Dogri language: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by 2409:4071:2098:C4EC:0:0:2A2B:C0A1
Last edited March 10, 2026
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
Expanded content with additional details
 
Line 5: Line 5:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Dogri
| name            = Dogri
| nativename      = {{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}, डोगरी, {{nastaliq|ڈوگری}}
| nativename      = {{langx|dgo|डोगरी|label=none}}{{·}}{{langx|dgo|{{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}|label=none}}{{·}}{{langx|dgo|{{nq|ڈوگری}}|label=none}}
| image            = {{Photomontage|position=center
| pronunciation    = [ɖoːɡ.ɾiː]
| photo1a = Shukla Dogri-D.svg
| image            = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = Shukla Dogri-HI.svg
| photo2a = Shukla Dogri-D.svg
  | size = 200
| photo1a = Shukla Dogri-HI.svg
  | spacing = 2
| photo2b = DogriArabicScript.svg
  | color =0
| spacing = 2
  | border = 0
| color = 0
  | foot_montage =}}
| border = 0
| imagecaption    = The word "Dogri" in [[Dogri script|Dogra]] and [[Devanagari]] script
| foot_montage = }}
| states          = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| imagecaption    = The word Dogri in the Devanagari, Dogra, and Nastaʿlīq scripts.
| region          = [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]], Western [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab]]
| states          = {{flatlist|
| speakers        = {{sigfig|2.597|2}} million
*[[Languages of India|India]]
| date            = 2011 census
*[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]}}
| ref              = <ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf Census India, Statement 1: Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues 2011]</ref>
| region          = {{flatlist|
*[[Duggar (Region)]] of [[Jammu division]]
*Western [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
}}
| speakers        = {{sigfig|2.597|2}} million in India
| date            = 2011
| ref              = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 16 November 2022}}</ref>
| speakers2        =  
| speakers2        =  
| ethnicity        = [[Dogras]]
| ethnicity        = [[Dogras]]
Line 27: Line 34:
| fam4            = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam4            = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| nation          = {{IND}}<br />
| nation          = [[India]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=prsindia | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=prsindia | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| script          = [[Dogri script|Dogra Akkhar]] version of [[Takri script]]<br />[[Devanagari]]<br />[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʼlīq]])
| script          = {{flatlist|
*[[Dogra script]]
*[[Devanagari]]
*[[Nastaliq]]
*[[Mahajani]] (historically)}}
| iso2            = doi
| iso2            = doi
| iso3            = doi
| iso3            = doi
Line 37: Line 48:
| ld2              = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| ld2              = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| glotto          = indo1311
| glotto          = indo1311
| glottorefname    = Kangri-Dogri
| glottorefname    =  
| map              = Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png
| mapcaption      = Major '''Indo-Aryan languages''' (The Dogra language in the northern of punjabi - marked in purple-blue area)
| notice          = Indic
| notice          = Indic
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Dogri''' ([[Dogri script|Dogra]]: {{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}; [[Devanagari]]: डोगरी; [[Nastaliq]]: {{nq|ڈوگری}}; {{IPA-doi|ɖoːɡɾiː|IPA}}) is a [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]] [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about five million people<ref name="book001">
'''Dogri''' ({{langx|dgo|डोगरी|label=none}}, {{langx|dgo|{{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}|label=none}}, {{langx|dgo|{{nq|ڈوگری}}|label=none}}, ''Ḍōgrī'', {{IPA|doi|ɖoːɡ.ɾiː|}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Western Pahari]] group,<ref name="book004">{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Encyclopaedia of Teaching Languages in India, v. 20
|first=Sita Ram
|last=Sharma
|publisher=Anmol Publications
|year=1992
|isbn=9788170415459
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIJhAAAAMAAJ
|page=6
}}
</ref> in [[India]], chiefly in the [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also spoken in western [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Punjab]] state primarily northern and eastern part including [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Pathankot]], [[Gurdaspur]] and in [[Rupnagar]] to some extent. It is also spoken in Eastern parts of [[Pakistan Punjab]] bordering Jammu region where it is classified as a Punjabi dialect.<ref name="book002">
{{cite book
|title=History and Culture of Himalayan States, v.4
|first=Anita K.
|last=Billawaria
|publisher=Light & Life Publishers
|year=1978
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL21AAAAIAAJ
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaTSuLMKx8C&q=Shakargarh |title=Cultural Forum |date=1970 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |language=en}}</ref>In India it is treated as the ethnic language of the [[Dogras]]. Dogri is a member of the [[Western Pahari]] group of languages.<ref name="book004">
{{cite book
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|first=Colin P.
|first=Colin P.
Line 70: Line 63:
|pages=427
|pages=427
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC
}}</ref> Unusually for an [[Indo-European language]], Dogri is [[tonal language|tonal]],<ref name="book005">
}}</ref> primarily spoken by the [[Dogra people]] native to the [[Duggar Region]] of [[Jammu Division]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> as well as Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and the Pakistani province of [[Pakistan Punjab|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaTSuLMKx8C&q=Shakargarh |title=Cultural Forum |date=1970 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |page=24}}</ref>
 
It is currently spoken in the districts of [[Kathua district|Kathua]], [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] and parts of [[Reasi District]] (mostly in Reasi, Katra and Pouni Tehsil) of [[Jammu division]].<ref name="census2011" /> Unusually for an [[Indo-European language]], Dogri is [[tonal language|tonal]],<ref name="book005">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Studies in Phonetics and Phonology: With Special Reference to Dogri
|title=Studies in Phonetics and Phonology: With Special Reference to Dogri
Line 79: Line 74:
|isbn=978-81-85347-20-2
|isbn=978-81-85347-20-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAMiAAAAMAAJ
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAMiAAAAMAAJ
|quote=''non-Dogri speakers, also trained phoneticians, tend to hear the difference as one of length only, perceiving the second syllable as stressed''
}}</ref> a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brightbill|first1=Jeremy D.|last2=Turner|first2=Scott B.|title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogri Language, Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/27/43/132743635529526156448342546486105211675/silesr2007_017.pdf|publisher=SIL International|access-date=11 March 2016|date=2007}}</ref>
}}</ref> a trait it shares with other [[Western Pahari]] languages and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity (within Jammu and Kashmir).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brightbill|first1=Jeremy D.|last2=Turner|first2=Scott B.|title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogri Language, Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/27/43/132743635529526156448342546486105211675/silesr2007_017.pdf|publisher=SIL International|access-date=11 March 2016|date=2007}}</ref>


Dogri is one of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]]. It was added in the 8th schedule of the constitution in 2003.{{wtc|Dogri language}}
Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).<ref name="census2011"/> It has been among the country's 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]] since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.{{wiktionary category 2|Dogri language}}


==Script==
==Script==
{{main|Dogri script}}
Dogri was originally written in the [[Dogri script|Dogra Akkhar script]] – a modified version of [[Takri script|Takri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf |title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |date=2015-11-04}}</ref> It is now more commonly written in [[Devanagari]] in India.
The Dogra script was standardised from "''Parane Ḍogrā Akkhar''" (Old Dogra version of Takri script) during the Dogra rule. This script was then called "''Namēṁ Ḍogrā Akkhar''" (Dogra: {{Script|Dogr|𑠝𑠢𑠳𑠷 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 𑠀𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠤}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=NammeDograAkkhar|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09111-takri.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Lilavati.png|center|thumb|Lilavati (a mathematics treatise originally written in Sanskrit) in Dogri language & Dogra script.]]
[[File:Dogra.png|thumb|Dogra Script Specimen|alt=]]
[[File:Dogra.png|thumb|Dogra Script Specimen|alt=]]
[[File:Chambeali_Takri_Dogri.png|thumb|Dogri Specimen in Chambeali Takri|alt=]]
Dogri was originally written in the old Dogra Akkhar script – a modified version of [[Takri script|Takri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf |title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |date=2015-11-04}}</ref> A modified version of this script was created by the order of [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which was then called [[Name Dogra Akkhar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NammeDograAkkhar|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09111-takri.pdf}}</ref> Official documents were written in this new script; however it never caught on among the general Dogri-speaking populace. Currently, [[Devanagari]] is the officially recognised script for Dogri in India and virtually all Dogri literature is published in it.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 106: Line 95:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɳ}}
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|({{IPAlink|f}})
|({{IPA link|f}})
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|({{IPAlink|x}})
|({{IPA link|x}})
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|({{IPAlink|z}})
|({{IPA link|z}})
|
|
|
|
|({{IPAlink|ɣ}})
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|{{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|
Line 164: Line 153:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|
Line 211: Line 200:
|}
|}


* There are nasalized variations of the following vowels /{{IPA|ĩ ũ ẽ õ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ã}}/.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Dogri/Dogri.html|access-date=2021-12-09|website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref>
* There are nasalized variations of the following vowels /{{IPA|ã ĩ ũ ẽ ɛ̃ õ ɔ̃}}/.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Dogri/Dogri.html|access-date=2021-12-09|website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref>
*Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final /{{IPA|n}}/, except when /{{IPA|n}}/ occurs before a word-final vowel.
*Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final /{{IPA|n}}/, except when /{{IPA|n}}/ occurs before a word-final vowel.
*/{{IPA|ʊ}}/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [{{IPA|ʊᵛ}}] when occurring before a /a/ vowel sound.
*/{{IPA|ʊ}}/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [{{IPA|ʊᵛ}}] when occurring before a /a/ vowel sound.
Line 219: Line 208:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
![[Dogri script|Dogra]]
![[Name Dogra Akkhar]]
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
! IPA
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! English translation
! English translation
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠬𑠷}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠬𑠷}}
| हां
| हां
|{{nastaliq|ہاں}}
|{{nastaliq|ہاں}}
|[ã̀ː]
|[ã̀ː]
Line 233: Line 223:
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠝𑠳𑠃𑠷}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠝𑠳𑠃𑠷}}
| नेईं
| नेईं
|{{nastaliq|نےئیں}}
|{{nastaliq|نیئِیں}}
|[neːĩː]
|[neː.ĩː]
|No
|No
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠭𑠤𑠋}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠭𑠤𑠋}}
| हिरख
| हिरख
|{{nastaliq|ہرکھ}}
|{{nastaliq|ہِرکھ}}
|[ɪ̀ɾkʰ]
|[ɪ̀ɾkʰ]
|Love
|Love
Line 245: Line 235:
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴}}
| कन्नै
| कन्नै
|{{nastaliq|کنّے}}
|{{nastaliq|کنَّے}}
|[kənːɛː]
|[kən.nɛː]
|With
|With
|-
|-
Line 270: Line 260:
|ब'रा
|ब'रा
|{{nastaliq|ب'را}}
|{{nastaliq|ب'را}}
|[bə́ɾaː]
|[bə́.ɾaː]
|Year
|Year
|}
|}
Line 277: Line 267:
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]. They are as follows:-
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]. They are as follows:-


* Just like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̀), झ (t͡ʃə̀), ढ (ʈə̀), ध (t̪ə̀), भ (pə̀) and ढ़ (ɽə̀). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə́ɡ), अझ (ə́d͡ʒ), अढ (ə́ɖ), अध (ə́d̪), अभ (ə́b) and अढ़ (ə́ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̀ɽiː)- clock, and औषध (ɔːʃə́d̪),
* Just like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̂), झ (t͡ʃə̂), ढ (ʈə̂), ध (t̪ə̂), भ (pə̂) and ढ़ (ɽə̂). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə̌ɡ), अझ (ə̌d͡ʒ), अढ (ə̌ɖ), अध (ə̌d̪), अभ (ə̌b) and अढ़ (ə̌ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̂ɽiː)- clock, and बध (bə̌d̪).
* Unlike [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], there is no ह(ɦə) sound and it is tonal in all positions. So, it has a high-falling tone in the beginning position and in the middle positions when as a consonant conjunct; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̀t̪ʰː)- hand; and a low-rising tone elsewhere; i.e.:- फतूही (pʰətuːíː)- shirt.
* Unlike [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], there is no ह (ɦə) sound and it has a high-falling tone in all positions; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̂t̪ːʰə)- hand.
* To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a [[Virama|halant]]) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sáːb)- [[Sahib|sahab]]. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); an [[Apostrophe|apostrophe mark (')]] is used. Example:- ल'त्त (lə́tː)- leg.
* To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a [[Virama|halant]]) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sǎːb)- [[Sahib|sahab]]. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); a [[modifier letter apostrophe|combining apostrophe]] ({{hamza}}) is used. Example:- ल{{hamza}}त्त (lə̌tː)- leg.
*The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.
*The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.


Line 286: Line 276:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
![[Dogri script|Dogra]]
![[Name Dogra Akkhar]]
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Devanagari]]
![[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
![[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
Line 293: Line 283:
! English translation
! English translation
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠌𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|{{Lang|dgo-Deva|कोड़ा हा।}}
|गल्ल
|{{nastaliq|کوڑا ہا۔}}
|{{nastaliq|گلّ}}
|[koːɽaː ɦaː]
|[gəl.lə]
|Equal
|Equal
|It was a whip.
|Thing
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠍𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Lang|dgo-Deva|घोड़ा हा।}}
|{{nastaliq|گھوڑا ہا۔}}
|[kòːɽaː ɦaː]
|Falling
|It was a horse.
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠵𑠗𑠺𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠌{{hamza}}𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|{{Lang|dgo-Deva|कोढ़ा हा।}}
|ग{{hamza}}ल्ल
|{{nastaliq|کوڑھا ہا۔}}
|{{nastaliq|گ{{hamza}}لّ}}
|[kóːɽaː ɦaː]
|[gə́l.lə]
|Rising
|Rising
|It was bitter.
|Cheek
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠀𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠤}}
|अल्ल
|कर
|{{nastaliq|الّ}}
|{{nastaliq|کر}}
|[əlːə]
|[kəɾ]
|Equal
|Equal
|Vegetable
|Do
|-
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠀'𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠍𑠤}}
|अ'ल्ल
|घर
|{{nastaliq|ا'لّ}}
|{{nastaliq|گھر}}
|[ə́lːə]
|[kə̀ɾ]
|Rising
|Falling
|Side (as in "that side")
|Home
|}
|}


==Historical references==
==Historical references==
In the year 1317, [[Amir Khusro]], the famous [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: ''"Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."''<ref name="book0a2">{{cite book |title=Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated) |first=Ram Nath |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University |year=1981}}</ref><ref name="book0a3">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
In the year 1317, [[Amir Khusro]], the famous [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: ''"Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."''<ref name="book0a2">{{cite book |title=Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated) |first=Ram Nath |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University |year=1981}}</ref><ref name="book0a3">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
== Official status ==
Dogri is one of the 22 [[Scheduled languages of India]], officially recognized in December 2003 through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, which added it to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In September 2020, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, declaring Dogri as one of the five official languages of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, along with Hindi, Urdu, English, and Kashmiri.<ref>{{Citation |title=Languages with legal status in India |date=2025-03-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India |access-date=2025-04-08 |language=en}}</ref>


==Theories on name origin==
==Theories on name origin==
Intellectuals in the court of [[Maharaja]] Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described 'Duggar' as a distorted form of the word 'Dwigarta', which means "two troughs", a possible reference to the [[Mansar Lake|Mansar]] and [[Surinsar Lake|Surinsar]] lakes.<ref name="book0b1">
Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] described ''[[Duggar (region)|Duggar]]'' as a distorted form of the word ''Dwigarta'', which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the [[Mansar Lake|Mansar]] and [[Surinsar Lake|Surinsar]] lakes.<ref name="book0b1">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras
|title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras
Line 343: Line 329:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] connected the term 'Duggar' with the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] word 'Doonger,' which means 'hill,' and 'Dogra' with 'Dongar.'<ref name="book0b1" /> This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and been contradicted by some scholars.<ref name="book0b2">
The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] connected the term ''Duggar'' with the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] word ''Doonger'' which means 'hill', and ''Dogra'' with ''Donger''.<ref name="book0b1" /> This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how ''Doonger'' became ''Duggar'' while ''Donger'' became ''Dogra''), and has been contradicted by some scholars.<ref name="book0b2">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch
|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch
Line 353: Line 339:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Yet another proposal stems from the presence of the word 'Durgara' in the Bhuri Singh Museum (in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh). The word 'Durgara' means 'invincible' in several Northern Indian languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the Duggar terrain and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies. In Himachal, Dogri is majorly spoken in Hamirpur, Barsar, Una, Chintpurni, Kangra, and Bilaspur regions.
Yet another proposal stems from the word ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The word ''Durgara'' means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
 
In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, [[Karnataka]], could not reach consensus on the ''Dwigarta'' and ''Durgara'' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a ''Doonger''-''Duggar'' connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at [[Jaipur]] in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of [[Rajasthan]] and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words ''Duggar'' and ''Dogra'' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.


In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the 'All India Oriental Conference' held in Dharwad, [[Karnataka]], could not reach consensus on the 'Dwigarta' and 'Durgara' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent 'All India Oriental Conference' held at [[Jaipur]] in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of [[Rajasthan]] and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words 'Duggar' and 'Dogra' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the opinion above. An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that ''"the opinion that the word 'Duggar' is a form of the word 'Duggarh' sounds appropriate."''<ref name="book0b3">
An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine ''Shiraza Dogri'' suggested that "the opinion that the word ''Duggar'' is a form of the word ''Duggarh'' sounds appropriate."<ref name="book0b3">
{{Cite journal
{{Cite journal
   | last = Prashant
   | last = Prashant
Line 365: Line 353:


==Recent history==
==Recent history==
[[File:Interview_of_Neelam_Khania_Dhramshala_citizen.webm|thumb|Dogri folk song sung during the interview of a Dhramshala citizen]]
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the [[Sanskrit]] classic mathematical opus ''[[Lilavati]]'', by the noted mathematician [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]] (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.<ref name="book0c0">
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the [[Sanskrit]] classic mathematical opus ''[[Lilavati]]'', by the noted mathematician [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]] (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.<ref name="book0c0">
{{cite book
{{cite book
Line 391: Line 380:
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C
|page=236
|page=236
}}</ref> ''[[Shiraza Dogri]]'' is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the ''Dogri Sanstha''. Popular recent songs include ''Pala Shpaiya Dogarya'', ''Manney di Mauj'' and ''Shhori Deya''. The noted Pakistani singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] had roots in the Duggar region,<ref name="book0c03">
}}</ref> ''[[Shiraza Dogri]]'' is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include ''Pala Shapaiya Dogariya'', ''Manne di Mauj'' and ''Shhori Deya''. The noted Pakistani singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] had roots in Duggar,<ref name="book0c03">
{{Cite book
{{Cite book
|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
Line 404: Line 393:
|pages=75
|pages=75
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VluzAAAAIAAJ
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VluzAAAAIAAJ
}}</ref> and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs, or [[bhajan]]s, composed by [[Karan Singh]] have gained increasing popularity over time, including ''Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti''.
}}</ref> and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs ([[bhajan]]s) composed by [[Karan Singh]] have gained increasing popularity over time, including ''Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti''.


Dogri programming features regularly on [[Radio Kashmir]] (a division of [[All India Radio]]), and [[Doordarshan]] (Indian state television) broadcasts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
Dogri programming features regularly on [[Radio Kashmir]] (a division of [[All India Radio]]), and [[Doordarshan]] (Indian state television) broadcasts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
Line 417: Line 406:
|isbn=9788126020607
|isbn=9788126020607
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> (Indian Express, New Delhi, 3 August 1969). Dogri is one of the state languages of the [[India]]n union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="book0c20">
}}</ref> Dogri is one of the official languages of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="book0c20">
{{Cite news
{{Cite news
  |title=Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages  
  |title=Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages  
Line 445: Line 434:
The following text is from Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].
The following text is from Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Dogri (Dogra script)
!Dogri ([[Name Dogra Akkhar]] script)
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠩𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠢𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠋 𑠢𑠴𑠪𑠹𑠢𑠬 𑠙𑠳 𑠪𑠊𑠹𑠊𑠳𑠷 𑠛𑠳 𑠠𑠭𑠧𑠳 𑠏 𑠑𑠝𑠢 𑠚𑠢𑠬𑠷 𑠩𑠯𑠙𑠴𑠷𑠙𑠤 𑠙𑠳 𑠠𑠤𑠵𑠠𑠤 𑠝। 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠙𑠤𑠹𑠊 𑠙𑠳 𑠑𑠢𑠮𑠤 𑠛𑠮 𑠩𑠌𑠬𑠙 𑠢𑠭𑠥𑠮 𑠇 𑠙𑠳 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠁𑠞𑠰𑠷-𑠠𑠭𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠳𑠷 𑠡𑠬𑠃𑠏𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠛𑠳 𑠡𑠬𑠦 𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 𑠠𑠤𑠙𑠬ऽ 𑠊𑠤𑠝𑠬 𑠏𑠬𑠪𑠭𑠛𑠬 𑠇।}}
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠩𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠢𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠋 𑠢𑠴𑠪𑠹𑠢𑠬 𑠙𑠳 𑠀𑠜𑠭𑠊𑠬𑠤𑠳𑠷 𑠛𑠳 𑠠𑠭𑠧𑠳 𑠏 𑠑𑠝𑠢𑠴 𑠚𑠢𑠬𑠷 𑠩𑠯𑠙𑠴𑠷𑠙𑠤 𑠙𑠳 𑠠𑠤𑠵𑠠𑠤 𑠝। 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠠𑠯𑠛𑠹𑠜𑠮 𑠙𑠳 𑠑𑠢𑠮𑠤𑠴 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠳𑠝 𑠚𑠹𑠪𑠵𑠃 𑠇 𑠙𑠳 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠁𑠞𑠰𑠷-𑠠𑠭𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠳𑠷 𑠡𑠬𑠃𑠏𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠛𑠳 𑠡𑠬𑠦𑠴 𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 𑠠𑠹𑠣𑠪𑠬𑠤 𑠊𑠤𑠝𑠬 𑠥𑠵𑠫𑠛𑠬 𑠇।}}
|-
|-
!Dogri (Devanagari script)
!Dogri (Devanagari script)
|सारे मनुक्ख मैह्‌मा ते हक्कें दे बिशे च जनम थमां सुतैंतर ते बरोबर न। उ'नेंगी तर्क ते जमीर दी सगात मिली ऐ ते उ'नेंगी आपूं-बिच्चें भाईचारे दे भाव कन्नै बरताऽ करना चाहिदा ऐ।
|सारे मनुक्ख मैह्मा ते अधिकारें दे बिशे च जनमै थमां सुतैंतर ते बरोबर न। उ'नेंगी बुद्धी ते जमीरै दी देन थ्होई ऐ ते उ'नेंगी आपूं-बिच्चें भाईचारे दे भावै कन्नै ब्यहार करना लोड़दा ऐ।
|-
|-
!Dogri (Perso-Arabic script)
!Dogri (Perso-Arabic script)
|{{nastaliq|سارے منکّھ میہما تے ہکّیں دے بشے چ جنم تھماں ستیںتر تے بروبر ن۔ ا'نیںگی ترک تے جمیر دی سگات ملی اے تے ا'نیںگی آپوں-بچّیں بھائیچارے دے بھاو کنّے برتا کرنا چاہدا اے۔}}
|{{nastaliq|سارے منکّھ میہما تے ادھکاریں دے بشے چ جنمے تھماں ستیںتر تے بروبر ن۔ ا'نیںگی بُدھِّی تے جمیرے دی دین تھہوئی اے تے ا'نیںگی آپوں-بچّیں بھائیچارے دے بھاوے کنّے بیہار کرنا لوڑدا اے۔}}
|-
|-
!Dogri transliteration ([[ISO 15919]])
!Dogri transliteration ([[ISO 15919]])
|Sārē manukkh maihmā tē hakkēṁ dē biśē ca janam thamāṁ sutaintar tē barōbar na. U'nēṁgī tark tē jamīr dī sagāt milī ai tē u'nēṁgī āpūṁ-biccēṁ bhāīcārē dē bhāv kannai bartā' karnā cāhidā ai.
|{{transl|doi|ISO|Sārē manukkha maihmā tē adhikārēṁ dē biśē ca janmai thamāṁ sutaintar tē barōbar na. U'nēṁgī buddhī tē jamīrai dī dēn thhōī ai tē u'nēṁgī āpūṁ-biccēṁ bhāīcārē dē bhāvai kannai byahār karnā lōṛdā ai.|italic=no}}
|-
|-
!Dogri [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Dogri [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|{{IPA|[saːɾeː mənʊkːʰə mɛ́ːmaː t̪eː ə̀kːẽː d̪eː biʃeː ʧə ʤənəm t̪ʰəmãː sut̪ɛːnt̪əɾ t̪eː bəɾoːbəɾ nə ‖ ʊ́nẽːgiː t̪əɾk t̪eː dʒəmiːɾ d̪iː səgaːt̪ mɪliː ɛː t̪eː ʊ́nẽːgiː aːpũːbɪʧːẽː pàːiːʧaːɾeː d̪eː pàːv kənːɛː bəɾt̪aː kəɾnaː ʧaːɪ̀d̪aː ɛː ‖]}}
|{{IPA|[saː.ɾeː mə.nʊk.kʰə mɛ́ː.maː t̪eː ə.d̪ɪ̀.kaː.ɾẽː d̪eː bɪ.ʃeː t͡ʃə d͡ʒən.mɛː t̪ʰə.mãː sʊ.t̪ɛːn.t̪əɾ t̪eː bə.ɾoː.bəɾ nə ‖ ʊ́.nẽː.giː bʊd̪.d̪ìː t̪eː d͡ʒə.miː.ɾɛː d̪iː d̪eːn t̪ʰòː.iː ɛː t̪eː ʊ́.nẽː.giː aː.pũː.bɪt̪.t͡ʃẽː pàː.iː.t͡ʃaː.ɾeː d̪eː pàː.ʋɛː kən.nɛː bjə.àːɾ kəɾ.naː loːɽ.d̪aː ɛː ‖]}}
|-
|-
!English translation
!English translation
Line 465: Line 454:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Dogri script]]
*[[Dogri–Kangri languages]]
*[[Dogras]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[Dogri cinema]]
* [[Dogri cinema]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Dogri literature]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]


==References==
==References==
Line 483: Line 467:
{{Incubator|code= dgo}}
{{Incubator|code= dgo}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dogri phrasebook|Dogri|a phrasebook}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dogri phrasebook|Dogri|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513223558/http://www.duggartimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=128 The Dogri Language], article by Ved Kumari Ghai
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513223558/http://www.duggartimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=128 The Dogri Language], article by [[Ved Kumari Ghai]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181654/http://www.duggartimes.com/ Duggar Times.com], for more on Dogri language, literature and writers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm Dailyexcelsior.com], "One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm Dailyexcelsior.com], "One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042428/http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/W3C%20Presentation%2003-08-06%28MDK%29.ppt Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042428/http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/W3C%20Presentation%2003-08-06%28MDK%29.ppt Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102039/http://www.pahari.org/ Pahari.org], Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102039/http://www.pahari.org/ Pahari.org], Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)
* [http://ancientscripts.com/takri.html Ancientscripts.com], The Takri script.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042434/http://www.crulp.org/Publication/Crulp_report/CR04_05E.pdf Crulp.org], paper on tonality and intonation in Punjabi.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151104161836/http://ildc.in/Dogri/Dindex.aspx Dogri computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari Script)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151104161836/http://ildc.in/Dogri/Dindex.aspx Dogri computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari Script)]


Line 500: Line 481:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogri Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogri Language}}
[[Category:Dogri language| ]]
[[Category:Dogri language| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]
[[Category: Pitch-accent language]]
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Latest revision as of 15:00, 10 March 2026


Not to be confused with the Dogrib language of Canada.

Dogri
Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. · Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. · Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.
The word Dogri in the Devanagari, Dogra, and Nastaʿlīq scripts.
Pronunciation[ɖoːɡ.ɾiː]
Native to
Region
EthnicityDogras
Native speakers
2.6 million in India (2011)[3]
Official status
Official language in
India
Language codes
ISO 639-2doi
ISO 639-3doi – inclusive code
Individual codes:
dgo – Dogri proper
xnr – Kangri
Glottologindo1311
Major Indo-Aryan languages (The Dogra language in the northern of punjabi - marked in purple-blue area)

Dogri (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., Ḍōgrī, doi) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group,[5] primarily spoken by the Dogra people native to the Duggar Region of Jammu Division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir; with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab,[6] as well as Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and the Pakistani province of Punjab.[7]

It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur and parts of Reasi District (mostly in Reasi, Katra and Pouni Tehsil) of Jammu division.[3] Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal,[8] a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.[9]

Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).[3] It has been among the country's 22 scheduled languages since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.Template:Wiktionary category 2

Script[edit | edit source]

Dogra Script Specimen

Dogri was originally written in the old Dogra Akkhar script – a modified version of Takri.[10] A modified version of this script was created by the order of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, which was then called Name Dogra Akkhar.[11] Official documents were written in this new script; however it never caught on among the general Dogri-speaking populace. Currently, Devanagari is the officially recognised script for Dogri in India and virtually all Dogri literature is published in it.

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʃ (x)
voiced (z) (ɣ) ɦ
Tap ɾ ɽ
Approximant ʋ l j
  • Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants /ɾ ɳ ɽ ʃ/.
  • Retroflex consonants /ɽ ɳ/ rarely occur in word initial position.
  • /f z x ɣ/ only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words. /f/ is also heard as an allophone of /pʰ/.
  • /ɾ/ can also marginally be heard as trilled [r] in some speech.
  • In some words, /s/ can become more weakly pronounced, or even eliminated and replaced by a glottal fricative sound [h].
  • A palatal nasal sound [ɲ] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a post-alveolar affricate consonant, rarely occurring in words word-initially or medially.
  • A velar nasal sound [ŋ] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a velar plosive consonant, and rarely occurs word-initially or medially.[12]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Front Central Back
Close iː uː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid eː ə oː
Open-mid ɛː ɔː
Open aː
  • There are nasalized variations of the following vowels /ã ĩ ũ ẽ ɛ̃ õ ɔ̃/.[13]
  • Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final /n/, except when /n/ occurs before a word-final vowel.
  • /ʊ/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [ʊᵛ] when occurring before a /a/ vowel sound.
  • A word-final /aː/ is realized as a back sound [ɑː] and may also drift toward a centralized [äː] sound.[12]

Some common words[edit | edit source]

Name Dogra Akkhar Devanagari Perso-Arabic IPA English translation
𑠪𑠬𑠷 हां ہاں [ã̀ː] Yes
𑠝𑠳𑠃𑠷 नेईं نیئِیں [neː.ĩː] No
𑠪𑠭𑠤𑠋 हिरख ہِرکھ [ɪ̀ɾkʰ] Love
𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 कन्नै کنَّے [kən.nɛː] With
𑠊𑠳𑠪𑠹 केह् کیہ [kéː] What
𑠊𑠮 की کی [kiː] Why
𑠌𑠬𑠩 गास گاس [gaːs] Sky
𑠠'𑠤𑠬 ब'रा ب'را [bə́.ɾaː] Year

Tone rules[edit | edit source]

These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using Devanagari Script. They are as follows:-

  • Just like Punjabi, Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̂), झ (t͡ʃə̂), ढ (ʈə̂), ध (t̪ə̂), भ (pə̂) and ढ़ (ɽə̂). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə̌ɡ), अझ (ə̌d͡ʒ), अढ (ə̌ɖ), अध (ə̌d̪), अभ (ə̌b) and अढ़ (ə̌ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̂ɽiː)- clock, and बध (bə̌d̪).
  • Unlike Punjabi, there is no ह (ɦə) sound and it has a high-falling tone in all positions; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̂t̪ːʰə)- hand.
  • To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a halant) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sǎːb)- sahab. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); a combining apostrophe (Template:Hamza) is used. Example:- लTemplate:Hamzaत्त (lə̌tː)- leg.
  • The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.

Some examples are shown below.

Name Dogra Akkhar Devanagari Perso-Arabic IPA Tone English translation
𑠌𑠥𑠹𑠥 गल्ल گلّ [gəl.lə] Equal Thing
𑠌Template:Hamza𑠥𑠹𑠥 गTemplate:Hamzaल्ल گTemplate:Hamzaلّ [gə́l.lə] Rising Cheek
𑠊𑠤 कर کر [kəɾ] Equal Do
𑠍𑠤 घर گھر [kə̀ɾ] Falling Home

Historical references[edit | edit source]

In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous Urdu and Persian poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."[14][15]

Official status[edit | edit source]

Dogri is one of the 22 Scheduled languages of India, officially recognized in December 2003 through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, which added it to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In September 2020, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, declaring Dogri as one of the five official languages of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, along with Hindi, Urdu, English, and Kashmiri.[16]

Theories on name origin[edit | edit source]

Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described Duggar as a distorted form of the word Dwigarta, which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the Mansar and Surinsar lakes.[17]

The linguist George Grierson connected the term Duggar with the Rajasthani word Doonger which means 'hill', and Dogra with Donger.[17] This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and has been contradicted by some scholars.[18]

Yet another proposal stems from the word Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.[citation needed] The word Durgara means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.[citation needed]

In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the Dwigarta and Durgara hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words Duggar and Dogra are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.

An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word Duggar is a form of the word Duggarh sounds appropriate."[19]

Recent history[edit | edit source]

Dogri folk song sung during the interview of a Dhramshala citizen

In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the Sanskrit classic mathematical opus Lilavati, by the noted mathematician Bhaskaracharya (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.[20] As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the Lilavati translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.[21]

Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev's court to Professor Ram Nath Shastri and Mrs. Padma Sachdev. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his Barah Massa (Twelve Months), Kamal Netra (Lotus Eyes), Bhup Bijog and Bir Bilas.[22] Shiraza Dogri is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include Pala Shapaiya Dogariya, Manne di Mauj and Shhori Deya. The noted Pakistani singer Malika Pukhraj had roots in Duggar,[23] and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs (bhajans) composed by Karan Singh have gained increasing popularity over time, including Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti.

Dogri programming features regularly on Radio Kashmir (a division of All India Radio), and Doordarshan (Indian state television) broadcasts in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).[citation needed]

Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists.[24] Dogri is one of the official languages of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the Indian constitution.[25][26]

In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.[27]

Sample text[edit | edit source]

The following text is from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Dogri (Name Dogra Akkhar script) 𑠩𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠢𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠋 𑠢𑠴𑠪𑠹𑠢𑠬 𑠙𑠳 𑠀𑠜𑠭𑠊𑠬𑠤𑠳𑠷 𑠛𑠳 𑠠𑠭𑠧𑠳 𑠏 𑠑𑠝𑠢𑠴 𑠚𑠢𑠬𑠷 𑠩𑠯𑠙𑠴𑠷𑠙𑠤 𑠙𑠳 𑠠𑠤𑠵𑠠𑠤 𑠝। 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠠𑠯𑠛𑠹𑠜𑠮 𑠙𑠳 𑠑𑠢𑠮𑠤𑠴 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠳𑠝 𑠚𑠹𑠪𑠵𑠃 𑠇 𑠙𑠳 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠁𑠞𑠰𑠷-𑠠𑠭𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠳𑠷 𑠡𑠬𑠃𑠏𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠛𑠳 𑠡𑠬𑠦𑠴 𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 𑠠𑠹𑠣𑠪𑠬𑠤 𑠊𑠤𑠝𑠬 𑠥𑠵𑠫𑠛𑠬 𑠇।
Dogri (Devanagari script) सारे मनुक्ख मैह्मा ते अधिकारें दे बिशे च जनमै थमां सुतैंतर ते बरोबर न। उ'नेंगी बुद्धी ते जमीरै दी देन थ्होई ऐ ते उ'नेंगी आपूं-बिच्चें भाईचारे दे भावै कन्नै ब्यहार करना लोड़दा ऐ।
Dogri (Perso-Arabic script) سارے منکّھ میہما تے ادھکاریں دے بشے چ جنمے تھماں ستیںتر تے بروبر ن۔ ا'نیںگی بُدھِّی تے جمیرے دی دین تھہوئی اے تے ا'نیںگی آپوں-بچّیں بھائیچارے دے بھاوے کنّے بیہار کرنا لوڑدا اے۔
Dogri transliteration (ISO 15919) Sārē manukkha maihmā tē adhikārēṁ dē biśē ca janmai thamāṁ sutaintar tē barōbar na. U'nēṁgī buddhī tē jamīrai dī dēn thhōī ai tē u'nēṁgī āpūṁ-biccēṁ bhāīcārē dē bhāvai kannai byahār karnā lōṛdā ai.
Dogri IPA [saː.ɾeː mə.nʊk.kʰə mɛ́ː.maː t̪eː ə.d̪ɪ̀.kaː.ɾẽː d̪eː bɪ.ʃeː t͡ʃə d͡ʒən.mɛː t̪ʰə.mãː sʊ.t̪ɛːn.t̪əɾ t̪eː bə.ɾoː.bəɾ nə ‖ ʊ́.nẽː.giː bʊd̪.d̪ìː t̪eː d͡ʒə.miː.ɾɛː d̪iː d̪eːn t̪ʰòː.iː ɛː t̪eː ʊ́.nẽː.giː aː.pũː.bɪt̪.t͡ʃẽː pàː.iː.t͡ʃaː.ɾeː d̪eː pàː.ʋɛː kən.nɛː bjə.àːɾ kəɾ.naː loːɽ.d̪aː ɛː ‖]
English translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Dogri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  2. ↑ "Dogri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011". Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  4. ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020". prsindia. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  5. ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  6. ↑ "Dogri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  7. ↑ Cultural Forum. India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. 1970. p. 24.
  8. ↑ Ghai, Ved Kumari (1991). Studies in Phonetics and Phonology: With Special Reference to Dogri. Ariana Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-85347-20-2.
  9. ↑ Brightbill, Jeremy D.; Turner, Scott B. (2007). "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogri Language, Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode" (PDF).
  11. ↑ "NammeDograAkkhar" (PDF).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bahri, Ujjal Singh (2001). Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch. Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics, 24: New Delhi: Bahri Publications.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  13. ↑ "Dogri". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  14. ↑ Shastri, Ram Nath (1981). Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated). Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University.
  15. ↑ Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9780836422832.
  16. ↑ "Languages with legal status in India", Wikipedia, 20 March 2025, retrieved 8 April 2025
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pathik, Jyoteeshwar (1980). Cultural Heritage of the Dogras. Light & Life Publishers.
  18. ↑ Bahri, Ujjal Singh (2001). Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch. Bahri Publications.
  19. ↑ Prashant, Dharam Chand (April–May 1991). "Duggar Shabad di Vayakha". Shiraza Dogri.
  20. ↑ Bhāskarācārya (1873). Līlāvatī (Dogri translation). Jammu: Vidya Vilas.
  21. ↑ Sharma, B. P. Century-Old Printed Dogri Literature. Jammu & Kashmir State Research Biannual.
  22. ↑ Jerath, Ashok (1988). Dogra Legends of Art & Culture. Indus Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8.
  23. ↑ Joseph, Suad; Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2003). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Leiden: Brill. p. 75. ISBN 978-90-04-12821-7.
  24. ↑ Rao, S. (2004). Five Decades; the National Academy of Letters, India: a Short History of Sahitya Akademi. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126020607.
  25. ↑ "Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages". Daily Excelsior. Jammu and Kashmir. 23 December 2003. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008. Dogri among other three languages has been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution when Lok Sabha unanimously approved an amendment in the Constitution
  26. ↑ Tsui, Amy (2007). Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8058-5694-1.
  27. ↑ "Finally, a boost: Dogri literature now a click away". Indian Express. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2013.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • Gopal Haldar (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Dogri-Kangri languages

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogri_language&oldid=450708"
Discover more