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{{split|Mundari Bani Hisir|date=May 2021}}
{{other uses|Mundari (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Munda language of eastern India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Mundari
| name = Mundari
| nativename = ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि
| nativename = मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], Nepal
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]]
| ethnicity = [[Munda people|Munda]]
| ethnicity = [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Bhumij]]
| speakers = 1,128,228
| speakers = 1,661,656<!--This includes all speakers counted under Mundari, Munda and Bhumij-->
| date = 2011 census
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| fam2 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]
| fam3 = [[North Munda]]
| fam3=North
| fam4 = [[Kherwari]]
| fam4=Kherwarian
| fam5 = Mundari languages
| fam5=Mundaric
| dia1 = Bhumij
| dia1 = Bhumij<br/>Hasada<br/>Naguri<br/>Tamaria<br/>Kera
| script = [[Mundari Bani]], [[Devanagari]], [[Eastern Nagari script]], [[Oriya script]], [[Latin script]]
| script = [[Mundari Bani]], others: [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3 = unr
| iso3 = unr
<!--
| lc1 = unx
| lc1 = unx
| ld1 = Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
| ld1 = Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
-->
| glotto = mund1320
| glotto = mund1320
| glottorefname = Mundari
| glottorefname = Mundari
| ELP = 1601
| ELPname = Bhumij
| image = [[File:Mundari in Mundari Bani script.png|250px]]
| imagecaption =  'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script
| nation = {{IND}}
*[[Jharkhand]] (additional)
}}
}}
The '''Mundari''' language is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] language family. It is spoken by the [[Munda people]].
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari script)]]
'''Mundari''' ('''Munɖari''') is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] tribes in eastern Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It is closely related to [[Santali language|Santali]]. [[Mundari Bani]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm|title=Mundari Bani}}</ref> a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by [[Rohidas Singh Nag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/15/bms-to-intensify-agitation-on-mundari-language-1147760918.html|title=BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language|website=oneindia.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012".] Page 22</ref> It has also been written in the [[Devanagari]], [[Oriya script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] writing systems.
 
==History==
According to linguist [[Paul Sidwell]] (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018"]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.</ref>
 
==Geographical distribution==
Mundari is spoken in the [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] and [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], [[East Singhbhum district]] of [[Jharkhand]], and in the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Baleshwar district|Baleshwar]], [[Sundargarh district]] of [[Odisha]] by at least 1.1 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/UNR|title=Mundari|website=ethnologue}}</ref> Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.
 
==Dialects==
Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica'' (vol. 1, p.&nbsp;6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in [[Jharkhand]] state.
*'''Hasada''' ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-[[Chaibasa]] Road
*'''Naguri''' ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-[[Chaibasa]] Road
*'''Tamaria''' ([tamaɽ-ia]) or '''Latar''': [[Kurmali language|Panchpargana]] area ([[Bundu block|Bundu]], [[Tamar block|Tamar]], [[Silli block|Silli]], Baranda, and Rahe)
*'''Kera''' ([keraʔ]): ethnic [[Oraon language|Oraon]] who live in the [[Ranchi]] city area
 
'''Bhumij''', listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across [[Jharkhand]] state and in [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]] (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers, although the census records around 27,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/pune/civic/Keeping-Munda-in-mind/articleshow/54369782.cms|title=Keeping Munda in mind |newspaper=Pune Mirror |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
 
==Phonology==
The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel [[phonemes]], Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)
 
===Vowels===
Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized [[allophones]], but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.
{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}} || || {{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ä|a}} ||
|}
 
===Consonants===
Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!{{Small|voiceless}}
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]||[[Voiceless dental and alveolar stops|t̪]]||[[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]]||[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]||[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]
|[[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
!{{Small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|(pʰ)||(t̪ʰ)||(ʈʰ)||(t͡ɕʰ)||(kʰ)
|
|-
!{{Small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|[[Voiced bilabial stop|b]]||[[Voiced dental and alveolar stops|d̪]]||[[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]||[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]||[[Voiced velar stop|g]]||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s̪]]
|
|
|
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n̪]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
|[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|[[Voiceless retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Palatal approximant|j]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| style="font-weight: normal" |[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
| style="font-weight: normal" |
|
|
|
|}
 
== Counting ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| मिसा|| ''Missa ''|| Once
|-
| बरसा  ||  ''Birsa'' || Twice
|-
| अपिसा || ''Apisa'' || Thrice
|-
| उपनुसा  || ''Upnisa'' || four times
|-
| मोंड़ेसा  || ''Mondesa'' || Five times
|-
| तुरिसा  || ''Turisa'' || Six times
|-
| ए'सा  || ''Eh sa'' || Seven times
|-
| इरलसा  || ''Erklsa'' || Eight Times
|-
| अरे-सा  || ''Are sa'' || Nine times
|-
| गेलसा  || ''Gelsa'' || Ten times
|-
| Gel Miyad ||...||Eleven
|-
| Gel Bariya||...||Twelve
|-
|,  Apiya ||...||Thirteen
|-
|,  Upuna ||...||Fourteen
|-
|,  Modeya||...||Fifteen
|-
|,  Turiya||...||Sixteen
|-
|,  Eya  ||...||Seventeen
|-
|,  Iriliya||...||Eighteen
|-
|,  Areya ||... ||Nineteen
|-
| Mid Hisi ||... ||Twenty
|-
| Hisi Miyad||...||Twenty-one
|-
| Mid hisi Gel||...||Thirty
|-
| Hisi Gel Miyad||...||Thirty-one
|-
| Bar Hisi ||...||Forty
|-
| Bar Hisi Miyad||...||Forty-one
|-
| Bar Hisi Gel||...||Fifty
|-
| Aapi Hisi ||...||Sixty
|-
| Aapi Hisi Gel||...||Seventy
|-
| Upun Hisi ||...||Eighty
|-
| Upun Hisi Gel||...||Ninety
|-
| Mid Saaye||...||One hundred
|-
| Bar Saaye||...||Two hundred
|-
| Mid Hazar||...||One thousand
|-
| Mid Lak||...||One [[lakh]]
|}
 
==Relations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| ऐंन्गा || ''Enga''|| Mother
|-
| आपूम || ''Apum''|| Father
|-
| हग्गा || ''Hagga''|| Brother
|-
| मिस्सी || ''Missi''|| Sister
|-
| गुया  || ''Guya''|| Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
|-
| गतिंग  || ''Gatin''|| Friend
 
|-भागिना ||"Bhagina"|| Son of sister
|-भागिनि ||"Bgagini"|| Daughter of sister
|-
| Hon koda||...||Son
|-
|Hon Kudi ||...||Daughter
|}
 
== Verb ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| रिकाएआ ||  ''Rikā'ē'ā'' || Does
|-
| ओलेआ || ''Ol'ē'ā'' || Write
|-
| जगरेआ || ''Jagor'ē'ā'' || Talk
|-
| पढ़वएआ || ''Padv'ē'ā'' || Read
|-
| लेलेआ || ''Lel'ē'ā'' || Look / see
|-
| सेनेआ || ''Sen'ē'ā'' || Come along with
|-
| नमेआ || ''Nem'ē'ā'' || Found
|-
| निरेआ ||'' Nir'ē'ā'' ||  Run
|-
| सबेआ || ''Sab'ē'ā'' || Hold
|-
| लेका एआ || ''Leka'ē'ā'' ||  Count
|-
| मुकाएआ || ''Muka'ē'ā'' || Measure
|-
| रिका एआ || ''Rika'ē'ā'' || Cut
|-
| Hedem ||...||Sweet
|-
|Kete-e ||...||Hard
|-
|Lebe-e ||...||Soft
|-
|Singi  ||...||Sun
|-
|Chandu-u||...||Moon
|-
|Ipil    ||...||Stars
|-
|Sirma  ||...||Sky
|-
|Ote Dishum||...||Earth
|-
|Rimil||...||cloud
|-
|Hoyo||...||Air/Wind
|-
|Gitil||...||Sands
|-
|Dhudi||...||Dust
|-
|Losod||...||Muddy
|-
|Hodomo||...||Body
|-
|Tasad||...||Grass
|-
|Daru||...||Tree
|-
|Sakam||...||Leaf
|-
|Dayir||...||Branches of Tree
|}
 
==Writing system==
{{main article|Mundari Bani}}
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)]]
Mandari is also written in native [[Mundari Bani]], invented in the 1980s by [[Rohidas Singh Nag]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. ''The Munda languages''. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
*Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). ''The Munda languages'', 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm
9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm


==Further reading==
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;351–390.
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;442–457
*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;406–431.
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}}


{{Asia-stub}}
===Texts===
*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}}
*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}}


==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030710/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Mundari/mundari.html Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NP&seq=20 Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view]] Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}
[[Category:Munda languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
 
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]


{{simple-Wikipedia}}
[[ca:Llengües kolàries]]

Revision as of 16:35, 7 September 2021

For other uses, see Mundari (disambiguation).

Mundari
मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ
'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script
Native toIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal
EthnicityMunda, Bhumij
Native speakers
1,661,656 (2011 census)[1]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • North
      • Kherwarian
        • Mundaric
          • Mundari
Dialects
  • Bhumij
    Hasada
    Naguri
    Tamaria
    Kera
Mundari Bani, others: Odia, Devanagari, Bengali, Latin
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-3unr
Glottologmund1320
Mundari Bani (Mundari script)

Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani,[2] a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[3][4] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]

Geographical distribution

Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha by at least 1.1 million people.[6] Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers, although the census records around 27,000.[7]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ɕ k ʔ
aspirated (pʰ) (t̪ʰ) (ʈʰ) (t͡ɕʰ) (kʰ)
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʑ g
Fricative s̪ h
Nasal m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ
Approximant w l ɽ j
Trill r

Counting

Mundari Transliteration Translation
मिसा Missa Once
बरसा Birsa Twice
अपिसा Apisa Thrice
उपनुसा Upnisa four times
मोंड़ेसा Mondesa Five times
तुरिसा Turisa Six times
ए'सा Eh sa Seven times
इरलसा Erklsa Eight Times
अरे-सा Are sa Nine times
गेलसा Gelsa Ten times
Gel Miyad ... Eleven
Gel Bariya ... Twelve
, Apiya ... Thirteen
, Upuna ... Fourteen
, Modeya ... Fifteen
, Turiya ... Sixteen
, Eya ... Seventeen
, Iriliya ... Eighteen
, Areya ... Nineteen
Mid Hisi ... Twenty
Hisi Miyad ... Twenty-one
Mid hisi Gel ... Thirty
Hisi Gel Miyad ... Thirty-one
Bar Hisi ... Forty
Bar Hisi Miyad ... Forty-one
Bar Hisi Gel ... Fifty
Aapi Hisi ... Sixty
Aapi Hisi Gel ... Seventy
Upun Hisi ... Eighty
Upun Hisi Gel ... Ninety
Mid Saaye ... One hundred
Bar Saaye ... Two hundred
Mid Hazar ... One thousand
Mid Lak ... One lakh

Relations

Mundari Transliteration Translation
ऐंन्गा Enga Mother
आपूम Apum Father
हग्गा Hagga Brother
मिस्सी Missi Sister
गुया Guya Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंग Gatin Friend
Hon koda ... Son
Hon Kudi ... Daughter

Verb

Mundari Transliteration Translation
रिकाएआ Rikā'ē'ā Does
ओलेआ Ol'ē'ā Write
जगरेआ Jagor'ē'ā Talk
पढ़वएआ Padv'ē'ā Read
लेलेआ Lel'ē'ā Look / see
सेनेआ Sen'ē'ā Come along with
नमेआ Nem'ē'ā Found
निरेआ Nir'ē'ā Run
सबेआ Sab'ē'ā Hold
लेका एआ Leka'ē'ā Count
मुकाएआ Muka'ē'ā Measure
रिका एआ Rika'ē'ā Cut
Hedem ... Sweet
Kete-e ... Hard
Lebe-e ... Soft
Singi ... Sun
Chandu-u ... Moon
Ipil ... Stars
Sirma ... Sky
Ote Dishum ... Earth
Rimil ... cloud
Hoyo ... Air/Wind
Gitil ... Sands
Dhudi ... Dust
Losod ... Muddy
Hodomo ... Body
Tasad ... Grass
Daru ... Tree
Sakam ... Leaf
Dayir ... Branches of Tree

Writing system

Main article: Mundari Bani
Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)

Mandari is also written in native Mundari Bani, invented in the 1980s by Rohidas Singh Nag.

References

  1. ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ "Mundari Bani".
  3. ↑ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
  5. ↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018". Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Mundari". ethnologue.
  7. ↑ "Keeping Munda in mind". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
  • Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm 9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm

Further reading

  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
  • Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
  • Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4

Texts

External links

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