Erode

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
This article is about the city of Erode. For the geologic process, see Erosion.
For other uses, see Erode (disambiguation).
Erode
City
Thindal Murugan Temple at Edore
Thindal Murugan Temple at Erode.
Nicknames: 
Turmeric City of India
Textile City
Loom City of India
Erode is located in Tamil Nadu
Erode
Erode
Location in Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates: 11°20′27.2″N 77°43′01.6″E / 11.340889°N 77.717111°E / 11.340889; 77.717111Coordinates: 11°20′27.2″N 77°43′01.6″E / 11.340889°N 77.717111°E / 11.340889; 77.717111[1]
Country India
StateTamil Nadu
RegionKongu Nadu
DistrictErode District
Metropolitan CityErode
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyErode Municipal Corporation
Area
 • City109.52 km2 (42.29 sq mi)
Elevation
176[2] m (577 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • City157,101
 • Rank9th in Tamil Nadu
 • Metro
521,891
DemonymErodian
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
63800x
Telephone code91 (424)
Vehicle registrationTN-33, TN-86, TN-56
Websiteerodecorporation.gov.in

Erode ([iːɾoːɽɯ]) is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The seventh largest urban agglomeration in the state, after Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli, Salem and Tiruppur. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Erode district. Administered by a city municipal corporation since 2008, Erode is a part of the Erode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member of parliament. Located on the banks of River Kaveri, it is situated centrally on South Indian Peninsula, about 400 kilometres (249 mi) southwest of its state capital Chennai and about 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Coimbatore, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Tiruppur and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Salem. Erode is an agricultural, textile[3] and a BPO hub[4] and among the largest producers of turmeric,[5][6] hand-loom and knitwear,[7] and food products.

History[edit]

Etymology of Erode might have its origin in the Tamil phrase Eeru Odai meaning two streams based on presence of two water courses of Perumpallam and Pichaikaranpallam Canal. Alternatively, it might have been derived from Tamil phrase Eera Odu meaning 'wet skull' based on Indian mythology.[8][9] During Sangam age, Erode region formed a part of the historical Kongu Nadu region ruled by Cheras and then by Kalabhras who were ousted by Pandyas around 590 CE. Afterwards, it was ruled by Rashtrakutas and by Cholas from 10th to early 13th century. Erode was annexed by Vijayanagara Empire in 1378 CE till gaining independence in 1559 CE by Madurai Nayaks. Erode became a part of the Hindu Wodeyar-ruled Mysore Kingdom in the early 1700s CE before coming under the control of the British East India Company with Maharaja of Mysore still as principal ruler. Erode remained under British rule until Indian independence in 1947.[10][11][12]

Geography[edit]

Erode has a hilly terrain with undulating topography as the Urugumalai, Athimalai, Chennimalai hills surround the city. The Amaravathy, Noyyal, Bhavani, and Kaveri rivers flow into the city. While no notable mineral resources are available, loam, gravel and limestone are found in abundance in the river beds.[citation needed]

Climate[edit]

Erode has a semi-arid climate with hot to sweltering temperatures throughout the year and relatively low rainfall. Temperatures range from 80 °F (27 °C) to 96 °F (36 °C) with an average rainfall of 543 millimetres or 21.4 inches. Like the rest of Tamil Nadu, March to June are the hottest and December to January the mildest months of the year. Because the Southwest monsoon (June to August) brings scanty rainfall, the bulk of Erode's rainfall is received during the Northeast monsoon in October and November. The municipality covers an area of 8.44 km2 (8,440,000 m2)[13]

Climate data for Erode (1997–2007)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.0
(98.6) 		37.2
(99.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		41.8
(107.2) 		42.0
(107.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.6
(101.5) 		36.2
(97.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		42.8
(109.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.7
(90.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.0
(95.0)
Average low °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.1
(71.8)
Record low °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.0
(55.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.6
(0.06) 		2.0
(0.08) 		13.6
(0.54) 		49.0
(1.93) 		82.1
(3.23) 		10.9
(0.43) 		23.0
(0.91) 		48.8
(1.92) 		62.4
(2.46) 		133.5
(5.26) 		98.5
(3.88) 		18.2
(0.72) 		543.6
(21.42)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.3 4.3 1.2 1.8 3.3 4.3 8.3 6.6 2.2 35.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 56 45 46 49 54 53 57 58 57 65 69 63 56
Source: India Meteorological Department[14]

Demographics[edit]

Religion[17]
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 83.15%
Muslim
 
 12.37%
Christian
 
 3.94%

As of 2011, Erode has 521,776[18] in population with a sex-ratio of 996, above national average of 929. Literacy rate of 85% compares favorably to the national average of 73%.[18] The city had 43,184 households with Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounting for 11% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Of its 66,135 workers, 61,382 are classified as other workers and rest in agriculture and household industries.[19] As of 2001, 52 slums were identified with 33,000 people residing in slums.[20] Per religious census of 2011, Erode had 83% Hindus, 12% Muslims and 4% Christians.[17] The population had increased 11 times during the 20th century.[15] While Tamil is the main spoken language, English is common as the medium of instruction in educational institutions and in service sector.[21]

Economy[edit]

Fabrics and rugs made in Erode are famous throughout India and are exported

Erode district's gross domestic product (GDP) grew at 15.5% in 2008 ahead of the state's GDP growth by 4%.[22] According to Indian Census of 2001, urban workforce participation rate for Erode is 35% with growth in secondary and tertiary sectors and a corresponding decrease in the primary sector. Major employment is provided by textile industry, turmeric industry and oil and rice mills with 69% of its workforce employed in tertiary sector.

Erode is famous for several markets. Erode is the country's largest turmeric market. Erode Turmeric and Bhavani Carpets has finally received GI tag from the Geographical Indication in 2019.[23] Turmeric Prices for the whole of India are fixed at four markets in Erode, one of which is ETMA Turmeric Market Complex located at Semmampalayam in Erode. Erode has the countries largest textile market one is Abdul Gani Textile Market and another one is Texvalley.

PDEXCIL (Powerloom Development & Export Promotion Council) has set up its regional office in Texvalley under the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. It is a non-profit organisation working for the development of Powerloom Industry and promoting export of Fabrics and made ups from Powerloom Manufacturers.[24]

Erode is also famous for its cattle markets. There are four major notable cattle markets in the district. One of them is located in the core city and is known as Karungalpalayam Cattle Market, which is one of the largest cattle market in the state.

As of 2001, the district had two industrial estates with 60 tanneries, 165 lock manufacturing and several cotton spinning mills.[25][26] While hand loom weaving and carpet manufacturing flourished in early days, emergence of power loom led to 24,189 small scale and 59 large scale units by 2000.

The district is also rich in agriculture. The city is one of the largest manufacturers of food products in the state. Many food product manufacturers and poultries have established their base in and around the city.[27]

Erode is famously known as "Turmeric City" or "Yellow City" on account of production of turmeric in the state. It also has one of the largest markets for coconut.[25] and coconut oil production in South India.[28] Erode stands second in leather processing in the state, next to Ambur. Paper manufacturing companies like Seshasayee paper boards are located on banks of river Kaveri. Sugarcane processing industry here complements paper manufacturing from bagasse. Additionally, several small and medium scale industries like dal mills, cotton mills, vanaspathi manufacturers, wax, screen printing and printing presses are located in the city.

Erode has one of the three electric loco sheds under the Southern Railway, carrying out various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives. Electric loco shed, Erode is now housing the largest fleet of WAP-4 in Indian Railways and it caters to many long-distance electric trains. It has a diesel loco shed too.

The Nethaji Market is an important wholesale and retail central market for vegetables and fruits in the city.[29] Originally, the market was functioning along two major roads in the north of the clock tower area. It originated in the Chozha era. In 1935, Erode City Municipal Corporation constructed the market shops along RKV Road near Old Busstand.[30] Recently, Erode City Municipal Corporation has planned to shift the wholesale market to the outskirts of the city considering the traffic congestion and road infrastructure of this area.[31]

Tourism[edit]

Thindal Murugan Temple

Thindal Murugan Temple, situated 6 km (3.7 mi) from the city is the most prominent temple in the city. Periya Mariamman Temple, Natadreeswarar Temple, the hillock temple of the Kaveri river, Sangameswarar Temple are prominent religious destinations in the city. While the city is built around a demolished fort, a temple for Arudra Kabaleeswar (Shiva) praising the Saiva and one for Kasthuri Ranganatha Perumal (Vishnu) praising the Vaishnava aspects of Hinduism exists. E.V.R Corporation Museum and Thanthai Periyar Memorial House, which depicts the life of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, are prominent museums in the city. Sankagiri Fort and Vellode Birds Sanctuary are other visitor attractions around the city.[32][33]

Recreation[edit]

Kaveri River at Erode

There are a few parks at different places in the city, the notable one being the VOC Park at centre of the city. The city also houses a lot of hotels serving different cuisines thereby giving people multiple options to choose from. The city is also home to several cinema theatres giving the residents and visitors a delightful movie going experience. It also has two prominent shopping malls namely Reliance Mall and Texvalley Mall.

Law and Government[edit]

Municipality officials[34]
Commissioner M. Seeni Ajmalkhan
Deputy Mayor P. V. Arumugam
Elected members
Member of Parliament A. Ganeshamurthi[35]
Member of Legislative Assembly S. Muthusamy (Erode West)[36]
Member of Legislative Assembly K.S.Thennarasu (Erode East)[37]

Law and order is maintained by Erode sub division of Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are seven law & order police stations located at Karungalpalayam, Bazaar, Surampatti, Veerappanchatram, Rangampalayam, Chithode and Periyar GH Police Station. There are special units like armed reserve, prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch.[38]

Erode is the headquarters of Erode District which was bifurcated from Coimbatore District in 1979. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1871, promoted to special-grade during 1980 and upgraded as a corporation in 2008. City's corporation area covers part of Bhavani, Modakurichi, Perundurai and Komarapalayam constituencies. Its functions are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT) under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[39] Erode has 60 wards with an elected councillor.[40] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 60 members, one each from the 60 wards.[41] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[42]

The current Member of Parliament is A. Ganeshamurthi from the MDMK party.[35] While Erode has two state assembly constituencies namely Erode East and Erode West to elect members to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years, until 2004 elections, Erode had only one constituency.[43] The current MLA of Erode (East) is K.S.Thennarasu from AIADMK and Erode (West) is K.V. Ramalingam from AIADMK.[36][37][44]

Public services[edit]

Main article: List of Educational Institutions in Erode
Periyar Anna Memorial House is located in Periyar Street, erode.

As of 2006, there were 46 public and private schools with four technical institutes; Government Technical Institute being most prominent. Three types of schools operate in Erode: government run schools, schools funded by the government but run by private trusts (aided schools) and schools funded completely by private trusts. Schools may follow Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board, Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation or CBSE syllabus. The city falls under the purview of Coimbatore Education District. There are four school playgrounds in the city.[45]

Electricity supply is regulated and distributed by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) as the city along with its suburbs forms Erode Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[46] Water supply is provided by Erode Municipality from river Kaveri through its eight reservoirs. For 2000–01, 14 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[47] About 110-125 metric tonnes of solid waste were processed by the sanitary department in 2011.[48] As there is no underground drainage system, disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences[49] with its 192 km (119 mi) of storm water drains.[50] Thandhai Periyar Government General Hospital serves as primary centre of healthcare. Several private hospitals such as Lotus Hospitals, Kumarasamy hospital, Idhayam Apollo Specialty Hospital, C.K Hospital, Maruthi Medical Center Hospital (MMCH), Kovai Medical Center Hospital (KMCH), Erode Trust Hospital, National Hospital (formerly Savitha Hospital) serve in the area.[51] As of 2011, municipality maintained 4,678 street lamps.[52] The corporation operates two markets, namely the Nethaji market and Silambarasan kuttai market and a textile market named EKM Abdul Gani Market in Brough road.[53]

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

Meenakshi Sundaranar (Brough) Road, one of the arterial roads

Erode maintains 102 km (63 mi) of local roads with 5 km (3.1 mi) of concrete and rest bituminous. Additionally, 16.6 km (10.3 mi) of state highways is maintained by State Highways Department.[54] NH 544 connecting Salem – Coimbatore – Ernakulam, bypasses the city via Bhavani, Chithode, nasiyanur and Perundurai[55] and the National Highway NH 381A connects Vellakoil and sangagiri, bypasses the city through Pallipalayam. The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation has a sub-divisional headquarters at Erode (jeeva) under the Coimbatore division. Erode Central Bus Terminus, is the Second Largest main bus station complex for Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation. Erode is well connected with the nearest cities of Tiruppur and Coimbatore by bus. Private carriers operate long-distance buses connecting to major cities like Chennai, Bangalore etc.[56][57] The main arterial roads include:

A street in Erode

Rail[edit]

Erode Junction railway station is a major rail junction in Salem division of Southern Railway with a diesel locomotive shed and an electric locomotive shed attached. It also serves as a hub for water filling facilities, food provisions and cleaning services for long-distance trains that run via Erode.[58] The following are the lines running from Erode junction:

Line No. Towards Passing Through Station Type / Track
1 Salem Junction Sankagiri Broad, Electrified – Double Track[59]
2 Coimbatore Junction Tiruppur Broad, Electrified – Double Track[60]
3 Trichy Junction Karur Broad, Electrified - Single Track[61]

Air[edit]

The nearest airport to Erode is the Salem Airport at a distance of 84 km (52 mi) which is connected to and from Chennai. The major international airport is Coimbatore International Airport at a distance of 91 km (57 mi) with regular flights to domestic destinations including Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Mumbai, Pune and international destinations including Sharjah and Singapore.[62] The Tiruchirappali International Airport is 158 km (98 mi) from Erode.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Coordinates_of_Erode_Tamil_Nadu_India". Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "Coordinates_and_Elevation_Erode_Tamil_Nadu_India". Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Possibilities for improving vehicular traffic flow explored". The Hindu. 8 September 2015.
  4. ↑ Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Erode municipality (PDF) (Report). Commissioner of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2012.[permanent dead link]
  5. ↑ Prasad S., Aggarwal, B., Turmeric, the Golden Spice; in: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects; editors: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S.; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; Boca Raton, 2011. [1]
  6. ↑ "Turmeric at an all-time high price". The Economic Times. 29 December 2009.
  7. ↑ "Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become a textile heaven says Narendra Modi". DNA India. 17 April 2014.
  8. ↑ Room, Adrian (2003). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sights. McFarland. p. 119. ISBN 9780786418145.
  9. ↑ Abdi, Wazir Hasan (1992). Toils and triumphs of Srinivasa Ramanujan, the man and the mathematician. National. p. 3.
  10. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, p. 30
  11. ↑ "Historical moments". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  12. ↑ "Historical moments of Erode district". Erode District Administration. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "About Erode". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  14. ↑ "Station: Erode Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 265–266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, pp. 31-34
  16. ↑ "Smart City Challenge-Erode". Government of India. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Erode". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  20. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 43
  21. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 4
  22. ↑ "Erode GDP is better than that of the State". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  23. ↑ https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/erode-turmeric-gi-tag-03201967009.html
  24. ↑ Welcome to PDEXCIL - Powerloom Development & Export Promotion Council
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, p. 32
  26. ↑ "About Erode". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. ↑ https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Erode-a-destination-for-food-processing-sector/article14385160.ece
  28. ↑ "Industries Erode". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  29. ↑ "Tomato glut dips prices in market". The Times of India. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  30. ↑ "15 ஆண்டுகள் பழமை வாய்ந்த தினசரி மார்க்கெட்". Dinakaran. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  31. ↑ "Shifting of market on the anvil". The Hindu. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  32. ↑ "Visitor attracts at Erode". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  33. ↑ "Erode museum to host exhibition on A.W. Brough". The Hindu. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  34. ↑ "Welcome to Erode City Municipal Corporation | E-Governance and Citizen services". erodecorporation.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "MLA of Erode West". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "MLA of Erode East". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  38. ↑ "Erode Police". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  39. ↑ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "About the municipality". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  41. ↑ "Councillors of municipality". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  42. ↑ "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  44. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  45. ↑ "Educational Institutions". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  46. ↑ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  47. ↑ "Water Supply Details". Erode Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  48. ↑ "Waste management programme". Erode Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  49. ↑ "Erode sewarage". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  50. ↑ "Storm water drains of Erode". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  51. ↑ "Erode hospitals". Erode municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "Erode street lights". Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  53. ↑ "Erode markets". Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  54. ↑ "Erode roads". Erode municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  55. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, pp. 44-45
  56. ↑ "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ↑ Transport Handbook (PDF) (Report). Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. ↑ "Use of water in trains for bathing leads to shortage". The Hindu. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  59. ↑ "Re-schedule train timings". The Hindu. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  60. ↑ "Palakkad-Erode train commences service". The Hindu. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  61. ↑ "Trains partially cancelled". The Hindu. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  62. ↑ "Trains partially cancelled". The Hindu. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.

External links[edit]

Template:Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu

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