Mundari Bani

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Mundari Bani
๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“œ๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ๐ž“š ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š
'Mundari' in Mundari Bani Script
Script type
CreatorRohidas Singh Nag
Created1982
Time period
1982 to present
DirectionLeft to Right
RegionIndia
LanguagesMundari
Related scripts
Parent systems
Original invention
  • Mundari Bani
Unicode
Unicode alias
Template:ISO 15924 alias
U+1E4D0โ€“U+1E4FF Nag Mundari
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and โŸจ โŸฉ, see IPA ยง Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Template:Writing systems in India Mundari Bani (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) also known as Nag Mundari (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) and Mundari Bani Hisir , or the Mundari alphabet, is the writing system created for the Mundari language, spoken in eastern India. Mundari is an Austroasiatic language. Mundari Bani has 27 letters and five diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.

Community elder and author Rohidas Singh Nag invented and published in late 1980 the alphabetic writing system Mundari Bani, which has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing.

History[edit | edit source]

Rohidas Singh Nag started designing the initial characters of Mundari bani in 1949 while in grade school, which he wrote on the walls using clay.[1][2] By 1953 he had finished a set of 35 characters. He further simplified the alphabet in 1980 by reducing it to 27 alphabetical characters. In 2008 Bharat Munda Samaj, Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda and Nag reformed the script in styling and adding glyphs. Since then, fonts were developed using this standard.

Rohidas Singh Nag, creator of Mundari Bani script

Nag presented the alphabet in the 1980s to then-Chief Minister of Odisha Janaki Ballabh Patnaik and submitted a memorandum to recognize the Munda language constitutionally. Nag along with others submitted a memorandum to the then president of India in 1999 appealing again for the constitutional recognition. "Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda", a social organisation of the Munda community based in Poda Astia, Mayurbhanj has been demanding to incorporate the Munda language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, to air Munda language through All India Radio, and establish a Munda language department at North Odisha University for higher studies on the basis of the writing system and literature.[3] The writing system has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing.

Alphabets[edit | edit source]

A Primer showing typical didactic presentation of Mundari Bani. The first section consists of five rows, each headed by a vowel, with the first letter of their names matching the vowel of the row. The second section is a collection of diacritics (Tong) that play a secondary phonetic role.[2]

Unlike the Brahmic abugidas (such as Devanagari, Bengali, or Odia), Mundari Bani is a true alphabet. The script is unicameral, designed to accommodate the unique phonetic features of Austroasiatic Munda languages, such as checked consonants and heavy vowel sequences, while using diacritics and digraphs to adapt to Indo-Aryan loanwords.

Since the 2008 edits, it consists of 27 distinct letters and 5 diacritical marks, written from left to right, where consonants do not possess an inherent vowel. Their names follow traditional naming schemes.[2]

Mundari Alphabet
( [๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š ๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“ก๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Bani Mundi )
Letter Mundari Name Romanised Name Transliteration IPA[4]
ALA-LC Zide[4] Deva. Beng. Odia
Template:Huge [๐ž“] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) O o แป เค“ เฆ“ เฌ“ /ษ”/
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž“‘] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) OP p p เคช เฆช เฌชเญ /p/
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž“’] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) OL l l เคฒ เฆฒ เฌฒเญ /l/
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž““] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) OY y y เคฏ เฆฏ / เฆฏเฆผ เฌฏ / เญŸ /j/
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž“”] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ONG ng แน… เค™ เฆ™ เฌ™ /ล‹/
Template:Huge [๐ž“•] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) A ฤ a เค… / เค† เฆ… / เฆ† เฌ… / เฌ† /a/
Template:Huge [๐ž“•๐ž“–] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) AJ j cสผ เคœ เฆœ เฌœเญ /dอกส‘/ , /ษŸ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“•๐ž“—] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) AB b pสผ เคฌ เฆฌ เฌฌเญ /pสผ/ , /b/
Template:Huge [๐ž“•๐ž“˜] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ANY ny รฑ เคž เฆž เฌžเญ /ษฒ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“•๐ž“™] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) AH แธฅ h เคƒ เฆƒ เฌƒ /ส”/ , /h/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) I i i เค‡ / เคˆ เฆ‡ / เฆˆ เฌ‡ / เฌˆ /i/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š๐ž“›] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) IS s s เคธ เฆธ เฌธเญ /sฬช/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š๐ž“œ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) IDD แธ แธ เคก เฆก เฌกเญ /ษ–/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š๐ž“] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) IT t t เคค เฆค เฌคเญ /tฬช/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š๐ž“ž] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) IH h (C)h เคน เฆน เฌนเญ /สฐ/ , /h/
Template:Huge [๐ž“Ÿ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) U u u เค‰ / เคŠ เฆ‰ / เฆŠ เฌ‰ / เฌŠ /u/
Template:Huge [๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) UC ch c เคš เฆš เฌšเญ /tอกสƒ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ก] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) UD d tสผ เคฆ เฆฆ เฌฆเญ /tสผ/, /dฬช/
Template:Huge [๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ข] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) UK k k เค• เฆ• เฌ•เญ /k/
Template:Huge [๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฃ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) UR r r เคฐ เฆฐ เฌฐเญ /r/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) E e e เค เฆ เฌ /e/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“ฅ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ENN แน‡ แน‡ เคฃ เฆฃ เฌฃเญ /ษณ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“ฆ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) EG g kสผ เค— เฆ— เฌ—เญ /g/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“ง] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) EM m m เคฎ เฆฎ เฌฎเญ /m/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“จ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) EN n n เคจ เฆจ เฌจเญ /n/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“ฉ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ETT แนญ แนญ เคŸ เฆŸ เฌŸเญ /สˆ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“ค๐ž“ช] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ELL แน› / แธท แธท เคกเคผ / เคณ เฆกเฆผ เฌกเฌผ / เฌณ /ษฝ/, /ษญ/
Mundari Diacritics
( [๐ž“๐ž“๐ž“”] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Toแน…/Tong )
Letter Mundari Name Romanised Name Transliteration Function/IPA[4]
Deva. Beng. Odia
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž“–๐ž“๐ž“ก] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) OJOD เฅ เงโ€Œ เญ Modifies preceding consonant; check/gemination
Template:Huge [๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฌ๐ž“ž๐ž“๐ž“ฃ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) MUHOR เค / เค‚ เงเฆ / เฆ‚ เฌ / เฌ‚ Vowel Nasalization /โ—Œฬƒ/
Template:Huge [๐ž“๐ž“๐ž““๐ž“๐ž“ฃ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) TOYOR โ—Œเคพ โ—Œเฆพ โ—Œเฌพ Vowel Lengthener /ห/
Template:Huge [๐ž“š๐ž“ข๐ž“š๐ž“ฃ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) IKIR โ—Œเฅเคต โ—Œเงเฆฌ โ—Œเญเญฑ Labialization /สท/
Template:Huge [๐ž“›๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“™] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) SUTUH เคผ เฆผ เฌผ Nukta (for non-native sounds)

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Vowels are called Munu Bani (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) in Mundari. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalised allophones, but neither length nor nasality is contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables.[5] The following table shows the five base vowel phonemes:

Mundari Vowel Inventory
([๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“Ÿ ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Munu Bani)
Short Long
Front Central Back Front Central Back
Close /i/ ๐ž“š i /u/ ๐ž“Ÿ u /iห/ ๐ž“š๐ž“ญ ฤซ /uห/ ๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ญ ลซ
Mid /e/๐ž“ค e /o/ ๐ž“ o /eห/ ๐ž“ค๐ž“ญ ฤ“ /oห/ ๐ž“๐ž“ญ ล
Open /a/ ๐ž“• a /aห/ ๐ž“•๐ž“ญ ฤ

In native Mundari grammar, vowels are categorised by phonetic length into short and long vowels. The five base vowel alphabets of the Mundari Bani script are:

Mundari Base Vowels
[๐ž“ก๐ž“š๐ž“”๐ž“ฆ๐ž“•๐ž“ค๐ž“™ ๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“Ÿ ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)
Dingaeแธฅ Munu Bani
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Unlike Brahmic scripts, Mundari Bani lacks independent letters for long vowels. Instead, long vowels are formed by attaching the TOYOR ([โ—Œ๐ž“ญ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)) diacritic to a base vowel, but not all long vowels are demarcated, depending upon the scribe.

  • ๐ž“• (/a/) + โ—Œ๐ž“ญ โ†’ ๐ž“•๐ž“ญ (/aห/)
  • Example 1: Mundari: [๐ž“๐ž“ช๐ž“•๐ž“ญ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help), IPA: /oษฝ.aห/ , Translation: House
  • Example 2: Mundari: [๐ž“—๐ž“š๐ž“ญ๐ž“”] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help), IPA: /biหล‹/ , Translation: Snake
Mundari Long Vowels
[๐ž“–๐ž“š๐ž“’๐ž“š๐ž“” ๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“Ÿ ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)
Jiliแน… Munu Bani
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Loan Words[edit | edit source]

To denote the signature /O/ sound in the neighbouring Odia/Bengali language, the script uses [๐ž“] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) (/o/) with the SUTUH ([โ—Œ๐ž“ฏ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)) diacritic.

Template:Letter

Nasalisation[edit | edit source]

Nasalisation in Mundari is represented by the MUHOR ([โ—Œ๐ž“ฌ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)) diacritic. It attaches to the primary vowels or the final vowel in a cluster.

  • ๐ž“• (/a/) + โ—Œ๐ž“ฌ โ†’ ๐ž“•๐ž“ฌ (/รฃ/)
  • Example 1: Mundari: ๐ž“๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“•๐ž“ฌ, IPA: /tฬชuรฃห/ , Translation: Milk/Breast
  • Example 2: Mundari: [๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฌ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) , IPA: /mลฉห/ , Translation: Nose

Vowels preceding or following nasal phonemes like /ล‹/, /ษฒ/, /แน‡/, /ษณ/ and /m/ are also nasalised. [5] Native writers do not usually add the MUHOR ([โ—Œ๐ž“ฌ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)) in these cases because, unlike the ONG ([๐ž“”] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)) letter, which represents the nasal consonant /ล‹/, the MUHOR indicates the nasalisation of the vowel itself, crucial for distinguishing word pairs in native Munda vocabulary.

  • ๐ž“ง (/m/) + ๐ž“• (/a/) โ†’ ๐ž“ง๐ž“• (/mรฃ/)

Additionally, those following /ษŸ/ are also nasalised.

  • ๐ž“– (/ษŸ/) + ๐ž“• (/a/) โ†’ ๐ž“–๐ž“• (/ษŸรฃ/)

Dipthongs[edit | edit source]

Mundari frequently uses sequences where two or three vowels follow each other without an intervening consonant. Unlike English diphthongs, they are treated as distinct syllables. Some common clusters are:

Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Vowel Absence[edit | edit source]

The absence of vowel phonemes in consonant clusters or after word-end consonants is marked by the absence of vowel letters. There is no halant to indicate a vowel negation as in Brahmic abugidas.

  • Example 1: Mundari: [๐ž“ง๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“จ๐ž“œ๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help), IPA: /Muษณษ–ฤrฤซ/ , Translation: Mundari (lang.)
  • Example 2: Mundari: [๐ž“—๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“’๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“”] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help), IPA: /buluล‹/ , Translation: Salt

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Basic Consonants[edit | edit source]

In Mundari, consonants are called Boja Bani (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.). Mundari Bani represents consonants using 22 basic letters, plus one diacritic. They are organised into five clusters, each led by a primary vowel. The first letter of the consonant's name matches the primary vowel. These basic letters are:

Mundari consonants[2]
([๐ž“—๐ž“๐ž“–๐ž“• ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“š] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Boja Bani)
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Because of centuries of contact with neighbouring eastern Indo-Aryan languages, specifically Bengali and Odia, dialects like Naguri and Kera have aspirated loan words. Because native Mundari lacks aspirated distinction, these aspirated phonemes are denoted by adding the /h/ letter (๐ž“ž) to the consonant.

  • Example: ๐ž“ข (/k/) + ๐ž“ž (/h/) โ†’ ๐ž“ข๐ž“ž (/kสฐ/)

There are no conjunct forms or ligatures, and the letters do not change shape in compound syllables, unlike Brahmic abugidas. Mundari also lacks gemination.

Below is the consonant phonology of Mundari depicted using Mundari Bani, which encompasses native phonemes (basic consonants shown in red and unique phonemes in blue) and aspirated loan words (shown in green).

Mundari Consonant Inventory[6]
Stricture โ†’ Occlusives Sonorants
Articulation โ†’ Plosives & Affricates Nasal Approximant Fricative
Voicing โ†’ Voiceless Voiced Checked
[note 1] 		Voiced Voiceless Voiced
Aspiration โ†’
[note 2] 		Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated
Velar Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Palatal Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Alveolo-palatal
[note 3] 		Template:Letter Template:Letter
Retroflex Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Dental Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Labial Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Glottal Template:Letter Template:Letter

Notes:

  1. โ†‘ Checked Consonants are a unique feature of the Munda language group wherein terminal /b/ and /d/ sounds are characterised by a simultaneous glottal closure and a faint nasal release.
  2. โ†‘ Native Mundari lacks aspirated distinction, but Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops due to contact with Indo-Aryan languages. Unlike Brahmic abugidas, these sounds do not have a distinct glyph to represent them.
  3. โ†‘ The native phonemes for /tสƒ/ and /dส’/ are affricates, i.e. they start as a plosive and release immediately into a fricative, producing a "hissing" sound. Because of the variation between native pronunciation and dialects, the sound can become palatal in most cases and is speaker dependent.

Mundari grammar also categorises consonants into four categories according to their place of articulation:

  • Soft consonants (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • Aspirated consonants (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • Nasal consonants (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • Unstructured consonants (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.).
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Aspirated stops[edit | edit source]

A unique feature of Mundari is the word-final /b/ and /d/, which may be pronounced as checked sounds /ห€bฬฅ(แต)/ or /ห€dฬฅ(โฟ)/. This is represented by placing the diacritic OJOD (๐ž“ซ) before the consonant.

Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • Example: Mundari: [๐ž“’๐ž“•๐ž“ฉ๐ž“•๐ž“ซ๐ž“—] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help), IPA: /laสˆaห€b/ , Translation: Scissors

However, the use of OJOD to denote aspirated stops is dependent on the scribe and is not universal.[2]

The Mundari /สท/ phoneme[edit | edit source]

The Mundari phoneme /w/ or /สท/ has two distinct forms of representation in Mundari Bani using the IKIR diacritic (โ—Œ๐ž“ฎ):

  • Consonantal /สท/: A standalone glide used at the beginning of syllables.
Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • Vocalic /สท/: It is written by adding the IKIR to the vowel that follows to impart a labialized glide.
Template:Letter Template:Letter

/w/ never occurs in the initial position in Mundari,[7] but some use the IKIR in conjunction with vowel letters to write /wa/ or /wi/ syllables from other languages.

Template:Letter Template:Letter

Loan Words[edit | edit source]

Loan words are denoted with the diacritic SUTUH (โ—Œ๐ž“ฏ) when transcribed. Phonemes like 'แบ', 'แน›', 'แน›h', 'ล›' and 'แนฃ', which are common in Indo-Aryan languages, are denoted using the Mundari equivalent with the (โ—Œ๐ž“ฏ).

Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
  • ๐ž“›๐ž“ฏ is used to denote both /ส‚ษ”/ and /ษ•ษ”/ phonemes. The reader is expected to understand from context which phoneme is being depicted, often the case when transcribing widely used loan words.

In many eastern Indian languages, the sounds for 'b' and 'v/w' are closely related or interchangeable. While native Mundari uses ๐ž“•๐ž“ฎ for the /w/ sound, ๐ž“—๐ž“ฏ is sometimes used in formal transliteration to represent the /ส‹/, which is lacking in native Mundari.

  • ๐ž“— (/b/) + โ—Œ๐ž“ฏ โ†’ ๐ž“—๐ž“ฏ (/ส‹/)
Template:Letter

Numerals[edit | edit source]

Mundari Bani has its own set of decimal digits (0โ€“9) that function identically to standard Western numerals.[8]

Mundari Digits
( [๐ž“’๐ž“ค๐ž“จ๐ž“ค๐ž“ข๐ž“•] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Leneka )
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter


Below are the names of the base digits (0-10) rendered in Mundari Bani:

Numeral Mundari Transliteration Translation
๐ž“ฐ [๐ž“›๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ญ๐ž“จ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Sลซn Zero
๐ž“ฑ [๐ž“ง๐ž“๐ž“ก๐ž“ซ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Mod' One
๐ž“ฒ [๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“ญ๐ž“ซ๐ž“ฃ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Bar' Two
๐ž“ณ [๐ž“š๐ž“ญ๐ž“‘๐ž“š๐ž“ญ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ฤ€pฤซ Three
๐ž“ด [๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“‘๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ซ๐ž“จ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Upun' four
๐ž“ต [๐ž“ง๐ž“๐ž“ฅ๐ž“ค] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Moรฑe Five
๐ž“ถ [๐ž“๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฃ๐ž“š๐ž“ญ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Turฤซ Six
๐ž“ท [๐ž“ค๐ž““๐ž“•๐ž“ญ] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Eyฤ Seven
๐ž“ธ [๐ž“š๐ž“ฃ๐ž“•๐ž“ก๐ž“’] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Irฤl' Eight
๐ž“น [๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ๐ž“ค] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) ฤ€re Nine
๐ž“ฑ๐ž“ฐ [๐ž“ฆ๐ž“ค๐ž“’] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help) Gel Ten

Sample text[edit | edit source]

The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in Mundari Bani:[lower-alpha 1][9]

Mundari Script[edit | edit source]

[๐ž“๐ž“๐ž“จ๐ž“๐ž“—-๐ž“ฑ: ๐ž“›๐ž“๐ž“—๐ž“ค๐ž“จ ๐ž“ž๐ž“๐ž“ช๐ž“ ๐ž“ข๐ž“๐ž“ข๐ž“ค๐ž“ฎ ๐ž“ง๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ๐ž“” ๐ž“๐ž“œ๐ž“๐ž“™ ๐ž“๐ž“ข๐ž“๐ž“š๐ž““๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ ๐ž“ข๐ž“๐ž“ฃ๐ž“ค๐ž““๐ž“•๐ž“ฆ ๐ž“‘๐ž“•๐ž“š๐ž“๐ž“š ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“—๐ž“๐ž“ ๐ž“ฃ๐ž“ค ๐ž“–๐ž“๐ž“จ๐ž“๐ž“ง ๐ž“–๐ž“๐ž“ฃ๐ž“๐ž“”๐ž“ค๐ž“๐ž“ค ๐ž“•๐ž“ก๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“•๐ž“ก ๐ž“๐ž“œ๐ž“๐ž“ฆ ๐ž“—๐ž“๐ž“ฃ๐ž“•๐ž“—๐ž“๐ž“ฃ๐ž“š ๐ž“จ๐ž“•๐ž“ง๐ž“•๐ž“ข๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“•. ๐ž“š๐ž“จ๐ž“ข๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฆ๐ž“ข๐ž“ค ๐ž“›๐ž“ค๐ž“ฅ๐ž“• ๐ž“๐ž“œ๐ž“๐ž“ฆ ๐ž“–๐ž“š๐ž“ฎ๐ž“ญ ๐ž“‘๐ž“ค๐ž“ช๐ž“ค๐ž“ฆ ๐ž“–๐ž“š๐ž“ญ๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“ฃ๐ž“ค๐ž““๐ž“•๐ž“™ ๐ž“ค๐ž“จ๐ž“ค๐ž“ง๐ž“ข๐ž“ ๐ž“จ๐ž“•๐ž“ง๐ž“•๐ž“ข๐ž“•๐ž“จ๐ž“• ๐ž“๐ž“œ๐ž“๐ž“™ ๐ž“š๐ž“จ๐ž“ข๐ž“Ÿ๐ž“™ ๐ž“’๐ž“๐ž“™๐ž“๐ž“ค ๐ž“ž๐ž“•๐ž“ฆ๐ž“ค๐ž““๐ž“• ๐ž“—๐ž“๐ž““๐ž“• ๐ž“’๐ž“ค๐ž“ข๐ž“• ๐ž“–๐ž“•๐ž“ฆ๐ž“•๐ž“ฃ ๐ž“—๐ž“•๐ž“ข๐ž“•๐ž“๐ž“š๐ž“˜๐ž“•๐ž“™.] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: nagm for code: unr (help)

Romanisation[edit | edit source]

Template:Translit

IPA Transcription[edit | edit source]

tฬชonob-modฬช: soben hoษฝo kokeสท manaraล‹ oษ–oส” oktฬชiaหra koreส” paitฬชi-baหbatฬชa re dอกส‘anama dอกส‘oroล‹ษกส”etฬชe ahษ–aหnaษ–a oษฝoo baraหbariห namaห kanaห. inku ke seล‹ษฝรฃห oษฝoo-dอกส‘iสทห peษฝeห, dอกส‘iหu reส” enemako namaห kanaห oษฝoo inku looหtฬชe haษกeaห-woaห lekaห dอกส‘aษกar bakatฬชiษฒaส”.

Translation[edit | edit source]

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Unicode[edit | edit source]

Main article: Nag Mundari (Unicode block)

The Mundari Bani alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2022 with the release of version Template:Unicode version.[10] The Unicode block is called Nag Mundari (U+1E4D0โ€“U+1E4FF): Template:Unicode chart Nag Mundari

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. โ†‘ a suitable Unicode font may be required for proper viewing

References[edit | edit source]

  1. โ†‘ Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 22 August 2019. p. 272. ISBN 9789313198017.
  2. โ†‘ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wolf-Sonkin, Lawrence; Mandal, Biswajit (8 January 2021). "L2/21-031: Proposal to Encode the Mundari Bani Script in the Universal Character Set" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  3. โ†‘ "page no.96, Adivasi, A Journal of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2016.
  4. โ†‘ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zide, Norman (1996). Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 614-615. ISBN 978-0195079937.
  5. โ†‘ 5.0 5.1 Osada 2008, p. 100.
  6. โ†‘ Hoffmann, Johann (1903). Mundari Grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. pp. 67โ€“70. Retrieved 19 February 2026.
  7. โ†‘ Osada 2008, p. 101.
  8. โ†‘ Singh, Birbal; Singh, Pahan Basanta Kumar (2017). Mundari Bhasa Shiskha: A Multilingual Education (Mundari-Odia-English-Hindi) (in English, Hindi, Mundari, and Odia). Academy of Tribal Languages and Culture. pp. 1โ€“3. Retrieved 20 February 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. โ†‘ "Mundari Bani Alphabet". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  10. โ†‘ The Unicode Standard (PDF). 15.0.0. The Unicode Consortium. 2022. ISBN 978-1-936213-32-0.

Sources[edit | edit source]

  • Anderson, Gregory D.S, ed. (2008). The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Osada, Toshiki (2008). "Mundari". The Munda Languages. New York: Routledge. pp. 99โ€“164. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

External links[edit | edit source]

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