Cooch Behar district: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                  = Cooch Behar district
| name                  = Cooch Behar District
| settlement_type        = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| settlement_type        = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District of West Bengal]]
| total_type            = Total
| total_type            = Total
| native_name            =  
| native_name            =  
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}}
}}
| image_caption          = Clockwise from top-left: Cooch Behar Palace, Gadadhar river near [[Tufanganj]], Mount of Rajpat in [[Gosanimari]], Torsa river near Cooch Behar, Madan Mohan temple
| image_caption          = Clockwise from top-left: Cooch Behar Palace, Gadadhar river near [[Tufanganj]], Mount of Rajpat in [[Gosanimari]], Torsa river near Cooch Behar, Madan Mohan temple
| image_map             = Cooch Behar district.svg
| image_map                       = {{maplink |frame=yes
| map_caption            = Location of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Cooch Behar district'''
|type=shape |id=Q2728658
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Cooch Behar district of West Bengal
|type2=line|id2=Q1356|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=West Bengal
}}
| map_alt                        =
| map_caption                    = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates            =  
| coordinates            =  
| coor_pinpoint          = Cooch Behar
| subdivision_type      = Country
| subdivision_type      = Country
| subdivision_name      = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name      = {{flag|India}}
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| utc_offset1            = +05:30
| utc_offset1            = +05:30
| registration_plate    = WB-64
| registration_plate    = WB-64
| blank_name_sec1        = [[Indian road network|Major highways]]
| blank_name_sec1        = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1        = [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 17]]
| blank_info_sec1        = [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 17]]
| blank_name_sec2        = Average annual precipitation
| blank_name_sec2        = Average annual precipitation
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'''Cooch Behar district''' ({{IPA-bn|ˈkuːtʃ biˈɦaːr|pron}}) is a district of the state of [[West Bengal]], India, as well as the district's namesake town. During the [[British Raj]], the town of [[Cooch Behar]] was the seat of a [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], ruled by the Koch dynasty.
'''Cooch Behar district''' ({{IPA-bn|ˈkuːtʃ biˈɦaːr|pron}}) is a district of Indian state of [[West Bengal]].
 
Formerly part of the Kamarupa kingdom, the area became the heart of the Kamata Kingdom in the 12th century. During the [[British Raj]], the district was known as [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar state]] ruled by the [[Koch dynasty]] until 1947, when it became part of India.
 
The district consists of the flat plains of [[North Bengal]] and has several rivers: the most notable being the [[Teesta river|Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] and [[Torsa river|Torsa]]. The district has the highest proportion of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in the country, where they form a majority.<ref name="SC"/>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
{{main| Etymology of Cooch Behar}}
{{main| Etymology of Cooch Behar}}
The name ''Cooch Behar'' is derived from the name of the Koch or ''[[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]]'' tribes indigenous to this region.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first= Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | pages = 11–12}}</ref> The word ''behar'' is derived from {{lang-sa| विहार}} ''[[vihara]]''.
The name ''Cooch Behar'' is derived from the name of the Koch or ''[[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]]'' community indigenous to this region. The word ''behar'' is derived from {{lang-sa| विहार}} ''[[vihara]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first= Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | pages = 11–12}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Maharaja-Jagaddipendra-Narayan.jpg|right|thumb|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]]
[[File:Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of Cooch Bihar]]


===Early period===
===Early period===
{{See also|Kamarupa Kingdom|Kamata kingdom|Koch dynasty}}
{{See also|Kamarupa Kingdom|Kamata kingdom|Koch dynasty}}
[[File:Gosanimari Rajpat at Gosanimari village in Coochbihar district 31.jpg|thumb|[[Gosanimari]] archaeological site, former capital of [[Kamtapur]] kingdom]]
[[File:Gosanimari Rajpat at Gosanimari village in Coochbihar district 31.jpg|thumb|[[Gosanimari]] archaeological site former capital of Kamata kingdom]]  
 
Cooch Behar formed part of the [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam from the 4th to the 12th centuries. In the 12th century, the area became a part of the [[Kamata Kingdom]], first ruled by the [[Khen dynasty]] from their capital at Kamatapur. The Khens were an indigenous tribe, and they ruled till about 1498 [[Common Era|CE]], when they fell to [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the independent Pathan Sultan of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gour]]. The new invaders fought with the local [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan chieftains]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Suhungmung]] and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful and proclaimed itself ''Kamateshwar'' (Lord of Kamata) and established the Koch dynasty.
Cooch Behar formed part of the [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam from the 4th to the 12th centuries. In the 12th century, the area became a part of the [[Kamata Kingdom]], first ruled by the [[Khen dynasty]] from their capital at Kamatapur. The Khens were an indigenous tribe, and they ruled till about 1498 [[Common Era|CE]], when they fell to [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the independent Pathan Sultan of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gour]]. The new invaders fought with the local [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bhuyan chieftains]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Suhungmung]] and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful and proclaimed itself ''Kamateshwar'' (Lord of Kamata) and established the Koch dynasty.


The first important Koch ruler was [[Biswa Singha]], who came to power in 1510 or 1530 CE.<ref name="web2">[http://coochbehar.nic.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html Royal history of Cooch Behar]. Coochbehar.nic.in (1 January 1950). Retrieved on 18 July 2015.</ref> Under his son, [[Nara Narayan]], the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |title=Royal History of Cooch Behar |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref> Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj ([[Chilarai]]), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.
The first important Koch ruler was [[Biswa Singha]], who came to power in 1515.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath |first=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |pages=5–6|publisher=Mittal Publications|year= 1989|isbn=8170991099}}</ref> Under his son, [[Nara Narayan]], the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |title=Royal History of Cooch Behar |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref> Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj ([[Chilarai]]), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.


After Chilarai's death, his son Raghudev became governor of this portion. Since Nara Narayan did not have a son, Raghudev was seen as the heir apparent. However, a late child of Nara Narayan removed Raghudev's claim to the throne. To placate him, Nara Narayan had to anoint Raghudev as a vassal chief of the portion of the kingdom east of the [[Sankosh river]]. This area came to be known as [[Koch Hajo]]. After the death of Nara Narayan in 1584, Raghudev declared independence. The kingdom ruled by the son of Nara Narayan, [[Lakshmi Narayan]], came to be known as Cooch Behar. The division of the Kamata Kingdom into Koch Behar and Koch Hajo was permanent. Koch Behar aligned itself with the [[Mughal Empire]] and finally joined the India as a part of the West Bengal, whereas remnants of the Koch Hajo rulers aligned themselves with the Ahom kingdom and the region became a part of [[Assam]].
After Chilarai's death, his son Raghudev became governor of this portion. Since Nara Narayan did not have a son, Raghudev was seen as the heir apparent. However, a late child of Nara Narayan removed Raghudev's claim to the throne. To placate him, Nara Narayan had to anoint Raghudev as a vassal chief of the portion of the kingdom east of the [[Sankosh river]]. This area came to be known as [[Koch Hajo]]. After the death of Nara Narayan in 1584, Raghudev declared independence. The kingdom ruled by the son of Nara Narayan, [[Lakshmi Narayan]], came to be known as Cooch Behar. The division of the Kamata Kingdom into Koch Behar and Koch Hajo was permanent. Koch Behar aligned itself with the [[Mughal Empire]] and finally joined the India as a part of the West Bengal, whereas remnants of the Koch Hajo rulers aligned themselves with the Ahom kingdom and the region became a part of [[Assam]].


As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Cooch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when shifted to Cooch Behar town. Maharaja [[Rup Narayan]], on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to [[Guriahati]] (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the [[Torsa river]] between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.
As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Cooch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when shifted to Cooch Behar town. Maharaja Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to [[Guriahati]] (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the [[Torsa river]] between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.


In 1661 CE, Maharaja Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], the [[subedar]] of [[Bengal]] under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]], attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 68}}</ref>
In 1661 CE, Maharaja Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], the [[subedar]] of [[Bengal]] under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]], attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 68}}</ref> The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.<ref name="bnpedia1">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=PK |year=2012 |chapter=Kamata-Koch Behar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Maharaja Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.
The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.<ref name="bnpedia1">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=PK |year=2012 |chapter=Kamata-Koch Behar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Maharaja Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.


===British Raj===
===British Raj===
[[Image:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|left|thumb|1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
[[Image:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|left|thumb|1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
{{main|Cooch Behar State}}
{{main|Cooch Behar State}}
In 1772–1773, the king of [[Bhutan]] attacked and captured Cooch Behar. To expel the Bhutanese, the kingdom of Cooch Behar signed a defence treaty with the [[British East India Company]] on 5 April 1773. After expelling the Bhutanese, Cooch Behar again became a princely kingdom under the protection of British East India company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 73}}</ref>
In 1772–1773, the king of [[Bhutan]] attacked and captured Cooch Behar. To expel the Bhutanese, the kingdom of Cooch Behar signed a defence treaty with the [[British East India Company]] on 5 April 1773. After expelling the Bhutanese, Cooch Behar became a princely kingdom under the protection of British East India company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 73}}</ref>


The [[Victor Jubilee Palace]] was based on [[Buckingham Palace]] and built in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].<ref name="bnpedia1" /> In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of [[Brahmo]] preacher [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 75}}</ref> Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|title=Royal History of Cooch Behar 5 |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref>
The [[Victor Jubilee Palace]] was based on [[Buckingham Palace]] and built in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].<ref name="bnpedia1" /> In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of [[Brahmo]] preacher [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 75}}</ref> Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|title=Royal History of Cooch Behar 5 |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref>
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Under an agreement between the kings of Cooch Behar and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] transferred full authority, jurisdiction and power of the state to the Dominion [[Government of India]], effective 12 September 1949.<ref name="web1">{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html|title=Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.<ref name="web1" />
Under an agreement between the kings of Cooch Behar and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] transferred full authority, jurisdiction and power of the state to the Dominion [[Government of India]], effective 12 September 1949.<ref name="web1">{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html|title=Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.<ref name="web1" />


A geopolitical curiosity was that there were 92 Bangladeshi [[exclave]]s, with a total area of 47.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in Cooch-Behar. Similarly, there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. These were part of the high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.<ref name="A Great Divide">{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1877200-4,00.html | work=Time | title=A Great Divide | date=5 February 2009}}</ref>
A geopolitical curiosity was that there were 92 Bangladeshi [[exclave]]s, with a total area of 47.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in Cooch-Behar. Similarly, there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. These were part of the high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.<ref name="A Great Divide">{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1877200-4,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419030927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1877200-4,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 April 2011 | magazine=Time | title=A Great Divide | date=5 February 2009}}</ref>


Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave was Balapara Khagrabari which surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called [[Dahala Khagrabari]], of less than one hectare (link to external map here [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/enklaver/CoochBehar_Annotated.jpg]). But all this has ended in the historic India-Bangladesh land agreement. See [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]].
Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave was Balapara Khagrabari which surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called [[Dahala Khagrabari]], of less than one hectare (link to external map here [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/enklaver/CoochBehar_Annotated.jpg]). But all this has ended in the historic India-Bangladesh land agreement. See [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]].
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Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most of the highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region and most of the low-lying lands lie in Dinhata region.
Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most of the highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region and most of the low-lying lands lie in Dinhata region.


The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Torsha]], [[Kaljani]], [[Raidak]], [[Gadadhar]] and [[Ghargharia]].
The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are the [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Torsha]], [[Kaljani River|Kaljani]], [[Raidak]], [[Gadadhar]] and [[Ghargharia]].


==Divisions==
==Divisions==
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====Impact of delimitation of constituencies====
====Impact of delimitation of constituencies====
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district will be divided into 9 assembly constituencies:<ref>{{cite web
As per order of the 2008 [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 9 assembly constituencies:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf  | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 16 November 2008 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher =Delimitation Commission}}</ref>
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf  | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 16 November 2008 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher =Delimitation Commission}}</ref>
#[[Mekliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mekliganj (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 1),
#[[Mathabhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mathabhanga (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 2),
#[[Mathabhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mathabhanga (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 2),
#[[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 3),
#[[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 3),
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#[[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]] (assembly constituency no. 9).
#[[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]] (assembly constituency no. 9).


Mekliganj, Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Sitalkuchi and Sitai constituencies will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. Mekhliganj constituency will remain part of [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will also contain six assembly segments from [[Jalpaiguri district]]. Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Cooch Behar Dakshin, Sitalkuchi, Sitai, Dinhata and Natabari constituencies will continue to form the [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]]. Tufanganj constituency will remain a part of [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will also contain six assembly segments from [[Jalpaiguri district]].
Mekliganj, Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Sitalkuchi and Sitai constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. Mekhliganj constituency is part of [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains six assembly segments from [[Jalpaiguri district]]. Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Cooch Behar Dakshin, Sitalkuchi, Sitai, Dinhata and Natabari constituencies will continue to form the [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]]. Tufanganj constituency is part of [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains six assembly segments from [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] and Jalpaiguri districts.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
{{bar box
{{bar box
|title=Religions of Cooch Behar in 2011 census<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|title=Religions in Cooch Behar district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|left1=Religion
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|float=right
|float=right
|bars=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|25.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|25.54}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|0.41}}
}}
}}
{{Pie chart  
{{Pie chart  
|thumb = right
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar district (2011).<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX</ref>
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar district (2011)<ref name=m/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.79|color1 = blue
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 94.79|color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value2 = 1.31 |color2 = turquoise
|label2 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value2 = 1.31 |color2 = plum
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.52|color3 = orange
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.17|color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 =0.38 |color4 = grey
|label4 = Others |value4 = 2.73 |color4 = grey
}}
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Cooch Behar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,819,086,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Jamaica]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Jamaica 2,868,380 July 2011 est
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Cooch Behar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,819,086,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Jamaica]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Jamaica 2,868,380 July 2011 est
  }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 136th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|739]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 833 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was  13.86%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koch Bihar has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.49%.<ref name=districtcensus/> With 50.1% of the population, Cooch Behar is the district with the highest proportion of [[Scheduled Castes]] in the country as per the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/scst.aspx |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
  }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 136th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|739]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 833 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was  13.86%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koch Bihar has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.49%.<ref name=districtcensus/> With 50.1% of the population, Cooch Behar is the district with the highest proportion of [[Scheduled Castes]] in the country as per the 2011 census.<ref name="SC">{{cite web |title=Census of India : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/scst.aspx |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
 
At the time of the 2011 census, 94.79% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.31% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] and 1.17% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name=m>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |title=Population by Mother Tongue - West Bengal |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,65,116|13=1911|14=5,91,012|15=1921|16=5,90,599|17=1931|18=5,89,053|19=1941|20=6,38,703|21=1951|22=6,68,949|23=1961|24=10,19,806|25=1971|26=14,14,183|27=1981|28=17,71,643|29=1991|30=21,71,145|31=2001|32=24,79,155|33=2011|34=28,19,086|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}
 


At the time of the 2011 census, 96.79% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.31% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]], 1.52% [[Hindi]].<ref name=m>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html</ref>{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,65,116|13=1911|14=5,91,012|15=1921|16=5,90,599|17=1931|18=5,89,053|19=1941|20=6,38,703|21=1951|22=6,68,949|23=1961|24=10,19,806|25=1971|26=14,14,183|27=1981|28=17,71,643|29=1991|30=21,71,145|31=2001|32=24,79,155|33=2011|34=28,19,086|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}
==Education==
<!--- begin this section --->  
*[[Baramaricha Delwar Hossain (X+2) High School]]


==Flora and fauna==
==Flora and fauna==
Line 179: Line 197:
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]]
* [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]]
* [[Koch Rajbongshi people]]
* [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]
* [[List of enclaves and exclaves]]
* [[List of enclaves and exclaves]]
* [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]
* [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

Latest revision as of 14:31, 11 April 2022

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Cooch Behar.
Cooch Behar District
District of West Bengal
Cooch Behar Palace alias Victor Jubilee Palace of Cooch Behar Town at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 20.jpg
Gadadhar River.JPG
Madan Mohan Temple of Cooch Behar Town at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 14.jpg
Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 21.jpg
Torsa river in Coochbehar town 01.jpg
Clockwise from top-left: Cooch Behar Palace, Gadadhar river near Tufanganj, Mount of Rajpat in Gosanimari, Torsa river near Cooch Behar, Madan Mohan temple
Country India
State West Bengal
DivisionJalpaiguri
HeadquartersCooch Behar
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituenciesCooch Behar
 • Vidhan Sabha constituenciesMathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Cooch Behar Dakshin, Sitalkuchi, Sitai, Dinhata, Natabari, Tufanganj
Area
 • Total3,387 km2 (1,308 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total2,819,086
 • Density830/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
 • Urban
10.27%
Demographics
 • Literacy74.78% (2011)
 • Sex ratio942 (2011)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Vehicle registrationWB-64
Major highwaysNH 17
Average annual precipitation3201 mm
Websitecoochbehar.nic.in

Cooch Behar district (pronounced [ˈkuːtʃ biˈɦaːr]) is a district of Indian state of West Bengal.

Formerly part of the Kamarupa kingdom, the area became the heart of the Kamata Kingdom in the 12th century. During the British Raj, the district was known as Cooch Behar state ruled by the Koch dynasty until 1947, when it became part of India.

The district consists of the flat plains of North Bengal and has several rivers: the most notable being the Teesta, Jaldhaka and Torsa. The district has the highest proportion of Scheduled Castes in the country, where they form a majority.[1]

Etymology[edit]

Main article: Etymology of Cooch Behar

The name Cooch Behar is derived from the name of the Koch or Rajbanshi community indigenous to this region. The word behar is derived from Sanskrit: विहार vihara.[2]

History[edit]

Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch Bihar

Early period[edit]

See also: Kamarupa Kingdom, Kamata kingdom, and Koch dynasty
Gosanimari archaeological site former capital of Kamata kingdom

Cooch Behar formed part of the Kamarupa Kingdom of Assam from the 4th to the 12th centuries. In the 12th century, the area became a part of the Kamata Kingdom, first ruled by the Khen dynasty from their capital at Kamatapur. The Khens were an indigenous tribe, and they ruled till about 1498 CE, when they fell to Alauddin Hussain Shah, the independent Pathan Sultan of Gour. The new invaders fought with the local Bhuyan chieftains and the Ahom king Suhungmung and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful and proclaimed itself Kamateshwar (Lord of Kamata) and established the Koch dynasty.

The first important Koch ruler was Biswa Singha, who came to power in 1515.[3] Under his son, Nara Narayan, the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.[4] Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj (Chilarai), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.

After Chilarai's death, his son Raghudev became governor of this portion. Since Nara Narayan did not have a son, Raghudev was seen as the heir apparent. However, a late child of Nara Narayan removed Raghudev's claim to the throne. To placate him, Nara Narayan had to anoint Raghudev as a vassal chief of the portion of the kingdom east of the Sankosh river. This area came to be known as Koch Hajo. After the death of Nara Narayan in 1584, Raghudev declared independence. The kingdom ruled by the son of Nara Narayan, Lakshmi Narayan, came to be known as Cooch Behar. The division of the Kamata Kingdom into Koch Behar and Koch Hajo was permanent. Koch Behar aligned itself with the Mughal Empire and finally joined the India as a part of the West Bengal, whereas remnants of the Koch Hajo rulers aligned themselves with the Ahom kingdom and the region became a part of Assam.

As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Cooch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when shifted to Cooch Behar town. Maharaja Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to Guriahati (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the Torsa river between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.

In 1661 CE, Maharaja Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, Mir Jumla, the subedar of Bengal under the Mughal emperor Aurangazeb, attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.[5] The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.[6] Maharaja Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.

British Raj[edit]

1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim
Main article: Cooch Behar State

In 1772–1773, the king of Bhutan attacked and captured Cooch Behar. To expel the Bhutanese, the kingdom of Cooch Behar signed a defence treaty with the British East India Company on 5 April 1773. After expelling the Bhutanese, Cooch Behar became a princely kingdom under the protection of British East India company.[7]

The Victor Jubilee Palace was based on Buckingham Palace and built in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan.[6] In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of Brahmo preacher Keshab Chandra Sen. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.[8] Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.[9]

Post Independence[edit]

Under an agreement between the kings of Cooch Behar and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja Jagaddipendra Narayan transferred full authority, jurisdiction and power of the state to the Dominion Government of India, effective 12 September 1949.[10] Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.[10]

A geopolitical curiosity was that there were 92 Bangladeshi exclaves, with a total area of 47.7 km2 in Cooch-Behar. Similarly, there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km2. These were part of the high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.[11]

Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave was Balapara Khagrabari which surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare (link to external map here [1]). But all this has ended in the historic India-Bangladesh land agreement. See Indo-Bangladesh enclaves.

Geography[edit]

Former exclaves of India and Bangladesh in and around Cooch Behar district

Cooch Behar is a district under the Jalpaiguri Division of the state of West Bengal. Cooch Behar is located in the northeastern part of the state and bounded by the district of Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar in the north, Dhubri and Kokrajhar district of Assam in the east and by Bangladesh in the west as well as in the south. The district forms part of the Himalayan Terai of West Bengal.

A geopolitical curiosity was that there were 92 Bangladeshi exclaves, with a total area of 47.7 km2 in Cooch-Behar. Similarly, there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km2. These were part of the high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.[11]

Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave was Balapara Khagrabari which surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare (link to external map here [2]). But all this has ended in the historic India-Bangladesh land agreement. See Indo-Bangladesh enclaves.

Rivers and topography[edit]

Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most of the highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region and most of the low-lying lands lie in Dinhata region.

The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are the Teesta, Jaldhaka, Torsha, Kaljani, Raidak, Gadadhar and Ghargharia.

Divisions[edit]

Sub-divisions[edit]

The district of Cooch Behar comprises five sub-divisions:

Assembly constituencies[edit]

The district is divided into 8 assembly constituencies:[12]

  1. Sitalkuchi (SC) (assembly constituency no. 2),
  2. Mathabhanga (SC) (assembly constituency no. 3),
  3. Cooch Behar North (assembly constituency no. 4),
  4. Cooch Behar West (assembly constituency no. 5),
  5. Sitai (assembly constituency no. 6),
  6. Dinhata (assembly constituency no. 7),
  7. Natabari (assembly constituency no. 8) and
  8. Tufanganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 9).

Mekliganj, Sitalkuchi, Mathabhanga and Tufanganj constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Mekhliganj constituency is part of Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains six assembly segments from Jalpaiguri district. Sitalkuchi, Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar North, Cooch Behar West, Sitai, Dinhata and Natabari constituencies form the Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency), which is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC). Tufanganj constituency is part of Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains six assembly segments from Jalpaiguri district.

Impact of delimitation of constituencies[edit]

As per order of the 2008 Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 9 assembly constituencies:[13]

  1. Mekliganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 1),
  2. Mathabhanga (SC) (assembly constituency no. 2),
  3. Cooch Behar Uttar (SC) (assembly constituency no. 3),
  4. Cooch Behar Dakshin (assembly constituency no. 4),
  5. Sitalkuchi (SC) (assembly constituency no. 5),
  6. Sitai (SC) (assembly constituency no. 6),
  7. Dinhata (assembly constituency no. 7),
  8. Natabari (assembly constituency no. 8) and
  9. Tufanganj (assembly constituency no. 9).

Mekliganj, Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Sitalkuchi and Sitai constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Mekhliganj constituency is part of Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains six assembly segments from Jalpaiguri district. Mathabhanga, Cooch Behar Uttar, Cooch Behar Dakshin, Sitalkuchi, Sitai, Dinhata and Natabari constituencies will continue to form the Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency), which is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC). Tufanganj constituency is part of Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains six assembly segments from Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri districts.

Demographics[edit]

Religions in Cooch Behar district (2011)[14]
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 74.05%
Muslims
 
 25.54%
Other or not stated
 
 0.41%

Languages of Cooch Behar district (2011)[15]

  Bengali (94.79%)
  Rajbongshi (1.31%)
  Hindi (1.17%)
  Others (2.73%)

According to the 2011 census Cooch Behar district has a population of 2,819,086,[16] roughly equal to the nation of Jamaica.[17] This gives it a ranking of 136th in India (out of a total of 739).[16] The district has a population density of 833 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,160/sq mi) .[16] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.86%.[16] Koch Bihar has a sex ratio of 942 females for every 1000 males,[16] and a literacy rate of 75.49%.[16] With 50.1% of the population, Cooch Behar is the district with the highest proportion of Scheduled Castes in the country as per the 2011 census.[1]

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.79% of the population spoke Bengali, 1.31% Rajbongshi and 1.17% Hindi as their first language.[15]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901565,116—    
1911591,012+0.45%
1921590,599−0.01%
1931589,053−0.03%
1941638,703+0.81%
1951668,949+0.46%
19611,019,806+4.31%
19711,414,183+3.32%
19811,771,643+2.28%
19912,171,145+2.05%
20012,479,155+1.34%
20112,819,086+1.29%
source:[18]


Education[edit]

Flora and fauna[edit]

In 1976 Cooch Behar district became home to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (now Jaldapara National Park), which has an area of 217 km2 (83.8 sq mi).[19] It shares the park with Alipurduar district.[19]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Census of India : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Pal, Dr. Nripendra Nath (2000). Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar). Kolkata: Anima Prakashani. pp. 11–12.
  3. ↑ Nath, D. (1989), History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615, Mittal Publications, pp. 5–6, ISBN 8170991099
  4. ↑ "Royal History of Cooch Behar". Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  5. ↑ Pal, Dr. Nripendra Nath (2000). Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar). Kolkata: Anima Prakashani. p. 68.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bhattacharyya, PK (2012). "Kamata-Koch Behar". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  7. ↑ Pal, Dr. Nripendra Nath (2000). Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar). Kolkata: Anima Prakashani. p. 73.
  8. ↑ Pal, Dr. Nripendra Nath (2000). Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar). Kolkata: Anima Prakashani. p. 75.
  9. ↑ "Royal History of Cooch Behar 5". Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "A Great Divide". Time. 5 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011.
  12. ↑ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  13. ↑ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  14. ↑ "C-1 Population By Religious Community". Census. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Population by Mother Tongue - West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  17. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Jamaica 2,868,380 July 2011 est
  18. ↑ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment. "Protected areas: Sikkim". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.

Further reading[edit]

  • Moore, Lucy (2004) Maharanis: The Extraordinary Tale Of Four Indian Queens And Their Journey From Purdah To Parliament, Penguin, ISBN 0-670-03368-5

External links[edit]

Template:Minority Concentrated Districts in India Template:Proposed states and territories of India

Coordinates: 26°19′27″N 89°27′04″E / 26.32419°N 89.45103°E / 26.32419; 89.45103

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