Katchi25,3480.010
Kosi Vikas Party25,2580.010
Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party24,6960.010
Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Party24,1760.010
Loktantrik Samajwadi Party22,8110.010
Savarn Samaj Party21,2460.010
Ambedkar Samaj Party20,7670.010
Indian National League20,1590.010
Bharatiya Gaon Taj Dal19,9090.010
Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)19,5480.010
Socialist Party (Lohia)18,6280.000
Shivrajya Party18,3740.000
Samajwadi Jan Parishad17,7170.000
Hindustan Janata Party17,4100.000
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)16,6910.000
Bharatiya Republican Paksha16,5460.000
Rashtriya Vikas Party15,1590.000
Trinamool Gana Parishad14,9330.000
Manuvadi Party14,2330.000
Bharat Kranti Rakshak Party12,5470.000
Rashtriya Hamara Dal12,3460.000
Parivartan Samaj Party12,2730.000
Bharatiya Eklavya Party12,1970.000
Proutist Sarva Samaj Party11,5610.000
Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha11,4590.000
Pachim Banga Rajya Muslim League10,4460.000
Rajasthan Vikash Party10,0320.000
Lokpriya Samaj Party9,9130.000
Bharatiya Jana Sangh9,7070.000
Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party9,1450.000
Vidarbha Janata Congress9,0970.000
Shoshit Samaj Dal8,8620.000
Jai Hind Party8,6450.000
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh8,2000.000
Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha7,6960.000
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party7,5840.000
Rashtriya Swarn Dal7,3740.000
Navabharata Nirman Party7,1690.000
Krantikari Samyavadi Party6,9480.000
Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party6,7170.000
Youth and Students Party6,5800.000
Ephraim Union6,5120.000
Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Alp-Sankhyak Jan Morcha6,0030.000
United Goans Democratic Party5,8810.000
Pichhra Samaj Party5,6720.000
All India Momin Conference5,1130.000
Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)4,9770.000
All India Minorities Front4,8740.000
Republican Party of India (Khobragade)4,7900.000
Naari Shakti Party4,6490.000
Bahujan Vikas Party4,5330.000
Bharatiya Ekta Dal4,3120.000
Shikshit Berozgar Sena4,3030.000
Yuva Gantantra Party4,1400.000
Rashtravadi Janata Party3,7370.000
Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena3,3930.000
Mudiraj Rashtriya Samithi3,3450.000
Sikkim Sangram Parishad3,2160.000
Janata Vikas Party3,1730.000
National Students Party3,0690.000
Secular Party of India3,0410.000
Vikas Party2,9980.000
Social Action Party2,9870.000
Akhil Bharatiya Rashtriya Azad Hind Party2,8010.000
Loktantrik Chetna Party2,7760.000
Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad2,7650.000
Janmangal Paksh2,6840.000
Sanatan Samaj Party2,6790.000
Lok Sewa Dal2,6460.000
Jana Unnayan Mancha2,5920.000
Rashtriya Lok Seva Morcha2,4760.000
Republican Party of India (Democratic)2,3700.000
Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal2,2420.000
Panchayat Raj Party2,1650.000
Bharatiya Backward Party2,1620.000
All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party2,1580.000
Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha2,0800.000
Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party2,0550.000
Rashtriya Garima Party2,0430.000
Rashtriya Garib Dal1,9770.000
Ekta Krandi Dal U.P.1,9390.000
Bharatiya Labour Party1,7580.000
Phule Bharti Lok Party1,6900.000
Bharatiya Prajatantrik Shudh Gandhiwadi Krishak Dal1,6890.000
Mool Bharati (S) Party1,6750.000
Bharatiya Nagrik Party1,5800.000
Jammu and Kashmir Awami League1,5190.000
Hind Morcha1,4590.000
Jharkhand People's Party1,4490.000
Maharashtra Rajiv Congress1,3990.000
Janhit Samaj Party1,3100.000
Vijeta Party1,3040.000
Socialistic Democratic Party1,2650.000
Jansatta Party1,1890.000
Federal Congress of India1,0370.000
Nidaya Malik (N) Party1,0300.000
Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party9720.000
Desh Bhakt Party9120.000
Ambedkar National Congress8250.000
NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)7590.000
Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party7540.000
Jebamani Janata7340.000
Niswarth Sewa Party7300.000
Jan Chetna Party6710.000
Hindu Ekta Andolan Party6200.000
Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha5970.000
Bharatiya Prajatantra Party5730.000
Bharatiya Muhabbat Party (All India)5660.000
Manav Jagriti Manch5520.000
Bharatiya Janvadi Party5430.000
Bharatiya Surajya Manch5150.000
Rashtriya Janadhikar Party4870.000
Praja Party4850.000
Bharti Sarvadarshi Parishad4270.000
Shoshit Samaj Party3950.000
Rashtriya Sakar Party3790.000
Bharatiya Sarvkalyan Krantidal3650.000
Awami Party3270.000
Swaraj Dal2980.000
Akhand Bharti1380.000
Parmarth Party1260.000
Independents16,549,9004.255
Nominated Anglo-Indians2
Total389,779,784100.00545
Valid votes389,779,78499.96
Invalid/blank votes168,5460.04
Total votes389,948,330100.00
Registered voters/turnout671,487,93058.07
Source: ECI

Region-wise results[edit | edit source]

Region Total seats Indian National Congress Bharatiya Janata Party Others
South India 131 48 Increase 14 18 Decrease 1 65 Decrease 13
West India 78 27 Increase 10 28 Decrease 7 23 Decrease 3
Hindi-Heartland 225 46 Increase 12 78 Decrease 34 101 Increase 22
North-East India 25 11 Decrease 3 4 Increase 2 13 Increase 4
East India 63 8 Increase 3 7 Decrease 4 48 Increase 1
Union Territories 22 5 Decrease 5 3 Steady 14 Increase 5
Total 543 145 +31 138 -44 264 +17
Source: Times of India[11]

By state and territory[edit | edit source]

States[edit | edit source]

State/Union Territory Seats
UPA NDA LF Others
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1 0 0 0
Andhra Pradesh 42 35 5 2 0
Arunachal Pradesh 2 0 2 0 0
Assam 14 11 3 0 2
Bihar 40 29 11 0 0
Chandigarh 1 1 0 0 0
Chhattisgarh 11 1 10 0 0
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 0 0 0 1
Daman and Diu 1 1 0 0 0
Delhi 7 6 1 0 0
Goa 2 1 1 0 0
Gujarat 26 12 14 0 0
Haryana 10 9 1 0 0
Himachal Pradesh 4 3 1 0 0
Jammu and Kashmir 5 3 0 0 3
Jharkhand 14 12 1 1 0
Karnataka 28 8 18 2 0
Kerala 20 2 0 18 0
Lakshadweep 1 0 1 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 29 4 25 0 0
Maharashtra 48 23 25 0 0
Manipur 2 1 0 0 1
Meghalaya 2 1 1 0 0
Mizoram 1 0 1 0 0
Nagaland 1 0 1 0 0
Orissa 21 3 18 0 0
Pondicherry 1 1 0 0 0
Punjab 13 2 11 0 0
Rajasthan 25 4 21 0 0
Sikkim 1 0 1 0 0
Tamil Nadu 39 39 0 0 0
Tripura 2 0 0 2 0
Uttar Pradesh 80 9 11 0 61
Uttarakhand 5 1 3 0 1
West Bengal 42 6 1 35 0
Total 543 218 181 60 84

Territories[edit | edit source]

Territories Party Seats won % of Votes Alliance
Andaman & Nicobar Islands Indian National Congress 1 55.77 United Progressive Alliance
Bharatiya Janata Party 0 35.95 National Democratic Alliance
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 0 2.71 Left Front
Independent 0 1.72 None
Others 0 3.85 None
Chandigarh Indian National Congress 1 52.06 United Progressive Alliance
Bharatiya Janata Party 0 35.22 National Democratic Alliance
Indian National Lok Dal 0 6.61 None
Independent 0 3.42 None
Others 0 2.69 None
National Capital Territory of Delhi Indian National Congress 6 54.81 United Progressive Alliance
Bharatiya Janata Party 1 40.67 National Democratic Alliance
Bahujan Samaj Party 0 2.48 None
Independent 0 1.27 None
Lakshadweep Janata Dal (United) 1 49.02 National Democratic Alliance
Indian National Congress 0 48.79 United Progressive Alliance
Janata Party 0 1.47 None
Samajwadi Party 0 0.72 None

Analysis[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2004 Indian general election analysis

Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the exit polls (immediately after the elections and before the counting began) predicted a hung parliament. However, even the exit polls could only indicate the general trend and nowhere close to the final figures. There is also the general perception that as soon as the BJP started realising that events might not proceed entirely in its favour, it changed the focus of its campaign from India Shining to issues of stability. Congress was regarded as old-fashioned by the ruling NDA and many. But Congress declared that it has largely backing of poor, rural, lower-caste and minority voters though all sections of the society had participated in the economic boom of Vajpayee's years. The BJP declared that, PV Narasimha Rao's govt had created a wealthy middle class. But Congress achieved its victory on grounds of coalition politics.

Impact[edit | edit source]

The rout of the ruling parties in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the general elections led to calls for the dissolution of the governments of these states.

The stock market (Bombay Stock Exchange) fell in the week prior to the announcement of the results due to fears of the defeat of NDA government and stoppage of its economic reforms. As soon as counting began, however, it became clear that the Congress coalition was headed for a sizeable lead over the NDA and the market surged, only to crash the following day when the left parties, whose support would be required for government formation, announced that it was their intention to do away with the disinvestment ministry. Following this, Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister (in office 2004–14) and the prime architect of the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, hurried to reassure investors that the new government would strive to create a business-friendly climate. Later in his Book, Turning Points Former president Abdul Kalam said that he has no objection against Sonia's candidancy and he said to ready the documents with Sonia as Prime Minister.[12]

Events[edit | edit source]

  • 13 May - Congress wins a minority of seats in the Lok Sabha (142) and forms UPA which has plurality of seats (219 seats against 188 for the BJP). This event shocks many.
  • 13 May - Counting of votes in the parliamentary elections begins.
  • 11 May - Congress wins the Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh by 2/3 majority.
  • 10 May - The fourth and final phase of elections comes to an end. Results will come out for 542 of the 543 parliament seats with elections to be held again in Chhapra.
  • 5 May - Third phase of polling comes to an end with the ruling coalition government gaining seats according to exit polls but still off the victory target. Reports of booth capturing in Chhapra, capture headlines.
  • 26 April - Second phase of elections sees 55-60% polling. This is the final phase for assembly elections. Polling covers 136 parliamentary constituencies in 11 states. The share market starts to crash as the investors suspected that the NDA government might find it hard to come back to power—raising doubts about the continuation of economic reforms initiated by the NDA government.
  • 22 April - Tripura, where polling was delayed because of a local holiday, votes for its two MPs. A turnout of close to 60% is reported, despite calls for abstention made by separatists.
  • 20 April - The first phase of the vote is held, with average turnouts of between 50% and 55%. Voting is reported as brisk, and the day unfolds relatively smoothly, albeit with some glitches reported with the electronic voting machines. Isolated violent incidents take place in Kashmir, Jammu, Manipur, and Jharkhand.
  • 8 April - The NDA's top leaders meet in New Delhi to adopt its manifesto for the elections, Agenda for Development and Good Governance.
  • 7 April - Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee files nomination as the candidate from his seat Lucknow.
  • 6 April - The BJP and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) tell the Election Commission that they will continue to raise the issue of the foreign origin of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.
  • 4 April - An FIR is lodged against external affairs minister Yashwant Sinha for alleged violation of election code of conduct during a poll meeting in Ranchi. Besides Sinha, FIRs were lodged against three other BJP leaders who participated in the meeting. All were acquitted.

See also[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Shastri, Sandeep, K.C. Suri & Yogendra Yadav (2009) (ed.). Electoral Politics in Indian States : Lok Sabha Elections in 2004 and Beyond, New Delhi : Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-806329-6

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and filled by presidential nomination

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "General Elections 2004: Facts and figures". India Today. 13 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  2. ↑ Waldman, Amy (13 May 2004). "In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Party Wins Election in India (Published 2004)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  3. ↑ "The dissolution debate". The Hindu. 26 February 2004. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  4. ↑ "President dissolves Lok Sabha". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  6. ↑ "General Election Schedule 2004". Election Commission of India.
  7. ↑ "BJP spends Rs 150 cr on 'India Shining' campaign". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  8. ↑ "2004 exit polls: when surveys got it horribly wrong". Oneindia. 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "Can 2019 exit polls turn out to be wrong like 2004?". Moneycontrol. 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  10. ↑ "Exit polls: How accurate are they? A look back at 2004, 2009, 2014 predictions". Financial Express. 19 May 2019. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  11. ↑ "Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  12. ↑ https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalam-was-ready-to-make-sonia-pm/article3585909.ece

External links[edit | edit source]

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