Internet in India

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
Information red.svg
Scan the QR code to donate via UPI
Dear reader, We need your support to keep the flame of knowledge burning bright! Our hosting server bill is due on June 1st, and without your help, Bharatpedia faces the risk of shutdown. We've come a long way together in exploring and celebrating our rich heritage. Now, let's unite to ensure Bharatpedia continues to be a beacon of knowledge for generations to come. Every contribution, big or small, makes a difference. Together, let's preserve and share the essence of Bharat.

Thank you for being part of the Bharatpedia family!
Please scan the QR code on the right click here to donate.

0%

   

transparency: ₹0 raised out of ₹100,000 (0 supporter)



Internet in India began in 1986 and was available only to the educational and research community. General public access to the internet began on 15 August 1995, and as of 2020 there are 718.74 million active internet users that comprise 54.29% of the population.[1]

As of May 2014, the Internet is delivered to India mainly by 9 different undersea fibres, including SEA-ME-WE 3, Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway, arriving at 5 different landing points.[2] India also has one overland internet connection, at the city of Agartala near the border with Bangladesh.[3]

The Indian Government has embarked on projects such as BharatNet, Digital India, Made in India and Startup India to further expedite the growth of internet-based ecosystems.

History[edit]

The history of internet in India began with the launch of the Educational Research Network (ERNET) in 1986.[4] The network was made available only to educational and research communities.[5] ERNET was initiated by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST Bombay, Indian Institute of Science, five Indian Institutes of Technology (Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Chennai), and the DoE in New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP.[6] The first leased line of 9.6 kbit/s was installed in January 1991 between Delhi and Mumbai. ERNET was allotted Class B IP address 144.16.0.0 by NIC (then InterNIC) in 1990. Subsequently, Class C addresses were allotted to ERNET by APNIC. All IITs, IISc Bangalore, DOE Delhi and NCST Mumbai were connected by 9.6 kbit/s leased line by 1992. In the same year, 64 kbit/s Internet gateway link was commissioned from NCST Mumbai to UUNet in Virginia, United States.

NICNet was established in 1995 for communications between government institutions. The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre.[5]

The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15 August 1995.[7][8] At the time, VSNL had a monopoly over international communications in the country and private enterprise was not permitted in the sector. The internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS), provided a speed of 9.6 kbit/s speed and was priced at ₹5,200 for 250 hours for individuals, ₹16,200 for institutional dial-up SLIP/PPP accounts, and higher for leased line services. GIAS was available immediately from Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. It was made available in Pune and Bangalore by the end of 1995, while users from other locations could connect through the Department of Telecommunications' I-NET, an X.25 network accessed through leased lines or at a concessional dial-up rate from almost anywhere. The connection between VSNL and MCI Inc. in the United States was made with multiple 64kbit/s links.[9]

The service was plagued by several hardware and network issues. B.K. Syngal, then chairman and managing director of VSNL, publicly apologized and took responsibility for the issues. Syngal stated that the company had not conducted any survey of the potential demand for the service. The modems used by VSNL were of poor quality, and often would make a beeping sound every three minutes and subsequently disconnect. The connections also faced junction issues when users attempted to connect between internet exchanges. VSNL had designed each line to handle 30 customers at a time, which would quickly swell to full capacity. VSNL invested ₹20-25 million on the launch and planning to invest further in coming years. Recalling the launch in 2015, Syngal described the amount as "pathetic".[7]

Despite the issues, VSNL's internet service garnered 10,000 subscribers within the first 6 months of the launch. The company invested ₹100-150 million to re-design the service. The internet service got a boost in popularity after a successful demo at the NASSCOM meeting at the Nehru Centre in Mumbai in 1996. VSNL's booth demonstrating the capabilities of the internet received a large number of visitors.[7] However, for the next 10 years the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up).[10] To meet the growing demand for internet access, VSNL, in cooperation with the DoT, added new points of presence (POP) on the Internet. In 1997, new POPs opened in Kanpur, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Patna and Goa. By 1998, the network comprised around 40 POPs.[11]

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access was introduced in 1997.[11]

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[10] From 2005 onward, the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated, but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access which were predominantly wired-line technologies. This bottleneck was removed in 2010 when the government auctioned 3G spectrum followed by an equally high-profile auction of 4G spectrum that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market. Today, internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media including dial-up (PSTN), xDSL, coaxial cable, Ethernet, FTTH, ISDN, HSDPA (3G), WiFi, WiMAX, etc. at a wide range of speeds and costs.[12]

Technologies[edit]

Wired internet access technologies by usage share (December 2018).[13]

  DSL (56.56%)
  Dial up (15.97%)
  Ethernet/LAN (14.90%)
  Cable modem (6.35%)
  Fibre (5.65%)
  Leased line (00.56%)

Wireless internet access technologies by usage share (December 2018).[13]

  LTE (74.83%)
  GPRS/EDGE (12.97%)
  HSPA/WCDMA (12.12%)
  Wi-Fi (00.07%)
  Radio/WiMAX/VSAT (00.01%)

Wireless Internet[edit]

The following frequencies are used to provide wireless internet services in India:[14]

  • 2G : GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz
  • 3G : WCDMA UMTS 2100 MHz, 900 MHz
  • 4G : TD-LTE 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz, FD-LTE 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, 900 MHz, 850 MHz
  • CDMA : 800 MHz (for 1x voice and data & EVDO Rev A, Rev B, Rev B Phase II data)

Wired internet[edit]

Fixed-line or wired internet technologies used in India include digital subscriber line, (DSL), Dial-up Internet access, ethernet and local area network (LAN), Cable modem, fibre to the home, and leased line.[13]

Internet speed[edit]

The first commercially launched internet service in India offered dial-up speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s in 1995. With the advent of better modems, the network speed was increased to 14.4. kbit/s, followed by 28.8 and 33.4 kbit/s accesses by 1998. Dial-up was later upgraded to provide speeds up to 56 kbit/s on analog lines.[11] In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[10] The definition was amended in July 2013 defining broadband as a "data connection that supports interactive services, including internet access, capable of a minimum download speed of 256 kbps to an individual subscriber."[15][16] The minimum download speed was officially raised from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s in August 2014.[17]

On 31 October 2016, TRAI issued a directive to all fixed broadband ISPs ordering them to ensure that the minimum download speed of a connection would not drop below 512 kbit/s even after a subscriber had used up their assigned data limits. TRAI also ordered all ISPs to notify their subscribers through SMS or email when the subscriber had consumed 50%, 90% and 100% of their assigned data limit. All TSPs are also required to maintain a portal or website where subscribers can view their usage pattern at any time.[18]

In January 2019, Daily News and Analysis reported that DoT officials planned to raise the minimum broadband speed to 2 mbps initially and then to 5 mbps, as part of its new "Broadband for All" policy.[19] Connection speeds from 40 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s provided through optical fibre are now common in metro cities of India.

The worldwide broadband speed league 2019 ranked India 74 out of 207 countries with a mean download speed of 8.66 Mbit/s.[20] According to the Akamai Q1 2017 State of the Internet Report, the average internet connection speed in India is 6.5 Mbit/s and the average peak connection speed is 41.4 Mbit/s. Globally, India was ranked 89th out of 149 countries/regions by average internet connection speed and 97th by average peak connection speed. 42% of internet users in India have an average internet connection speed of above 4 Mbit/s, 19% have a speed of over 10 Mbit/s, and 10% enjoy speeds over 15 Mbit/s. The average internet connection speed on mobile networks in India was 4.9 Mbit/s.[21][22]

According to the March 2021 Speedtest Global Index, published by Speedtest.net, India was ranked 66th out of 177 countries by average fixed broadband speed and 86th out of 140 countries by average mobile internet speed. The average fixed broadband download speed in India is 56.10 Mbit/s and the average fixed broadband upload speed is 53.68 Mbit/s. Speedtest recorded the average download speed on mobile connections in India as 12.15 Mbit/s and average upload speed of 4.80 Mbit/s.[23]

Internet user base[edit]

India has the second highest number of internet users in the world.[24] The following table provides an overview of key internet subscriber statistics in India as on 31 December 2020.[13]

Statistic Figures
Total subscribers 795.18 million
Narrowband subscribers 47.77 million
Broadband subscribers 747.41 million
Wired subscribers 25.54 million
Wireless subscribers 769.64 million
Urban subscribers 487.01 million
Rural subscribers 308.17 million
Overall net penetration 58.51 %
Urban net penetration 103.98 %
Rural net penetration 34.60 %

The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimated that about 60% of Indian internet users viewed vernacular content and only about a quarter of internet users were over the age of 35 years in 2019. The WEF also estimated that 1.1 billion Indians would have access to the internet by 2030, with 80% of the subscriber base primarily accessing the internet on mobile devices. The profile of India's internet user base was predicted to diversify by 2030 with 80% of users accessing vernacular content and with users over 25 years making up 45% of the total subscriber base.[25]

Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favour of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks).[26]

Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a phone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet.[26] Operating on a single channel, it monopolizes the phone line and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than the already existing telephone network. Dial-up connections typically do not exceed a speed of 56 kbit/s, because they are primarily made via a 56k modem.[26]

Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term "broadband" once had a technical meaning, but today it is more often a marketing buzzword that simply means "faster". Broadband connections are continuous or "always on" connections, without the need to dial and hang-up, and do not monopolize phone lines.[26] Common types of broadband access include DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Fibre to the x (Optical fibre network), Cable Internet access, Satellite Internet access, mobile broadband via cell phones and other mobile devices among many others.[27]

Internet service providers[edit]

Main article: List of internet service providers in India

There were 358 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offering broadband and narrowband services in India as on 31 December 2019. The ten largest ISPs account for 99.50% of the total subscriber base. Jio (51.60%), Airtel (23.24%), Vodafone Idea (19.77%), BSNL (4.21%) and Atria Convergence Technologies (0.21%) were the five largest ISPs by subscribers in India as on 31 December 2019.[13]

As on 31 December 2019, the five largest wired broadband providers in India are BSNL (51.75%), Airtel (10.80%), Atria Convergence Technologies (6.78%), Hathway (4.01%) and Jio (3.83%). Other wired ISPs account for the remaining 22.82% of subscribers. The five largest wireless broadband providers are Jio (53.14%), Airtel (23.64%), Vodafone Idea (20.40%) and BSNL (2.68%).[13]

The telecom circles of Maharashtra (40.21 million), Andhra Pradesh & Telangana (38.28 million), Tamil Nadu (35.90 million) Gujarat (32.16 million) and Karnataka (31.74 million) have the most broadband subscribers as on 31 September 2018.[28]

The total International Internet bandwidth owned by Indian ISPs was 2,933 Gbit/s as on 30 June 2017.[13] International Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world.[29]

Net neutrality[edit]

Main article: Net neutrality in India

As of August 2015, there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication.[30] There have already been a few violations of net neutrality principles by some Indian service providers.[31] The government has once again called in for comments and suggestions regarding net neutrality as of 14 August, and has given the people one day to post their views on the MyGov forum. After this, the final decision regarding the debate was to be made.

The debate on network neutrality in India gathered public attention after Airtel, a mobile telephony service provider in India, announced in December 2014 additional charges for making voice calls (VoIP) from its network using apps like WhatsApp, Skype, etc.[32]

In March 2015, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released a formal consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services, seeking comments from the public. The consultation paper was criticised for being one sided and having confusing statements. It received condemnation from various politicians and Indian Internet users.[33][34][35] The last date for submission of comment was 24 April 2015 and TRAI received over a million emails.[36]

On 8 February 2016, TRAI took a revolutionary decision, prohibiting telecom service providers from levying discriminatory rates for data,[37] thus ruling in favor of Net Neutrality in India. This move was welcomed not just by millions of Indians but also by various political parties, businesspersons, industry leaders ,[38] and the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee.[39]

Censorship[edit]

Main article: Internet censorship in India
See also: Websites blocked in India

Internet censorship in India is selectively practiced by both federal and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users in better usage is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Measures to remove content at the request of content creators through court orders have become more common in recent years.

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2016 report gives India a Freedom on the Net status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 41 (scale from 0 to 100, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 9 (0-35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 20 (0-40 scale).[40] India was ranked 29th out of the 65 countries included in the report.[41]

Challenges[edit]

One of the major issues facing the Internet segment in India is the lower average bandwidth of broadband connections compared to that of developed countries. According to 2007 statistics, the average download speed in India hovered at about 40 KB per second (256 kbit/s), the minimum speed set by TRAI, whereas the international average was 5.6 Mbit/s during the same period. In order to attend this infrastructure issue the government declared 2007 as "the year of broadband".[42][43] To compete with international standards of defining broadband speed the Indian Government has taken the aggressive step of proposing a ₹690 billion national broadband network to connect all cities, towns and villages with a population of more than 500 in two phases targeted for completion by 2012 and 2013. Google and Tata have launched the Internet Saathi project to help increase digital literacy amongst women in rural areas. The network was supposed to provide speeds up to 10 Mbit/s in 63 metropolitan areas and 4 Mbit/s in an additional 352 cities. Also, the Internet penetration rate in India is medium and accounts for 42% of the population compared to the rate in OECD counties, where the average is over 50%.[44][45][46] Another issue is the digital divide where growth is biased in favour of urban areas; according to 2010 statistics, more than 75 per cent of the broadband connections in the country are in the top 30 cities.[10] Regulators have tried to boost the growth of broadband in rural areas by promoting higher investment in rural infrastructure and establishing subsidised tariffs for rural subscribers under the Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government.[citation needed]

E-commerce industry[edit]

No. of Indian consumers who purchased something online in 2018: 120 million

No. of Indian consumers who are expected to purchase something online in 2020: 175 million

Indian e-commerce Industry in 2017: ₹2.46 Trillion

Data centres[edit]

  • BSNL Internet Data Centers, in collaboration with Dimension Data[47]
  • Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Limited - Tier III data centers in Mumbai and Bengaluru [48]
  • Airlive Broadband
  • Web Werks Data Centers
  • Sify Technologies Limited
  • CtrlS Datacenters Ltd
  • Tata Communications Limited
  • Netmagic Solutions
  • Reliance Datacenter
  • Web Werks IDC
  • Net4 Datacenter
  • RackBank Datacenter
  • GPX Global Systems Inc.
  • CTRLS Data Center
  • MegaHostZone
  • Digital Ocean
  • DeleteZero
  • Amazon Web Services[49]
  • Google Cloud[50]

Internet Exchanges[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "List of countries by number of Internet users", Wikipedia, 19 June 2020, retrieved 20 June 2020
  2. ↑ "This is From Where and How Internet in India Comes From?" Archived 2015-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, Source Digit, 12 May 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "Agartala becomes India's third int'l internet gateway".
  4. ↑ Ramani, Srinivasan. "The story of how the Internet came to India: An insider's account". News18.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "20 years of Internet in India: On August 15, 1995 public Internet access was launched in India". News18. 15 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ghosh, Shauvik (29 June 2015). "The birth of the Internet in India". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Livemint (30 June 2015). "A brief history of the Internet". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  9. ↑ "VSNL starts India's first Internet service today". Dxm.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Broadband status in India" (PDF). TRAI. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 nicpib4. "Focus". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  12. ↑ "India Set to Beat US as Second-Largest Internet Market". NDTV Gadgets. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 "The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators" (PDF). TRAI. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "Mobile networks - GSM and 3G coverage". gsmarena.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
  15. ↑ "TRAI directs operators to ensure minimum 512Kbps speed for broadband subscribers, asks operators to SMS customers about usage limits: Report". Telecom Talk. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  16. ↑ "Fixed broadband consumers to get minimum 512 kbps speed". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Minimum broadband speed set to jump 4 times | Gadgets Now". Gadget Now. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  18. ↑ PTI (31 October 2016). "Inform broadband users of data usage limit, speed, Trai tells telcos". Mint. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  19. ↑ Taneja, Mansi (7 January 2019). "Minimum broadband speed to be raised to 2 Mbps". DNA India. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  20. ↑ "Worldwide Broadband Speed League 2019". Cable. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  21. ↑ "Q1 2017 State of the Internet Report" (PDF). Akamai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "State of the Internet Connectivity Visualization". Akamai. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  23. ↑ "India's Mobile and Broadband Internet Speeds - Speedtest Global Index". Speedtest Global Index. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "Internet Top 20 Countries - Internet Users 2019". www.internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  25. ↑ "Future of Consumption in Fast-Growth Consumer Markets: INDIA" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Broadband Internet" Archived 2011-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, Chris Woodford, Explain that Stuff, 20 August 2008. Retrieved on 19 January 2009.
  27. ↑ "The FCC has set a new, faster definition for broadband" Archived 2016-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, Brian Fung, The Washington Post, 29 January 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  28. ↑ "The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators July–September, 2018" (PDF). TRAI. 8 January 2018.
  29. ↑ "International Bandwidth Bandwidt" (PDF). Itu.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  30. ↑ The Editorial Board (10 April 2015). "Editorial - Global Threats to Net Neutrality". New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  31. ↑ "Not just Airtel Zero: Facebook to WhatsApp, everyone has violated Net Neutrality in India". Indian Express. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  32. ↑ "What Net Neutrality?". NDTV. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  33. ↑ Singh, Saurabh (8 April 2015). "Politicos slam TRAI's stance on net neutrality". India Today. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  34. ↑ Gandhi, Rajat (8 April 2015). "Net neutrality: Why Internet is in danger of being shackled". The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  35. ↑ "Indians rally for Internet freedom, send over 1 lakh emails to TRAI for net neutrality". IBNLive. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  36. ↑ "Trai publishes email IDs of netizens, site hacked". Deccan Chronicle. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  37. ↑ "Regulation Data Service" (PDF). 8 February 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  38. ↑ "Industry welcomes TRAI decision". 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  39. ↑ "STI Statement on outcome of TRAI consultation on Differential Pricing of Data Services". 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  40. ↑ "India - Country Report". Freedom House. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  41. ↑ "Table of Country Scores FOTN 2016". Freedomhouse.org. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  42. ↑ "Broadband speeds around the world". BBC News. 2 December 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  43. ↑ "India Seeks Access to the Broadband Highway". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  44. ↑ "Internet Usage in Asia". International Telecommunications Unit: Asian Internet Users. ITU. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  45. ↑ "OECD Broadband Portal". oecd.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015.
  46. ↑ "India ranks 115th in net connection speed" (doc). Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  47. ↑ BSNL Internet Data Center Archived 2013-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, website, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. and Dimension Data, retrieved 11 September 2013.
  48. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ↑ "Now Open – AWS Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Region | AWS Blog". Aws.amazon.com. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  50. ↑ "GCP arrives in India with launch of Mumbai region". Google Cloud Platform Blog. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/index.php?title=Internet_in_India&oldid=163292"