Darjeeling district

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This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Darjeeling.
For other uses, see Darjeeling (disambiguation).
Darjeeling district
District of West Bengal
Tea Estate, Darjeeling.jpg
Darjeeling Toy Train at Batasia Loop.jpg
Siliguri view 2.jpg
Ghoom.jpg
Darjeeling & Mt Kangjenjunga (8131820332).jpg
Clockwise from top-left: Tea estate in Darjeeling, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Ghum Monastery, View of Kangchenjunga from Tiger Hill, View of Siliguri
Location of Darjeeling district in West Bengal
Location of Darjeeling district in West Bengal
Country India
State West Bengal
DivisionJalpaiguri
HeadquartersDarjeeling
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituenciesDarjeeling
 • Vidhan Sabha constituenciesDarjeeling, Kurseong, Matigara-Naxalbari, Siliguri, Phansidewa
Area
 • Total2,092.5 km2 (807.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total1,846,823
 • Density880/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
 • Urban
727,963
Demographics
 • Literacy79.56% (excluding 0–6 population)
 • Sex ratio970
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Major highwaysNH 31, NH 55
Websitehttp://darjeeling.gov.in/

Darjeeling District is the northernmost district of the state of West Bengal in eastern India in the foothills of the Himalayas. The district is famous for its hill station Darjeeling tea. Darjeeling is the district headquarters.

Kurseong, Siliguri and Mirik, three other major towns in the district, are the subdivisional headquarters of the district. Kalimpong was one of the subdivisions but on 14 February 2017, it officially became a separate Kalimpong district.[1]

Geographically, the district can be divided into two broad divisions: the hills and the plains. The entire hilly region of the district comes under the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, a semi-autonomous administrative body under the state government of West Bengal. This body covers the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik and the district of Kalimpong. The foothills of Darjeeling Himalayas, which comes under the Siliguri subdivision, is known as the Terai. The district is bounded on the north by Sikkim, on the south by Kishanganj district of Bihar state, on the southeast by Panchagarh district of Bangladesh, on the east by Kalimpong and Jalpaiguri districts, and on the west by Nepal. Darjeeling district has a length from north to south of 18 miles (29 km) and a breadth from east to west of 16 miles (26 km). As of 2011, it was the second least populous district of West Bengal (out of 19), after Dakshin Dinajpur.[2]

History[edit]

The name Darjeeling comes from the Tibetan words, Dorje (thunderbolt) and Ling (place or land), meaning the land of the thunderbolt. The history of Darjeeling district is linked to that of the Sikkim, East India Company, Nepal and Bhutan.

Most of Darjeeling formed a part of dominions of the Chogyal of Sikkim, who had been engaged in an unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal. From 1780, the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the entire region of Darjeeling. By the beginning of the 19th century, they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and had conquered and annexed the entire Terai.

In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier. The Anglo-Gorkha war broke out in 1814, which resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815. According to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal of Sikkim to the British East India Company (i.e., the area between Mechi River and Teesta River). In 1817, through the Treaty of Titalia, the British East India Company reinstated the Chogyal of Sikkim, restored all the tracts of land between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers to the Chogyal of Sikkim and guaranteed his sovereignty. In 1835, the hill of Darjeeling, including an enclave of 138 square miles (360 km2), was given to the British East India Company by Sikkim.

In November 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula was executed in which the Bhutan Dooars with the passes leading into the hills and Kalimpong were ceded to the British by Bhutan. The Darjeeling district can be said to have assumed its present shape and size in 1866 with an area of 1234 sq. miles.

Before 1861 and from 1870 to 1874, Darjeeling District was a "Non-Regulated Area" (where acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply in the district in line with rest of the country, unless specifically extended). From 1862 to 1870, it was considered a "Regulated Area". The phrase "Non-Regulated Area" was changed to "Scheduled District" in 1874 and again to "Backward Tracts" in 1919. The status was known as "Partially Excluded Area" from 1935 until the independence of India.

On 14 February 2017, Kalimpong district was carved out of Darjeeling district.

Gorkhaland Movement[edit]

Main article: Gorkhaland movement
The GNLF flag.

During the 1980s, the Gorkha National Liberation Front led an intensive and often violent campaign for the creation of a separate Gorkhaland state within India, across the Nepali-speaking areas in northern West Bengal. The movement reached its peak around 1986–1988 but ended with the establishment of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1988.

The hill areas of Darjeeling enjoyed some measure of autonomy under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. However, the demand for full statehood within India has emerged once again, with the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha as its chief proponent.[3] The Gorkhaland Territorial Administration replaced the DGHC in August 2012 after the GJM signed an agreement with the government.[4]

Geography[edit]

A tea garden in Darjeeling.

The Darjeeling hill area is formed of comparatively recent rock structure that has a direct bearing on landslides. Heavy monsoon precipitation contributes to the landslides. Soils of Darjeeling hill areas are extremely varied, depending on elevation, degree of slope, vegetative cover and geolithology.

The Himalayas serve as the source of natural resources for the population residing in the hills as well as in the plains. As human population expands in the hills, forests are being depleted for the extension of agricultural lands, introduction of new settlements, roadways, etc. The growing changes coming in the wake of urbanisation and industrialisation leave deep impressions on the hill ecosystem.

Coronation Bridge over Teesta river.

The economy of Darjeeling hill area depends on tea production, horticulture, agriculture, forestry and tourism. The major portions of the forests are today found at elevations of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and above. The area in between 1,000 and 2,000 metres (3,300 and 6,600 ft) is cleared either for tea plantation or cultivation. About 30 percent of the forest covers found in the lower hills are deciduous. Evergreen forest constitutes only about 6 percent of the total forest coverage. Shorea robusta remains the most prominent species of tropical moist deciduous forest along with heavy undergrowth.

Teesta, Rangeet, Mechi, Balason, Mahananda and Rammam are the important rivers of the district.

Climate[edit]

Climate data for Darjeeling
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16
(61) 		17
(63) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		19
(66) 		17
(63) 		25
(77)
Average high °C (°F) 8
(46) 		9
(48) 		14
(57) 		17
(63) 		18
(64) 		18
(64) 		19
(66) 		18
(64) 		18
(64) 		16
(61) 		12
(54) 		9
(48) 		15
(58)
Average low °C (°F) 2
(36) 		2
(36) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		13
(55) 		10
(50) 		6
(43) 		3
(37) 		9
(48)
Record low °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−2
(28) 		−1
(30) 		1
(34) 		6
(43) 		8
(46) 		9
(48) 		11
(52) 		10
(50) 		4
(39) 		2
(36) 		−1
(30) 		−3
(27)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13
(0.5) 		28
(1.1) 		43
(1.7) 		104
(4.1) 		216
(8.5) 		589
(23.2) 		798
(31.4) 		638
(25.1) 		447
(17.6) 		130
(5.1) 		23
(0.9) 		8
(0.3) 		3,037
(119.6)
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004930

Area[edit]

Darjeeling Municipal Area

Subdivisions[edit]

Darjeeling District comprises four subdivisions:

Assembly constituencies[edit]

Kurseong Station, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

The district was previously divided into six assembly constituencies.[5] As per the order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, the district had been divided into six assembly constituencies.[6] Kalimpong has become a separate district from 14 February 2017, so the number of assembly constituencies in Darjeeling district is now five.

  1. Darjeeling (assembly constituency no. 23)
  2. Kurseong (assembly constituency no. 24)
  3. Matigara-Naxalbari (SC) (assembly constituency no. 25)
  4. Siliguri (assembly constituency no. 26)
  5. Phansidewa (ST) (assembly constituency no. 27)

Phansidewa constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Matigara-Naxalbari constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Along with one assembly constituency from Kalimpong district and one assembly constituency from Uttar Dinajpur district, the five assembly constituencies of this district form the Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency.

Demographics[edit]

According to the 2011 census Darjeeling district has a population of 1,846,823,[2] roughly equal to the population of Kosovo.[7] This gives it a ranking of 257th in India (out of a total of 640).[2] The district has a population density of 586 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,520/sq mi).[2] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.77%.[2] Darjeeling has a sex ratio of 970 females for every 1000 males,[2] and a literacy rate of 79.56%.[2][8] After Kalimpong district was separated its population was 1,595,181.

Darjeeling Toy Train.
See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Darjeeling railway station an outside view

In 2001, the population of the district was 1,609,172. The rural population was 1,088,740 and urban population was 520,432. Total males were 830,644 and females were 778,528. The density of population was 511 per km2. The decennial population growth rate (1991–2001) was 23.79%.[9]

The original inhabitants of the Darjeeling Hills were the Lepchas or Rongpa (the ravine people, as they prefer themselves to be known as). The Kirati Limbus are another ancient inhabitants of this district. Darjeeling District is inhabited By Many Communities: Like Lepcha, Limbu, Rai, Sherpa, Bhutia, Tamang, Gurung, Magar, Newar, Sunuwar, Yakkha, Thami, Chettri, Bahun, Kami , Damai etc There is also a sizeable population of Tibetans who arrived from Tibet since the 1950s. In the plains, the Bengalis are in majority along with several communities like the Biharis, Gorkhas, Marwaris and the Adivasi people originally from Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901265,780—    
1911279,899+0.52%
1921294,237+0.50%
1931332,061+1.22%
1941390,899+1.64%
1951459,617+1.63%
1961624,640+3.12%
1971781,777+2.27%
19811,024,269+2.74%
19911,299,919+2.41%
20011,609,172+2.16%
20111,846,823+1.39%
source:[10]

Languages[edit]

Languages spoken in Darjeeling district (2011)[11]

  Nepali (39.88%)
  Bengali (26.51%)
  Hindi (10.95%)
  Rajbongshi (6.18%)
  Sadri (5.38%)
  Kurukh (2.53%)
  Bhojpuri (1.5%)
  Santali (1.16%)
  Others (5.91%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 39.88% of the population spoke Nepali, 26.51% Bengali, 10.95% Hindi, 6.18% Rajbongshi, 5.38% Sadri, 2.53% Kurukh, 1.5% Bhojpuri and 1.16% Santali as their first language.[11]

Bengali is the official language of the district population with Nepali declared as co-official only in Darjeeling and Kurseong subdivisions.[12] Nepali, Hindi, Bengali and English are the prevailing languages of Darjeeling.[13] Nepali (which is spoken by more than 70% of the population in Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik subdivisions) is the dominant language in the hills.[11] Bengali is the language of the Siliguri subdivision.[11] Although most indigenous hill-tribes have shifted to Nepali as their mother tongue, small numbers still speak their original languages like Lepcha, Limbu, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang.[14] [15]

Religion[edit]

Hinduism is the dominant religion in Darjeeling district with 72% followers. Buddhism is practiced by 11% of the population, followed by around 8% Christians and 5% Muslims.[16]

Religion in Darjeeling district (2011)[16]
Hinduism
 
 72.37%
Buddhism
 
 11.32%
Christianity
 
 7.68%
Islam
 
 5.69%
Others
 
 1.3%

Flora and fauna[edit]

Darjeeling district is home to Singalila National Park, which was set up in 1986 as a wildlife sanctuary and converted to a national park in 1992. It has an area of 78.60 km2 (30.3 sq mi).[17]

Darjeeling district has three wildlife sanctuaries: Jorepokhri, Mahananda, and Senchal.[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "West Bengal CM congratulates people of Kalimpong district". The Times of Indial. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "District Census Handbook, Darjiling" (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Gorkhaland State a distinct possibility". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 6 July 2004.
  4. ↑ "Gorkha Territorial Administration members sworn in; Shinde, Mamata assure support". The Times of India. 5 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  5. ↑ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  6. ↑ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  7. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Kosovo 1,825,632 July 2011 est.
  8. ↑ "Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  9. ↑ [1] Archived 5 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  12. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)" (PDF). National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  13. ↑ "People and Culture - Language". Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  14. ↑ "distribution of 99 Non-scheduled Languages India States-Union Territories 2011" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "Census India 2011 Mother tongue of West Bengal".
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "C-1 Population By Religious Community". Census. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  17. ↑ "National Parks". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  18. ↑ "Wildlife Sanctuaries". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Retrieved 17 February 2017.

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 27°02′N 88°10′E / 27.03°N 88.16°E / 27.03; 88.16

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