Jammu and Kashmir (union territory): Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

| name                     = Jammu and Kashmir

| settlement_type         = Region administered by India as a [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k/><ref name=ladakh-britannica-current>{{citation|last=Briticannica|first=Eds Encycl.|chapter=Ladakh|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 March 2021|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.}}</ref>

| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage

| foot_montage             = ''From top to bottom:'' [[Lidder Valley]], [[Akhnoor Fort]]

| image_blank_emblem       =  

| blank_emblem_size       =  

| blank_emblem_type       =  

| image_alt               =  

| image_caption           =  

| image_flag               =

| image_map               = Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg

| map_alt                 = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China

| map_caption             = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region with the two Indian-administered areas shown beige<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir/><ref name=britannica-2022-j&k/><ref name=ladakh-britannica-current/>

| image_map1               =  

| map_caption1             =  

| coordinates             = {{coord|33.5|75.0|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline}}

| coor_pinpoint           =  

| coordinates_footnotes   =  

| subdivision_type         = Administering country

| subdivision_name         = [[India]]<!--No flags per WP:INFOBOXFLAG-->

| established_title       = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]

| established_date         = 31 October 2019

| seat_type               = Capital

| seat                     = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br /> [[Jammu]] (Nov-April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

| parts_type               = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|Districts]]

| parts_style             = para

| p1                       = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|20]]

| government_footnotes     =  

| governing_body           = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]

| leader_title             = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]

| leader_name             = [[Manoj Sinha]]

| leader_title1           = [[Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]

| leader_name1             = ''Vacant''

| leader_title2           = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]

| leader_name2             = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] (114 seats)<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-dawn-for-j-k-begins-two-new-federal-units-take-shape-11572493040564.html|title =Jammu and Kashmir transitions from a state into 2 federal units|author =Shaswati Das|publisher =Live Mint|website =livemint.com|quote =Jammu and Kashmir will also have its own legislative assembly, under which, according to the Act, the number of seats will go up to 114 from 87 currently, following a delimitation exercise.|access-date =30 June 2020}}</ref>

| leader_title3           = [[17th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]

| leader_name3             = [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) <br /> [[Lok Sabha]] (5)

| leader_title4           = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]

| leader_name4             = [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]]

| unit_pref               = Metric

| area_footnotes           = {{efn|Jammu and Kashmir is a [[disputed territory]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Jammu and Kashmir has {{cvt|42,241|km2}} of area administered by India and {{cvt|13,297|km2}} of area controlled by Pakistan under [[Azad Kashmir]] which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}

| area_total_km2           = 42,241

| area_rank               =  

| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri |journal= The American Alpine Journal (AAJ)|date=1975 |first1=Jogindar |last1=Singh |access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live |pages=67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages]</ref>

| elevation_max_m         = 7135

| elevation_max_point     = [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]]

| elevation_max_rank       =  

| elevation_min_footnotes =  

| elevation_min_m         = 247

| elevation_min_point     = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> [[Chenab River]]

| elevation_min_rank       =  

| population_total         = 12,267,013

| population_as_of         = 2011

| population_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Only J&K will use 2011 Census for delimitation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/only-jk-will-use-2011-census-for-delimitation/article30952006.ece |access-date=6 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

| population_density_km2   = auto

| population_rank         =  

| population_note         =  

| registration_plate       = JK

| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1             = +05:30

| iso_code                 = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JK]]

| unemployment_rate       =  

| blank_info_sec1         = {{Increase}} 0.688 (<span style="color:orange">Medium</span>)

| blank_name_sec1         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}

| blank1_info_sec1         =  

| blank_name_sec2         = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]

| blank_info_sec2         =  

| blank2_name_sec2         =  

| blank2_info_sec2         =  

| demographics_type1       = Languages

| demographics1_title1     = Official

| demographics1_info1     = [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

| demographics1_title2    = Spoken

| demographics1_info2      = [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]],<ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137029584 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhadarwahi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |language=en|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bateri language|Bateri]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |language=en}}</ref> [[Khowar language|Khowar]],<ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=en}}</ref> [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170225577 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref> [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |language=en|website=Npr.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

| official_name            =  

| module                   =  

'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region}}</ref> and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|editor=Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br /> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The [[Line of Control]] separates Jammu and Kashmir from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]] which is administered by India as a union territory.<ref name=ladakh-britannica-current/>

Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one being Jammu and Kashmir and the other being Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2"/>

The state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was accorded special status by [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]]. In contrast to other [[states of India]], Jammu and Kashmir had its own [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|constitution]], [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|flag]], and administrative autonomy.<ref>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true}}</ref> Indian citizens from other states were not allowed to purchase land or property in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-and-35a-revoked-how-it-would-change-the-face-of-kashmir/articleshow/70531959.cms|title=Article 370 and 35(A) revoked: How it would change the face of Kashmir|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

Jammu and Kashmir had three distinct areas: Hindu-majority [[Jammu region]], Muslim-majority [[Kashmir Valley]], and Buddhist-dominated [[Ladakh]].<ref name=BBC6Aug>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49234708 Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters]. BBC (6 August 2019). Retrieved 7 August 2019.</ref> Unrest and violence persisted in the Kashmiri Valley and, following a disputed state election in 1987, an [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] persisted in protest over autonomy and rights.<ref name="BBC6Aug" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeelani|first1=Mushtaq A.|title=Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|website=Media Monitors Network|access-date=24 February 2017|date=25 June 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051443/http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In September 2019, nearly 4,000 people, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were arrested by the Indian authorities in Kashmir;<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |work=Reuters |date=12 September 2019 |first1=Devjyot |last1=Ghoshal |first2=Alasdair |last2=Pal}}</ref> the state was put under a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] and communication and internet services were suspended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49246434 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Kashmir top.jpg|thumb|left|[[Topographic map]] of Jammu and Kashmir, with visible altitude for the Kashmir valley and Jammu region.]]

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch River|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]], and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL]</ref> The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir valley from the [[Tibetan plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1" /> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivaliks]], the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast-northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] are important rivers flowing through the Jammu region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

 

[[File:Srinagar Leh National Highway No 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]] near [[Sonamarg]]]]

As per the 2011 census, Jammu and Kashmir has a total population of 12,267,013. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males. Around 924,485 (7.54%) of the population is [[List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir|scheduled caste]] and 1,275,106 (10.39%) belong to the [[scheduled tribes]], mainly [[Gujjar]], [[Bakerwal]], and [[Gaddi people|Gaddi]]. The SCs are mostly concentrated in the Jammu region.

{{Pie chart

|label1 = [[Islam]] |value1 = 68.80 |color1 = green

|label2 = [[Hinduism]] |value2 = 28.80 |color2=darkorange

|label3 = [[Sikhism]] |value3 = 1.90 |color3 = darkkhaki

|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.28 |color4 = dodgerblue

|label5 = [[Buddhism]] |value5 = 0.03 |color5 = yellow

|label6 = [[Jainism]] |value6 = 0.01|color6 = Maroon

|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.01|color7 = Grey

|label8 = Not Stated |value8 = 0.15|color8 = Black

 

Muslims constitute the majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir with a large Hindu minority.<ref name="census2011-C01">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Religion: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11376/download/14489/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The [[Kashmir Division]] is predominantly Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. Only 808 [[Kashmiri Hindu]] Pandit families remain in the valley after their [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|forced displacement]] by Islamic militants.<ref>https://theprint.in/features/locked-up-like-animals-pandits-want-to-flee-kashmir-hope-its-their-last-exodus/988337/l {{Bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref> [[Shias]] are mostly concentrated in the [[Budgam district]], where they form about 30-40% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|title=Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?|date=14 November 2013|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185324/http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ThePrint-27Sep19>{{Cite news |last1=Iyer-Mitra |first1=Abhijit|date=27 September 2019 |title=After scrapping of Article 370, Shias in Kashmir are in a state of relief and caution |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/after-scrapping-of-article-370-shias-in-kashmir-are-in-a-state-of-relief-and-caution/297510/ |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Jammu Division]] is predominantly Hindu (66%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the Rajouri (63%), Poonch (90%), Doda (54%), Kishtwar (58%) and Ramban (71%) districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in Kathua (88%), Samba (86%), Jammu (84%) and Udhampur (88%) districts. Reasi district has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

The [[Dogra people|Dogras]] and various organizations of Hindu-majority Jammu region have demanded a separate state after bifurcation of the territory, on the basis of cultural, linguistic and religious differences from neighbouring [[Kashmiris]] (who are predominantly [[Muslim]] by faith).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-protests-for-jammu-statehood-the-idea-of-jammu-and-kashmir-trifurcation-and-rss-2002-resolution-news-210475|title=Explained: Protests For Jammu's Statehood, The Idea Of Jammu & Kashmir's Trifurcation, And RSS 2002 Resolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/movement-launched-across-jammu-for----separate-state---.html|title=Movement launched across Jammu for 'separate State'|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/ikkjutt-activists-detained-after-protests-demanding-separate-state-for-jammu-8035521/|title=IkkJutt activists detained after protests demanding separate state for Jammu|date=18 July 2022}}</ref>

|caption=Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="census2011-C16"/>

|label1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value1 = 52.87 |color1 = limegreen

|label2 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]] |value2 = 20.48 |color2 = red

|label3 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]] |value3 = 9.25 |color3 = turquoise

|label4 = [[Pahari language|Pahari]] |value4 = 7.98 |color4 = pink

|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 2.28 |color5 = orange

[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] is the most-spoken language, is mainly spoken in the Kashmir Valley and in the upper reaches of the Chenab Valley, with a sizeable number of speakers in Jammu City. [[Dogri language|Dogri]], related to Punjabi and Pahari, is spoken throughout the plains areas of Jammu division, as well as in parts of the hills. The hill people speak several languages. In the Pir Panjal Range, bordering Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the main language is [[Pahari-Pothwari]], a western variety of Punjabi, as well as [[Gujari language|Gojri]], the language of the Gujjar tribe. In the eastern hills of Jammu division are spoken various [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari languages]] such as [[Sarazi language|Siraji]] and [[Bhadarwahi|Bhaderwahi]], which merge with the dialects of western Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> [[Urdu]] is also widely understood and spoken, particularly in the Kashmir region where it acts as the lingua franca alongside Kashmiri and also serves as a medium of instruction along with [[English language|English]], while [[Hindi]] is taught and understood in the southern areas of Jammu.

[[File:Kashmir University.jpg|thumb|left|University of Kashmir during autumn]]

According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir was 67.17%, male literacy was 75%, while female literacy was at 56.43%.

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is administered under the provisions of [[:s:Constitution of India/Part VIII#Article 239|Article 239]] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Article 239A, originally formulated for the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]], is also applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Indian Express">

The legislative branch of government is a unicameral [[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|legislative assembly]], whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the [[State List]] of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central [[Government of India]]. The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

The union territory is under the jurisdiction of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], which also serves as the high court for [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Indian Express"/> Police services are provided by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref name="trnscpt">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/salient-features-of-jammu-kashmir-reorganization-bill-146998|title=Salient Features Of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Bill [Read Bill]|first1=Devesh|first2=Iti|last1=Ratan|last2=Johri|date=7 August 2019|website=LiveLaw.in: All about law|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

The main political parties active in the region are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (State President: [[Ravinder Raina]]), the [[Indian National Congress]] (State President: [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]), the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (President: [[Farooq Abdullah]]) and the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (President: [[Mehbooba Mufti]]). Other parties with a presence in the region include the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]], the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]], the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] (President: [[Altaf Bukhari]]), the [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]] (President: Mir Junaid) and [[Ikkjutt Jammu]] (President: Ankur Sharma).

Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented.<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[gross domestic product]] of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|year=2020}} in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref> Along with [[horticulture]] and [[agriculture]], tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall in 75 years|date=7 October 2022|website=mint}}</ref>

Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone.<ref name="TKIMin"/> [[Kishtwar]] is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts|date=11 July 2021|author=Syed Amjad Shah|work=Greater Kashmir|title=Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts}}</ref> Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, [[Pinus gerardiana|chilgoza]], [[Nigella sativa|black zeera]], and saffron are available in the forests.<ref name="KishEx"/> The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, [[Paddar]] are a source of mineral wealth.<ref name="KishEx">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|date=15 March 2020|title=Kishtwar Ignored Beauty|work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of [[borax]] and sapphire resources.<ref name="TKIMin"/> It possesses 36 percent of the graphite, 21 percent marble and 14 percent of [[gypsum]] present in India.<ref name="TKIMin"/> Coal, limestone and [[magnesite]] are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.<ref name="TKIMin"/>

Other minerals of significance that occur are [[bauxite]], [[ball clay]] and [[Kaolinite|china clay]] in Udhampur; [[bentonite]] in Jammu; [[diaspore]] in Rajouri and Udhampur; graphite in Baramulla; lignite and marble in Kupwara; quartz and silica sand in Anantnag, Doda and Udhampur; and quartzite in Anantnag district.<ref name="TKIMin"/> In addition, the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Department of Geology and Mining]] has determined the presence of minerals such as [[magnetite]], [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], fuel mineral, decorative building stones, slate, and gemstones. All are materials with commercial and industrial uses in many products and factories.<ref name="TKIMin">{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/09/11/new-mining-policy-in-jk-interests-of-locals-are-paramount-not-revenue/|title=New Mining Policy in J&K: Interests of locals are paramount, not revenue|date=11 September 2020|work=The Kashmir Images}}</ref>

Institutions such as the [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]] provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|title=UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS|website=Daily Excelsior|date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]], located on the banks of [[Dal lake]], is considered one of the best golf courses in India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones&nbsp;– Golf Architects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/https://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first [[Khelo India Winter Games]], held in 2020 in Gulmarg.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=7 March 2020|title=Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Iveson|first=Ali|date=15 March 2020|title=Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219123227/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|archive-date=19 December 2020|website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2 March 2021|title=Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215|url-status=live|website=Kashmir News Service}}</ref>

Some major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are [[Srinagar]], the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Gardens]], [[Gulmarg]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Patnitop]], [[Bhaderwah]] and [[Jammu]]. Every year, thousands of Hindu [[pilgrim]]s visit holy shrines of [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] which has had significant impact on the state's economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |work=Online edition of The Hindu |title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy |access-date=6 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=13 September 2007 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091413/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gulmarg]], one of the most popular [[ski resort]] destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green [[golf course]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119332713217271534?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Fairway to Heaven|author=Cris Prystay|date=26 October 2007|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The decrease in violence in the state has boosted the state's economy, specifically tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071016/http://www.sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy|work=Sify}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">

==Notes==

{{reflist}}