Kasaragod district

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Kasaragod District
Kanhirakode District[1]
Kasaragod
Ranipuram hill.jpg
Chandragiri River.jpg
Bekal Fort Kasargod.jpg
Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg
Bakel Fort Beach Kasaragod4.jpg
Chandragiri Fort, Kerala.jpg
Clockwise from top:
Ranipuram, Bekal Fort, Bekal beach, Chandragiri fort, Kavvayi Backwaters at Nileshwaram, Chandragiri River at Kanathur near Kasaragod.
Nickname: 
The Land of Seven Languages[2]
Coordinates: 12°30′N 75°00′E / 12.5°N 75°E / 12.5; 75Coordinates: 12°30′N 75°00′E / 12.5°N 75°E / 12.5; 75
Country India
StateKerala
RegionNorth Malabar
Established24 May 1984; 39 years ago (1984-05-24)
Founded byGovernment of Kerala
HeadquartersKasaragod
Subdistricts
Government
 • District CollectorDr. D Sajith Babu IAS
 • Superintendent of PoliceP B Rajeev IPS
 • MPRajmohan Unnithan (INC)
Area
 • Total1,992 km2 (769 sq mi)
Population
 (2018)[3]
 • Total1,390,894
 • Density698/km2 (1,810/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Language (2011)
 • Religion (2011)
Human Development
 • Sex ratio (2011)1080 /1000 [6]
 • Literacy (2011)90.09%[7]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
671121
Telephone code0499
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
Vehicle registrationKL-14, KL-60, KL-79
HDI (2005)Increase 0.760[8] (High)
Websitekasargod.nic.in

Kasaragod ([kɑːsɾɡoːɖ] (About this soundlisten) and Malayalam: Kanhirakode,[1] English: Kassergode, Tulu: Kasrod, Arabic: Harkwillia[9]) is one of the 14 districts in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Its northern border Thalappady is located just 10 km south to Ullal, which is the southernmost portion of the major port city Mangalore, on the southwestern Malabar coast of India.

Kasaragod is the northernmost district of Kerala and is also known as Saptha Bhasha Sangama Bhoomi (The land of seven languages) as seven languages namely, Malayalam, Tulu, Kannada, Marathi, Konkani, Beary, and Urdu are spoken, unlike the other districts of Kerala.[2]

The district is situated on the rich biodiversity of Western Ghats. It was a part of the Kannur district of Kerala until 24 May 1984. The district is bounded by Dakshina Kannada district to the north, Western Ghats to the northeast, Kodagu district to the southeast, Kannur district to the south, and Arabian Sea to the west. Kasaragod district has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12.[10]

Kasaragod town is located on the estuary where the Chandragiri River, which is also the longest river in the district, empties into Arabian Sea. Kasaragod is home to several forts which include Arikady fort, Bekal Fort, Chandragiri Fort, and Hosdurg Fort (Puthiyakotta Fort). Bekal Fort is also the largest fort in Kerala. The historic hill of Ezhimala is located on the southern portion of Kavvayi Backwaters of Nileshwaram. Talakaveri, which is home to Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary where the 805 km long Kaveri River originates, is located closer to Ranipuram in Kerala-Karnataka border.

Etymology[edit]

Until 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[1] Kasaragod is the Kannada version of Kanhirakode.

History[edit]

Ancient period[edit]

The Ancient Tamil Works of Sangam Age records that the area covering the district was part of Puzhinadu which consists of the coastal belt from Kozhikode to Mangalore. Politically the area was part of the Ezhimala Kingdom with its Capital at Ezhimala in present day Kannur district. The most famous King of Ezhimala was Nannan whose Kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. Poozhinad, along woth Karkanad which included the eastern regions of Ezhimala dynasty (Wayanad-Gudalur region with some portions of Kodagu), had its capital at Ezhimala. The Mooshaka Kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and the Rulers as Kolathiris. The Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north[11] to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea.[12]

Medieval period[edit]

Malik Dinar Mosque, Kasaragod, is one of the oldest mosques in India
Maipady palace

Ramacharitam, probably the oldest literary work written in Old Malayalam, which dates back to 12th century CE, is thought to have written in Kasargod district as its manuscripts were discovered from Nileshwaram and the poem mentions about Ananthapura Lake Temple in Kumbla in detail.[13] Kasaragod was known to the Arabs by the name Harkwillia.[9] Malik Dinar Mosque at Kasaragod town is one of the oldest mosques in Indian Subcontinent. According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian Subcontinent.[14] It is believed that Malik Dinar was died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.[15]

Many Arab travelers visiting Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, being an important trade centre then. Duarte Borbosa, a Portuguese traveler who visited Kumbla, near Kasargod in 1514 recorded that rice being exported for coir to Maldives.[9] According to Barbosa, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from Kumbla in the north to Kanyakumari in the south had spoke a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" (Malayalam).[16] If he is right, then Kumbla would be the northern end of Malayalam region in the first quarter of 16th century CE.

Until 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[1] The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu kingdom of North Malabar, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire.[17] The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[18] They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala.[18] Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu.[18]

The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor), Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.[19] Many portions of the present-day Hosdurg taluk (Kanhangad) and Vellarikundu were parts of the Nileshwaram dynasty, who were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.[20] The areas north to the Chandragiri river (present-day Taluks of Manjeshwaram and Kasaragod) were ruled by the Kumbala dynasty, which had 64 Malayalam and Tulu villages according to the legends.[18]

Kannada kingdoms focused on Kasaragod in the 16th century CE. The Vijayanagara empire attacked and annexed Kasaragod from the Kolathiri Raja with Nileshwaram as one of the capital in the 16th century. During the decline of the Vijayanagara empire, the administration of this area was vested with Ikkeri Nayakas.[9] At the onset of collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, Venkappa Nayaka declared independence to Ikkery. Kumbla, Chandragiri, and Bekal are considered to be the chain of forts constructed or renovated by Shivappa Nayaka.[9]

The Chandragiri Fort is built on the southern bank of the estuary of Chandragiri River, just opposite to Kasaragod town. The Bekal Fort at Bekal, Pallikkara, which is situated in the midway between Kasaragod and Kanhangad, and is also largest fort in Kerala, was built in 1650 by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi.[21]

Modern period[edit]

A map of Malabar District (Malayalam district) drawn by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807. Kasaragod region of South Canara was also included in Malayalam region (just above the blue shaded region)
A Road Sign in Kasaragod town
Sunset at Valiyaparamba beach

Francis Buchanan, the family doctor of Arthur Wellesley, visited Kasaragod in 1800.[9] In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, Kavvai, Nileshwaram, Bekal, Chandragiri and Manjeshwar.[9] Hosdurg and Vellarikundu is part of Kolathunadu (south of Chandragiri river) and Kasargod and Manjeshwaram is in the Tulu Nadu region (north of Chandragiri river). In 1763, Hyder Ali raided Bedanoor (Bidnur), the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son Tippu Sultan raided much of Malabar region in Kerala. As per the Treaty of Seringapatam of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except Kanara to the British. The British occupied Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan.[9] it is said that Kinavoor Molom (Sree Dharma Shashtha Temple) is belonging to Karinthalam (one of 64 Brahmin villages in old Kerala).

Before the formation of Kerala, Kasargod was a part of South Canara district of erstwhile Madras Presidency. Initially South Canara was included in the Bombay presidency.[22] Later on 16 April 1862, South Canara was transferred to Madras Presidency and Kasaragod taluk was formed by replacing the erstwhile Bekal taluk.[22] However, in 19th century CE, Kasargod Taluk witnessed many struggles to separate the region from South Canara and to merge it with the Malabar District as it was the only Malayalam-majority region in South Canara. Kasaragod was the second-most populated Taluk in South Canara only after to Mangalore taluk, and also the second-largest Taluk.[23] Kasargod became a part of Kannur district of Kerala following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956.[24] Later Kasargod was divided into two Taluks for the ease of administration - Kasargod and Hosdurg. Kasargod was declared a district in the year 1984. The inclusion of Kasaragod with Kerala has been a contentious issue as there is a sizeable population that speaks Tulu and Kannada. At the time of 1951 Census of India, only 72.0% of the district's population chose their mother tongue as Malayalam.[25] 14.2% chose Tulu and 6.3% chose Kannada.[25] But it is noted that as per the 2011 census report only 8.8% and 4.2% of the total population in the district speak Tulu and Kannada respectively as their mother tongue. In 2012, the Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under the leadership the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up special package for the district.[26] In 2013, two more Taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district.[27]

Geography[edit]

Manjeshwar harbour

The district is the northernmost district of the State of Kerala. Kasargod is located at 12°30′N 75°00′E / 12.5°N 75.0°E / 12.5; 75.0.[28] It has an average elevation of 19  metres (62  feet). Ranipuram or Madathumala (1016m) peak is the highest peak in the Kasargod district of Kerala, located in the Ranipuram Wildlife Sanctuary.

Climate[edit]

Kasaragod has a Tropical Climate.

Climate data for Kasargod
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 33.1
(91.6)
33.3
(91.9)
33.9
(93.0)
34.3
(93.7)
33.4
(92.1)
29.8
(85.6)
28.7
(83.7)
28.8
(83.8)
30.1
(86.2)
31.2
(88.2)
32.7
(90.9)
33.1
(91.6)
31.9
(89.4)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0)
21.9
(71.4)
23.7
(74.7)
24.9
(76.8)
24.9
(76.8)
23.5
(74.3)
23
(73)
23
(73)
23.2
(73.8)
23.2
(73.8)
22.7
(72.9)
21.3
(70.3)
23.0
(73.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.8
(0.03)
0
(0)
17.3
(0.68)
32.7
(1.29)
182.9
(7.20)
1,010.5
(39.78)
1,002.8
(39.48)
663.6
(26.13)
246.5
(9.70)
222.6
(8.76)
69
(2.7)
12.4
(0.49)
3,461.1
(136.24)
Source: Meo Weather

Rivers[edit]

Kasaragod district has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12.[10] All of them are west-flowing rivers.[29] The longest of them is Chandragiri River (105 km long). The Kasaragod town is located on the estuary of Chandragiri river. It empties into the Arabian Sea at Thalangara.[29] The Chandragiri Fort is built on its bank. The river originates at Pattimala in Kodagu (Coorg).[29] The smallest river of Kerala is also in the district.

Rivers of Kasaragod[29]
River Origin Length (km)
Total Navigable
1 Manjeshwar River Kadandur hills 16 3
2 Uppala River Kudipadi hills, Veerakamba 50 N/A
3 Shiriya River Kanakad hills, Anegundi Reserve Forest 61 5
4 Kumbla River Yedanad 11 3
5 Mogral River Kanlur, Karadka Reserve Forest 34 N/A
6 Chandragiri River Patti forest, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary 105 13
7 Kalnad River Chettianchal 8 N/A
8 Bekal River Kaniyadka 11 N/A
9 Chittari River Kundiya 25 N/A
10 Neeleshwaram River
(Thejaswini River)
Kinanoor, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary 47 11
11 Kariangode River Padinalkad, Coorg hills 64 24
12 Kavvayi River Cheemeni 23 10

Administration[edit]

Municipalities
Kanhangad
Kasaragod
Nileshwaram
[30]
Kanhangad Municipal Office

Kasargod district consists of two revenue subdivisions- Kasargod and Kanhangad. For sake of rural administration, 38 Gram Panchayats are combined in 6 Blocks, which together form the Kasargod District Panchayat. For the sake of urban administration, 3 municipal towns are there.[31]

For the representation of Kasargod in Kerala Legislative Assembly, there are 5 assembly constituencies. These are included in the Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency).[31][32] The district is further divided into 128 villages which together form 4 subdistricts.[33]

Revenue divisions[edit]

Manjeshwaram and Kasargod subdistricts (Taluks) are included in the Kasaragod revenue subdivision whereas the remaining two Taluks are included in the Kanhangad subdivision.

Taluks in Kasargod
Subdistrict Area
(in km2)
Population
(2011)
Villages
Manjeshwaram 382 268,642 48
Kasargod 594 413,094 34
Vellarikundu 547 177,157 15
Hosdurg (Puthiya Kotta) 442 448,484 31
Sources: 2011 Census of India,[34] Official website of Kasargod district[35]

Political divisions[edit]

Local bodies in Kasaragod district

State legislature[edit]

Assembly
Constituency
Political
Party
Political
Coalition
Elected
Representative
Manjeshwaram IUML   UDF A. K. M. Ashraf
Kasaragod IUML   UDF N. A. Nellikkunnu
Udma CPI(M)   LDF C. H. Kunhambu
Kanhangad CPI   LDF E. Chandrasekharan
Thrikaripur CPI(M)   LDF M. Rajagopalan

Parliament[edit]

Parliamentary
Constituency
Political
Party
Political
Coalition
Elected
Representative
Kasaragod INC   UDF Rajmohan Unnithan

Transport[edit]

The National Highway 66 which connects the western coast of India from Mumbai to Kanyakumari passes through coastal area of the district connecting the major coastal towns of Manjeshwar, Uppala, Kumbla, Kasaragod, Udma, Bekal, Kanhangad, Nileshwaram, and Thrikaripur.[36][37][38] It enters the district at Thalappady and goes out through Payyanur. There are State highways starting/ending at Kasaragod and Kanhangad.[39] Total length of Major District Road (MDR) is around 1460 km and it accounts for around 11.2 km of MDR for every 10,000 people in the district.[40] The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has stations to operate its service in the district.[41] The railway goes through coastal area. Kasaragod railway station lies in Palakkad railway division of southern zone on Mangalore-Shoranur line.[42] Kasaragod district is home to 3 out of 13 minor ports in Kerala- Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, and Nileshwaram.[43] The nearest international airports are situated at Mangalore (65 km away) and Kannur (110 km away).

Demographics[edit]

Religions in Kasaragod district (2011)[5]

  Hinduism (55.8%)
  Islam (37.2%)
  Christianity (6.7%)
  Other (0.3%)
Languages in Kasaragod district[44]
Language Speakers
Malayalam
82.69%
Tulu
8.77%
Kannada
4.23%
Marathi
1.76%
Others
2.55%
Distribution of languages
Source: 2011 Census

According to the 2018 Vital Statistics published by the Government of Kerala, Kasargod district has a population of 1,390,894,[3] roughly equal to the nation of Trinidad and Tobago[45] or the US state of New Hampshire.[46] The 2011 Census of India, gives the district a ranking of 375th in India (out of a total of 640).[47] The district has a population density of 654 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,690/sq mi) .[47] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 8.18%.[47] Kasaragod has a sex ratio of 1080 females for every 1000 males,[47] and a literacy rate of 90.09%.[48] The Kerala Tulu Academy, which promotes Tulu language and literature, is functioned at Hosangadi in district. Kasaragod district majorly consists of Malayalam speakers who form 82.69% of the population.Tulu and Kannada speakers concentrated in the Northern parts of the district like Manjeshwar, Uppala, Enmakaje, Badiyadka, Kumbla and Seethangoli form a significant linguistic minority with 8.77% and 4.23% each.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901231,280—    
1911247,467+0.68%
1921256,931+0.38%
1931302,043+1.63%
1941342,301+1.26%
1951411,031+1.85%
1961512,146+2.22%
1971683,020+2.92%
1981872,741+2.48%
19911,071,508+2.07%
20011,204,078+1.17%
20111,307,375+0.83%
20181,390,894+0.89%
source:[49]

Education[edit]

The Central University of Kerala is situated in the district.
The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute at Kasaragod was established in the year 1916
The Government College Kasaragod was established in the year 1957

Kasargod district comes under the jurisdiction of Kannur University.

Backwardness[edit]

Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala, which is much away from Thiruvananthapuram, the state headquarters, which is located in the southernmost tip of state. Manjeshwaram town is located about 600 km north of the state headquarters Thiruvananthapuram, about 30 km south of Mangalore, about 350 km west of Bangalore, the headquarters of the neighbouring state Karnataka, and about 950 km south of Mumbai city. In 2012, the Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under the leadership of the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up a special package for the district.[26] In 2013, two more Taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district.[27] Before it the district had only two Taluks. The decision to implement a gas-based powerplant at Cheemeni was took by the Second Chandy government.[55] A government medical college was allowed for Kasaragod district, as a part of the government's new policy to establish at ensure availability of at least one Government Medical College in all the 14 districts of state in the year 2013.[56][57]

Tourism[edit]

Kottappuram walking bridge, Nileshwar
Panoramic view from inside Bekal Fort.

Notable people[edit]

Panathur is an important hilly town in the district (Closer to Western Ghats)
Badiyadka town during night

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Kasargod - the land of seven languages". invest kerala. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala. 2020. p. 55.
  4. "Language – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
  6. "Sex Ratio" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
  7. "Literacy" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
  8. "Kerala | UNDP in India". UNDP.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 "Kasaragod History". Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  10. 10.0 10.1 "Rivers in Kasargod". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  11. Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-8126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  12. District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
  13. [1]
  14. Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.
  15. Pg 58, Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
  16. Barbosa, Duarte (1989). The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants (Volume 2). Asian Educational Services. pp. 1–7. ISBN 9788120604513.
  17. M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Sreedhara Menon, A. A Survey of Kerala History (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
  19. Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. ISBN 9788120604476.
  20. The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011). "Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  21. "A Portion of Kasaragod's Bekal Forts Observation Post Caves in". The Hindu. 12 August 2019.
  22. 22.0 22.1 M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 11.
  23. Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press.
  24. "Kasargod After District Formation". Kasargod District. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  25. 25.0 25.1 J. I. Arputhanathan (1955). South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF). Madras Government Press.
  26. 26.0 26.1 Roy Mathew (24 May 2012). "Commission to draw up package for Kasaragod". The Hindu.
  27. 27.0 27.1 "12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala". The Hindu. 21 March 2013.
  28. Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kasaragod
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Government of India (2014–2015). District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-A) 2011 (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  30. "Municipalities in Kasaragod". Official website of Kasaragod district. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  31. 31.0 31.1 "Administrative divisions of Kasaragod district". Official website of Kasaragod district. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  32. "Niyamasabha constituencies of Kasargod". ceo.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  33. "Talukas in Kasargod district". Kasargod district website. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  34. "Taluk-wise demography of Kasargod" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. pp. 79–98. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  35. "Villages in Kasargod". kasargod.nic.in. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  36. "All new national highways to be made of concrete: Nitin Gadkari". timesofindia-economictimes.
  37. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270817/national-highway-work-gains-speed-in-kerala.html
  38. http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/kasaragod-thiruvananthapuram-nh-six-lane-track.html
  39. "Economic review 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 27 February 2016.[permanent dead link]
  40. Government of Kerala (2021). Economic Review 2020 - Volume I (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board.
  41. "All about KSRTC". Keralartc.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  42. "SALIENT FEATURES OF PALGHAT DIVISION" (PDF). sr.indianrailways.gov.in/. Southern Railway.
  43. Chandran 2018, p. 424.
  44. "Census of India - Language". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  45. US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Mauritius 1,303,717 July 2011 est.
  46. "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011. New Hampshire 1,316,470
  47. 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  48. "Literacy and Sex Ratio - 2011" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
  49. Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  50. "Central Plantation Crops Research Institute(CPCRI)". cpcri. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  51. Description on official website
  52. Prospectus of Central University of Kerala
  53. [2]
  54. "CETKR | College Of Engineering Trikaripur". cetkr.ac.in. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  55. "Kerala to get three gas-based power projects". Projects Today. 26 August 2013.
  56. Special Currespondent (4 May 2019). "MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college". The Hindu.
  57. Staff Reporter (2 September 2013). "A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years". The Hindu.
  58. Simran Gill (14 June 2020). "5 Lesser Known Forts in India". Outlook India. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  59. Divakaran, Kattakada (2005). Kerala Sanchaaram. Thiruvananthapuram: Z Library. p. 925.
  60. "Proposal Submitted to Government of India: Integrated Coastal Zone Management" (PDF). sisem.in. Government of Kerala. 2015. p. 60. Retrieved 12 September 2020. The area has rich biodiversity. The sacred grove viz. Edayilakkad island preserves many rare and endemic species.
  61. Vishnu Mohan (27 July 2020). "6 Lesser-Known Places in Kerala for a Weekend Break". Outlook India. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  62. Giridhar Khasnis (17 May 2015). "Finding everland". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2020.

Further reading[edit]

General[edit]

  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.

History[edit]

Languages[edit]

District Census Handbooks[edit]

External links[edit]

Template:Districts of Kerala