This is a timeline of Kerala History comprising important events which took place in the geographical area that falls within present day Kerala. It overlaps with the history of Indian subcontinent. To read background of these events, read History of Kerala.
Also see List of years in Kerala, List of governors of Kerala and List of chief ministers of Kerala.
Ancient and prehistoric times[edit | edit source]
Before Common Era[edit | edit source]
Kudakallu near Thrissur - 1500 BC – 500 BC – Dolmen (Muniyara) burial sites at Marayur and Dolmenoid cist in places like Palakkad.[2]
- 100 BC – 300 AD – Peak phase of Pattanam.[3]
Common Era (CE or AD)[edit | edit source]
- 52 – Thomas the Apostle reaches Kerala to spread Christianity.
- 1st century (50–70 AD) – Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions about Cheras and ports of that time like Nelcynda, Limyrike, Muziris etc.
- 77 – Pliny the Elder mentions maritime trade with Kerala in his work.[4][5]
- 190 - Confederacy of 11 rulers including Chera dynasty lost Battle of Venni.
- 3rd century – Keralaputra finds mention in Ashoka inscriptions.
- 624 – Cheraman Juma Mosque, the first Mosque in India established.
Medieval times[edit | edit source]
8th century[edit | edit source]
- Birth and life time of Adi Shankara
- 748 – Malik Dinar passes away at Thalangara.
9th century[edit | edit source]
- 825 – Malayalam calendar started following establishment of Venadu kingdom by Cheras after defeating Pandyas.
- 832 - Vazhappally copper plate
- 849-50 – Tarisappalli Shasanam
- 869 - Huzur Plates of Kollam mentions about Ay dynasty and Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram.
- 871 - Kurumathur inscription
- 898 – Sri Mulavasam chepped/Paliyam copper plates
10th century[edit | edit source]
- 903 - Pandalam dynasty established at Konni.
- 923 – Chokur inscriptions.[6]
- 929 - Ramanthali inscriptions
- 974 - Mampalli copper plate
- 988 - Battle of Kandalur Salai between Chera dynasty and Rajaraja I.[7]
- Thiruvalla copper plates
- Moozhikulam Kacham the first unified devaswom regulation comes into effect.
- Aditya I improves Rajakesari Peruvazhi through Palakkad Gap connecting Chera Empire with Tamilakam.[8]
11th century[edit | edit source]
- 1000 - Jewish copper plates of Cochin
- 1020 -
- Eramam – Chalappuram inscriptions mentioning Mushika dynasty.[9][10]
- Pullur Kodavalam inscription
- 1028 - Thirumittacode inscription
- Trichambaram inscription
- 1083 - Kinalur inscription
12th century[edit | edit source]
- Fragmentation of Chera dynasty and rise of regional powers such as Kolathunadu, Nediyiruppu Swaroopam, Venadu kingdom etc. as regional powers.[11]
- 1145 – Perinchellur Chepped (Copper Inscriptions of Perinchellur) that mentions Kolathunadu king Karumpattu Iraman Iravi Varman transacting with Brahmin settlements independently without tutelage of Cheras.[12]
13th century[edit | edit source]
- 1225 – Viraraghava copper plate
- 1292 – 94 – Marco Polo visits Kerala.
14th century[edit | edit source]
- 1341 – Kerala floods
- 1343 – 46 – Ibn Battuta visits Malabar Coast.[13]
15th century[edit | edit source]
- 1498 May 20 - Vasco da Gama and crew from Portugal reaches Calicut.
16th century[edit | edit source]
- 1500 September 13 - Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at Calicut - 2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)
- 1500 – Treaty of Cochin
- 1501 December 31 – The to day long First Battle of Cannanore.
- 1502 October 30 – Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut as part of 4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)
- 1504 March – July – Battle of Cochin
- 1505 October 23 – Francisco de Almeida gets permission from Kolathiri to construct St. Angelo Fort
- 1506 March – Battle of Cannanore (1506)
- 1507 April 27 – August 27 – Siege of Cannanore (1507)
- 1513 December 24 – The thirteen year long First Luso-Malabarese War (Calicut–Portuguese conflicts) comes to an end as a result of treaty between Zamorin and Afonso de Albuquerque of Portuguese India following assassination of former Zamorin.
- 1599 June 20–26 – Synod of Diamper
17th century[edit | edit source]
- 1653 January 3 – Coonan Cross Oath
- 1653 May 22 - Thoma I elected as Bishop by native priests at Alangad.
- 1661 December – Dutch captures St Thomas Fort Quilon from Portuguese.
- 1663 January 7 – Dutch conquest of Malabar comes to an end with capture of Cochin from Portuguese India as a result of Dutch–Portuguese War.[14]
- 1665 - Gregorios Abdal Jaleel recognized and validated the consecration of Thoma I.
Error creating thumbnail: Page number not in range. 1678 – 1693 – Hendrik van Rheede compiles Itty Achudan's work on Botany as Hortus Malabaricus from Amsterdam.Hortus Malabaricus
18th century[edit | edit source]
- 1708 – British traders established Tellicherry Fort.[15]
- 1721 April – October – Anjengo Revolt[16]
- 1724 – French Indies Company under La Bourdonnais capture Mayyazhi and established a fort.
- 1729 – Anchal Post established in Travancore.
- 1741 August 10 – Battle of Colachel
- 1744 July 5 – Marthanda Varma conducts first Murajapam took place at Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Travancore.[17]
- 1746 - Battle of Purakkad
- 1749 September - Battle of Changanassery and defeat of Thekkumkur.
- 1750 January 3 - Marthanda Varma submits the kingdom before Padmanabhaswamy through Thrippadi Danam.[18]
- 1750 - The first Lakshadeepam at Padmanabhaswamy Temple.[19][20]
- 1755 - The last Mamankam at Tirunavaya.
- 1756 - 57 - Mysore invasion of Calicut
- 1761 - Cochin–Travancore Alliance (1761) followed by Suchindram Pact next year to combat Mysorean invasion of Malabar.
- 1762 - Raja Kesavadas develops port and canals of Alappuzha.[21]
- 1763 February - East India Company restores Mahé to France following Treaty of Paris (1763).
- 1766 - Ali Raja of Arakkal kingdom develops two and half-mile long Sultan Canal between Kuppam River and Perumba River in Madayi.[22]
- 1766 - 1792 - Mysorean invasion of Malabar
- 1767 - Murdoch Brown of East India Company established 300 acre Browns Cinnamon Estate at Anjarakkandy.[23][24][25]
- 1772 -
- Samkshepa Vedartham printed from Rome becomes the first book printed in Malayalam.
- Abraham Koorilos I establishes Malabar Independent Syrian Church at Thozhiyoor. It became the first of several groups that split from Malankara Church.
- 1779 December - 1782 January - Siege of Tellicherry.
- 1780 - 90 - Thamarassery Churam route developed by British with help of Karinthandan forming an alternative for lengthy Kuttiyadi route.[26]
- 1789 - 90 - Battle of Nedumkotta
- 1790 - Varthamanappusthakam, the firstever Travelog in an Indian language written by Paremmakkal Thoma.
- 1795 - Dutch Malabar taken over by East India Company following Napoleon's war on Dutch Republic and Kew Letters.
- 1797 – Ambush at Manandery
- 1798 – Sakthan Thampuran started Thrissur Pooram.[27][28]
- Commencement of Pulavanibham in Kingdom of Cochin following a Smallpox outbreak.[29]
Modern times[edit | edit source]
19th century[edit | edit source]
1800 – 1850[edit | edit source]
- 1800 July 1 – Malabar becomes a part of Madras Presidency.
- 1805 November 30 – Pazhassi Raja killed in battle with British.
- 1809 January 11 – Velu Thampi Dalawa did historic proclamation at Kundara against British Raj.[30]
- 1809 January 15 – Battle of Quilon
- 1812 March – May – Kurichiya tribe revolt against British Raj.
- 1812 December 5 – Gowri Lakshmi Bayi prohibits sale of slaves through proclamation in Travancore.
- 1813 – beginning of Channar revolt protests by lower castes to gain rights to cover breasts following John Munro granting upper cloth rights to women who converted to Christianity.[31]
- 1814 August – Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 brings Dutch Malabar permanently under British.
- 1816 November 15 – Zamorin formally loses all political powers following treaty with East India Company.[32]
- 1817 – CMS College Kottayam established as first western education college in Kerala.[33]
- 1821 – Benjamin Bailey establishes C.M.S. Press the first printing press in Kerala.
- 1829 February 3 – Gowri Parvati Bayi issues a royal proclamation that prohibits Nadar women converted to Christianity from covering their breast. Some historians argue that this proclamation led to infamous Breast tax.[34]
- 1830 – Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma permanently shifts Hajoor Kacheri from Kollam to Thiruvananthapuram. Prior to this Hajoor kacheri existed at seat of Diwans which were Mavelikkara and Alappuzha prior to Kollam.
- 1843 April 7 – Slavery abolished in Malabar District through Indian Slavery Act, 1843.
- 1846 – Forest Conservator Chathu Menon established Connolly Plot Nilambur as world's first teak plantation.[35]
- 1847 March 19 – London Missionary Society and Church Mission Society places representation before Marthanda Varma II to abolish slavery and the same was rejected king.
- 1847 June – Hermann Gundert published first Malayalam journal Rajyasamacharam from Tellicherri.
1851 – 1899[edit | edit source]
- 1855 April – Kingdom of Cochin abolished slavery.[36]
- 1855 June 24 - Travancore abolished slavery.[37]
- 1855 September 11 – District Collector of Malabar District Henry Valentine Conolly assassinated in his official premises in Calicut by Mappilas.[38]
- 1859 July 26 – Channar revolt result in royal decree in Travancore that gives Nadar (caste) women the right to wear upper clothes.[39][40]
- 1861 March 12 – First railway line in state opened between Beypore and Tirur.[41]
- 1865 - Pandara Patta Vaka Proclamation in Travancore. It became a significant event that changed land rights in the princely state.
- 1869 July - August - The new Hajur Kacheri in Trivandrum completed and offices started functioning.[42]
- 1877 – Punalur Suspension Bridge completed.
- 1880 – Varkala twin Tunnel in TS Canal completed facilitating inland navigation between Thiruvananthapuram Vallakadavu and Quilon.[43][44]
- 1880 – 1903 – The first phase of Kuttanad kayal reclamation an area of roughly 1764 hectares reclaimed from Vembanad for Paddy cultivation.[45]
- 1883 – Mambally Bapu bakes the first Christmas cake in state at Tellicherri.[46]
- 1886 October 29 – 999-year lease indenture entered over Mullaperiyar Dam water between Moolam Thirunal and British Secretary of State for Periyar irrigation Works.[47]
- 1887 - The High Court of Travancore established at Thiruvananthapuram.[48]
Aruvipuram Temple - 1888 March 30 – An eight member legislative council established in Travancore.
- 1889 January 4 – Great fire of Cochin
- 1889 December – Indulekha by Oyyarathu Chandu Menon gets published as first novel in Malayalam.
- 1891 January 1 – Malayali Memorial
- 1893 – Villuvandi (Bullock Cart) Samaram by Ayyankali.
- 1895 March 8 – 17 – The first Maramon Convention held.
- 1895 October 10 – Mullaperiyar Dam completes construction and opened.
- 1896 September – Ezhava Memorial Petition
.jpg)
20th century[edit | edit source]
Pre – Independence (1900–1923)[edit | edit source]
- 1900 – Raja's Court of Appeal established as Chief Court of Appeal in Kingdom of Cochin.
- 1900 November 18 – 25 – Lord Curzon visits Kingdom of Cochin and Travancore and he is the first Governor-General of India to visit these states.[49][50]
- 1902 March 27 - Mannanar dynasty comes to an end following murder of Muthetattarmanakal Kunhikelapan Mannanar.[51]
- 1902 July 16 – The first passenger train service in Kingdom of Cochin in Shoranur–Cochin route.[52]
- 1902 – The first viable commercial rubber plantation in Kerala established near Thattekad by John Joseph Murphy and Periyar Syndicate.[53]
- 1903 May 15 – Padmanabhan Palpu formed Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam.
- 1904 July 1 – The first train service in Travancore between Kollam–Sengottai commenced.
- 1904 October 22 – Sree Moolam Praja Sabha established with 88 members and first meeting held at VJT Hall.[54]
- 1905 July 13 – The verdict pronounced after Smarthavicharam of Kuriyedathu Thatri.
Cochin State Forest Tramay - 1906 - The first indigenous Plague outbreak of Malabar at Calicut. Around 1026 killed over next four years.[56]
- 1910 September 26 - Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai arrested and banished from Travancore.
- 1914 October 31 - Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai founds Nair Brithya Jana Sangam.
- 1914 - Kandala Agitation by peasants from lower castes under Ayyankali following denial of education rights to lower castes in Travancore and incident at Ooruttambalam.[57][58][59]
- 1914 December 7 - Rama Varma XV of Kingdom of Cochin abdicated throne.[60]
- 1915 October 24 - Kallamaala Samaram
- 1917 May 30 - Sahodaran Ayyappan conducted inter-caste feast (Mishrabhojanam) at Cherai.[61][62]
- 1920 August 18 – Mahatma Gandhi visits Kerala for the first time. He visits Calicut as part of Khilafat Movement.[63]
- 1920 October - Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple gutted in fire.[64]
- 1920 – The Cochin Nair Regulation Act passed which legalised Sambandam banned Polygamy and streamlined inheritance.[65]
- 1921-22 - Moplah rebellion[66]
- 1921 September 16 - Government order 613 (Communal G.O.) passed by Justice Party in Madras Presidency providing rights for education and jobs to non-brahmin communities.[67]
Wagon Tragedy memorial at Tirur - 1922 November 15 - Meeting between Rabindranath Tagore and Narayana Guru.[68]
- 1922 – Under the leadership of K. M. Maulavi, K. M. Seethi Sahib and E. Moidu Moulavi, Kerala Muslim Aikya Sangam formed at Kodungallur to reform Islam in Kerala and propagate modern education.[69][70]
.jpg)
Pre – Independence (1924–1935)[edit | edit source]
- 1924 January 16 – Kumaran Asan and 23 others killed in a boat accident in Pallana.[71]
- 1924 March – 1925 November – Vaikom Satyagraha
- 1924 May 19 – C. Sankaran Nair lost defamation case case filed by Michael O'Dwyer.
- 1924 July – Great flood of 99
- 1924 September 25 - Madras Presidency passes G.O. 2660 which grants rights to depressed class to access to public roads right to travel and access to public wells through out the presidency.[72]
- 1924 November 13 - Palakkad Iyers of Kalpathy attacked Ezhavas who attempted to enter the public roads near agraharam to witness annual car festival.[73]
- 1926 June 26 – Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama formed at Calicut under leadership of Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal to counter reformist organisations among Muslims in Kerala.[74]
- 1926 - Suchindram Satyagraha
- 1927 June 14 - Narayana Guru does mirror consecration at Kalavamkodam Temple Cherthala.
- 1927 October 26 - Nilambur–Shoranur railway line opened by South Indian Railway Company.
- 1927 - The first indigenous Plague outbreak in Travancore at Devikulam taluk.
- 1928 May 26 – The first ship arrives at modern Cochin Port.[75]
- 1930 April 21 – K. Kelappan led satyagrahis manufacture salt at Payyanur beach breaking the Salt laws as part of Salt satyagraha.[76]
- 1930 October 23 – The first Malayalam film Vigathakumaran released.[77]
- 1930 November – Kerala Kalamandalam established at Kunnamkulam subsequently it got transferred to present location.
- 1931–32 – Guruvayur Satyagraha
- 1932 April 1 – Palakkad–Pollachi railway line completed.
- 1932 October 28 – The Travancore Legislative Reforms Act promulgated establishing Bicameralism and bringing in property qualifications for franchise.[78]
- 1932 – Thiruvananthapuram Airport established.
- 1933 January 25 – Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas of Travancore starts Abstention movement (Nivarthana Agitation) followed by a Samyuktha Rashtriya Samiti meeting chaired by A. J. John.[79][80]
- 1935 February 11 - Plague (disease) declared at Kunnamkulam nearly 21 killed in next five months.[81]
- 1935 May 13 – C. Kesavan made historic Kozhencherry speech supporting Abstentionism against Travancore and got arrested for Sedition.[82]
Pre – Independence (1936–1947)[edit | edit source]
- 1936 July 1 – Starvation March (Pattini Jaatha) led by A. K. Gopalan from Cannanore to Madras began.
- 1936 November 12 – Temple Entry Proclamation
- 1938 February 20 – Travancore State Transport Department inaugurated and bus service commenced between Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari.
- 1938 June 17 – The court of appeal in Kingdom of Cochin reconstituted as High Court of Cochin with VD Ouseph Vellanikkaran as the Chief Justice.[83]
- 1938 August 31 - Police firing by British forces kills seven at Neyyattinkara.[84]
- 1938 September 26 – October 5 – Kadakkal Revolt
- 1938 September 22–30 – Kallara-Pangode Struggle
- 1938 October 23 – Accamma Cherian leads Rajadhani march from Thampanoor to Kowdiar Palace with 20,000 protestors against ban of Travancore State Congress.
- 1940 March - C. P. Ramaswami Iyer commissions the first Hydroelectric power station at Pallivasal.
- 1940 September 15 – Struggle between police forces and protestors at Morazha and K. P. R. Gopalan gets life imprisonment.[85][86]
- 1941 March 28 - Kayyur incident
- 1942 October - Plague (disease) breakout in Thrissur claims 16 lives.
- 1943 March 12 - Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma inaugurates Travancore State Broadcasting Station.
- 1943 June 22 - Naval base established in Kochi by Royal Navy as HMS Chinkara.
- 1946 January 16 – C. P. Ramaswami Iyer proposes Travancore to be an independent state with American Model constitution with a powerful executive appointed by monarch and universal suffrage.[87]
- 1946 June 23 - Vazhinadakkal Samaram or Kuttamkulam agitation took place in Irinjalakuda by lower castes to gain rights to use roads near Koodalmanikyam Temple.[88]
- 1946 October – Punnapra-Vayalar uprising
- 1946 December 20 – Peasant uprising in Karivellur.[89]
- 1946 December 30 - MSP firing kills five Communists at Kavumbayi, Sreekandapuram.[90]
- 1946 – Malabar Special Police strike and subsequent reduction of companies by British.
- 1947 June 3 – British announces crown paramountcy over princely states including Travancore and Kingdom of Cochin would lapse after transfer of powers to Dominion of India and Pakistan.
- 1947 June 11 – C. P. Ramaswami Iyer announced in a press meet that Travancore is not joining Dominion of India and staying independent.[91]
- 1947 June 18 – Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma announces Travancore as an independent sovereign nation through Travancore Radio.[92]
- 1947 July 25 – K. C. S. Mani attempted assassination of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer at Trivandrum.[93]
- 1947 July 30 – Travancore signs Instrument of Accession with India.
Post Independence[edit | edit source]
- 1947 August 15 - Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran hoists Flag of India and Flag of Cochin at Durbar Hall Ground at Ernakulam and Flag of India not hoisted at Travancore.[94]
- 1947 December - Three month long Paliyam Satyagraha commenced.
- 1948 April 30 – Eight peasants were killed in firing and two through custodial torture of Malabar Special Police at Onchiam.[95]
- 1948 – Communist Party of India banned following Calcutta Thesis
- 1949 July 1 – Travancore–Cochin formed as a Part B State.
- 1949 December 31 – Sooranad Kalapam.
- 1950 February 11 – Twenty two CPI workers predominantly from Malabar District killed in police firing at Salem Central Prison.[96]
- 1950 February 28 - CPI workers attacked police station at Edappally and killed two policemen on duty.[97]
- 1950 May 14 - All India Radio commences broadcasting from Kozhikode.[98]
- 1950 May - Arson by unidentifiable miscreants at Sabarimala Temple severely damaging the idol.[99]
- 1953 May 11 – INS Garuda, the naval airport in Cochin commissioned.
- 1954 July – Mahé liberated from France as result of liberation struggle led by I. K. Kumaran.
- 1954 August 11 – Four killed in Kanyakumari due to police firing following violence by Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress.[100][101]
- 1954 December 5 – Thottappally Spillway completes construction in three years and commissioned to reduce salt water intrusion and flooding in Kuttanad.[102]
- 1954 - P. T. Bhaskara Panicker won the elections to Malabar District Board.[103]
- 1955 October 9 - K. Kamaraj inaugurates the Malampuzha Dam.[104]
- 1956 March 2 - Maaru Marakkal Samaram by women at Manimalarkavu Temple, Velur.[105][106][107][108]
After formation of Unified Kerala[edit | edit source]
- 1956 November 1 – The state of Kerala formed on linguistic basis through States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
- 1957 March 7 - Kerala State Electricity Board formed.
- 1957 April 6 – E. M. S. Namboodiripad gets elected as first Chief Minister of Kerala and First Namboodiripad ministry became the orld's first Communist government elected through Ballot.
- 1958–59 – Liberation Struggle
- 1959 June 13 – Angamaly police firing[109]
- 1959 July 31 – First Namboodiripad ministry gets dismissed and President Rule came into effect.
- 1963 November 21 – The first Rocket launch of Indian Space Program happens at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.[110]
- 1964 September 8 – Sankar ministry loses in motion of no confidence moved by P. K. Kunju.[111]
- 1965 March 15 - Kerala State Road Transport Corporation formed.
- 1967 November 20 – The first indigenously developed rocket Rohini RH 75 launched from Thumba.
- 1968 - Kerala State Water Transport Department established.[112]
- 1970 January 1 – Land reform act in Kerala comes into effect.
- 1971 December 28 – The first Communal riot in state took place at Thalassery.[113][114]
- 1973 April 24 – Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
- 1973 – Save Silent Valley movement by Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad.
- 1974 – Completion of Thanneermukkom Bund.[115][116]
- 1976 February 12 – Indira Gandhi commissions Idukki Dam.[117]
- 1976 March – Rajan case
- 1976 September 1 – Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act of 1975 comes into effect abolishing Marumakkathayam.
- 1979 October 2 - Thiruvananthapuram railway division established.
- 1982 September 1 – Vypin alcohol poisonings
- 1983 - Thirty six Mugger crocodile introduced to Neyyar Dam.[118]
- 1984 April 1 - Kerala Water Authority established.
- 1988 July 8 – Peruman railway accident
- 1994 November 25 – Koothuparamba firing
21st century[edit | edit source]
- 2003 February 19 – Muthanga incident
- 2015 August 3 - IIT Palakkad started functioning.[119]
- 2018 May 2 – The first Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala at Perambra.
- 2018 August – 2018 Kerala floods
- 2018 September 28 – A bench headed by Dipak Misra in Supreme Court of India allowed Entry of women to Sabarimala.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Kerala's megalithic past demands awareness at local level". @mathrubhumi. 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "Megalithic burial chambers found in village near Palakkad". The Hindu. 2010-06-07. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ P, P. J. Cherian & Deepak (2023-04-01). "No idols, no arms: the Pattanam mystery". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ Poduval, Jayaram (2021-07-27). "A country of many Gods: Visitor's book". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ Perur, Srinath (2016-08-10). "Lost cities #3 – Muziris: did black pepper cause the demise of India's ancient port?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ M, Manasi (2025-04-30). "Multiculturalism and Religious Syncretism in Kerala through Trade : A Historical Analysis". Journal of Native India & Diversity Studies. 2 (1): 90–98. ISSN 3048-8710.
- ↑ Kolappan, B. (2023-08-31). "The war in which Cholas ravaged a Chera town in Kanniyakumari". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ "The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Coimbatore News : Tale of an ancient road". www.hindu.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2026-03-31.
- ↑ "Current Issue". www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com. Retrieved 2026-02-26.
- ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013). Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy : Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800-AD 1124). CosmoBooks. ISBN 978-81-88765-07-2.
- ↑ "Kozhikode: A city that 'lost' its history". Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
- ↑ PTI (2013-11-11). "Kerala's missing copper plate found in British Library in London". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-26.
- ↑ S, Priyadershini (2018-02-24). "Ibn Battuta's tryst with Malabar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ "1663". dutchinkerala.com. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ "Kannur Tourism – Places – Thalassery Fort". kannurtourism.com. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ "Anchuthengu Fort from history's past". The New Indian Express. 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "Ananthapuri all set to host Murajapam rituals". The Times of India. 2019-11-20. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "'Thrippadi danam' popular at the book fest". The Times of India. 2012-03-07. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "Murajapam ritual begins at Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple". The Hindu. 2025-11-20. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "Ananthapuri all set to host Murajapam rituals". The Times of India. 2019-11-20. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ A, Sam Paul (2022-07-14). "Alappuzha Heritage Project in limbo". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ "Prevailing currents take a canal to disuse". The Hindu. 2011-10-27. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ Jayasree, C H (2012). "Making of a New Form of Slavery: The Case of the Anjarakandy Plantation". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 73: 756–763. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44156271.
- ↑ "Anjarakandy Integrated Campus". anjarakandy.in. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ "QVR: Anjarakandy estate transactions fraudulent". The Times of India. 2016-06-16. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ "Tribal hero of Thamarassery Ghat road gets a face". The Times of India. 2014-07-25. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ "Find cultural heritage at every turn in Thrissur". onmanorama.com. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "Who was Sakthan Thampuran, whose fallen statue in Thrissur Suresh Gopi wants to reconstruct". The Indian Express. 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ S, Priyadershini (2020-03-26). "How a small pox epidemic launched Kochi's Pulavanibham market". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-05-01.
- ↑ archive, From our online (2012-05-16). "Anniversary of Kundara Proclamation". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ Kumar, N. Vinoth (2023-03-04). "200 years of Channar Revolt: How Dalit women struggled for right to cover upper body". thefederal.com. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ V V, Haridas (2003-03-31). "King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut A AD 1200 to AD 1767". University. hdl:10603/131929. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13.
- ↑ Softloom. "Introducing CMS College". CMS College Kottayam. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
- ↑ Ameerudheen, T. A. (2019-03-22). "NCERT decision to remove chapter on caste struggle in Kerala from history textbook draws criticism". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ "Conolly's Plot: India's Oldest Teak Plantation in Nilambur, Kerala". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
- ↑ "Slave trade". The Hindu. 2013-08-25. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ Prashant, M. P. (2024-10-14). "Slavery in Kerala, a bitter truth knowingly forgotten". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "Benign faces of the Raj — the Malabar experience". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2026-02-11.
- ↑ archive, From our online (2012-05-15). "All for a decent dress". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ "1859 Declaration" (PDF).
- ↑ Govind, Biju (2019-11-24). "It's a long way to world-class station". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ Cris (2019-11-05). "A short history of the Kerala Secretariat as building celebrates 150 years". The News Minute. Retrieved 2026-03-06.
- ↑ "200-year-old Vallakadavu boat jetty now harbours Kerala's rich biodiversity". 200-year-old Vallakadavu boat jetty now harbours Kerala's rich biodiversity. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "Efforts to revive grand-old tunnel in Varkala". Efforts to revive grand-old tunnel in Varkala. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "HISTORY OF RECLAIMED KAYALS IN KUTTANAD WETLAND AND ASSOCIATED SOCIAL DIVIDE IN ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT, KERALA". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "Kerala: The sweet story of India's 'first' Christmas cake". 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
- ↑ "Mullaperiyar dam case: demarcate land covered by 1886 lease, check if mega car parking is in the lease area, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. 2023-11-28. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
- ↑ Pratap, Giti (2023-03-10). "The shifting legacy of the Kerala High Court - Part I". Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news. Retrieved 2026-02-13.
- ↑ "The Speeches of Lord Curzon" (PDF).
- ↑ "Curzon 'apologised to Maharaja' for irreverent comment". The Hindu. 2010-01-04. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ Kumar, MA Rajeev (2022-04-06). "Neglected and forgotten: Remains of Mannanar dynasty crumbling". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
- ↑ Kuruvilla, Anu C. (2023-10-11). "Honour on track for a forgotten maharaja". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ Shah, Aditi (2020-06-04). "J J Murphy: Kerala's Rubber Man". PeepulTree. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ "History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Moolam Praja Sabha". www.keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ Nagarajan, Saraswathy (2021-04-29). "Reviving memories of Cochin State Forest Tramway in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ Tiasa Basu, Roy (2021-07-07). "Basel Mission and Leprosy in Kerala during the Colonial Period: A Brief Study". AIDS Clinical Research and STDs. 8 (1): 1–5. doi:10.24966/ACRS-7370/100032. ISSN 2572-7370.
- ↑ Dev, Gouri S. (2022-07-30). "Tale of a revolt for education". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ "Tale of two girls: How a Kerala school did penance for a century-old crime". OnManorama. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (2022-12-02). "Quality universal education schemes will continue in State: Kerala CM". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ "The story of a statue". The Hindu. 2015-06-19. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-13.
- ↑ "Misrabhojanam centenary fete". The Hindu. 2016-09-29. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
- ↑ Staff, T. N. M. (2017-05-31). "100 years after historic anti-caste Panthibhojanam, Kerala leaders come together to recreate event". The News Minute. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
- ↑ "The five visits Gandhiji made to Kerala". The five visits Gandhiji made to Kerala. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
- ↑ Reporter, Staff (2017-10-26). "A temple festival in memory of a catastrophe". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-05-03.
- ↑ S, Priyadershini (2022-05-10). "A new book throws fresh light on Parukutty Neithyaramma, the queen consort of Cochin State". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- ↑ Balakrishnan, Pulapre (2021-08-27). "Remembering the Moplah Rebellion of 1921". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ Kolappan, B. (2021-09-15). "The Communal G.O. | A government order that heralded the social justice movement 100 years ago". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ Shaji, K. A. (2022-11-14). "Lunatic asylum to God's abode: When Tagore met Narayana Guru in Kerala's Sivagiri 100 years ago". The South First | News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ അ ഹ് മ ദ്, ഡോ ജ മീ ൽ (2021-11-25). "മുസ് ലിം െഎക്യ സംഘം സമുദായത്തിനും സമൂഹത്തിനും നൽകിയതെന്ത് ? -ചരിത്രത്തെ മുൻ നിർത്തി ഒരു വിശകലനം | muslim Aikya Sangam −100th Centennial | Madhyamam". www.madhyamam.com (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ Sharafudeen, Shajeer. "Kerala muslim aikya Sanghom".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Paul, Biju E. (2023-01-15). "Judicial commission that probed boat tragedy of Kerala's Mahakavi Kumaran Asan nears centenary". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-11.
- ↑ K, Anish K. (2022-05-06). "Conceptions of Community, Nation and Politics: The Ezhavas of South Malabar, India and their Quest for Equality". CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion. 3 (1): 69–88. doi:10.26812/caste.v3i1.357. ISSN 2639-4928.
- ↑ Shaji, K. A. (2023-11-29). "Why the century-old Ezhava rebellion in Kalpathy remains a forgotten footnote in Kerala history". The South First | News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates. Retrieved 2026-04-01.
- ↑ Naha, Abdul Latheef (2025-02-12). "Divided they celebrate Samastha centenary". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ Service, Express News (2022-05-27). "Cochin Port marks 94th year of first ship's arrival". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
- ↑ "K Kelappan and the freedom movement". K Kelappan and the freedom movement. Retrieved 2026-01-29.
- ↑ "Back then, the boy had no idea he was burning a piece of Malayalam cinema's history-- Vigathakumaran". @mathrubhumi. 2025-02-11. Retrieved 2026-03-13.
- ↑ "Business". niyamasabha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2026-01-03. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ admin (2018-08-20). "NIVARTHANA AGITATION IN TRAVANCORE | rjisacjournal.com". Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ Service, Express News (2016-10-05). "Lost in the annals of history". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ "85 വർഷം മുൻപ് – നമ്മൾ പ്ലേഗിനെ തോൽപിച്ച ചരിത്രം; ഒരു എലിക്ക് 3 പൈ !". 85 വർഷം മുൻപ് – നമ്മൾ പ്ലേഗിനെ തോൽപിച്ച ചരിത്രം; ഒരു എലിക്ക് 3 പൈ ! (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 2026-05-01.
- ↑ "സി.കേശവന്റെ കോഴഞ്ചേരി പ്രസംഗത്തിന് 85 വയസ്സ്". സി.കേശവന്റെ കോഴഞ്ചേരി പ്രസംഗത്തിന് 85 വയസ്സ് (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ "The High Court in Cochin and Bank of Cochin". The Hindu. 2016-02-19. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-13.
- ↑ archive, From our online (2020-09-02). "Memorial of Neyyattinkara firing linked to freedom struggle unveiled". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ Radhakrishnan, M. G. (1996-09-30). "K.P.R. Gopalan: Founder member of Kerala's communist movement is still driven by the cause". India Today. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ Reporter, Staff (2022-08-08). "Communist ideologue Berlin Kunhananthan Nair dead". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ Pillai, G. Mohanadasan (1988). "Punnapra-Vayalar : The National Working Class Revolt". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 49: 402–405. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44148418.
- ↑ "കുട്ടംകുളം സമരത്തിന് 79 വയസ്സ് തികയുന്നു; സമരസ്മരണയിൽ നാട്". കുട്ടംകുളം സമരത്തിന് 79 വയസ്സ് തികയുന്നു; സമരസ്മരണയിൽ നാട് (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 2026-03-06.
- ↑ "CPM to celebrate 70years of Karivellur struggle". The Times of India. 2016-12-01. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ "കാവുമ്പായി സമരത്തിന് 75 വയസ്സ്; കാവുമ്പായിയുടെ ഓർമകളിൽ കനലെരിയുന്നു". കാവുമ്പായി സമരത്തിന് 75 വയസ്സ്; കാവുമ്പായിയുടെ ഓർമകളിൽ കനലെരിയുന്നു (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ "C.P. and independent Travancore". Frontline. 2003-07-03. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- ↑ "How an assassination bid before I-Day dramatically altered Kerala history". How an assassination bid before I-Day dramatically altered Kerala history. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- ↑ "Who was Sir CP, whose 'independent Travancore mission' ended with assassination bid". The Indian Express. 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- ↑ Anand, Shilpa Nair (2025-08-14). "How Kochi celebrated Independence Day on August 15, 1947, a day marked by heavy rain". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
- ↑ "75 years of Onchiyam firing: Communist parties of Kerala commemorate martyred comrades". @mathrubhumi. 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ "Martyrs remembered". The Hindu. 2016-02-12. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ Service, Express News (2022-03-01). "1950 Edappally police station attack a milestone in Communist uprising". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
- ↑ Kumar, P. K. Ajith (2025-03-18). "Celebrations mark 75th year of AIR Kozhikode". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
- ↑ "Mystery fire at Sabarimala in 1950". Mystery fire at Sabarimala in 1950. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan, T. (2023-07-20). "The transfer of Kanniyakumari to Tamil Nadu amid political struggle and police firing". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ "Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari to Tamil Nadu without a fight?". Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari to Tamil Nadu without a fight?. Retrieved 2026-03-06.
- ↑ A, Sam Paul (2018-09-09). "Standing guard against floodwaters, for six decades". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
- ↑ "A glimpse into mass movements of Kerala". The Hindu. 2015-01-13. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
- ↑ "Brimming with pride". The Hindu. 2015-10-05. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
- ↑ "Anniversary of Velur protest to be observed tomorrow". The Times of India. 2021-03-01. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ Cris (2021-03-06). "These Kerala women changed history by wearing blouses to Velur temple in 1956". The News Minute. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (2023-06-12). "Tearful adieu to Velur marumarakkal agitation leader Devaki Nambisan". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ "Kerala activist Devaki Nambeesan who fought for right to cover breasts in temple no more". @mathrubhumi. 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ archive, From our online (2012-05-15). "Remembering the Angamaly police firing". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-03-24.
- ↑ FRONTLINE, TEAM (2022-08-12). "1963: First rocket launch from Thumba". Frontline. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
- ↑ "Confidence Motion". niyamasabha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2025-05-17. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ archive, From our online (2012-05-15). "Waterworld". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
- ↑ Service, Express News (2021-03-23). "1971 Thalassery riot defines bitter fight between RSS, CPM". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ "How Ajit Doval, the Centre's man Friday, suppressed a riot in Kerala in 1972". The Week. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
- ↑ "Coastal Reservoirs".
- ↑ Paul, Biju E. (2018-05-12). "Thanneermukkom bund, a farmers' landmark, passes into Kerala's history". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
- ↑ Kumar, Dileep V. (2026-02-11). "Idukki Dam turns 50: When Periyar was tamed to change Kerala's energy history". The South First | News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232423632_Review_of_the_reintroduction_programme_of_the_Mugger_crocodile_Crocodylus_palustris_in_Neyyar_Reservoir_India
- ↑ "IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad now Open for Intake". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
Template:Topics related to Kerala Template:History of India by State
.png){kind=link}