Paramilitary forces of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
India maintains 10 paramilitary forces.<ref name="IISS 2012">{{cite journal|title=Chapter Six: Asia |pages=205–302 |journal=The Military Balance |volume=112 |number=1 |author1=IISS |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |doi=10.1080/04597222.2012.663215}}</ref>
India maintains 10 paramilitary forces.<ref name="IISS 2012">{{cite journal |title=Chapter Six: Asia |pages=205–302 |journal=The Military Balance |volume=112 |number=1 |author1=IISS |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |doi=10.1080/04597222.2012.663215 |s2cid=219626887}}</ref>


==List of Paramilitary forces==
== List of Paramilitary forces ==
From 1986 to 2011 the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] were considered as Central Police Forces (CPO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Office Memorandum|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=MHA, GoI |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, as per their respective acts they all are Armed Police Forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office Memorandum |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=MHA, GoI |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/for-the-paramilitary-all-s-in-a-new-name/cid/415027 |title=For the paramilitary, all's in a new name. |website=telegraphindia}}</ref>
From 1986 to 2011 the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] were considered as Central Police Forces (CPF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Office Memorandum |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=MHA, GoI |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, as per their respective acts they all are Armed Police Forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Office Memorandum |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=MHA, GoI |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117183848/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/for-the-paramilitary-all-s-in-a-new-name/cid/415027 |title=For the paramilitary, all's in a new name. |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraphy]] |first=Nishit |last=Dholabhai |date=26 March 2011}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" width=550 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="align: center" colspan="4" | Paramilitary Forces<ref name="IISS 2012"/>
! style="align: center" colspan="4" | Paramilitary Forces<ref name="IISS 2012"/>
|-
|-
| ||'''Active'''||'''Governing Body'''||'''Area'''
!Paramilitary force
!Active Strength
!Governing Body
!Area
|-
|-
|[[File:Assam_Rifles_LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Assam Rifles]] || 63,747<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || {{hlist|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (administrative)|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (operational)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-assam-rifles-dual-control-structure-role-nagaland-violence-7658329/ |title=Explained: Assam Rifles’ dual control structure, and its role}}</ref> || Northeastern States
|[[File:Assam_Rifles_LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Assam Rifles]]
| 63,747<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (administrative)<br />[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (operational)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-assam-rifles-dual-control-structure-role-nagaland-violence-7658329/ |title=Explained: Assam Rifles' dual control structure, and its role |work=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Deeptiman |last=Tiwary |date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Northeast India]], [[India–Myanmar border]]
|-
|-
| [[File:BSF Insignia.svg|26x26px]] [[Border Security Force]] || 257,363<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2016–17 |access-date=12 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] || Indo-Pakistani border, Indo-Bangladeshi border, others<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsf.nic.in/en/introduction.html |title=Border Security Force |website=bsf.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
| [[File:BSF Insignia.svg|26x26px]] [[Border Security Force]]
| 273,476<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[India–Pakistan border]] and [[Bangladesh–India border|India–Bangladesh border]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsf.nic.in/en/introduction.html |title=Introduction |publisher=[[Border Security Force]] |website=bsf.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[File:CISF LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Central Industrial Security Force]] || 148,371<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016-17 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] || Industries, [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSUs]]
|[[File:CISF LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
| 148,371<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016-17 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India}}</ref>
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[Industry in India|Industries]], [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]]
|-
|-
|[[File:CRPF LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Central Reserve Police Force]] || 324,340 || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] ||Counter-insurgency & General Elections
|[[File:CRPF Logo.svg|26px]] [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| 324,340
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[Counter-insurgency]] and [[Elections in India|general elections]]
|-
|-
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] || 89,567 || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] || India-China Border<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/Aboutus_new/history&role/htmnav.html |title=Home &#124; Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs |website=itbpolice.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|[[File:ITBP Logo.svg|26px]] [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| 89,567
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[Line of Actual Control|India–China border]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/Aboutus_new/history&role/htmnav.html |title=Home &#124; Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs |website=itbpolice.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[File:National Security Guard-India.svg|26px]] [[National Security Guard]] || 14,000 || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] ||[[Counter-terrorism]]
|[[File:National Security Guard-India.svg|26px]] [[National Security Guard]]
| 10,000
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[Counter-terrorism]]
|-
|-
|[[Railway Protection Force]] || 75,000 || [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] || Indian Railways
|[[File:Logo of RPF.jpg|26px]] [[Railway Protection Force]]
 
| 76,563
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
| [[Indian Railways]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Sashastra Seema Bal.svg|26px]] [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] || 97,244<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ |title=The Military Balance 2020 |last=(Iiss) |first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies|date=14 February 2020 |publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated |isbn=9780367466398 |language=en}}</ref> || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] || Indo-Nepal Border and Indo-Bhutan Border<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=38&lev=2&lid=10&langid=1&Cid=0 |title=Role- SSB Ministry Of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India |website=ssb.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|[[File:Sashastra Seema Bal.svg|26px]] [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| 97,244<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ |title=The Military Balance 2020 |last=(Iiss) |first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies |date=14 February 2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]], Chapman & Hall, Incorporated |isbn=9780367466398 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| [[India–Nepal border]] and [[Bhutan–India border|India–Bhutan border]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=38&lev=2&lid=10&langid=1&Cid=0 |title=Role- SSB Ministry Of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India |website=ssb.nic.in |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|26px]] [[Special Frontier Force]] || 10,000<ref name=":0" /> || [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]<ref name="Chhina and Kaushik">{{cite web|author-last1=Chhina |author-first1=Man Aman Singh |author-last2=Kaushik |author-first2=Krishn |date=2 September 2020 |title=Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ||
|[[File:SFF LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Special Frontier Force]]
| 10,000<ref name=":0"/>
| [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]<ref name="Chhina and Kaushik">{{cite web |last1=Chhina |first1=Man Aman Singh |last2=Kaushik |first2=Krishn |date=2 September 2020 |title=Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Covert operation]]s
|-
|-
|[[Special Protection Group]] || 3,000<ref name=":0"/> || [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]] ||Protection of significant VIPs
|[[File:SPG LOGO.svg|26px]] [[Special Protection Group]]
|-
| 3,000<ref name=":0"/>
| || '''1,082,632''' || ||
| [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| Protection of significant persons
|-
|-
!Total
!'''886,579'''
!
!
|}
|}


==Ranks and insignia==
== Ranks and insignia ==
;Officers
;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Special Frontier Force)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|}
|}
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! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=12| Non commissioned officer || colspan=14| Enlisted
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=12| Non commissioned officer || colspan=14| Enlisted
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Special Frontier Force)}}
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=12| Non commissioned officer || colspan=14| Enlisted
|}
|}


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
*[[Central Armed Police Forces]]
* [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
* [[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Special forces of India]]
* [[Special forces of India]]
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090217111800/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=2&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 India's Paramilitary Forces @ Bharat-Rakshak.Com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090217111800/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=2&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 India's Paramilitary Forces @ Bharat-Rakshak.Com]


==External links==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030213140909/http://www.assamrifles.com/ Assam Rifles official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030213140909/http://www.assamrifles.com/ Assam Rifles official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212202228/http://www.indiadefence.com/PMF.htm Analysis of the PMF]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212202228/http://www.indiadefence.com/PMF.htm Analysis of the PMF]

Latest revision as of 21:40, 14 December 2022


India maintains 10 paramilitary forces.[1]

List of Paramilitary forces[edit]

From 1986 to 2011 the Central Armed Police Forces were considered as Central Police Forces (CPF).[2] However, as per their respective acts they all are Armed Police Forces.[3][4]

Paramilitary Forces[1]
Paramilitary force Active Strength Governing Body Area
Assam Rifles LOGO.svg Assam Rifles 63,747[5] Ministry of Home Affairs (administrative)
Ministry of Defence (operational)[6] 		Northeast India, India–Myanmar border
BSF Insignia.svg Border Security Force 273,476[7] Ministry of Home Affairs India–Pakistan border and India–Bangladesh border[8]
CISF LOGO.svg Central Industrial Security Force 148,371[9] Ministry of Home Affairs Industries, public sector undertakings
CRPF Logo.svg Central Reserve Police Force 324,340 Ministry of Home Affairs Counter-insurgency and general elections
ITBP Logo.svg Indo-Tibetan Border Police 89,567 Ministry of Home Affairs India–China border[10]
National Security Guard-India.svg National Security Guard 10,000 Ministry of Home Affairs Counter-terrorism
Logo of RPF.jpg Railway Protection Force 76,563 Ministry of Railways Indian Railways
Sashastra Seema Bal.svg Sashastra Seema Bal 97,244[11] Ministry of Home Affairs India–Nepal border and India–Bhutan border[12]
SFF LOGO.svg Special Frontier Force 10,000[11] Cabinet Secretariat[13] Covert operations
SPG LOGO.svg Special Protection Group 3,000[11] Cabinet Secretariat Protection of significant persons
Total 886,579

Ranks and insignia[edit]

Officers
Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Assam Rifles)Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CISF)Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Special Frontier Force)
Equivalent
NATO code		 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) and student officer
Equivalent
NATO code		 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) and student officer
Enlisted ranks
Rank group Junior commissioned officers Non commissioned officer Enlisted

Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Assam Rifles) Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CISF) Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF) Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (NSG) Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Sashastra Seema Bal) Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Special Frontier Force)

Rank group Junior commissioned officers Non commissioned officer Enlisted

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 IISS (2012). "Chapter Six: Asia". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. 112 (1): 205–302. doi:10.1080/04597222.2012.663215. S2CID 219626887.
  2. ↑ "Office Memorandum" (PDF). MHA. MHA, GoI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  3. ↑ "Office Memorandum" (PDF). MHA. MHA, GoI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  4. ↑ Dholabhai, Nishit (26 March 2011). "For the paramilitary, all's in a new name". The Telegraphy.
  5. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ Tiwary, Deeptiman (7 December 2021). "Explained: Assam Rifles' dual control structure, and its role". The Indian Express.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ↑ "Introduction". bsf.nic.in. Border Security Force. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  9. ↑ "Annual Report 2016-17" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "Home | Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs". itbpolice.nic.in. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 (Iiss), The International Institute of Strategic Studies (14 February 2020). The Military Balance 2020. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. ISBN 9780367466398 – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ "Role- SSB Ministry Of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India". ssb.nic.in. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  13. ↑ Chhina, Man Aman Singh; Kaushik, Krishn (2 September 2020). "Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 September 2020.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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