Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: Difference between revisions

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Abbreviation	DMK
President	M. K. Stalin
General Secretary	Duraimurugan
Parliamentary Chairperson	Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Lok Sabha leader	T. R. Baalu
Rajya Sabha leader	Tiruchi Siva
Treasurer	T. R. Baalu
Founder	C. N. Annadurai
Founded	17 September 1949 (76 years ago)
Split from	Dravidar Kazhagam
Preceded by	Justice Party (1917–1944); Dravidar Kazhagam; (1944–1949)
Headquarters	Anna Arivalayam,; 367–369, Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai - 600018, Tamil Nadu, India
Student wing	Maanavar Ani
Youth wing	Ilaignar Ani
Women's wing	Magalir Ani
Labour wing	Labour Progressive Federation (LPF)
Ideology	Dravidianism; Tamil nationalism; Regionalism; Social democracy; Progressivism; Secularism;
Political position	Centre-left
ECI Status	State Party
Alliance	National Alliance; INDIA (since 2023); Regional Alliances; SPA (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry); Former Alliances UPA (2004–2013, 2016–2023) (till dissolved)) (National); Democratic Progressive Alliance ; (2006-2019); DMK-led Alliance (1967-2006) (till dissolved)) (Tamil Nadu); INC-DMK alliance ( 1971-1974; 1980-1983) (Tamil Nadu); Janata Alliance (1977-1980; 1984-1989) (Tamil Nadu); National Democratic Alliance ; (1999-2003) (India); National Front; (1989-1991) (India); United Front ; (1996-1998) (India);
Seats in Lok Sabha	22 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha	10 / 245
Seats in State Legislative Assemblies	Template:Show
Number of states and union territories in government	1 / 31
Election symbol
	; Rising Sun
Party flag
Website
	{{URL\|example.com\|optional display text}}
	Politics of India; Political parties; Elections;

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The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ta; transl. Dravidian Progressive Federation;^[11] abbr. DMK) is an Indian secular progressive political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of Puducherry, where it is currently the main opposition.^[12]

The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by C. N. Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam, headed by Periyar.^[13]^[14]^[15] The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.^[16] He also served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. M. Karunanidhi followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.^[17] He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.^[18] After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, M. K. Stalin, succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.^[19]

The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the Lok Sabha after the 2024 Indian general election.^[20] It currently holds 126 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, where the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance holds 159 out of 234 seats.^[21]

History

Origins and foundation

DMK traces its roots to the Justice Party founded by C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916, in the presence of P. Theagaraya Chetty, P. T. Rajan, T. M. Nair, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar and a few others in Victoria Public Hall Madras Presidency.^[22] The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.^[23] Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian movement.^[24]^[25]^[26] In 1935, Periyar, a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party.

In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.^[27]^[28]^[29]

In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagam' (DK) movement out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.^[30] The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.^[30]

Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, C. N. Annadurai and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. Annadurai and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.^[31]^[32]

The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest subaltern movement in the history of the Indian subcontinent politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.^[33]

C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)

Dr. C.N. Annadurai
Founder of the party

The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the 1957 legislative assembly elections, was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the 1962 elections, winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party.^[34]

Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations

The DMK inherited the anti-Hindi imposition policies of its parent organization, DK. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.

In July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation against the Union government's proposed name-change of Kallakudi to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after Ramkrishna Dalmia, symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.^[35]^[36] On 15 July, M. Karunanidhi and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and Kannadasan, were arrested.^[37]

The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu, which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.^[38] On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.^[39]^[40] On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".^[41]^[42]

On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in Kodambakkam, Madras.^[43] In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.^[44] The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."^[45]

Formation of state government

In the 1967 assembly election, DMK came to power in the Madras State, 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.^[46] The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing Swatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.^[47] Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.^[48]

Other achievements

Self-respect marriages were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a Brahmin was not needed to carry out the wedding.^[49] Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through dowry in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.^[50]

Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.^[51]

It was Annadurai's government that renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu, its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the Rajya Sabha by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.^[52] With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state.^{[citation needed]}

Annadurai's government introduced a two-language policy, favoring Tamil and English over Hindi, which marked a significant shift from the previously proposed three language formula. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, mandated students to study three languages: the regional language, English, and Hindi.^[53]

M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)

Dr. M. Karunanidhi
Former President of the party

In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.^[17] He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor Sardar Ujjal Singh.^[54]

In the 1970s, M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. leading to his suspension from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK.^{[citation needed]} M.G.R. left the DMK and created a new political party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).^[55]

In 1976, during the emergency period,^[56] prime minister Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government,^[57] fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.^[58]^[59] The Sarkaria commission later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the Veeranam drainage project.^[60] However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.^[61]^[62]

The interim report of the Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).^[63] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.^[64]

Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency

DMK lost the 1977 Assembly elections to the AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.^[65] After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions led by MGR's wife Janaki and Jayalalithaa. The DMK returned to power in the 1989 state assembly elections and for the third time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
The 1991 Lok Sabha election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi leading an alliance with Samajwadi Janata Party. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a suicide bomber during his election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, public sentiments were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to not win any seats in the Parliament.
In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against Jayalalithaa and their alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar.
In 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and anti-incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
In the 2004 general election, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK). The alliance won all 40 seats of the state including Puducherry. The DMK held 7 ministerial posts in the central government cabinet.
Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 general elections.
In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
In the 2014 general election, DMK failed to win any seats.
In the 2016 state assembly elections, DMK won 89 seats. This was the most number for a single opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.

Favouritism towards family members

Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.^[66] Karunanidhi's nephew, Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister under multiple governments.^[67] M. K. Stalin was elected as the Mayor of Chennai and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.^[68] Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.^[69]^[70] Karunanidhi's nephew's son Dayanidhi Maran had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.^[71] Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, Udhayanidhi Stalin, has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.^[72] Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.^[73]

M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)

Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.^[74]

M. K. Stalin
Chief minister of Tamil Nadu & President of the party

On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in Erode and M. K. Stalin released five slogans at the conference. They were:^[75]^[76]^[77]

Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
Let us grow and admire Tamil
Let us crush the power pile
Let us protect humanity from extremism
Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu

During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by Kanimozhi, to prepare the manifesto for the 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election.^[78] MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.^[79] Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.^[80]^[79]

Elections under M.K. Stalin presidency

In the 2019 general election,^[81]^[82] DMK contested as part of the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in Tamil Nadu with a 52% vote share.^[83]^[84] and won in Puducherry.^[85]^[86]
The DMK-led Secular Progressive alliance secured a majority in the 2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections.^[87]^[88]
In the 2021 state assembly election, the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.^[89]^[90]^[91] Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the AIADMK, including the rise and decline of V.K. Sasikala, and subsequent internal leadership challenges.^[21]
In the 2024 general election, as part of the INDIA Alliance, the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.^[92]

Party ideology

Template:Social democracy sidebar Template:Socialism sidebar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by C. N. Annadurai. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.^[93]

Dravidian nationalism

The anti-Hindi Imposition agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to use Hindi as the only official language of the country.

State autonomy

After The Emergency invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in Trichy after the death of Annadurai, Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.^[1]

Social justice

The DMK has been involved in the protest for OBC reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.^[94]^[95] The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology^[96] and has implemented reservation related policies in favour of OBCs ^[97] and SCs.^[98]

The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".^[99]

Party symbol

The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play Udaya Suryan and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.^[100]

In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.^[101]

Electoral history

Lok Sabha Elections


Year	Party leader	Seats won	Change in seats	Percentage of votes	Popular vote	Outcome
1962	C. N. Annadurai	Template:Composition bar compact	5	18.64%	2,315,610	Opposition
1967	C. N. Annadurai	Template:Composition bar compact	18	51.79%	7,996,264	Opposition
1971	M. Karunanidhi	Template:Composition bar compact	2	55.61%	8,869,095	Government
1977		Template:Composition bar compact	22	37.84%	6,758,517	Opposition
1980		Template:Composition bar compact	15	55.89%	10,290,515	Government
1984		Template:Composition bar compact	14	37.04%	8,006,513	Opposition
1989		Template:Composition bar compact	2	33.78%	8,918,905	Lost
1991		Template:Composition bar compact		27.64%	6,823,581	Lost
1996		Template:Composition bar compact	17	54.96%	14,940,474	Government
1998		Template:Composition bar compact	11	42.72%	10,937,809	Opposition
1999		Template:Composition bar compact	6	46.41%	12,638,602	Government
2004		Template:Composition bar compact	4	57.40%	16,483,390
2009		Template:Composition bar compact	2	42.54%	12,929,043
2014		Template:Composition bar compact	18	23.16%	10,243,767	Lost
2019	M. K. Stalin	Template:Composition bar compact	24	32.76%	14,363,332	Opposition
2024	M. K. Stalin	Template:Composition bar compact	2	26.93%	11,689,879	Opposition

Template:Vertical bar chart

Legislative Assembly elections


Year	Party leader	Seats won	Change in seats	Percentage of votes	Popular vote	Outcome
Puducherry
1974	M. Karunanidhi	Template:Composition bar compact	2		47,823	Opposition
1977		Template:Composition bar compact	1		30,441	Opposition
1980		Template:Composition bar compact	11		68,030	Government
1985		Template:Composition bar compact	9		87,754	Others
1990		Template:Composition bar compact	4		101,127	Government
1991		Template:Composition bar compact	5		96,607	Opposition
1996		Template:Composition bar compact	3		105,392	Government
2001		Template:Composition bar compact			83,679	Opposition
2006		Template:Composition bar compact				Government
2011		Template:Composition bar compact	4	10.68%	74,552	Opposition
2016		Template:Composition bar compact	1	8.9%	70,836	Government
2021	M. K. Stalin	Template:Composition bar compact	4	18.51%	154,858	Opposition
Tamil Nadu
1962	C. N. Annadurai	Template:Composition bar compact	37	27.10%	3,435,633	Opposition
1967	C. N. Annadurai	Template:Composition bar compact	87	40.69%	6,230,556	Government
1971	M. Karunanidhi	Template:Composition bar compact	47	48.58%	7,654,935	Government
1977		Template:Composition bar compact	136	24.89%	4,258,771	Opposition
1980		Template:Composition bar compact	11	22.1%	4,164,389	Opposition
1984		Template:Composition bar compact	13	29.3%	6,362,770	Others
1989		Template:Composition bar compact	116	37.89%	9,135,220	Government
1991		Template:Composition bar compact	148	22.5%	5,535,668	Others
1996		Template:Composition bar compact	171	53.77%	14,600,748	Government
2001		Template:Composition bar compact	142	30.90%	8,669,864	Opposition
2006		Template:Composition bar compact	65	26.50%	8,728,716	Minority Government
2011		Template:Composition bar compact	73	22.40%	8,249,991	Others
2016		Template:Composition bar compact	66	31.39%	13,670,511	Opposition
2021	M. K. Stalin	Template:Composition bar compact	44	37.7%	17,430,179	Government

Template:Vertical bar chart Template:Vertical bar chart

Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections
Year	Assembly	Party leader	Seats contested	Seats won	Change in seats	Percentage of votes	Vote swing	Popular vote	Outcome
1972	5th	[[M. Karunanidhi]]	3	Template:Composition bar compact		0.26%		36,466	Lost
1978	6th	[[M. Karunanidhi]]	2	Template:Composition bar compact		0.03%	0.23%	6,547	Lost

Karnataka Legislative Assembly Elections
Year	Assembly	Party leader	Seats contested	Seats won	Change in seats	Percentage of votes	Vote swing	Popular vote	Outcome
1978	6th	[[M. Karunanidhi]]	3	Template:Composition bar compact		0.13%		16,437	Lost

Kerala Legislative Assembly Elections
Year	Assembly	Party leader	Seats contested	Seats won	Change in seats	Percentage of votes	Vote swing	Popular vote	Outcome
1970	4th	[[M. Karunanidhi]]	1	Template:Composition bar compact		0.02%		1,682	Lost

Current office bearers and prominent members

Member	Position in Government	Party Position
M. K. Stalin	Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kolathur Former Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu	President
Duraimurugan	Minister for Water Resources of Tamil Nadu Member of the Legislative Assembly from Katpadi Leader of the House in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly	General Secretary
T. R. Baalu	Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Sriperumbudur Former Minister of Shipping of the Republic of India Former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha	Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader
K. N. Nehru	Minister for Municipal Administration Member of the Legislative Assembly from Tiruchirappalli West	Party Principal Secretary
I. Periyasamy	Minister for Rural Administration MLA from Aathoor	Deputy General Secretary
Tiruchi Siva^[102]^[103]	Leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha	Deputy General Secretary
A. Raja	Member of Parliament (LS) from Nilgiris Former Union Minister for Information Technology	Deputy General Secretary
Anthiyur P. Selvaraj	Member of Rajya Sabha, Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile	Deputy General Secretary
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi	Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thoothukkudi Former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha	Deputy General Secretary and Parliamentary Chairperson
R. S. Bharathi^[104]	Former Member of Parliament (RS) Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality	Organization Secretary
T. K. S. Elangovan^[105]	Former Member of Parliament (RS)	Official Spokesperson
Udhayanidhi Stalin	Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Minister for Planning and Development Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development of Tamil Nadu Member of Legislative Assembly from Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni	Youth Wing Secretary
Dr. T R B Rajaa	Minister for Industries,Investments and Commerce Member of Legislative Assembly from Mannargudi	Information Technology Wing Secretary
Helena Davidson	Former Member of Parliament (LS) from Kanniyakumari	Women's Wing Secretary
CVMP Ezhilarasan	Member of Legislative Assembly from Kancheepuram	Students' Wing Secretary
Dayanidhi Maran	Member of Parliament (LS) from Central Chennai Former Union Minister for Information Technology	Sports Wing Secretary
Palanivel Thiagarajan	Minister for Information Technology and Digital Services Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Madurai Central	Assets Committee Secretary
Dr Ezhilan Naganathan	Member of Legislative Assembly from Thousand Lights	Medical Wing Secretary
M M Abdulla	Member of Parliament (RS)	NRI Wing Secretary

List of party leaders

Presidents

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office
1		M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018)	27 July 1969	7 August 2018	49 years, 11 days
2		M. K. Stalin (born in 1953)	28 August 2018	incumbent	7 years, 346 days

Working President

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	1		M. K. Stalin (born in 1953)	4 January 2017	27 August 2018	1 year, 235 days

General Secretaries

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office
1		C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969)	17 September 1949	24 April 1955	13 years, 350 days
1		C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969)	25 September 1960	3 February 1969	13 years, 350 days
2		V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000)	24 April 1955	24 September 1960	13 years, 254 days
2		V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000)	4 February 1969	16 May 1977	13 years, 254 days
3		K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020)	17 May 1977	7 March 2020	42 years, 295 days
4		Duraimurugan (born in 1938)	9 September 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 334 days

List of chief ministers

Chief Minister of Madras State

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Assembly (Election)	Elected constituency	Ministry
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Assembly (Election)	Elected constituency	Ministry
1		C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969)	6 March 1967	13 January 1969	1 year, 313 days	4th (1967)	Member of the Legislative Council	Annadurai

Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Ministry	Constituency	Assembly Election
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Start	End	Duration in days	Ministry	Constituency	Assembly Election
1		C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969)	14 January 1969	3 February 1969	20 days	Annadurai	Tamil Nadu Legislative Council	4th (1967)
Acting		V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1910–1988)	3 February 1969	10 February 1969	7 days	Nedunchezhiyan I	Triplicane	4th (1967)
2		M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018)	10 February 1969	14 March 1971	2 years, 32 days	Karunanidhi I	Saidapet	4th (1967)
			15 March 1971	31 January 1976	4 years, 322 days	Karunanidhi II	Saidapet	5th (1971)
			27 January 1989	30 January 1991	2 years, 3 days	Karunanidhi III	Harbour	11th (1989)
			13 May 1996	13 May 2001	5 years, 0 days	Karunanidhi IV	Chepauk	11th (1996)
			13 May 2006	15 May 2011	5 years, 2 days	Karunanidhi V	Chepauk	13th (2006)
3		M. K. Stalin^[106]^[107] (born 1953)	7 May 2021	Incumbent	5 years, 94 days	Stalin	Kolathur	16th (2021)

List of deputy chief ministers

Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Assembly (Election)	Elected constituency	Chief Minister
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Assembly (Election)	Elected constituency	Chief Minister
1		M. K. Stalin (1953–)	29 May 2009	15 May 2011	1 year, 351 days	13th (2006)	Thousand Lights	M. Karunanidhi
2		Udhayanidhi Stalin (1977–)	28 September 2024	Incumbent	1 year, 315 days	16th (2021)	Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni	M. K. Stalin

Chief Ministers of Puducherry

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Term of office			[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly\|Template:Black]] ([[Elections in Puducherry\|Template:Black]])	Appointed by [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry\|Template:Black]]
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office
1		M. O. H. Farook (1937–2012)	Kalapet	17 March 1969	2 January 1974	4 years, 291 days	3rd (1969 election)	B. D. Jatti
2		M. D. R. Ramachandran (Unknown)	Mannadipet	16 January 1980	23 June 1983	3 years, 158 days	6th (1980 election)	B. T. Kulkarni
3		M. D. R. Ramachandran (Unknown)	Mannadipet	8 March 1990	2 March 1991	359 days	8th (1990 election)	Chandrawati
4		R. V. Janakiraman (1941–2019)	Nellithope	26 May 1996	21 March 2000	3 years, 300 days	10th (1996 election)	Rajendra Kumari Bajpai

List of Leaders of the Opposition

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Term of office			Template:Black Template:Black	Appointed by Template:Black
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Template:Black Template:Black	Appointed by Template:Black
1		M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018)	Anna Nagar	25 July 1977	17 February 1980	5 years, 259 days	6th (1977)	Munu Adhi
1		M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018)	Anna Nagar	27 June 1980	18 August 1983	5 years, 259 days	7th (1980)	K. Rajaram
2		K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020)	Harbour	24 May 2001	14 April 2006	4 years, 325 days	12th (2001)	K. Kalimuthu
3		M. K. Stalin (born 1953)	Kolathur	4 June 2016	3 May 2021	4 years, 333 days	15th (2016)	P. Dhanapal

Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Term of office			[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly\|Template:Black]] ([[Elections in Puducherry\|Template:Black]])
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office
1		R.V. Janakiraman	Nellithope	22 March 2000	15 May 2001	1 year, 54 days	10th (1996 election)
1		R.V. Janakiraman	Nellithope	16 May 2001	11 May 2006	4 years, 360 days	11th (2001 election)
2		A. M. H. Nazeem	Karaikal	29 May 2006	May 2011	5 years, 0 days	12th (2006 election)
3		R. Siva	Villianur	8 May 2021^[108]	Incumbent	5 years, 93 days	15th (2021 election)

Madras State Legislative Assembly

Leader of the Opposition	Term Start	Term End	Duration
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan	29 March 1962	28 February 1967	4 years, 337 days

List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

No.	Name	Deputy Speaker	Took office	Left office	Duration
1	Pulavar K. Govindan	G. R. Edmund	22 February 1969	14 March 1971	2 years, 20 days
1	Pulavar K. Govindan	N. Ganapathy	3 August 1973	3 July 1977	3 years, 334 days
2	K. A. Mathiazagan	P. Seenivasan	24 March 1971	2 December 1972	1 year, 253 days
Acting	P. Seenivasan (Acting Speaker)		2 December 1972	3 August 1973	1 year, 172 days
3	M. Tamilkudimagan	V. P. Duraisamy	8 February 1989	30 June 1991	2 years, 172 days
4	P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan	Parithi Ilamvazhuthi	23 May 1996	21 May 2001	4 years, 363 days
5	R. Avudaiappan	V. P. Duraisamy	19 May 2006	15 May 2011	4 years, 361 days
6	M. Appavu	K. Pitchandi	12 May 2021	Incumbent	5 years, 89 days

List of union cabinet ministers

V. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)

#	Portrait		Minister (Birth-Death) Constituency	Term of office			Portfolio	Ministry	Prime Minister
#	Portrait		Minister (Birth-Death) Constituency	From	To	Period	Portfolio	Ministry	Prime Minister
1			Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) MP for Chennai South	2 December 1989	10 November 1990	343 days	Minister of Urban Development	[[V. P. Singh ministry\|Template:Black]]	V. P. Singh

H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996–97)

No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
1		Minister of Industry	Murasoli Maran (1934–2003)	1 June 1996	21 April 1997	324 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)	H. D. Deve Gowda
2		Minister of Surface Transport	T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013)	1 June 1996	21 April 1997	324 days	Tindivanam (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Defence (MoS)	N. V. N. Somu (–)	6 July 1996	21 April 1997	289 days	Chennai North (Lok Sabha)
4		Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoS)	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	6 July 1996	21 April 1997	289 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)

I.K Gujral Ministry (1997–98)

No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
1		Minister of Industry	Murasoli Maran (1934–2003)	21 April 1997	19 March 1998	332 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)	I. K. Gujral
2		Minister of Surface Transport	T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013)	21 April 1997	19 March 1998	332 days	Tindivanam (Lok Sabha)
2		Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment	T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013)	14 November 1997	12 December 1997	28 days	Tindivanam (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoS)	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	21 April 1997	19 March 1998	332 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MoS)	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	11 January 1998	19 March 1998	67 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)
4		Minister of Defence (MoS)	N. V. N. Somu (–)	21 April 1997	14 November 1997 (died in office)	207 days	Chennai North (Lok Sabha)

Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999–2004)

No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
1		Minister of Commerce & Industry	Murasoli Maran (1934–2003)	13 October 1999	9 November 2002	3 years, 27 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1		Minister without portfolio	Murasoli Maran (1934–2003)	9 November 2002	23 November 2003	1 year, 14 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)
2		Minister of Environment & Forests	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	13 October 1999	21 December 2003	4 years, 69 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Rural Development (MoS)	A. Raja (born 1963)	13 October 1999	30 September 2001	1 year, 352 days	Perambalur (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Health & Family Welfare (MoS)	A. Raja (born 1963)	30 September 2000	21 December 2003	3 years, 82 days	Perambalur (Lok Sabha)

First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004–2009)

No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
1		Minister of Environment and Forests	A. Raja (born 1963)	23 May 2004	15 May 2007	2 years, 357 days	Perambalur (Lok Sabha)	Manmohan Singh
1		Minister of Communications & Information Technology	A. Raja (born 1963)	15 May 2007	22 May 2009	2 years, 7 days	Perambalur (Lok Sabha)
2		Minister of Communications & Information Technology	Dayanidhi Maran (born 1966)	23 May 2004	15 May 2007	2 years, 357 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Road Transport and Highways	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	23 May 2004	22 May 2009	4 years, 364 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Shipping	T. R. Baalu (born 1941)	25 May 2004	2 September 2004^{[lower-alpha 1]}	100 days	Chennai South (Lok Sabha)
4		Minister of Law and Justice (MoS)	K. Venkatapathy (born 1946)	23 May 2004	22 May 2009	4 years, 364 days	Cuddalore (Lok Sabha)
5		Minister of Home Affairs (MoS)	S. Regupathy (born 1950)	23 May 2004	15 May 2007	2 years, 357 days	Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha)
5		Minister of Environment and Forests (MoS)	S. Regupathy (born 1950)	15 May 2007	22 May 2009	2 years, 7 days	Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha)
6		Minister of Commerce and Industry (MoS)	S. S. Palanimanickam (born 1950)	23 May 2004	25 May 2004	2 days	Thanjavur (Lok Sabha)
6		Minister of Finance (Revenue, from 29 January 2006) (MoS)	S. S. Palanimanickam (born 1950)	25 May 2004	22 May 2009	4 years, 362 days	Thanjavur (Lok Sabha)
7		Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoS)	Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan (born 1947)	23 May 2004	22 May 2009	4 years, 364 days	Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha)
8		Minister of Home Affairs (MoS)	V. Radhika Selvi (born 1976)	18 May 2007	22 May 2009	2 years, 4 days	Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha)

Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009–2014)

No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Term in office			Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
No.	Portrait	Portfolio	Name (Birth–Death)	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Constituency (House)	Prime Minister
1		Minister of Communications & Information Technology	A. Raja (born 1963)	28 May 2009	15 November 2010 ^[109]^[110]^[111]	1 year, 171 days	Nilgiris (Lok Sabha)	Manmohan Singh
2		Minister of Textiles	Dayanidhi Maran (born 1966)	28 May 2009	12 July 2011 ^[112]^[113]	2 years, 45 days	Chennai Central (Lok Sabha)
3		Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers	M. K. Alagiri (born 1951)	28 May 2009	21 March 2013^[114]	3 years, 297 days	Madurai (Lok Sabha)
4		Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoS)	D. Napoleon (born 1963)				Perambalur (Lok Sabha)
5		Minister of Health & Family Welfare (MoS)	S. Gandhiselvan (born 1963)				Namakkal (Lok Sabha)
6		Minister of Finance (Revenue) (MoS)	S. S. Palanimanickam (born 1950)				Thanjavur (Lok Sabha)
7		Minister of Information & Broadcasting (MoS)	S. Jagathrakshakan (born 1950)	28 May 2009	28 October 2012	3 years, 153 days	Arakkonam (Lok Sabha)
		Minister of New & Renewable Energy (MoS)		28 October 2012	2 November 2012	5 days
		Minister of Commerce & Industry (MoS)		2 November 2012	21 March 2013^[115]	139 days

List of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected constituency	Lok Sabha (Election)	Speaker	Assumed office	Left office	Time in office	Prime Minister
	G. Lakshmanan (1924–2001)	Chennai North	7th (1980)	Balram Jakhar (INC)	1 December 1980	31 December 1984	4 years, 30 days	Indira Gandhi

Splits and offshoots

There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, which are

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.).
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Vaiko.

Political lineage and offsprings of DMK

Template:DP-genealogy

Media

Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Deputy General Secretary of the party

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named The Rising Sun and a Tamil daily named Murasoli.^[116]

Kalaignar TV is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by Kanimozhi Karunanidhi and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.^[117]

References

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↑ Isaac, Anna (n.d.). "The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK". thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
↑ "DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary". DT Next. 11 April 2025.
↑ "Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks". DT Next. 11 April 2025.
↑ "R. S. Bharathi profile". Rajya Sabha.
↑ "TKS Elangovan profile". Government of India.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 ^{[bare URL]}
↑ "M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7". The Hindu. 5 May 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry". The New Indian Express. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
↑ "Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry". The Economic Times. 15 November 2010. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue". Business Today. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja". The Hindu. 2 February 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet". BusinessLine. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet". The Times of India. 8 July 2011. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation". The Hindu. 7 January 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations". The Economic Times. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
↑ "DMK homepage". Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
↑ "Kalaignar Channel". Kalaignar Channel. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

Notes

↑ The ministry's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways in September 2004.

Publications

Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998. New Delhi: Mittal Publication. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40868-4.
Copley, Antony R. H. (1978). The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics. Macmillan.
Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08895-2.
Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey. 5 (8): 399–407. doi:10.2307/2642412. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642412.
Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 March 1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305. doi:10.2307/2643038. hdl:2152/34387. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643038.
Hodges, Sara (2005). "Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 39 (2): 251–277. doi:10.1177/006996670503900203. S2CID 144419547.
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-398-4.
Krishnan, Rajan Kurai; Sriramachandran, Ravindran; Subagunarajan, V. M. S. (2022). Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-19717-5.
Mills, James H.; Sen, Satadru (2004). Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-033-4.
Murali, Geetha Kamalakshi (2007). Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu. CA: University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 9780549737612.
Omvedt, Gail (2006). Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-2895-6.
Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-8-175-33039-9.
Radhan, O.P. (2002). "A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India". Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.
Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and nation in south Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-967-9.
Ram, N. (1977). Barnett, Marguerite Ross (ed.). "Pre-History and History of the DMK". Social Scientist. 6 (5): 59–91. doi:10.2307/3520089. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520089.
Ramaswamy, Sumathi (20 November 1997). "5.29 The Warrior Devotee". Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1997). "General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (43): 2829–2835. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4406016.
Subramanian, Narendra (1 November 2002). "Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 40 (3): 125–139. doi:10.1080/713999599. S2CID 153856033.
Swaminathan, S. (1974). Karunanidhi: man of destiny. Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 9780333902127.
Venu, E.Es. (1979). Why South opposes Hindi. Justice Publications.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1962.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1967.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1976.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. 1980.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1984.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2001.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1989.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1991.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.*"General Election Results 2024". Election Results. 2024.

External links

{{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam — entry at Encyclopædia Britannica

Template:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Template:Dravidian politics

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[105] "TKS Elangovan profile". Government of India.^{[permanent dead link]}

[106] ttps://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 ^{[bare URL]}

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
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 | name               =  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
-| native_name        = &lt;!-- No native name as per [[WP:NOINDICSCRIPTS]] --&gt;
+| native_name        = <!-- No native name as per [[WP:NOINDICSCRIPTS]] -->
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 | no_states          = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
 | membership         =
-| eci                = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+| eci                = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
-| alliance          = * '''National Alliance'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023)
+| alliance          = * '''National Alliance'''<br />[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023)
-* '''Regional Alliances'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
+* '''Regional Alliances'''<br/>[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
 {{hidden|Former Alliances|
-*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2013, 2016–2023) ''&lt;small&gt;(till dissolved)&lt;/small&gt;'') (National)
+*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2013, 2016–2023) ''<small>(till dissolved)</small>'') (National)
-* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] &lt;br/&gt; (2006-2019)
+* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] <br/> (2006-2019)
-* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1967-2006) ''&lt;small&gt;(till dissolved)&lt;/small&gt;'') (Tamil Nadu)
+* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1967-2006) ''<small>(till dissolved)</small>'') (Tamil Nadu)
 * [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-DMK alliance ( 1971-1974; 1980-1983) (Tamil Nadu)
 * [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]] (1977-1980; 1984-1989) (Tamil Nadu)
-* [[National Democratic Alliance]] &lt;br/&gt; (1999-2003) (India)
+* [[National Democratic Alliance]] <br/> (1999-2003) (India)
-* [[National Front (India)|National Front]]&lt;br/&gt; (1989-1991) (India)
+* [[National Front (India)|National Front]]<br/> (1989-1991) (India)
-* [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] &lt;br/&gt; (1996-1998) (India)}}
+* [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] <br/> (1996-1998) (India)}}
 | ideology           = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
-  |[[Dravidianism]]{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}}&lt;br&gt;[[Tamil nationalism]]&lt;ref&gt;Hardgrave, Robert L. "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism." Pacific Affairs, vol. 37, no. 4, 1964, pp. 396–411. JSTOR, {{doi|10.2307/2755132}}. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
+  |[[Dravidianism]]{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}}<br>[[Tamil nationalism]]<ref>Hardgrave, Robert L. "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism." Pacific Affairs, vol. 37, no. 4, 1964, pp. 396–411. JSTOR, {{doi|10.2307/2755132}}. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.</ref>
-  |[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]&lt;ref name="DMK's regionalism"&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/03/07/regionalism-raises-ugly-head/|work=Arunachal Times|title=DMK has regionalism ideals}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism |url=https://www.wionews.com/opinions/politics-as-family-enterprise-nationalist-rhythm-of-bjp-is-challenge-to-regionalism-249936 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=WION |date=16 September 2019 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+  |[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref name="DMK's regionalism">{{Cite news|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/03/07/regionalism-raises-ugly-head/|work=Arunachal Times|title=DMK has regionalism ideals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism |url=https://www.wionews.com/opinions/politics-as-family-enterprise-nationalist-rhythm-of-bjp-is-challenge-to-regionalism-249936 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=WION |date=16 September 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>
-|[[Social democracy]]&lt;ref name="dmk1"/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Progressivism]]&lt;ref name="dmk1"&gt;
+|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="dmk1"/><br>[[Progressivism]]<ref name="dmk1">
 * {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality/article24548812.ece|title=M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=8 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html|title=Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM|website=News18|date=11 March 2019|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+* {{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html|title=Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM|website=News18|date=11 March 2019|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
-|[[Secularism]]&lt;ref name="DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin"&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/05/dmk-has-secular-ideals-cm-stalin-2449889.html|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|[[Secularism]]<ref name="DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/05/dmk-has-secular-ideals-cm-stalin-2449889.html|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin}}</ref>
 }}
-| position           = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/|title=Ideology of DMK|publisher=DMK|access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/in-the-dravidian-heartland-a-statue-for-marx-in-the-heart-of-chennai-stalin-keeps-the-red-in-good-humour-1503552390.html|title=In the Dravidian heartland, a statue for Marx in the heart of Chennai: Stalin keeps the red in good humour|publisher=The Statesman|date=|access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+| position           = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/|title=Ideology of DMK|publisher=DMK|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/in-the-dravidian-heartland-a-statue-for-marx-in-the-heart-of-chennai-stalin-keeps-the-red-in-good-humour-1503552390.html|title=In the Dravidian heartland, a statue for Marx in the heart of Chennai: Stalin keeps the red in good humour|publisher=The Statesman|date=|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
-| predecessor        = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (1917–1944)&lt;br /&gt;[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]&lt;br /&gt;(1944–1949)
+| predecessor        = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (1917–1944)<br />[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]<br />(1944–1949)
 | split              = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
 | labour             = [[Labour Progressive Federation]] (LPF)
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 | students           = Maanavar Ani
 | women              = Magalir Ani
-| headquarters       = Anna Arivalayam,&lt;br /&gt;367–369, [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]],&amp;nbsp;[[Chennai]]&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
+| headquarters       = Anna Arivalayam,<br />367–369, [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]],&amp;nbsp;[[Chennai]]&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
 | website            = {{Official URL}}
-| symbol             = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|120px]]&lt;br /&gt;Rising Sun
+| symbol             = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|120px]]<br />Rising Sun
 | flag               = Flag DMK.svg
 |treasurer=[[T. R. Baalu]]}}
 {{Dravidian politics-col}}
-The '''Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{IPA|ta|t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm}}; {{translation|Dravidian Progressive Federation}};{{Sfn|Rubinoff|1997|p=2829}} {{small|abbr.}} '''DMK''') is an Indian [[Secularism|secular]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] political party based in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], where it is currently the main opposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/dmk|title=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)|work=Business Standard India|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The '''Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{IPA|ta|t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm}}; {{translation|Dravidian Progressive Federation}};{{Sfn|Rubinoff|1997|p=2829}} {{small|abbr.}} '''DMK''') is an Indian [[Secularism|secular]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] political party based in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], where it is currently the main opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/dmk|title=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)|work=Business Standard India|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
-The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by [[C. N. Annadurai]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], headed by [[Periyar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850|title=September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 September 2016|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/periyar-and-anna-conflict-over-electoral-politics-88609|title=Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics|website=newsminute.com|date=19 September 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343|title=Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=8 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3-february-1969-c.-n.-annadurai-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-died|title=3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died|newspaper=What Happened on This Day in History – Maps of India|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the [[Indian National Congress]] to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. [[M. Karunanidhi]] followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away|website=@businessline|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-the-five-term-chief-minister/article24548707.ece/photo/1/|title=In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister|date=7 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, [[M. K. Stalin]], succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/64bKrVFUe0Xoz5qSVbq1tO/Karunanidhi-appoints-Stalin-as-Tamil-Nadu-deputy-CM.html|title=Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM|date=29 May 2009|website=Mint|access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by [[C. N. Annadurai]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], headed by [[Periyar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850|title=September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 September 2016|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/periyar-and-anna-conflict-over-electoral-politics-88609|title=Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics|website=newsminute.com|date=19 September 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343|title=Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=8 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3-february-1969-c.-n.-annadurai-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-died|title=3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died|newspaper=What Happened on This Day in History – Maps of India|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the [[Indian National Congress]] to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. [[M. Karunanidhi]] followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away|website=@businessline|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-the-five-term-chief-minister/article24548707.ece/photo/1/|title=In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister|date=7 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, [[M. K. Stalin]], succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/64bKrVFUe0Xoz5qSVbq1tO/Karunanidhi-appoints-Stalin-as-Tamil-Nadu-deputy-CM.html|title=Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM|date=29 May 2009|website=Mint|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
-The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] after the [[2024 Indian general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Lok Sabha |date=2025-02-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It currently holds 126 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], where the DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] holds 159 out of 234 seats.&lt;ref name=":1"&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assembly election 2021: DMK almost swept entire Tamil Nadu; western region went with AIADMK |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-2021-dmk-almost-swept-entire-tamil-nadu-western-region-went-with-aiadmk-981984.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] after the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Lok Sabha |date=2025-02-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en}}</ref> It currently holds 126 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], where the DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] holds 159 out of 234 seats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assembly election 2021: DMK almost swept entire Tamil Nadu; western region went with AIADMK |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-2021-dmk-almost-swept-entire-tamil-nadu-western-region-went-with-aiadmk-981984.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
 == History ==
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 === Origins and foundation ===
 [[File:India - Madurai - 039 (1887104659).jpg|thumb|Party flags in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|300px]]
-DMK traces its roots to the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] founded by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] in 1916, in the presence of [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]], [[P. T. Rajan]], [[T. M. Nair]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] and a few others in [[Victoria Public Hall]] [[Madras Presidency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/100-years-justice-party-movement-which-defined-tamil-nadu-politics-53163|title = 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics|date = 20 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1920.{{Sfn|Radhan|2002|p=187}} Communal division between [[Brahmin]]s and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to [[Caste in India|caste]] prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the [[Dravidian movement]].{{Sfn|Fishman|Garcia|2010|pp=230–}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/ | title=A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu| work=Manuraj Shunmugasundaram | date=22 November 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inner-grammar-of-dissent-lives/298224 | title=The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives | work=K.S. Chalam | publisher=Outlook India | date=12 December 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1935, [[Periyar]], a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party.
+DMK traces its roots to the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] founded by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] in 1916, in the presence of [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]], [[P. T. Rajan]], [[T. M. Nair]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] and a few others in [[Victoria Public Hall]] [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/100-years-justice-party-movement-which-defined-tamil-nadu-politics-53163|title = 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics|date = 20 November 2016}}</ref> The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1920.{{Sfn|Radhan|2002|p=187}} Communal division between [[Brahmin]]s and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to [[Caste in India|caste]] prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the [[Dravidian movement]].{{Sfn|Fishman|Garcia|2010|pp=230–}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/ | title=A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu| work=Manuraj Shunmugasundaram | date=22 November 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inner-grammar-of-dissent-lives/298224 | title=The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives | work=K.S. Chalam | publisher=Outlook India | date=12 December 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> In 1935, [[Periyar]], a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party.
-In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject in schools led to the [[anti-Hindi agitations]], led by Periyar and his associates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-justice-party-torchbearer-of-reform/article7892747.ece |title=Torch-bearer of reform |last=Veeramani |first=K. |date=19 November 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vēṇu |first=Ē Es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South Opposes Hindi |date=1979 |publisher=Justice Publications |pages=13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181844/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in |page=192 &amp; 193}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject in schools led to the [[anti-Hindi agitations]], led by Periyar and his associates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-justice-party-torchbearer-of-reform/article7892747.ece |title=Torch-bearer of reform |last=Veeramani |first=K. |date=19 November 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vēṇu |first=Ē Es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South Opposes Hindi |date=1979 |publisher=Justice Publications |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181844/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in |page=192 &amp; 193}}</ref>
 In August 1944, Periyar created the '[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]' (DK) movement out of the Justice Party and the [[Self-Respect Movement]] at the Salem Provincial Conference.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}} The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called [[Dravida Nadu]] consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}}
-Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, [[C. N. Annadurai]] and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208131610/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2005 |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families|work= Sify News|access-date=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Ram|1977}}
+Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, [[C. N. Annadurai]] and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208131610/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2005 |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families|work= Sify News|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ram|1977}}
-The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] movement in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/713999599 |journal=Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] movement in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/713999599 |journal=Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 ===C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)===
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 | width     = 220
 | image1    = CN Annadurai 1970 stamp of India.jpg
-| caption1  = '''Dr. C.N. Annadurai'''&lt;br /&gt;Founder of the party
+| caption1  = '''Dr. C.N. Annadurai'''<br />Founder of the party
 }}{{Main|C. N. Annadurai}}
-The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative assembly elections]], was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962 elections]], winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative assembly elections]], was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962 elections]], winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
 ==== Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations ====
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 The DMK inherited the anti-[[Hindi imposition]] policies of its parent organization, DK. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.
-In July 1953, the DMK launched an [[Kallakudi demonstration|agitation]] against the Union government's proposed name-change of [[Kallakudi]] to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after [[Dalmia Group|Ramkrishna Dalmia]], symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.{{Sfn|Mills|Sen|2004|p=151}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title=Anna in the dock (1953)|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=16 September 2009|work=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=24 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 July, [[M. Karunanidhi]] and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and [[Kannadasan]], were arrested.{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|1997|p=8}}
+In July 1953, the DMK launched an [[Kallakudi demonstration|agitation]] against the Union government's proposed name-change of [[Kallakudi]] to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after [[Dalmia Group|Ramkrishna Dalmia]], symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.{{Sfn|Mills|Sen|2004|p=151}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title=Anna in the dock (1953)|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=16 September 2009|work=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref> On 15 July, [[M. Karunanidhi]] and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and [[Kannadasan]], were arrested.{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|1997|p=8}}
-The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]], which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=244}} On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ|title=Modern India rejects Hindi|publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India|year=1958|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Copley|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl/page/311 311]}} On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|title=A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201202600/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Swaminathan|1974|p=8}}
+The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]], which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=244}} On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ|title=Modern India rejects Hindi|publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India|year=1958|page=29}}</ref>{{Sfn|Copley|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl/page/311 311]}} On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|title=A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201202600/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>{{Sfn|Swaminathan|1974|p=8}}
-On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in [[Kodambakkam]], Madras.{{Sfn|Venu|1979|p=76}} In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of [[Official Languages Act, 1963|Official Languages Act of 1963]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=153–156}} The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=20 December 2007|title=Tongue tied|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-tongue-tied-734837-2007-12-20|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in [[Kodambakkam]], Madras.{{Sfn|Venu|1979|p=76}} In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of [[Official Languages Act, 1963|Official Languages Act of 1963]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=153–156}} The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=20 December 2007|title=Tongue tied|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-tongue-tied-734837-2007-12-20|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
 ==== Formation of state government ====
-In the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967 assembly election]], DMK came to power in the [[Madras State]], 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2008|pp=110–111}} The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Viswanathan | first = S | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | access-date = 19 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Venkatachalapathy | first = AR | title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969 | date = 10 April 2008 | url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;issueid=48&amp;task=view&amp;id=6878&amp;acc=high | access-date = 20 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;issueid=48&amp;task=view&amp;id=6878&amp;acc=high | archive-date = 12 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
+In the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967 assembly election]], DMK came to power in the [[Madras State]], 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2008|pp=110–111}} The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref>{{cite news | last = Viswanathan | first = S | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | access-date = 19 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 }}</ref> Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatachalapathy | first = AR | title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969 | date = 10 April 2008 | url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;issueid=48&amp;task=view&amp;id=6878&amp;acc=high | access-date = 20 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;issueid=48&amp;task=view&amp;id=6878&amp;acc=high | archive-date = 12 January 2009 }}</ref>
 ==== Other achievements ====
-[[Self-respect marriages]] were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a [[Brahmin]] was not needed to carry out the wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Venkatesh | first = MR | title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie | newspaper = The Telegraph | location = Calcutta | date = 7 June 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | archive-date = 16 August 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through [[dowry]] in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by [[Love marriage|love marriages.]]{{Sfn|Hodges|2005}}
+[[Self-respect marriages]] were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a [[Brahmin]] was not needed to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatesh | first = MR | title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie | newspaper = The Telegraph | location = Calcutta | date = 7 June 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | archive-date = 16 August 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through [[dowry]] in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by [[Love marriage|love marriages.]]{{Sfn|Hodges|2005}}
-Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | work = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | archive-date = 7 September 2008 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
+Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | work = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | archive-date = 7 September 2008 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
 It was Annadurai's government that renamed [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the [[Rajya Sabha]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=152–154}} With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 | width             = 220
 | image1            = M. Karunanidhi .jpg
-| caption1          = '''Dr. M. Karunanidhi'''&lt;br /&gt;Former President of the party
+| caption1          = '''Dr. M. Karunanidhi'''<br />Former President of the party
 }}
 {{Main|M. Karunanidhi}}
-In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt; He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |title=Milestones in a long journey |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24705340.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |title=Milestones in a long journey |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24705340.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
 In the 1970s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. leading to his suspension from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} M.G.R. left the DMK and created a new political party, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).{{Sfn|Hardgrave|1973}}
-In 1976, during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EMERGENCY |date=2025-06-10 |work=Indira Gandhi and the Years that Transformed India |pages=192–223 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |access-date=2025-09-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |isbn=978-0-300-28369-3|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] dismissed the Karunanidhi government,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=An island of democracy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212001859/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1976-02-01 |title=Mrs. Gandhi Dismisses Opposition Government of a State and Takes Over Rule (Published 1976) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/01/archives/mrs-gandhi-dismisses-opposition-government-of-a-state-and-takes.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The political journey of M Karunanidhi: A timeline - End of an era |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-political-journey-of-m-karunanidhi-a-timeline/alliance-at-centre/slideshow/65311578.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sarkaria Commission|Sarkaria commission]] later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the [[Veeranam]] drainage project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=10 June 2001 |title=What the Sarkaria Commission said |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205052213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=704339 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-08-09 |title=Karunanidhi: Tamil Nadu politics' ultimate comeback man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207033443/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+In 1976, during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]],<ref>{{Citation |title=EMERGENCY |date=2025-06-10 |work=Indira Gandhi and the Years that Transformed India |pages=192–223 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |access-date=2025-09-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |isbn=978-0-300-28369-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] dismissed the Karunanidhi government,<ref>{{Cite news |title=An island of democracy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212001859/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1976-02-01 |title=Mrs. Gandhi Dismisses Opposition Government of a State and Takes Over Rule (Published 1976) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/01/archives/mrs-gandhi-dismisses-opposition-government-of-a-state-and-takes.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The political journey of M Karunanidhi: A timeline - End of an era |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-political-journey-of-m-karunanidhi-a-timeline/alliance-at-centre/slideshow/65311578.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sarkaria Commission|Sarkaria commission]] later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the [[Veeranam]] drainage project.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2001 |title=What the Sarkaria Commission said |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205052213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=704339 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-09 |title=Karunanidhi: Tamil Nadu politics' ultimate comeback man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207033443/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>
-The interim report of the [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]], indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Chawla |first=Prabhu |date=17 November 1997 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |url-status=dead |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The interim report of the [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]], indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chawla |first=Prabhu |date=17 November 1997 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |url-status=dead |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2004}}</ref>
 ==== Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency ====
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 ==== Favouritism towards family members ====
-Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Anna |date=2018-08-08 |title=Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came to New Delhi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/nepotism-or-survival-why-karunanidhi-chose-family-when-it-came-new-delhi-86173 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karunanidhi's nephew, [[Murasoli Maran]], was a [[Union Minister]] under multiple governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maran&amp;nbsp;– the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023328/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Indiainfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[M. K. Stalin]] was elected as the Mayor of [[Chennai]] and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=1 November 1999 |title=Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karunanidhi's daughter [[Kanimozhi]] has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 July 2007 |title=Kanimozhi, D Raja take oath as Rajya Sabha members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanimozhi-d-raja-take-oath-as-rajya-sabha-members/articleshow/2235368.cms |work=timesofindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=Kanimozhi wins Rajya Sabha polls, so does Raja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kanimozhi-d-raja-wins-rajya-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu-168269-2013-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2013 |work=indiatoday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karunanidhi's nephew's son [[Dayanidhi Maran]] had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-10-19 |title=Dayanidhi Maran hands over resignation to DMK chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/dayanidhi-maran-hands-over-resignation-to-dmk-chief-31894-2008-10-19 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: Udhayanidhi Stalin wins big, cements claim to political legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-udhayanidhi-stalin-wins-big-cements-claim-to-political-legacy/articleshow/82362964.cms |work=timesofindia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing [[M. K. Alagiri|Azhagiri]] to function as an extraconstitutional authority in [[Madurai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=19 August 2003 |title=Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122081430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |archive-date=22 November 2003 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Anna |date=2018-08-08 |title=Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came to New Delhi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/nepotism-or-survival-why-karunanidhi-chose-family-when-it-came-new-delhi-86173 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew, [[Murasoli Maran]], was a [[Union Minister]] under multiple governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maran&amp;nbsp;– the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023328/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Indiainfo.com}}</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]] was elected as the Mayor of [[Chennai]] and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 1999 |title=Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=India Today}}</ref> Karunanidhi's daughter [[Kanimozhi]] has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2007 |title=Kanimozhi, D Raja take oath as Rajya Sabha members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanimozhi-d-raja-take-oath-as-rajya-sabha-members/articleshow/2235368.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=Kanimozhi wins Rajya Sabha polls, so does Raja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kanimozhi-d-raja-wins-rajya-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu-168269-2013-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2013 |work=indiatoday}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew's son [[Dayanidhi Maran]] had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-19 |title=Dayanidhi Maran hands over resignation to DMK chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/dayanidhi-maran-hands-over-resignation-to-dmk-chief-31894-2008-10-19 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: Udhayanidhi Stalin wins big, cements claim to political legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-udhayanidhi-stalin-wins-big-cements-claim-to-political-legacy/articleshow/82362964.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref> Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing [[M. K. Alagiri|Azhagiri]] to function as an extraconstitutional authority in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2003 |title=Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122081430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |archive-date=22 November 2003 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
 === M. K. Stalin era (2018–present) ===
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 | width             = 220
 | image1            =
-| caption1          = '''Dr. M.K. Stalin'''&lt;br /&gt;President of the party
+| caption1          = '''Dr. M.K. Stalin'''<br />President of the party
 }}
-[[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, [[M. K. Stalin]]. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mk-stalin-takes-charge-of-dmk-after-51-years-of-joining-politics-fighting-a-dynastic-battle-the-65-year-old-has-learnt-it-hard-way-5059921.html|title=MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way|website=Firstpost|date=28 August 2018|access-date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+[[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, [[M. K. Stalin]]. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mk-stalin-takes-charge-of-dmk-after-51-years-of-joining-politics-fighting-a-dynastic-battle-the-65-year-old-has-learnt-it-hard-way-5059921.html|title=MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way|website=Firstpost|date=28 August 2018|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>
 {{Multiple image
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 | total_width       = 220
 | align             = right
-| caption1          = '''M. K. Stalin'''&lt;br /&gt;Chief minister of Tamil Nadu &amp; President of the party
+| caption1          = '''M. K. Stalin'''<br />Chief minister of Tamil Nadu &amp; President of the party
 | caption_align     = center
 }}
-On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in [[Erode]] and [[M. K. Stalin]] released five slogans at the conference. They were:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/mk-stalin-addressed-the-followers-in-erode-dmk-meet/articleshow/63454760.cms|title=ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை|date=25 March 2018|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author1=மின்னம்பலம் |url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2018/03/26/31|title=ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!|website=மின்னம்பலம்|date=17 February 2019 |language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/mk-stalin-releases-5-slogans-dmk-315312.html|title=மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்– அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின்|first=Priya|last=Lakshmi|date=25 March 2018|website=oneindia.com|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in [[Erode]] and [[M. K. Stalin]] released five slogans at the conference. They were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/mk-stalin-addressed-the-followers-in-erode-dmk-meet/articleshow/63454760.cms|title=ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை|date=25 March 2018|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=மின்னம்பலம் |url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2018/03/26/31|title=ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!|website=மின்னம்பலம்|date=17 February 2019 |language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/mk-stalin-releases-5-slogans-dmk-315312.html|title=மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்– அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின்|first=Priya|last=Lakshmi|date=25 March 2018|website=oneindia.com|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>
 # Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 # Let us protect humanity from extremism
 # Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
-During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by [[Kanimozhi]], to prepare the manifesto for the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kanimozhi to head DMK's 2026 Assembly election manifesto committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanimozhi-to-head-dmks-assembly-election-manifesto-committee/article70408015.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.&lt;ref name=":2"&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Stalin launches DMK manifesto portal 2026; alliance with Congress under spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-stalin-launches-dmk-manifesto-portal-2026-alliance-with-congress-under-spotlight/articleshow/126320024.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-04 |title=DMK receives 14,318 suggestions for manifesto on day one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dmk-receives-14318-suggestions-for-manifesto-on-day-one/article70470860.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;
+During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by [[Kanimozhi]], to prepare the manifesto for the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kanimozhi to head DMK's 2026 Assembly election manifesto committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanimozhi-to-head-dmks-assembly-election-manifesto-committee/article70408015.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Stalin launches DMK manifesto portal 2026; alliance with Congress under spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-stalin-launches-dmk-manifesto-portal-2026-alliance-with-congress-under-spotlight/articleshow/126320024.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-04 |title=DMK receives 14,318 suggestions for manifesto on day one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dmk-receives-14318-suggestions-for-manifesto-on-day-one/article70470860.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
 ==== Elections under M.K. Stalin presidency ====
-* In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html|title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dmk-led-front-in-tn-christened-secular-progressive-alliance-119031500955_1.html|title=DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance"|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; DMK contested as part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] with a 52% vote share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms|title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu |date=24 May 2019|first=D.|last=Govardan|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617|title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and won in [[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections Party Wise Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/parties |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+* In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html|title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dmk-led-front-in-tn-christened-secular-progressive-alliance-119031500955_1.html|title=DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance"|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> DMK contested as part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] with a 52% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms|title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu |date=24 May 2019|first=D.|last=Govardan|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617|title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and won in [[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections Party Wise Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/parties |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
-* The DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance|Secular Progressive alliance]] secured a majority in the [[2019 Tamil Nadu local elections|2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-alliance-wins-tamil-nadu-rural-local-body-polls/articleshow/73086250.cms |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=January 4, 2020 |title=Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-local-body-poll-results-dmk-wins-243-district-panchayat-wards-aiadmk-214-counting-underway-1633997-2020-01-04 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+* The DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance|Secular Progressive alliance]] secured a majority in the [[2019 Tamil Nadu local elections|2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-alliance-wins-tamil-nadu-rural-local-body-polls/articleshow/73086250.cms |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=January 4, 2020 |title=Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-local-body-poll-results-dmk-wins-243-district-panchayat-wards-aiadmk-214-counting-underway-1633997-2020-01-04 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>
-* In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 state assembly election]], the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902150932/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tamil Nadu 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/40 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sushanth |title=Tamil nadu Assembly Election Results 2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/indepth/election_results.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], including the rise and decline of [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K. Sasikala]], and subsequent internal leadership challenges.&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;
+* In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 state assembly election]], the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902150932/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tamil Nadu 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/40 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushanth |title=Tamil nadu Assembly Election Results 2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/indepth/election_results.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], including the rise and decline of [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K. Sasikala]], and subsequent internal leadership challenges.<ref name=":1" />
-* In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], as part of the [[INDIA Alliance]], the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece#:~:text=The%20DMK%2Dled%20alliance%20made,contestants%20from%20the%20region%20%2D%20M.K. |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+* In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], as part of the [[INDIA Alliance]], the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece#:~:text=The%20DMK%2Dled%20alliance%20made,contestants%20from%20the%20region%20%2D%20M.K. |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Party ideology==
 {{Social democracy sidebar}}
 {{Socialism sidebar}}
-Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by [[C. N. Annadurai]]. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Party ideology|website=DMK|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by [[C. N. Annadurai]]. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party ideology|website=DMK|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/}}</ref>
 ===Dravidian nationalism===
@@ Line 201: / Line 201: @@
 === Social justice ===
-The DMK has been involved in the protest for [[OBC quota|OBC]] reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-first-amendment-act-1951|title=THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951&amp;#124; National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=protest of Periyar and Anna| url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2010/the-road-to-fort-st-george.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Stalin welcomes Supreme court order favouring OBC reservation in medical courses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 January 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dmk-welcomes-sc-order-on-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/articleshow/88767324.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has implemented [[Reservation in India|reservation]] related policies in favour of OBCs &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=source article |date=29 March 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in Tamil Nadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/temple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tamil-nadu-5935903/|website=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The DMK has been involved in the protest for [[OBC quota|OBC]] reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-first-amendment-act-1951|title=THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951&amp;#124; National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=protest of Periyar and Anna| url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2010/the-road-to-fort-st-george.html}}</ref> The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology<ref>{{cite news |title=Stalin welcomes Supreme court order favouring OBC reservation in medical courses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 January 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dmk-welcomes-sc-order-on-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/articleshow/88767324.cms}}</ref> and has implemented [[Reservation in India|reservation]] related policies in favour of OBCs <ref>{{cite web |title=source article |date=29 March 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116}}</ref> and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in Tamil Nadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/temple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tamil-nadu-5935903/|website=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
-The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".&lt;ref name="Nadika"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159|title=Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities|last=N|first=Nadika|website=newsminute.com|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".<ref name="Nadika">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159|title=Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities|last=N|first=Nadika|website=newsminute.com|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
 == Party symbol ==
-The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play ''Udaya Suryan'' and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|date=14 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play ''Udaya Suryan'' and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>
-In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|last=Isaac|first=Anna|date=n.d.|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|last=Isaac|first=Anna|date=n.d.|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
 ==Electoral history==
@@ Line 531: / Line 531: @@
 | 26.50%
 | 8,728,716
-| {{yes2|Minority&lt;br /&gt;Government}}
+| {{yes2|Minority<br />Government}}
 |-
 | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
@@ Line 710: / Line 710: @@
 |Deputy General Secretary
 |- style="text-align:left;
-|[[Tiruchi N. Siva|Tiruchi Siva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-mp-tiruchi-siva-appointed-new-party-deputy-general-secretary-829676 | title=DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-removes-minister-ponmudy-from-the-post-of-deputy-general-secretary-829675 | title=Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|[[Tiruchi N. Siva|Tiruchi Siva]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-mp-tiruchi-siva-appointed-new-party-deputy-general-secretary-829676 | title=DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-removes-minister-ponmudy-from-the-post-of-deputy-general-secretary-829675 | title=Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref>
 |
 * Leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Rajya Sabha
@@ Line 734: / Line 734: @@
 |{{ubl|Deputy General Secretary and|Parliamentary Chairperson}}
 |- style="text-align:left;
-|[[R. S. Bharathi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=R. S. Bharathi profile|work=Rajya Sabha}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|[[R. S. Bharathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=R. S. Bharathi profile|work=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
 |
 * Former Member of Parliament (RS)
@@ Line 740: / Line 740: @@
 |Organization Secretary
 |- style="text-align:left;
-|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4533|title=TKS Elangovan profile|work=Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4533|title=TKS Elangovan profile|work=Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 |
 * Former Member of Parliament (RS)
@@ Line 797: / Line 797: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
 |-
@@ Line 806: / Line 806: @@
 !1
 |[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2018)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br/><small>(1924–2018)</small>
 |27 July 1969
 |7 August 2018
@@ Line 813: / Line 813: @@
 !2
 |[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
-|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born in 1953)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1953)</small>
 |28 August 2018
 |''incumbent''
@@ Line 823: / Line 823: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
 |-
 !1
 |[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
-|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born in 1953)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1953)</small>
 |4 January 2017
 |27 August 2018
@@ Line 838: / Line 838: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
 |-
@@ Line 847: / Line 847: @@
 !rowspan=2|1
 |rowspan=2|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
-|rowspan=2|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1909–1969)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=2|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br/><small>(1909–1969)</small>
 |17 September 1949
 |24 April 1955
@@ Line 856: / Line 856: @@
 |-
 !rowspan=2|2
-|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|rowspan=2|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1920–2000)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=2|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''<br/><small>(1920–2000)</small>
 |24 April 1955
 |24 September 1960
@@ Line 867: / Line 867: @@
 !3
 |[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1922–2020)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''<br/><small>(1922–2020)</small>
 |17 May 1977
 |7 March 2020
@@ Line 873: / Line 873: @@
 |-
 !4
-|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''[[Duraimurugan]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born in 1938)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Duraimurugan]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1938)</small>
 |9 September 2020
 |''Incumbent''
@@ Line 885: / Line 885: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]<br/>{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Elected constituency
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Ministry
@@ Line 897: / Line 897: @@
 !1
 |[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1909–1969)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br/><small>(1909–1969)</small>
 |6 March 1967
 |13 January 1969
 |1 year, 313 days
-|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
+|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br/>{{small|([[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
 |[[State legislative councils of India#Member of the Legislative Council|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]
 |[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]
@@ Line 911: / Line 911: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|No.
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Portrait
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Term in office
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Ministry
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Constituency
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Assembly&lt;br /&gt;{{small|Election}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Assembly<br />{{small|Election}}
 |-
 !style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Start
 !style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|End
-!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Duration&lt;br /&gt;{{small|in days}}
+!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Duration<br />{{small|in days}}
 |-
 !rowspan=1|1
 |rowspan=1|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
-|rowspan=1|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1909–1969)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=1|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br /><small>(1909–1969)</small>
 |14 January 1969
 |3 February 1969
@@ Line 929: / Line 929: @@
 |[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]
 |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
-|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|&lt;small&gt;(1967)&lt;/small&gt;]]
+|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]
 |-
 !rowspan=1|Acting
-|rowspan=1|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|rowspan=1|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|rowspan=1|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1910–1988)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=1|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''<br /><small>(1910–1988)</small>
 |3 February 1969
 |10 February 1969
@@ Line 939: / Line 939: @@
 |[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry|Nedunchezhiyan I]]
 |[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
-|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|&lt;small&gt;(1967)&lt;/small&gt;]]
+|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]
 |-
 !rowspan=5|2
 |rowspan=5|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
-|rowspan=5|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2018)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=5|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br /><small>(1924–2018)</small>
 |10 February 1969
 |14 March 1971
@@ Line 949: / Line 949: @@
 |[[First Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi I]]
 |rowspan="2"|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
-|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|&lt;small&gt;(1967)&lt;/small&gt;]]
+|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]
 |-
 |15 March 1971
@@ Line 955: / Line 955: @@
 !'''{{ayd|1971|3|15|1976|1|31}}'''
 |[[Second Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi II]]
-|5th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1971)}}
+|5th<br />{{small|(1971)}}
 |-
 |27 January 1989
@@ Line 962: / Line 962: @@
 |[[Third Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi III]]
 |[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
-|11th&lt;br /&gt;[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1989)}}]]
+|11th<br />[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1989)}}]]
 |-
 |13 May 1996
@@ Line 969: / Line 969: @@
 |[[Fourth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi IV]]
 |rowspan="2"|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
-|11th&lt;br /&gt;[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1996)}}]]
+|11th<br />[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1996)}}]]
 |-
 |13 May 2006
@@ Line 975: / Line 975: @@
 !'''{{ayd|2006|5|13|2011|5|15}}'''
 |[[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi V]]
-|13th&lt;br /&gt;[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2006)}}]]
+|13th<br />[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2006)}}]]
 |-
 !rowspan=1|3
 |rowspan=1| [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
-|rowspan=1|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-05-05 |title=M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mk-stalin-appointed-tamil-nadu-cm-swearing-in-on-may-7/article34491656.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1953)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=1|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-05-05 |title=M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mk-stalin-appointed-tamil-nadu-cm-swearing-in-on-may-7/article34491656.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'''<br /><small>(born 1953)</small>
 |7 May 2021
 |Incumbent
@@ Line 985: / Line 985: @@
 |[[M. K. Stalin ministry|Stalin]]
 |[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
-|16th&lt;br /&gt;[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2021)}}]]
+|16th<br />[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2021)}}]]
 |}
@@ Line 994: / Line 994: @@
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |No.
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Term in office
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Elected constituency
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]
@@ Line 1,006: / Line 1,006: @@
 !1
 |[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1953–)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(1953–)</small>
 |29 May 2009
 |15 May 2011
 |1 year, 351 days
-|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
+|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]<br />{{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
 |[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
-|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[M. Karunanidhi]]
+|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|50px]]<br />[[M. Karunanidhi]]
 |-
 !2
 |[[File:Udhaya.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1977–)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(1977–)</small>
 |28 September 2024
 |''Incumbent''
 |{{age in years and days|2024|09|28}}
-|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
+|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]<br />{{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
 |[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
-|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[M. K. Stalin]]
+|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|50px]]<br />[[M. K. Stalin]]
 |}
@@ Line 1,031: / Line 1,031: @@
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"| Name
-&lt;small&gt;{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}&lt;/small&gt;
+<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small>
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|&lt;small&gt;Elected constituency&lt;/small&gt;
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Elected constituency</small>
 ! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|(Assembly)}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|Election}}]])}}
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|(Assembly)}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|Election}}]])}}
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|{{black|(Lieutenant&lt;br&gt;Governor)}}]]&lt;/small&gt;
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by<br><small>[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|{{black|(Lieutenant<br>Governor)}}]]</small>
 |-
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Assumed office
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Left office
-! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |&lt;small&gt;Time in office&lt;/small&gt;
+! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |<small>Time in office</small>
 |-
 ! 1
-| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1937–2012)&lt;/small&gt;
+| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]'''<br /><small>(1937–2012)</small>
 | [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]
 | 17 March 1969
 | 2 January 1974
 ! 4 years, 291 days
-| 3rd&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969 &lt;br&gt;election]])}}
+| 3rd<br />{{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969 <br>election]])}}
 | [[B. D. Jatti]]
 |-
 ! 2
-| rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+| rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-| rowspan="2"|'''[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Unknown)&lt;/small&gt;
+| rowspan="2"|'''[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]'''<br /><small>(Unknown)</small>
 | rowspan="2"|[[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
 | 16 January 1980
 | 23 June 1983
 !3 years, 158 days
-| 6th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980 &lt;br&gt;election]])}}
+| 6th<br />{{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980 <br>election]])}}
 | [[Bidesh Tukaram Kulkarni|B. T. Kulkarni]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,065: / Line 1,065: @@
 | 2 March 1991
 ! 359 days
-| 8th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990 &lt;br&gt;election]])}}
+| 8th<br />{{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990 <br>election]])}}
 | [[Chandrawati]]
 |-
 ! 4
 | [[File:R.V.Janakiraman2 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
-| '''[[R. V. Janakiraman]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1941–2019)&lt;/small&gt;
+| '''[[R. V. Janakiraman]]'''<br /><small>(1941–2019)</small>
 | [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
 | 26 May 1996
 | 21 March 2000
 ! 3 years, 300 days
-| rowspan = "2" | 10th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996&lt;br&gt;election]])}}
+| rowspan = "2" | 10th<br />{{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996<br>election]])}}
 | [[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,086: / Line 1,086: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name
-&lt;small&gt;{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}&lt;/small&gt;
+<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small>
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|&lt;small&gt;Elected constituency&lt;/small&gt;
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Elected constituency</small>
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|{{black|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{black|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|{{black|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]}}<br /><small>{{black|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}</small>
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by&lt;br&gt;{{black|([[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]])}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by<br>{{black|([[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]])}}
 |-
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Assumed office
 !style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left office
-!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|&lt;small&gt;Time in office&lt;/small&gt;
+!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Time in office</small>
 |-
 !rowspan=2|1
 |rowspan=2|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
-|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2018)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br /><small>(1924–2018)</small>
 |rowspan=2|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
 |25 July 1977
 |17 February 1980
 !rowspan=2|5 years, 259 days
-|6th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
+|6th<br />{{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
 |[[Munu Adhi]]
 |-
 |27 June 1980
 |18 August 1983
-|7th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
+|7th<br />{{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
 |[[K. Rajaram]]
 |-
 !2
 |[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1922–2020)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''<br /><small>(1922–2020)</small>
 |[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
 |24 May 2001
 |14 April 2006
 !4 years, 325 days
-|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
+|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]<br />{{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
 |[[K. Kalimuthu]]
 |-
 !3
 |[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]
-|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1953)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(born 1953)</small>
 |[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
 |4 June 2016
 |3 May 2021
 !4 years, 333 days
-|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
+|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]<br />{{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
 |[[P. Dhanapal]]
 |}
@@ Line 1,138: / Line 1,138: @@
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait
 ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" | Name
-&lt;small&gt;{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}&lt;/small&gt;
+<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small>
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |&lt;small&gt;Elected constituency&lt;/small&gt;
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |<small>Elected constituency</small>
 ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white|Term of office
-! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|(election)}}]])}}
+! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|(election)}}]])}}
 |-
 !style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Assumed office
@@ Line 1,148: / Line 1,148: @@
 |-
 !rowspan=2| 1
-|rowspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
 |rowspan=2| [[R.V. Janakiraman]]
 |rowspan=2| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
@@ Line 1,154: / Line 1,154: @@
 | 15 May 2001
 |'''{{ayd|2000|3|22|2001|5|15}}'''
-| |  10th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1996 election)}}
+| |  10th<br />{{small|(1996 election)}}
 |-
 | 16 May 2001
 | 11 May 2006
 | '''{{ayd|2001|5|16|2006|5|11}}'''
-|  11th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(2001 election)}}
+|  11th<br />{{small|(2001 election)}}
 |-
 ! 2
-| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
 |   [[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
 |   Karaikal
@@ Line 1,168: / Line 1,168: @@
 | May 2011
 | '''{{ayd|2006|5|29|2011|5|29}}'''
-| 12th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(2006 election)}}
+| 12th<br />{{small|(2006 election)}}
 |-
 ! 3
-| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
 |  [[R. Siva]]
 |   [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]
-| 8 May 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 8 May 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+| 8 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 8 May 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
 | ''Incumbent''
 | '''{{ayd|2021|5|8}}'''
-| [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])}}
+| [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]<br />{{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])}}
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 1,196: / Line 1,196: @@
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|No.
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name
-! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Deputy&lt;br&gt;Speaker
+! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Deputy<br>Speaker
-! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Took&lt;br&gt; office
+! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Took<br> office
-! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left&lt;br&gt; office
+! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left<br> office
 ! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Duration
 |-
@@ Line 1,204: / Line 1,204: @@
 | rowspan =2| [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
 | [[G. R. Edmund]]
-| 22 February&lt;br&gt;1969
+| 22 February<br>1969
-| 14 March&lt;br&gt; 1971
+| 14 March<br> 1971
 ! '''{{ayd|1969|2|22|1971|3|14}}'''
 |-
 | [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
-| 3 August&lt;br&gt; 1973
+| 3 August<br> 1973
-| 3 July&lt;br&gt; 1977
+| 3 July<br> 1977
 ! '''{{ayd|1973|8|3|1977|7|3}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,216: / Line 1,216: @@
 | [[K. A. Mathiazagan]]
 | [[P. Seenivasan]]
-| 24 March&lt;br&gt; 1971
+| 24 March<br> 1971
-| 2 December&lt;br&gt; 1972
+| 2 December<br> 1972
 !'''{{ayd|1971|3|24|1972|12|2}}'''
 |-
 ! ''Acting''
-| colspan="2"|[[P. Seenivasan]]&lt;br&gt; ''(Acting Speaker)''
+| colspan="2"|[[P. Seenivasan]]<br> ''(Acting Speaker)''
-| 2 December&lt;br&gt; 1972
+| 2 December<br> 1972
-| 3 August&lt;br&gt; 1973
+| 3 August<br> 1973
 ! '''{{ayd|1972|2|12|1973|8|3}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,229: / Line 1,229: @@
 | [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
 | [[V. P. Duraisamy]]
-| 8 February&lt;br&gt; 1989
+| 8 February<br> 1989
-| 30 June&lt;br&gt; 1991
+| 30 June<br> 1991
 !'''{{ayd|1989|2|8|1991|7|30}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,236: / Line 1,236: @@
 | [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
 | [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]]
-| 23 May&lt;br&gt; 1996
+| 23 May<br> 1996
-| 21 May&lt;br&gt; 2001
+| 21 May<br> 2001
 !'''{{ayd|1996|5|23|2001|5|21}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,243: / Line 1,243: @@
 | [[R. Avudaiappan]]
 | [[V. P. Duraisamy]]
-| 19 May&lt;br&gt; 2006
+| 19 May<br> 2006
-| 15 May&lt;br&gt; 2011
+| 15 May<br> 2011
 !'''{{ayd|2006|5|19|2011|5|15}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,250: / Line 1,250: @@
 |[[M. Appavu]]
 |[[K. Pitchandi]]
-|12 May&lt;br&gt; 2021
+|12 May<br> 2021
 |''Incumbent''
 !'''{{ayd|2021|5|12}}'''
@@ Line 1,262: / Line 1,262: @@
 !rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | #
 !rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Portrait
-!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:18em" | Minister&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Birth-Death)&lt;br&gt;Constituency}}
+!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:18em" | Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}}
 !colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Term of office
 !rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:8em" | Portfolio
@@ Line 1,275: / Line 1,275: @@
 |bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
 |[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
-|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(1934–2003)&lt;br&gt;MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
+|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br>{{small|(1934–2003)<br>MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
-|&lt;small&gt;2 December&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1989
+|<small>2 December</small><br>1989
-|&lt;small&gt;10 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1990
+|<small>10 November</small><br>1990
 |'''343 days'''
 |'''[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]'''
@@ Line 1,290: / Line 1,290: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(House)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}
 !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,301: / Line 1,301: @@
 !1
 |[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]</small>'''
-|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1934–2003)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;1 June&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1996
+|<small>1 June</small><br> 1996
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
 !'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
-|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |rowspan=4|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
 |rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
 |-
 !2
-|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]</small>'''
-|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1931–2013)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''<br /><small>(1931–2013)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;1 June&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1996
+|<small>1 June</small><br> 1996
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
 !'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
-|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !3
-|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(–)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''<br /><small>(–)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;6 July&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1996
+|<small>6 July</small><br> 1996
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
 !'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''
-|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !4
 |[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1941)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;6 July&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1996
+|<small>6 July</small><br> 1996
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
 !'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''
-|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |}
@@ Line 1,344: / Line 1,344: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(House)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}
 !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,355: / Line 1,355: @@
 !1
 |[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]</small>'''
-|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1934–2003)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
-|&lt;small&gt;19 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1998
+|<small>19 March</small><br>1998
 !'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
-|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |rowspan=6|[[I. K. Gujral]]
 |rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|2
-|rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]</small>'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1931–2013)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''<br /><small>(1931–2013)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
-|&lt;small&gt;19 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1998
+|<small>19 March</small><br>1998
 !'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs &amp; Employment]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs &amp; Employment]]</small>'''
-|&lt;small&gt;14 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>14 November</small><br>1997
-|&lt;small&gt;12 December&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>12 December</small><br>1997
 !'''{{ayd|1997|11|14|1997|12|12}}'''
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|3
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1941)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
-|&lt;small&gt;19 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1998
+|<small>19 March</small><br>1998
 !'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;11 January&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1998
+|<small>11 January</small><br>1998
-|&lt;small&gt;19 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1998
+|<small>19 March</small><br>1998
 !'''{{ayd|1998|1|11|1998|3|19}}'''
 |-
 !4
-|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(–)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''<br /><small>(–)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;21 April&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997
+|<small>21 April</small><br>1997
-|&lt;small&gt;14 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1997&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''(died in office)''&lt;/small&gt;
+|<small>14 November</small><br>1997<br /><small>''(died in office)''</small>
 !'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|11|14}}'''
-|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 1,409: / Line 1,409: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(House)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}
 !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,420: / Line 1,420: @@
 !rowspan="2"|1
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce &amp; Industry]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce &amp; Industry]]</small>'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1934–2003)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;13 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1999
+|<small>13 October</small><br>1999
-|&lt;small&gt;9 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2002
+|<small>9 November</small><br>2002
 !'''3 years, 27 days'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |rowspan=6|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
 |rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Minister without portfolio]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Minister without portfolio]]</small>'''
-|&lt;small&gt;9 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2002
+|<small>9 November</small><br>2002
-|&lt;small&gt;23 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2003
+|<small>23 November</small><br>2003
 !'''{{ayd|2002|11|9|2003|11|23}}'''
 |-
 !2
 |[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment &amp; Forests]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment &amp; Forests]]</small>'''
-|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1941)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;13 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1999
+|<small>13 October</small><br>1999
-|&lt;small&gt;21 December&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2003
+|<small>21 December</small><br>2003
 !'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|12|21}}'''
-|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|3
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment &amp; Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1963)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;13 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;1999
+|<small>13 October</small><br>1999
-|&lt;small&gt;30 September&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2001
+|<small>30 September</small><br>2001
 !'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|9|30}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;30 September&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2000
+|<small>30 September</small><br>2000
-|&lt;small&gt;21 December&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2003
+|<small>21 December</small><br>2003
 !'''{{ayd|2000|9|30|2003|12|21}}'''
 |-
@@ Line 1,465: / Line 1,465: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(House)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}
 !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,476: / Line 1,476: @@
 !rowspan="2"|1
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment &amp; Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]</small>'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1963)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;15 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>15 May</small><br>2007
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |rowspan=12|[[Manmohan Singh]]
 |rowspan=12 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]</small>'''
-|&lt;small&gt;15 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>15 May</small><br>2007
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''
 |-
 !2
 |[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]</small>'''
-|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1966)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''<br /><small>(born 1966)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;15 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>15 May</small><br>2007
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
-|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|3
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]</small>'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1941)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Shipping]]&lt;/small&gt;'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Shipping]]</small>'''
-|&lt;small&gt;25 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 2004
+|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004
-|&lt;small&gt;2 September&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004{{efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways]] in September 2004.}}
+|<small>2 September</small><br>2004{{efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways]] in September 2004.}}
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2004|9|2}}'''
 |-
 !4
-|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[K. Venkatapathy]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1946)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[K. Venkatapathy]]'''<br /><small>(born 1946)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !|'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
-|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|5
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:S. Regupathy in 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. Regupathy]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1950)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. Regupathy]]'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;15 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>15 May</small><br>2007
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;15 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>15 May</small><br>2007
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|6
 |rowspan="2"|[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1950)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;25 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 2004
+|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2004|5|25}}'''
-|rowspan="2"|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="2"|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Revenue, from 29 January 2006)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]</small>'''<br><small>(Revenue, from 29 January 2006)</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;25 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; 2004
+|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2009|5|22}}'''
 |-
 !7
 |[[File:Subbalakshmi Jagadeesan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1947)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]'''<br /><small>(born 1947)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;23 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2004
+|<small>23 May</small><br>2004
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
-|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !8
 |[[File:V. Radhika Selvi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|'''<small>[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[V. Radhika Selvi]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1976)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[V. Radhika Selvi]]'''<br /><small>(born 1976)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;18 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2007
+|<small>18 May</small><br>2007
-|&lt;small&gt;22 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>22 May</small><br>2009
 !'''{{ayd|2007|5|18|2009|5|22}}'''
-|[[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |}
@@ Line 1,575: / Line 1,575: @@
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
 !rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
 !colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
-!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(House)}}
+!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}
 !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
 |-
@@ Line 1,586: / Line 1,586: @@
 !1
 |[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment &amp; Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]'''&lt;/small&gt;
+|<small>'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications &amp; Information Technology]]'''</small>
-|'''[[A. Raja]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1963)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;28 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>28 May</small><br>2009
-|&lt;small&gt;15 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2010&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-11-15 |title=Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telecom-minister-a-raja-resigns-pm-to-keep-charge-of-telecom-ministry/articleshow/6926778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-11-15 |title=Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/raja-resigns-over-2g-spectrum-issue-15096-2010-11-15 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-02-02 |title=CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/CBI-arrests-former-Telecom-Minister-A.-Raja/article15126071.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|<small>15 November</small><br>2010<br><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-15 |title=Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telecom-minister-a-raja-resigns-pm-to-keep-charge-of-telecom-ministry/articleshow/6926778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-15 |title=Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/raja-resigns-over-2g-spectrum-issue-15096-2010-11-15 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-02 |title=CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/CBI-arrests-former-Telecom-Minister-A.-Raja/article15126071.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
 !'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2010|11|15}}'''
-|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |rowspan=9|[[Manmohan Singh]]
 |rowspan=9 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
@@ Line 1,597: / Line 1,597: @@
 !2
 |[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]'''&lt;/small&gt;
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]'''</small>
-|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1966)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''<br /><small>(born 1966)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;28 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>28 May</small><br>2009
-|&lt;small&gt;12 July&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2011&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-cabinet/article20303877.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-07-08 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-union-cabinet/articleshow/9143074.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|<small>12 July</small><br>2011<br><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-cabinet/article20303877.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-08 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-union-cabinet/articleshow/9143074.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
 !'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|7|12}}'''
-|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !3
 |[[File:MKAlagiri.jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers]]'''&lt;/small&gt;
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers]]'''</small>
-|'''[[M. K. Alagiri]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1951)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[M. K. Alagiri]]'''<br /><small>(born 1951)</small>
-|rowspan="4"|&lt;small&gt;28 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|rowspan="4"|<small>28 May</small><br>2009
-|rowspan="4"|&lt;small&gt;21 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-01-07 |title=Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-denies-reports-on-Alagiris-resignation/article15510351.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|rowspan="4"|<small>21 March</small><br>2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-07 |title=Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-denies-reports-on-Alagiris-resignation/article15510351.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
 !rowspan="4"|'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2013|3|21}}'''
-|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !4
 |[[File:Nepoleon Duraisamy.png|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1963)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small>
-|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !5
 |[[File:S. Gandhiselvan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[S. Gandhiselvan]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1963)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''<small>[[S. Gandhiselvan]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small>
-|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !6
 |[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Revenue)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]'''</small><br><small>(Revenue)</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|'''&lt;small&gt;[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1950)&lt;/small&gt;
+|'''<small>[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small>
-|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
 !rowspan="3"|7
 |rowspan="3"|[[File:S. Jagathrakshakan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information &amp; Broadcasting]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information &amp; Broadcasting]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|rowspan="3"|'''&lt;small&gt;[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]&lt;/small&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1950)&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="3"|'''<small>[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small>
-|&lt;small&gt;28 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2009
+|<small>28 May</small><br>2009
-|&lt;small&gt;28 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2012
+|<small>28 October</small><br>2012
 !'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}'''
-|rowspan="3"|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;
+|rowspan="3"|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small>
 |-
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New &amp; Renewable Energy]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New &amp; Renewable Energy]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;28 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2012
+|<small>28 October</small><br>2012
-|&lt;small&gt;2 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2012
+|<small>2 November</small><br>2012
 !'''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2012|11|2}}'''
 |-
-|&lt;small&gt;'''[[Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce &amp; Industry]]'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
+|<small>'''[[Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce &amp; Industry]]'''</small><br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
-|&lt;small&gt;2 November&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2012
+|<small>2 November</small><br>2012
-|&lt;small&gt;21 March&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/5-dmk-ministers-quit-pm-accepts-their-resignations/articleshow/19097333.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Economic Times | date=20 March 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+|<small>21 March</small><br>2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/5-dmk-ministers-quit-pm-accepts-their-resignations/articleshow/19097333.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Economic Times | date=20 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
 !'''{{ayd|2012|11|2|2013|3|21}}'''
 |}
@@ Line 1,656: / Line 1,656: @@
 |-
 ! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Portrait
-! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Name&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Birth–Death)&lt;/small&gt;
+! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Name<br><small>(Birth–Death)</small>
 ! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Elected constituency
-! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Lok Sabha&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Election)&lt;/small&gt;
+! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Lok Sabha<br><small>(Election)</small>
 ! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Speaker
 ! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Assumed office
@@ Line 1,665: / Line 1,665: @@
 ! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Prime Minister
 |-
-| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;
+| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
-| '''[[G. Lakshmanan]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2001)&lt;/small&gt;
+| '''[[G. Lakshmanan]]'''<br><small>(1924–2001)</small>
 | [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
-| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[1980 Indian general election|(1980)]]&lt;/small&gt;
+| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]<br><small>[[1980 Indian general election|(1980)]]</small>
-| '''[[Balram Jakhar]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]&lt;/small&gt;
+| '''[[Balram Jakhar]]'''<br><small>[[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]</small>
 | 1 December 1980
 | 31 December 1984
@@ Line 1,691: / Line 1,691: @@
 | width             = 220
 | image1            = Kanimozhi Karunanidhi 01.jpg
-| caption1          = '''Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi'''&lt;br /&gt;Deputy General Secretary of the party
+| caption1          = '''Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi'''<br />Deputy General Secretary of the party
 }}
-Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named ''The Rising Sun'' and a Tamil daily named ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dmk.in/|title=DMK homepage|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named ''The Rising Sun'' and a Tamil daily named ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmk.in/|title=DMK homepage|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref>
-[[Kalaignar TV]] is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/|title=Kalaignar Channel|publisher=Kalaignar Channel|access-date=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+[[Kalaignar TV]] is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/|title=Kalaignar Channel|publisher=Kalaignar Channel|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 1,765: / Line 1,765: @@
 {{Indian political parties}}
 {{United Progressive Alliance}}
-&lt;!-- The Portals link needs to be reconfigured for proper display. Please assist
+<!-- The Portals link needs to be reconfigured for proper display. Please assist
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   |commons        = yes
@@ Line 1,773: / Line 1,773: @@
   |portal1        = India
   |portal2        = Politics
-}}--&gt;
+}}-->
 [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]