Citizenship Amendment Act protests: Difference between revisions

* Halt to the implementation of the [[National Register of Citizens of India]]

[[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />[[Tushar Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osborne |first1=Zoe |last2=Petersen |first2=Hannah |title=Gandhi's great-grandson joins wave of protest at law isolating India's Muslims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/21/citizenship-act-tushar-gandhi-great-grandson-india-muslim-infiltrators-backlash |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=21 December 2019}}</ref><br />[[Umar Khalid]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/narendra-modi-has-lost-the-battle-umar-khalid/cid/1735545|title=Modi has lost the battle: Khalid|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><br />[[Sharjeel Imam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-citizenship-protests-occupation-idUSKBN1YS110|title=Biryani, bankers and burqas: Inside a sit-in protest on an Indian highway|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref><br />[[Feroze Mithiborwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/maharashtra-congress-has-called-for-an-all-party-meeting-against-the-caa-nrc-and-npr-on-january-24-44070|title=CAA, NRC Protests: Congress and other allies to protest on January 24|website=Mumbai Live|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-women-in-purdah-lead-enormous-anti-caa-dharna-in-millat-nagar/articleshow/73217660.cms|title=Mumbai: Women in purdah lead enormous anti-CAA dharna in Millat Nagar|date=12 January 2020|first1=Bella|last1=Jaisinghani|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><br /> [[Safoora Zargar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52608589|title=India Coronavirus: Pregnant student Safoora Zargar at risk in jail|work=BBC News|date=11 May 2020}}</ref> (arrested)<br /> [[Ishrath Jahan]] (arrested)

[[Fahad Ahmad (activist)|Fahad Ahmad]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai’s face of anti-CAA protest Fahad Ahmad issued notice by TISS|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mumbais-face-of-anti-caa-protest-issued-notice-by-tiss/amp_articleshow/74326362.cms|access-date=2021-11-10|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The '''Citizenship Amendment Act (Bill) protests''', also known as '''CAA Protest''' or '''CAB Protest''', occurred after the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) was enacted by the [[Government of India]] on 12 December 2019. The move sparked a widespread national and overseas ongoing protests against the act and its associated proposals of the [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC).<ref name="hansindia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/student-unions-back-anti-citizenship-amendment-act-protests-590361|title=Student unions back anti Citizenship Amendment Act protests|last1=India|first1=The Hans|date=16 December 2019 |website=thehansindia.com |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The protests first began in [[Assam]] and spread swiftly in other states such as<ref name="India Today 12 Dec">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/citizenship-bill-protests-here-why-assam-is-burning-1627538-2019-12-12|title=Citizenship Amendment Bill protests: Here's why Assam is burning|last1=Deka|first1=Kaushik|date=12 December 2019|work=India Today|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anti-citizenship-law-protests-latest-developments/articleshow/72683696.cms|title=Citizenship Amendment Bill 2019: Anti-citizenship law protests: Latest developments and reactions|date=16 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> [[Meghalaya]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/citizenship-bill-protests-violence-grips-assam-meghalaya-bengal-oppns-plans-mega-rally-2422713.html|title=Violence Grips Assam, Meghalaya, Bengal & Delhi as Protests Escalate Across India; Oppn Plans Mega Rally|website=News18|date=14 December 2019|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and [[Tripura]] on 4 December 2019.<ref name="mamata rally">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protests-and-strikes-hit-assam-manipur-tripura-against-cab/story-dPRUypEh1zaUzVOY86O7oK.html|title=Protests and strikes hit Assam, Manipur, Tripura against CAB|date=9 December 2019|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> Protests broke out rapidly across the country, although the concerns of the protesters vary.<ref name="AtlanticLate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/india-citizenship-law-protest/603793/|title=When Is a Protest Too Late?|last1=Serhan|first1=Yasmeen|date=18 December 2019|website=The Atlantic|access-date=21 December 2019}}, Quote: "Though the protesters in India share a common opposition to the new citizenship law, their reasons for rejecting the legislation vary."</ref><ref name="BBC Plea" />

The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to accept illegal migrants who are [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Jain]], [[Parsis|Parsi]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Christians|Christian]] from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the [[religious persecution]]s.<ref name="BBC explained">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50670393 Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained], BBC News, 11 December 2019.</ref> The bill does not mention Muslims and other communities who fled from the same or other neighbouring countries. Refugees from [[Sri Lankan Tamils in India]], [[Rohingya]]s from [[Myanmar]], and [[Tibetan refugees in India|Tibetan refugees]] are also not mentioned in the bill.<ref name="IEConception" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/a-dark-day-for-the-country-says-jamaat-chief/article30313127.ece|title=A dark day for the country, says Jamaat-e-Islami chief|date=15 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=He said Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka had been persecuted and questioned why they had not been brought under the ambit of the CAA}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The proposed [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) will be an official record of all legal citizens of India. Individuals would need to provide a prescribed set of documents before a specified cutoff date to be included in it.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/is-a-pan-india-nrc-possible-the-lesson-from-assam/articleshow/72454225.cms |title=Understanding NRC: What it is and if it can be implemented across the country|date=23 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

The amendment has been widely criticised as [[Religious discrimination|discriminating on the basis of religion]], particularity for excluding Muslims.<ref name="NPRExcludes">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |title=India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims |publisher=NPR |first1=Sam |last1=Gringlas}}</ref> Protestors against the amendment demand that it be scrapped and that the nationwide NRC not be implemented.<ref name="wsjdelhi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-protests-against-new-law-spread-to-muslim-area-of-capital-11576596978|title=India Citizenship Protests Spread to Muslim Area of Capital|last1=Pokharel|first1=Krishna|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 December 2019|access-date=17 January 2020|quote=Protests against a new citizenship law favoring non-Muslim immigrants erupted in violence in a Muslim-dominated part of the Indian capital [...] "People are opposing this law because it discriminates against Muslims [...]}}</ref><ref name="Sigal Samuel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/12/12/21010975/india-muslim-citizenship-bill-national-register|title=India just redefined its citizenship criteria to exclude Muslims|last1=Samuel|first1=Sigal|date=12 December 2019|website=Vox|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/will-revoke-anti-poor-caa-nrc-if-voted-to-power-says-priyanka-gandhi-in-varanasi|title=Will revoke anti-poor CAA-NRC if voted to power, says Priyanka Gandhi in Varanasi|website=National Herald|date=10 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> The bill has raised concerns among the Indian Muslim community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-caa-and-nrc-1630771-2019-12-23|title=Everything you wanted to know about the CAA and NRC|date=23 December 2019|first1=Kaushik |last1=Deka|website=India Today|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-you-need-to-know-about-proposed-pan-india-nrc/articleshow/72671119.cms|title=Know the difference between NRC and CAA Bill 2019|date=23 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5752186/india-protests-citizenship-act/|title=How a New Law in India Sparked Mass Protests and a Brutal Police Clampdown|website=Time|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-caa-is-essentially-anti-poor-says-former-ias-officer-kannan-gopinathan-6202416/|title=Chandigarh: CAA is essentially anti-poor, says former IAS officer Kannan Gopinathan|date=6 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> They are also concerned that all citizens will be affected by the bureaucratic exercise of the NRC where they will have to prove their citizenship for inclusion in the registry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/its-not-just-about-muslims-all-indians-will-have-to-queue-up-to-prove-they-are-indians-owaisi-2432283.html|title=It's Not Just About Muslims, All Indians Will Have to Queue Up to Prove They are Indians: Owaisi|website=News18|date=22 December 2019|access-date=17 January 2020|quote="Why are we protesting? We are protesting because, in the country, in the name of religion, preparation is being made to make us not just second-class citizens but stateless," [Owaisi] claimed, adding it is a loss for everyone.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/948969/the-nrc-is-a-bureaucratic-paper-monster-that-will-devour-and-divide-india|title=The NRC is a bureaucratic paper-monster that will devour and divide India|last1=Mathur|first1=Nayanika|website=Scroll.in|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> The protesters have raised voices against authoritarianism and the police crackdown in universities to suppress protests.<ref name="AtlanticLate" /><ref name="CaravanAuthoritarianism" />

The protests resulted in thousands of arrests and 27 deaths as of 27 December 2019.<ref name="IT arrests">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-citizenship-amendment-bill-assam-protest-1627464-2019-12-11 |title=1,000 detained as anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests intensify in Assam |date=11 December 2020 |author=Hemanta Kumar Nath |website=India Today |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera 27 Dead" /> Two 17-year-old minors were among those reported to have been killed due to police firing during a live ammunition on protesters in Assam.<ref name="minors">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citizenship-amendment-act-caa-protests-guwahati-minor-boys-dead-1628160-2019-12-13|title=2 minor boys killed in police firing during anti-CAB protests in Guwahati|last1=Kumar Nath |first1=Hemanta |date=13 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> On 19 December, the police issued a complete ban on protests in several parts of India. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained.

However, the Act does not mention Muslims and does not offer the same eligibility benefits to Muslim immigrants or immigrants belonging to other religions from those countries.<ref name="Samuel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/12/12/21010975/india-muslim-citizenship-bill-national-register|title=India just redefined its citizenship criteria to exclude Muslims|last1=Samuel|first1=Sigal|date=12 December 2019|website=Vox|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> The Act also does not mention any benefits for various other refugees which form the bulk of the refugees living in India, such as [[Sri Lankan Tamils in India|Sri Lankan Tamil refugees]] who faced persecution during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shaji|first1=K.A|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/citizenship-amendment-act-sri-lankan-tamil-refugees_in_5dff246ce4b05b08bab6aff2|title=CAA: Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees Say The New Law Has Killed Their Hopes Of Citizenship|date=23 December 2019|work=HuffPost|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> [[Rohingya Refugee Crisis|Rohingya refugees]] who were victims of the [[Rohingya genocide]], [[Bhutanese refugees|Nepali refugees]] who faced [[ethnic cleansing in Bhutan]], and [[Tibetan refugees in India|Tibetan Buddhist refugees]] who faced persecution in China.<ref name="WPCitizenship22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/13/indias-new-law-may-leave-millions-muslims-without-citizenship/|title=India's new law may leave millions of Muslims without citizenship|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Suparna|date=13 December 2019|website=The Washington Post|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> According to the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], the immediate beneficiaries of the new law will be 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis.<ref name="angry22">{{cite news|last1=Saha|first1=Abhishek|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assam-protests-citizenship-amendment-bill-nrc-northeast-bandh-5543785/|title=Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry|date=20 January 2019|work=The Indian Express|quote=From its records, the IB gave a count of 31,313 (25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis) who have been given Long Term Visas on their claim of religious persecution in the three countries.}}</ref>

:*In Delhi, politicians [[Yogendra Yadav]] and [[Sitaram Yechury]] along with around 1,200 protesters were detained by the police.<ref name="Shah Meeting">{{cite news |title=Amit Shah To Chair Meeting On Nationwide Protests Against Citizenship Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-to-chair-meeting-on-nationwide-protests-against-citizenship-act-2151391 |access-date=19 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/anti-caa-protests-live-updates-8-delhi-metro-stations-closed-congress-ncp-gear-all-india-stirs/story/392305.html|title=Anti-CAA Protests Live Updates: 1,200 people detained by Delhi Police today; 13,000 officials patrolled sensitive areas |website=businesstoday.in |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

:*The Karnataka government announced an ex-gratia compensation of {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}} each to the families of the two men killed in violent protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act in Mangaluru on 19 December.<ref name="News18 Kar 10 Lakh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karnataka-govt-announces-ex-gratia-of-rs-10-lakh-to-next-of-kin-of-2-killed-in-mangaluru-2432707.html|title=Karnataka Govt Announces ex-Gratia of Rs 10 Lakh to Next of Kin of 2 Killed in Mangaluru|website=News18|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref> However, the compensation was withheld on 26 December, impending an enquiry on the killed men.<ref name="IE 26 Dec Karnataka">{{cite news |title=Karnataka CM puts on hold compensation to family of those killed in Mangaluru police firing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-cm-withdraws-compensation-to-family-of-those-killed-in-mangaluru-police-firing-6184622/ |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

:*Thousands of LGBT rights activists protest raised slogans against the CAA at the [[Queer Azaadi Mumbai|Queer Azaadi Pride Parade]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbai-pride-2020-thousands-stand-in-solidarity-with-queer-muslims-amid-caa-nrc-chaos-urge-govt-to-amend-draconian-transgender-act-7991111.html|title=Mumbai Pride 2020: Thousands stand in solidarity with queer Muslims amid CAA-NRC chaos, urge govt to amend 'draconian' Transgender Act|website=Firstpost|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/queer-pride-is-here-to-stay/article30716598.ece|title=Mumbai's LGBTQIA+ community stages a colourful protest at Azad Maidan|last1=Cornelious|first1=Deborah|date=2 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

:*[[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]] students staged a march to the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] against the CAA and NRC. The march was stopped by the Delhi police who detained protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/952754/delhi-more-than-10-jamia-students-injured-as-police-stop-caa-protest-march-to-parliament|title=Delhi: More than 10 Jamia students injured as police stop CAA protest march to Parliament|website=Scroll.in|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> The police allegedly sexually assaulted the protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hit-on-private-parts-some-choked-jamia-students-delhi-cops-clash-as-anti-caa-march-to-parl-turns-violent-2496175.html|title='Hit on Private Parts, Some Choked': Jamia Students, Cops Clash as Anti-CAA March Turns Violent; 16 in Hosp|website=News18|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

:* [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[António Guterres]] expressed concerns over the possibility of millions being rendered [[stateless nation|stateless]] due to the CAA and NRC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/un-chief-antonio-guterres-caa-nrc|title='Necessary to Prevent Statelessness': UN Chief Antonio Guterres on CAA, NRC|website=The Wire|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/un-chief-antonio-guterres-expresses-concern-over-caa-says-risk-of-statelessness-for-two-million-muslims|title=UN Chief Antonio Guterres expresses concern over CAA, says risk of statelessness for two million Muslims|website=National Herald|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

:* About 200 Women gathered near the Jaffrabad Metro Station in Delhi at night protesting against the CAA and NRC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/over-200-women-gather-near-delhis-jaffrabad-metro-station-to-protest-against-caa-and-nrc-raise-slogans-of-aazadi-8075821.html|title=Over 200 women gather near Delhi's Jaffrabad metro station to protest against CAA and NRC, raise slogans of 'aazadi'|website=Firstpost|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

* A five-page resolution against the CAA was drafted by 154 members of the [[European Parliament]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/154-european-union-lawmakers-draft-stunning-anti-caa-resolution|title=154 European Union lawmakers draft stunning anti-CAA resolution|last1=Jay|first1=Mala|website=National Herald|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> who stated that it "marks a dangerous shift in the way citizenship will be determined in India and is set to create the largest statelessness crisis in the world and cause immense human suffering".<ref name="Statelessness Crisis" />

* Several US cities and counties — Seattle, Albany, St. Paul, Hamtramck, Cambridge, San Francisco, Riverdale and Alameda County — have passed resolutions against the CAA and NRC.<ref name="Seattle City Council Resolution">{{Cite news|date=4 February 2020|title=Seattle City Council passes resolution against CAA, NRC|work=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/seattle-city-council-passes-resolution-against-caa-nrc/article30732118.ece|access-date=9 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Another US city passes resolution against India's citizenship law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/city-passes-resolution-india-citizenship-law-200212094100503.html|access-date=27 February 2020|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambridge City Council passes resolution against CAA, NRC a week after Seattle, becomes second US body to tread on similar path|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/cambridge-city-council-passes-resolution-against-caa-nrc-a-week-after-seattle-becomes-second-us-body-to-tread-on-similar-path-8032801.html|access-date=27 February 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fatima|first=Nikhat|date=12 December 2020|title=Silicon Valley County passes resolution against draconian Indian laws|url=http://twocircles.net/2020dec12/440231.html|access-date=12 December 2020|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Rummana|date=2021-03-17|title=City Council resolution denouncing discrimination in India should be a no-brainer|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/opinion/2021/3/17/22335258/chicago-city-council-resolution-denouncing-bigotry-discrimination-india-bjp-modi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007020801/https://chicago.suntimes.com/opinion/2021/3/17/22335258/chicago-city-council-resolution-denouncing-bigotry-discrimination-india-bjp-modi|archive-date=2021-10-07|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en}}</ref>

* The [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] (SSUS) at [[Kalady]] in [[Kerala]] become the first university in the country to pass a resolution against the Citizenship Amendment Act by its syndicate in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=N |first1=SMITHA |title=Sanskrit varsity becomes first univ to pass resolution against CAA |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/200120/sanskrit-univ-passes-resolution-against-caa.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> This was followed by [[Calicut University]] in the same month.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajeev |first1=K R |title=Calicut University syndicate passes resolution against CAA - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/cu-syndicate-passes-resolution-against-caa/articleshow/73759856.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>

Reactionary protests were also held at universities across the country including [[Cotton University]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/guwahati-cotton-university-students-hold-protest-against-cab-119121000495_1.html|title=Guwahati: Cotton University students hold protest against CAB|last=ANI|date=10 December 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> [[Gauhati University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/massive-protests-against-citizenship-amendment-bill-2418419.html|title=PHOTOS: Massive Protest Against Citizenship Amendment Bill Across India|date=15 December 2019|website=News18|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]],<ref name="DC-HYD">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/students-of-iit-bombay-protest-passage-of-cab-6162608/|title=Students of IIT-Bombay protest passage of CAB|date=12 December 2019|website=[[Indian Express Limited|The Indian Express]]|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> [[Madras University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madras-university-students-protest-against-caa-for-third-consecutive-day-1629842-2019-12-19|title=Madras University students protest against CAA for third consecutive day|first1=Akshaya|last1=Nath|date=19 December 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> [[Presidency University, Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/presidency-university-students-protest-against-citizenship-bill/articleshow/72494015.cms|title=Presidency University students protest against citizenship bill|date=12 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> [[Jamia Millia Islamia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/citizenship-bill-protest-jamia-millia-islamia-students-police-clash-6165506/|title=Delhi: 50 Jamia students detained after clash with cops during Citizenship Bill protests|date=13 December 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-jamia-millia-islamia-students-clash-with-police-after-march-opposing-cab-stopped/articleshow/72526897.cms|title=Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Delhi: 50 Jamia Millia Islamia students detained after clash with cops|last1=Ibrar|first1=Mohammad|date=13 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> [[Osmania University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/city-feels-cab-protest-heat-cops-in-full-gear-stand-guard/articleshow/72553455.cms|title=Hyderabad feels CAB protest heat, cops in full gear stand guard |date=14 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> [[University of Hyderabad]], [[University of Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/delhi-university-students-hold-protest-burn-copies-of-citizenship-bill-119121201213_1.html|title=Citizenship bill: DU students hold protest, call legislation 'communal'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 December 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> [[Panjab University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/panjab-university-students-protest-burn-copies-of-citizenship-bill/articleshow/72483312.cms|title=Panjab University students protest, burn copies of citizenship bill|date=12 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fir-against-amu-students-for-protesting-against-citizenship-amendment-bill/article30274834.ece|title=FIR against Aligarh Muslim University students for protesting against Citizenship (Amendment) Bill|date=11 December 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 December 2019|issn=0971-751X}}{{subscription required}}</ref> By 16 December, the protests had spread across India with demonstrations occurring in at least 17 cities including [[Chennai]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/caa-protests-chennai-students-stage-protests-express-solidarity-with-students-in-delhi/article30320387.ece|title=CAA Protests: Chennai students stage protests, express solidarity with students in Delhi|date=16 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 December 2019|issn=0971-751X}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/16/world/asia/india-citizenship-protests.html|title=Protests Spread Across India Over Divisive Citizenship Law|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|date=16 December 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 December 2019|url-access=subscription|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post 16">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/protests-erupt-across-india-against-new-citizenship-law-after-police-storm-university-campus/2019/12/16/9ebbeae6-1ff0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|title=Protests erupt across India against new citizenship law after police storm university campus|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|work=The Washington Post|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

On 19 December police banned protests in several parts of India with the imposition of [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] which prohibits the gathering of more than 4 individuals in a public space as being unlawful, namely, parts of the capital [[Delhi|New Delhi]], Uttar Pradesh, and [[Karnataka]], including Bangalore. As Section 144 was imposed, the students of [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM-Bangalore]] demonstrate their protest peacefully by laying shoes and placards in front of the institute gate, which they called the Shoe [[Satyagraha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shoe Satyagraha: IIM Bengaluru students use footwear to register CAA protest; defy Sec 144, admin orders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shoe-satyagraha-iim-bengaluru-use-footwear-to-register-caa-protest-defy-sec-144-admin-orders-1629895-2019-12-20 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Following IIM-Ahmedabad and Bangalore, [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM-Calcutta]] raised their voice peacefully in solidarity against the Act and the brutal misconduct by police against the students who were protesting all over the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Nandita |title=IIM-C holds its peace, but other Kolkata campuses join CAA protests |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/iim-c-holds-its-peace-but-other-kolkata-campuses-join-caa-protests-11577037401518.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Live Mint |date=22 December 2019}}</ref> Several institutes in [[Kozhikode]] including [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|IIM-Kozhikode]], [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT-Calicut]], [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]] and [[Farook College]] expressed their protest from 19 to 20 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIT-C, IIM-K students join mass agitation against CAA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/nit-c-iim-k-students-join-mass-agitation-against-caa/article30352071.ece |access-date=28 December 2019 |date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Police in [[Chennai]] denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50833361|title=India police ban protests against citizenship law|date=19 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/930621/|title=Section 144 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Internet services were also shutdown in some parts of Delhi. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained, primarily in Delhi, including several opposition leaders and activists such as [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Sitaram Yechury]], [[Yogendra Yadav]], [[Umar Khalid]], [[Sandeep Dikshit]], and [[D Raja]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50833361|title=Hundreds detained in India over citizenship protest|date=19 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/anti-caa-protests-live-updates-8-delhi-metro-stations-closed-congress-ncp-gear-all-india-stirs/story/392305.html|title=Anti-CAA Protests Live Updates: 19 Delhi Metro stations shut; scores detained in multiple cities |website=businesstoday.in |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/citizenship-amendment-act-live-updates-delhi-nationwide-protests-section-144-in-karnataka-high-court-hearing-today-119121900152_1.html|title=CAA protest LIVE: 18 Delhi metro stations shut, protestors defy Section 144 |website=Business Standard |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Despite the fear of being detained, tens of thousands of people protested in Hyderabad, Patna, Chandigarh, Mumbai and other cities. Civil society groups, political parties, students, activists and ordinary citizens used social medial platforms to ask people to turn up and protest peacefully.<ref name="BBC 19 Dec"/> The protests involving 20,000 protesters concluded peacefully at the [[August Kranti Maidan]] at Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror 19" />

The CAA made 2014 as the cut-off date to determine illegal foreigners but according to people opposing the act, Assam bore the brunt of immigrants from 1951 to 1971, while other states did not.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/citizenship-bill-why-is-assam-protesting/articleshow/72483294.cms |title=Citizenship Amendment Bill: Why Assam is protesting?|last1=Singh|first1=Bikash|date=17 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/caa-protests-in-assam-why-it-is-different-from-the-rest-of-the-country/articleshow/72844673.cms|title=CAA protests in Assam: Why it is different from the rest of the country|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=D. P.|date=17 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19861215-citizenship-act-govt-changes-criteria-qualifying-a-person-as-a-citizen-of-india-801552-1986-12-15|title=Citizenship Act: Govt changes criteria qualifying a person as a citizen of India|date=15 December 1986|first1=Tania|last1=Midha|website=India Today|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> The protesters were angry that the new law would allow thousands of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaking non-Muslim [[Illegal immigration to India#Bangladeshi immigrants|immigrants from Bangladesh]] to become legal citizens of India,<ref name="Reuters16Dec">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-citizenship-protests/india-citizenship-law-protests-spread-across-campuses-idUSKBN1YK0DD|title=India citizenship law protests spread across campuses|date=16 December 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="bbc" /> thereby influencing the political and cultural environment of Assam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/citizenship-bill-why-is-assam-protesting/articleshow/72483294.cms|title=Citizenship Amendment Bill 2019: Why is Assam protesting?|last1=Singh|first1=Bikash|date=12 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> Thousands of members and workers of the [[All Assam Students' Union|All Assam Students Union (AASU)]] and 30 other indigenous organisations, artists, cultural activists of the state gathered at Latasil ground in Dispur to stage a [[satyagraha]] against the Act on 16, 17 and 18 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/citizenship-act-anything-for-motherland-thousands-held-during-day-1-of-satyagraha-assam-govt-2426469.html|title='Anything for Motherland': Thousands Held during Day 1 of AASU's Satyagraha, Assam Govt Defiant|website=News18|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="ITAASU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aasu-stages-satyagraha-against-caa-over-1000-protesters-detained-in-guwahati-1628799-2019-12-16|title=AASU stages Satyagraha against CAA, over 1000 protesters detained in Guwahati|last1=GuwahatiDecember 16|first1=Hemanta Kumar Nath|date=16 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> [[Assam Police]] subsequently detained the general secretary and the [[adviser]] to the AASU and over 2,000 protesters in Guwahati during a protest rally on 18 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aasu-stages-satyagraha-against-caa-over-1000-protesters-detained-in-guwahati-1628799-2019-12-16|title=AASU stages Satyagraha against CAA, over 1000 protesters detained in Guwahati|date=16 December 2019|author=Hemanta Kumar Nath|website=India Today|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=14 March 2012|title=Union leaders rally protesters|journal=Nursing Standard|volume=26|issue=28|pages=5|doi=10.7748/ns.26.28.5.s2|pmid=28071376|issn=0029-6570}}</ref>

Access to the internet was restricted in Assam by the administrative authorities.<ref name="IT arrests" /> A curfew was also declared in Assam and [[Tripura]] due to the protests,<ref name="bbc" /> leading to army deployment as protesters defied the curfews. Railway services were suspended and some airlines started to waive rescheduling or cancellation fees in those areas.<ref name="BBC 2 Dead">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50754065|title=Two dead as Indian police clash with protesters|date=12 December 2019|work=BBC|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Officials reported that at least four people died after clashes with police in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-caa-protest-4-dead-in-police-firing-175-arrested-more-than-1400-detained-1628545-2019-12-16|title=Assam CAA protest: 4 dead in police firing, 175 arrested, more than 1400 detained|last1=Chandra Pandey|first1=Munish|website=India Today|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2 Dead" /> Two men, Dipanjal Das and Sam Stafford, died due to police firing on 12 December.<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/cab-protest-1-killed-in-crpf-firing-at-guwahati.html|title=CAB protest: 1 martyred in CRPF firing at Guwahati|website=NORTHEAST NOW|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> On 15 December, [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] official stated that Ishwar Nayak died on the night of 14 December and Abdul Alim died on 15 December morning. Both of them had been admitted to the hospital after suffering gunshot wounds.<ref name="quint CAA" /> As of 15 December, it was reported that at least 6 people had died due to police firing during the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/anti-citizenship-act-protests-toll-rises-to-six-in-assam-protesters-block-roads-railway-tracks-torch-vehicles-in-west-bengal-7782461.html|title=Anti-Citizenship Act protests: Toll rises to six in Assam; protesters block roads, railway tracks, torch vehicles in West Bengal|website=Firstpost|date=15 December 2019|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> After ten days of restriction, mobile internet services in the state were restored from 20 December, although the [[Gauhati High Court]] had ordered the government of Assam to restore the service by 5 pm on 19 December.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mobile-internet-ban-lifted-in-assam/article30355717.ece|title=Mobile internet ban lifted in Assam|date=20 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 December 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> By 22 December, the number of arrested people rose to 393, with 28 cases being registered for making offensive and provocative posts on social media.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-caa-protests-393-people-arrested-244-cases-registered-in-assam-violence-1631001-2019-12-23|title=Anti-CAA protests: 393 people arrested, 244 cases registered in Assam violence|first1=Hemanta|last1=Kumar Nath|date=23 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

On 15 December, protests against CAA were held outside the campus of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/police-stormed-a-university-in-india-muslim-students-say-the-violence-was-an-act-of-revenge/2020/02/16/6727aa24-37e8-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html|title=Police stormed a university in India. Muslim students say the violence was an act of revenge.|first1=Joanna|last1=Slater|date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On the evening of 15 December, police officers forcefully entered the campus of the university and assaulted the students. At least 60 students were injured including the president of the students Union. The access to the internet was restricted in the area by the district administration. The university was closed from 15 December till 5 January 2020.<ref name="Hindu_Aligarh">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/students-injured-in-police-crackdown-at-aligarh-muslim-university/article30313968.ece|title=At least 60 injured in police crackdown at Aligarh Muslim University|date=15 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 December 2019}}{{restricted access}}</ref> A report by three activist-lawyers alleged that the police had resorted to "deceptive shelling", firing explosives camouflaged as tear gas shells during the crackdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bared-police-brutality-on-amu-students/cid/1728324|title=Bared: Police 'brutality' on AMU students|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> On the evening of 17 December, police released 26 people (including 8 students) on personal bonds. They had been arrested on charges of violence.<ref name="Hindu CAA 17 Dec">{{cite news |last1=Net Desk |first1=The Hindu |title=CAA protests live updates {{!}} 21 people injured in Seelampur violence: police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/citizenship-amendment-act-protest-hartal-live-updates-december-17-2019/article30326650.ece |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=17 December 2019}}{{restricted access}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-violence-india-slams-misleading-irresponsible-remarks-by-international-bodies/articleshow/74335934.cms|title=Delhi violence: India slams 'misleading, irresponsible' remarks by international bodies|date=27 February 2020|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

On 21 December 2019, around a hundred students and professionals of Indian origin living in [[Munich]], Germany gathered at the memorial to the [[White Rose]] Movement outside the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] (LMU) and protested against the CAA, NRC, and the police action against the students of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement about the Munich protest from the local organizers|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndiansAgainstFascismMunich/posts/105961954246184|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}{{Better source needed|date=January 2020}}

The protests started in Assam in early December. By 12 December, students in at least 50 colleges and universities nationwide had joined the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5752186/india-protests-citizenship-act/|title=How a New Law in India Sparked Mass Protests and a Brutal Police Clampdown|website=Time|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> The student protests subsequently grew and spread all over the country and several political and citizen groups joined it.<ref name="MC short history" />

As of 4 January 21 people were killed by police firing guns during the CAA protests in Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="NDTV 4 Jan bullet">{{cite news |title=UP Police Say 57 Cops Had Bullet Injuries In Clashes. We Found Only One |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/citizenship-amendment-act-up-police-say-57-cops-had-bullet-injuries-in-clashes-but-only-one-found-2158556 |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="India Today deaths">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-protests-uttar-pradesh-numbers-1631855-2019-12-27|title=Uttar Pradesh CAA protests in numbers: 19 dead, over 1,100 arrested for violence|date=27 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 16 Killed">{{cite news |title=Death toll touches 16 in U.P. as protests continue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anti-caa-protests-toll-rises-to-15-in-uttar-pradesh-vandalism-during-bihar-bandh/article30368185.ece |access-date=21 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2019 }}</ref> 3 killed in Karnataka<ref name="Hindu 16 Killed" /> and 5 in Assam. All the three states were ruled by BJP. Overall, 27 people were killed by police firing guns in the whole of India.<ref name="aljazeera 27 Dead">{{cite news |title=Internet banned in India's Uttar Pradesh amid anger over killings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/internet-banned-india-uttar-pradesh-anger-killings-191227060434667.html |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="The Wire 25 dead">{{cite news |title=These Are the 25 People Killed During Anti-Citizenship Amendment Act Protests |url=https://thewire.in/rights/anti-caa-protest-deaths |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=The Wire}}</ref> With 19 killed and 1,246 people arrested based on 372 FIRs lodged in the state, UP was the worst affected state with the biggest police crackdown in India.<ref name="CAA Express live 28 Dec" />

:* Mohammad Bilal (27) and Shehroz (22) in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="21 Dec Scroll">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Citizenship Act protests: One person killed in Rampur in fresh violence, toll in UP rises to 16 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/947486/caa-protests-seven-killed-in-uttar-pradesh-chandrashekhar-azad-surrenders-in-delhi |access-date=21 December 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

Rallies and demonstrations in support of Citizenship Amendment Bill were held in New Delhi,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Pratap Bhanu|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2019-12-20/modi-pushes-india-revolt|title=Modi Pushes India Into Revolt|journal=Foreign Affairs : America and the World|date=23 December 2019|access-date=9 February 2020|issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/people-gather-at-delhis-central-park-raise-slogans-in-support-of-caa/articleshow/72904498.cms|title=Protest in Delhi Today: People gather at Delhi's Central Park, raise slogans in support of CAA|last=PTI|date=20 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/at-pro-caa-rally-in-mumbai-people-hail-pm-modi/article30367926.ece|title=PM Modi hailed at a pro-CAA rally in Mumbai|last=PTI|website=@businessline|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Nagpur,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/massive-rally-support-citizenship-amendment-act-nagpur|title=Massive rally in support of Citizenship Amendment Act in Nagpur|date=22 December 2019|work=DD News|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Bangalore,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pro-caa-rallies-in-bengaluru-nagpur-man-returning-from-event-stabbed/articleshow/72930768.cms|title=Pro-CAA rallies in Bengaluru, Nagpur; man returning from event stabbed|date=23 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Dehradun<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/anti-pro-caa-protests-held-in-city/articleshow/72944979.cms|title=Anti & pro-CAA protests held in city|last1=Anab|first1=Mohammad|date=24 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> and some other places.<ref name="ddnews 24 Dec">{{cite news|url=http://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/bjp-takes-out-massive-rally-support-caa|title=BJP takes out massive rally in support of CAA {{!}} DD News|date=24 December 2019|work=ddnews.gov.in|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> A rally in Kolkata was headed by [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]], working national president of BJP, and was attended by Hindu refugees from Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindu-refugees-from-pakistan-honour-bjps-jp-nadda-at-pro-caa-function/articleshow/72924706.cms|title=Hindu refugees from Pakistan honour BJP's JP Nadda at pro-CAA function|last=22 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jp-nadda-takes-out-bjp-rally-in-kolkata-in-support-of-caa/articleshow/72937000.cms|title=JP Nadda takes out BJP rally in Kolkata in support of CAA|last=PTI|date=23 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Protests against CAA were condemned in these rallies and hailed [[Narendra Modi]] for taking a decision on CAA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-pro-caa-rally-in-mumbai-people-hail-pm-modi/articleshow/72917692.cms|title=At pro-CAA rally in Mumbai, people hail PM Modi|date=21 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/now-some-pro-caa-rallies-too-in-mumbai|title=Now, some pro-CAA rallies too in Mumbai|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Nine [[Jainism|Jain]] organisations came out in support of CAA on 20 December 2019 and thanked a BJP politician and BJP for the Amendment.<ref name="HTChandigarh" />

Members of the Indian-American community held a pro-CAA rally in front of the Indian Consulate in Houston on 20 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/indian-americans-hold-rallies-in-support-of-caa-nrc-in-us/article30394138.ece|title=Indian-Americans hold rallies in support of CAA, NRC|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|website=[[Business Line]]|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> They also held other rallies at [[Victor Steinbrueck Park]], [[Seattle]] and [[Texas State Capitol]] building in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] on 22 December 2019. Rallies were also held at Ted Kaltenbach Park, [[Dublin, California|Dublin]], [[Ohio]] and at Nash Square Park, [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2019/dec/25/indianamericans-hold-rallies-backing-caa-nrc/c2697a59a9fdfcbda73408a07aa75821|title=Indian-Americans hold rallies backing CAA, NRC|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>