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States and union territories of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
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{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
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{{Redirect|State of India}}
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{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name              = States and union territories of India
|map                = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}
|category          = [[Federated state]]s
|territory          = [[India|Republic of India]]
|start_date        =
|current_number    = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|number_date        =
|population_range  = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest)
|area_range        = '''States''': [[Goa]] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Rajasthan]] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government        = [[State governments of India|State Governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union Government]] (union territories)
|subdivision        = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
}}
}}
<div style="text-align: right;"><code>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}} from Wikipedia]</code></div>
{{Politics of India}}
 
[[India]] is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].
 
{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
 
== History ==
 
[[File:Political Divisions of the Indian Empire, 1909.jpg|thumb|Administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909]]
 
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1949-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Administrative divisions of the Dominion of India in 1949]]
 
=== 1858-1947 ===
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |archive-date= 29 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411080303/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216043951/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}}
 
The [[Indian Empire]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into [[provinces of India|provinces]] (formerly, presidencies), which were directly governed by the [[Indian Emperor]] (who simultaneously was also the [[Monarch of the United Kingdom|King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions]]) though the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], and [[princely state]]s, which were ruled by Indian princes who acknowledged the sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) of the Emperor.
 
Some of the princely states were placed within a province and an [[Indian Political Department|Agent to the Governor]] of the province (AG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent states of the province and the [[provincial government]]. Other states were linked directly to the [[Government of India]] and an Agent to the [[Governor-General of India]] (AGG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent princely states of an agency and the Indian government. A [[Residency (administrative division)|Resident]] was appointed by the Governor-General to each of the rest of the states (namely, [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Gwalior Residency|Gwalior]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]]).
 
There were three types of [[province]]s. A '''governor's province''' was a province administered by a nominated [[Governor]], and his Council and a [[Premier]] which were elected. A '''chief commissioner's province''' was directly administered by the [[Government of India]] through an appointed [[Chief Commissioner]]. There was one '''autonomous province''', [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], which also administered by a [[Governor]] but was given a greater degree of [[self-rule]] compared to the other provinces. (Burma became a [[Crown Colony]] in 1937.)
 
=== 1947–1950 ===
{{main|Political integration of India|Instrument of Accession|Annexation of Junagadh|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new [[Political integration of India|Indian Union]]. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and [[Rajpramukh|states]], such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Malwa Union]], [[Vindhya Pradesh|Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union]], and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], made up of multiple princely states; a few, including [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]], [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–54)|Bilaspur]], became separate states. The new [[Constitution of India]], which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
* Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
** [[Assam]] (formerly [[Assam Province]]),
** [[Bihar]] (formerly [[Bihar Province]]),
** [[Bombay State|Bombay]] (formerly [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]]),
** [[East Punjab]] (formerly [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]),
** [[Madhya Pradesh]] (formerly the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]),
** [[Madras State|Madras]] (formerly [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]]),
** [[Odisha|Orissa]] (formerly [[Orissa Province]]),
** [[Uttar Pradesh]] (formerly the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]), and
** [[West Bengal]] (formerly [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]]).
* The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a [[rajpramukh]], who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the [[President of India]]. The Part B states were:
** [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]] (formerly [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Princely State]]),
** [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (formerly [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir Princely State]]),
** [[Madhya Bharat]] (formerly [[Central India Agency]]),
** [[Mysore State|Mysore]] (formerly [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Princely State]]),
** [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU),
** [[Rajasthan]] (formerly [[Rajputana Agency]]),
** [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] (formerly [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]), and
** [[Travancore–Cochin]] (formerly [[Travancore|Travancore Princely State]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin Princely State]]).
* The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were:
** [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]] (formerly [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer-Merwara Province]]),
** [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]] (formerly [[Bhopal State|Bhopal Princely State]]),
**[[Bilaspur State (1950–54)|Bilaspur]] (formerly [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur Princely State]]),
** [[Coorg State]] (formerly [[Coorg Province]]),
** [[Delhi]],
** [[Himachal Pradesh]],
** [[Kutch State|Kutch]] (formerly [[Cutch State|Cutch Princely State]]),
** [[Manipur]] (formerly [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur Princely State]]),
** [[Tripura]] (formerly [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura Princely State]]), and
** [[Vindhya Pradesh]] (formerly [[Central India Agency]]).
* The only Part D state was the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.
 
=== States reorganisation (1951–1956) ===
{{main|Goa liberation movement|Andhra movement|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|States Reorganisation Commission}}
[[Andhra State]] was created on 1 October 1953 from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking northern [[Districts of India|districts]] of [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=  http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|title=  Map of Madras Presidency in 1909|access-date=  15 October 2013|date=  28 March 2011|archive-date=  24 February 2021|archive-url=  https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142745/http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|url-status=  live}}</ref>
 
The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states|publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229135807/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321040227/https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229133903/https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
 
As a result of this act:
* [[Madras State]] retained its name, with [[Kanyakumari district]] added to form [[Travancore–Cochin]].
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] was created with the merger of [[Andhra State]] with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of [[Hyderabad State]] in 1956.
* [[Kerala]] was created by merging [[Malabar district]] and the [[Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] districts of [[Madras State]] with [[Travancore–Cochin]].
* [[Mysore State]] was re-organized with the addition of the districts of [[Bellary district|Bellary]] and [[South Canara]] (excluding [[Kasaragod taluk]]) and the [[Kollegal|Kollegal taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] from the Madras State, the districts of [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[North Canara]] and [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] from [[Bombay State]], the [[Kannada]]-majority districts of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]] and [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] from [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] and the [[Coorg State]].
* The [[Laccadive Islands]], [[Aminidivi|Aminidivi Islands]] and [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]], which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of [[Lakshadweep]].
* [[Bombay State]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking districts of [[Nagpur division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Marathwada]] region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]].
* [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab]] gained territories from [[Ajmer State]] and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] respectively and certain territories of [[Bihar]] were transferred to [[West Bengal]].
 
=== Post-1956 ===
{{main|Mahagujarat movement|Punjabi Suba movement|Annexation of Goa|1967 Goa status referendum|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Uttarakhand movement|Telangana movement}}
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{Cite book|author=J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing|place=New DElhi|year=1995|pages=89–90}}</ref> The former Union Territory of [[Nagaland]] achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|title=Nagaland History & Geography-Source|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] resulted in the creation of [[Haryana]] on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |title=Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The act also designated [[Chandigarh]] as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/maps/state_map.php |title=State map of India |publisher=Travel India guide |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601043009/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/maps/state_map.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Madras State was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969. The north-eastern states of [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]] were formed on 21 January 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|title=Snapshot of North Eastern States|publisher=thaibicindia.in|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222052303/http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2009}}</ref> Mysore State was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973. On 16 May 1975, [[Sikkim]] became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim|state's monarchy]] was abolished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|title=About Sikkim|publisher=Official website of the Government of Sikkim|access-date=15 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> In 1987, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Mizoram]] became states on 20 February, followed by [[Goa]] on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]'s northern [[exclave]]s [[Daman district, India|Damão]] and [[Diu district|Diu]] became a separate union territory as [[Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|title=Goa Chronology|publisher=goaonline.in|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155540/http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
 
In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:
* [[Chhattisgarh]], from eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]],
* Uttaranchal, from northwest [[Uttar Pradesh]] (renamed [[Uttarakhand]] in 2007), and
* [[Jharkhand]], from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]], [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] and [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |title=Official Website of Government of Jharkhand |publisher=Jharkhand.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084121/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |title=Chhattisgarh state – History |publisher=Cg.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |archive-date= 4 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul |last=Chopra |first=Jasi Kiran|date=2 January 2007|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |title=About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India |publisher=Uk.gov.in |date=9 November 2000 |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025952/http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=23 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171808/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India|date=2019|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Current proposals ===
{{main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}
 
== States and Union territories ==
{{See also|List of state and union territory capitals in India}}
 
=== States ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! scope="col" |State
! scope="col" |[[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO]]
! scope="col" |[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" |[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Jagranjosh.com |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052117/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
|-
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| IN-AP
| AP
| [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]]
|[[Amaravati]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |49,506,799
| align="right" |162,975
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=23 March 2022 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030054145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| IN-AR
| AR
| [[North Eastern Council|North-Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Itanagar]]
| 20 February 1987
| align="right" |1,383,727
| align="right" |83,743
| [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Assam]]
| IN-AS
| AS
| North-Eastern
| [[Dispur]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |31,205,576
| align="right" |78,438
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Bihar]]
| IN-BR
| BR
| [[Eastern Zonal Council|Eastern]]
| colspan="2" |[[Patna]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |104,099,452
| align="right" |94,163
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Urdu]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
| IN-CT<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-CT" even though the vehicle registration code is "CG". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| CG
| [[Central Zonal Council|Central]]
| colspan=2|[[Raipur]]{{efn|[[Naya Raipur]] is planned to replace [[Raipur]] as the capital city of [[Chhattisgarh]].}}
| 1 November 2000
| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |135,194
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Goa]]
| IN-GA
| GA
| [[Western Zonal Council|Western]]
| [[Panaji]]
| [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
| 30 May 1987
| align="right" |1,458,545
| align="right" |3,702
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Gujarat]]
| IN-GJ
| GJ
| Western
| [[Gandhinagar]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| 1 May 1960
| align="right" |60,439,692
| align="right" |196,024
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], Hindi
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Haryana]]
| IN-HR
| HR
| [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Faridabad]]
| 1 November 1966
| align="right" |25,351,462
| align="right" |44,212
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| IN-HP
| HP
| Northern
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Shimla]]
| 25 January 1971
| align="right" |6,864,602
| align="right" |55,673
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Jharkhand]]
| IN-JH
| JH
| Eastern
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| 15 November 2000
| align="right" |32,988,134
| align="right" |79,714
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title= Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali|website= uniindia.com|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 14 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
| IN-KA
| KA
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Bangalore]]
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |61,095,297
| align="right" |191,791
| [[Kannada]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala]]
| IN-KL
| KL
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |33,406,061
| align="right" |38,863
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |website=www.bareactslive.com |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082633/http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| IN-MP
| MP
| Central
| [[Bhopal]]
| [[Indore]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |72,626,809
| align="right" |308,252
| [[Hindi]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Maharashtra]]
| IN-MH
| MH
| Western
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1 May 1960
| align="right" |112,374,333
| align="right" |307,713
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Manipur]]
| IN-MN
| MN
| North-Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Imphal]]
| 21 January 1972
| align="right" |2,855,794
| align="right" |22,327
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| [[English language|English]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Meghalaya]]
| IN-ML
| ML
| North-Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Shillong]]
| 21 January 1972
| align="right" |2,966,889
| align="right" |22,429
| [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mizoram]]
| IN-MZ
| MZ
| North-Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Aizawl]]
| 20 February 1987
| align="right" |1,097,206
| align="right" |21,081
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Nagaland]]
| IN-NL
| NL
| North-Eastern
| [[Kohima]]
| [[Dimapur]]
| 1 December 1963
| align="right" |1,978,502
| align="right" |16,579
| [[English language|English]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Odisha]]
| IN-OR<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-OR" even though the new vehicle registration code is "OD". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| OD
| Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |41,974,218
| align="right" |155,707
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| IN-PB
| PB
| Northern
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [[Ludhiana]]
| 1 November 1966
| align="right" |27,743,338
| align="right" |50,362
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Rajasthan]]
| IN-RJ
| RJ
| Northern
| colspan="2" |[[Jaipur]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |68,548,437
| align="right" |342,239
| [[Hindi]]
| [[English language|English]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Sikkim]]
| IN-SK
| SK
| North-Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Gangtok]]
| 16 May 1975
| align="right" |610,577
| align="right" |7,096
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Rai languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| IN-TN
| TN
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Chennai]]
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |72,147,030
| align="right" |130,058
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[English language|English]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Telangana]]<!-- NOTE: All figures and facts for the newly formed Telangana state should be supported by verifiable and reliable sources per WP:VERIFY and WP:RELIABLE. Failure to do so, the unsourced information being removed to ensure neutrality. Also necessary changes may be made accordingly to Andhra Pradesh also conforming to guidelines-->
| IN-TG<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-TG" even though the vehicle registration code is "TS". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| TS
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130174042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 | archive-date=27 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author=Sanchari Bhattacharya|date=1 June 2014|work=NDTV|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604225857/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|url-status=live}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
| 2 June 2014
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Tripura]]
| IN-TR
| TR
| North-Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Agartala]]
| 21 January 1972
| align="right" |3,673,917
| align="right" |10,491
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Kokborok]]
| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| IN-UP
| UP
| Central
| colspan="2" | [[Lucknow]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |199,812,341
| align="right" |240,928
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Urdu]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Uttarakhand]]
| IN-UT<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code is "IN-UT" even though the vehicle registration code is "UK". See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| UK
| Central
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dehradun]]
| 9 November 2000
| align="right" |10,086,292
| align="right" |53,483
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|title=Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India|first=Pallavi|last=Singh|date=19 April 2010|website=mint|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223744/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[West Bengal]]
| IN-WB
| WB
| Eastern
| colspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
| 26 January 1950
| align="right" |91,276,115
| align="right" |88,752
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]],{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}} [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]], [[KRNB lects|Kamatapuri]], [[Rangpuri language|Rajbanshi]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
|}
{{Notelist}}
 
=== Union territories ===
{{excerpt|Union territory#Current union territories}}
 
== Former states and union territories ==
=== Former states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Map
!State
!Capital
!Years
!Present-day state(s)
|-
|[[File:Ajmer in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Ajmer State]]
|[[Ajmer]]
|1950–1956
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[File:Andhra-India 1953.svg|200px]]
|[[Andhra State]]
|[[Kurnool]]
|1953–1956
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[File:Bhopal in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal State]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|1949–1956
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[File:Bilaspur in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Bilaspur State (1950–54)|Bilaspur State]]
|[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|1950–1954
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[File:Bombay in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Bombay State]]
|[[Bombay]]
|1950–1960
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and partially [[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[File:Coorg in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Coorg State]]
|[[Madikeri]]
|1950–1956
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[File:Punjab, India (1956-1966).png|200px]]
|[[East Punjab]]
|[[Shimla]] <small>(1947–1953)</small><br />[[Chandigarh]] <small>(1953–1966)</small>
|1947–1966
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Chandigarh]] UT
|-
|[[File:Hyderabad in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1948–1956
|[[Telangana]], and partially [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[File:Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg|center|225x225px]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1952–2019
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
[[Ladakh]] UT
|-
|[[File:Kutch in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Kutch State]]
|[[Bhuj]]
|1947–1956
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|[[File:Madhya Bharat in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Madhya Bharat]]
| [[Indore]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Gwalior]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1948–1956
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[File:Madras in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Madras State]]
|[[Madras]]
|1950–1969
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and partially [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[File:Mysore in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Mysore State]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|1947–1973
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[File:PEPSU in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]
|[[Patiala]]
|1948–1956
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]
|-
|[[File:Saurashtra in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|1948–1956
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|[[File:Travancore-Cochin in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Travancore–Cochin]]
|[[Trivandrum]]
|1949–1956
|[[Kerala]] and partially [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[File:Vindhya Pradesh in India (1951).svg|200px]]
|[[Vindhya Pradesh]]
|[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|1948–1956
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|}
 
=== Former union territories ===
{{excerpt|Union territory|Former union territories}}
 
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |date=31 December 2009 }}, Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
* [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
* [[List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India]]
* [[List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by area]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
* [[List of states in India by past population]]
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|List of states of India by wildlife population]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/states-india Official Government of India website: States and Union Territories]
 
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:States And Territories of India}}
[[Category:States and union territories of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|States and terrtories]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Asia|India 1]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|States, India]]

Latest revision as of 21:42, 24 August 2023


Further information: Administrative divisions of India
"State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation).
"Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
GovernmentState Governments
Union Government (union territories)
SubdivisionsDivisions
Districts

HistoryEdit

 
Administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909
 
Administrative divisions of the Dominion of India in 1949

1858-1947Edit

Main articles: Presidencies and provinces of British India, Agencies of British India, Residencies of British India, and Princely state

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]

The Indian Empire mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding Mughal Empire. India was divided into provinces (formerly, presidencies), which were directly governed by the Indian Emperor (who simultaneously was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) though the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and princely states, which were ruled by Indian princes who acknowledged the sovereignty (suzerainty) of the Emperor.

Some of the princely states were placed within a province and an Agent to the Governor of the province (AG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent states of the province and the provincial government. Other states were linked directly to the Government of India and an Agent to the Governor-General of India (AGG) was appointed to oversee the relations between the constituent princely states of an agency and the Indian government. A Resident was appointed by the Governor-General to each of the rest of the states (namely, Hyderabad, Gwalior, Mysore and Kashmir).

There were three types of provinces. A governor's province was a province administered by a nominated Governor, and his Council and a Premier which were elected. A chief commissioner's province was directly administered by the Government of India through an appointed Chief Commissioner. There was one autonomous province, Burma, which also administered by a Governor but was given a greater degree of self-rule compared to the other provinces. (Burma became a Crown Colony in 1937.)

1947–1950Edit

Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[12] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)Edit

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[13]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[14]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[15][16][17][18]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[19]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956Edit

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[20] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[21] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[22] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[23][24]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[25] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[26] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[27]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[32][33]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[34] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[35][36][37]

Current proposalsEdit

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territoriesEdit

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

StatesEdit

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population
(2011)[38][39]		 Area
(km2) 		Official
languages[40]		 Additional official
languages[40]
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 162,975 Telugu Urdu[41]
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English —
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,438 Assamese, Boro Bengali
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CT CG Central Raipur[lower-alpha 1] 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati, Hindi —
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi[42]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[43]		 Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit[44]
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 79,714 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[45][46]
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bangalore 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English[47]
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 26 January 1950 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[48][49]		 Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,327 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,429 English —
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 Mizo, English —
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English —
Odisha IN-OR OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,707 Odia —
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,239 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TG TS Southern Hyderabad[lower-alpha 2] 2 June 2014 35,193,978[54] 112,077[54] Telugu Urdu[55]
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,491 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950 199,812,341 240,928 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UT UK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[56]		 Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit[57]
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, English Nepali,[lower-alpha 3] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh
  1. ↑ Naya Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  2. ↑ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[50][51][52] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[53] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[citation needed]
  3. ↑ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.

Union territoriesEdit

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories[edit]
Union territory ISO 3166-2:IN Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city UT established Population Area
(km2) 		Official
languages 		Additional official
languages
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-AN AN Southern Port Blair 1 November 1956 380,581 8,249 Hindi, English —
Chandigarh IN-CH CH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 1966 1,055,450 114 English —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DH DD Western Daman Silvassa 26 January 2020 587,106 603 Hindi, English Gujarati
Delhi IN-DL DL Northern New Delhi Delhi 1 November 1956 16,787,941 1,484 Hindi, English Punjabi,[58] Urdu
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JK JK Northern Srinagar (Summer)[59][60]
Jammu (Winter)[60][61]		 Srinagar 31 October 2019 12,258,433 42,241 Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu —
Ladakh IN-LA LA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[62]		 Leh 31 October 2019 290,492 59,146 Hindi, English —
Lakshadweep IN-LD LD Southern Kavaratti Andrott 1 November 1956 64,473 32 English, Hindi Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PY PY Southern Pondicherry 16 August 1962 1,247,953 479 Tamil, English, French Telugu, Malayalam

Former states and union territoriesEdit

Former statesEdit

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
  Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
  Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
  Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
  Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
  Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
  Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
  East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966) 		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
  Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
 
 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		1952–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

  Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
  Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter) 		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
  Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
  Mysore State Bangalore 1947–1973 Karnataka
  Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
  Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
  Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
  Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territoriesEdit

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories[edit]
Map Name Zone Capital Area UT established UT disestablished Now part of
  Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
  Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km2 (190 sq mi) 11 August 1961 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
  Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km2 (43 sq mi) 30 May 1987 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
  Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi) 19 December 1961 30 May 1987 Goa state and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
  Himachal Pradesh Northern Shimla 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 1 November 1956 25 January 1971 As an Indian state
  Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state
  Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
  Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 29 November 1957 1 December 1963 As an Indian state
  Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authoritiesEdit

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[63]

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ DelhiAugust 5. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. ↑ Krishna Reddy (2003). Indian History. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-048369-9.
  3. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  4. ↑ Romila Thapar (1966). A History of India: Part 1. [Harmondsworth] Penguin Books.
  5. ↑ V.D. Mahajan (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 121, 122. ISBN 978-8121903646.
  6. ↑ Antonova, K.A.; Bongard-Levin, G.; Kotovsky, G. (1979). A History of India Volume 1. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers.
  7. ↑ Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009.
  8. ↑ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
  9. ↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
  10. ↑ "Regional states, c. 1700–1850". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  11. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1990). "Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
  13. ↑ "Map of Madras Presidency in 1909". 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  14. ↑ "Reorganisation of states" (PDF). Economic Weekly. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagranjosh.com. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  16. ↑ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  17. ↑ "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". Thebetterindia.com. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "The Constitution (Amendment)". Archive.india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Law Ministry, GOI. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  20. ↑ J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New DElhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  21. ↑ "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  22. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  23. ↑ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966" (PDF). india.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  24. ↑ "State map of India". Travel India guide. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "Snapshot of North Eastern States" (PDF). thaibicindia.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "About Sikkim". Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  27. ↑ "Goa Chronology". goaonline.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
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  63. ↑ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998

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