6
edits
>GreenC bot (Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5) |
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Cultural heritage of West Bengal}} | |||
{{Culture of Bengal}} | {{Culture of Bengal}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | ||
The [[India]]n state, [[West Bengal]] has a rich cultural heritage. Due to the reign of many different rulers in the past, arts and crafts in [[West Bengal]] underwent many changes giving an artistic diversity today in the forms of traditional handicrafts, terracotta, painting and carving, | The [[India]]n state, [[West Bengal]] has a rich and cultural heritage. Due to the reign of many different rulers in the past, arts and crafts in [[West Bengal]] underwent many changes giving an artistic diversity today in the forms of traditional handicrafts, terracotta, painting and carving, dances, music except of natural beauty and glorious past the state has the strong hold of art and architecture which made the state so unique. | ||
==Music== | ==Music== | ||
Line 14: | Line 15: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The music of [[West Bengal]] includes multiple [[Bengali Music|indigenous]] musical genres such as [[Baul]], [[Bishnupur Gharana|Bishnupuri Classical]], [[Kirtan]], [[Shyama Sangeet]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]], [[Nazrul Geeti]], Atulprasadi, Dwijendrageeti, Probhati | The music of [[West Bengal]] includes multiple [[Bengali Music|indigenous]] musical genres such as [[Baul]], [[Bishnupur Gharana|Bishnupuri Classical]], [[Kirtan]], [[Shyama Sangeet]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]], [[Nazrul Geeti]], Atulprasadi, Dwijendrageeti, Probhati Sangeet, Kantageeti, Ganasangeet, Adhunik Gaan, [[Rock music of West Bengal|Bengali rock]] etc. West Bengal has a rich culture with the classical and folk songs. | ||
The [[Bishnupur Gharana]] is the sole [[Indian Classical Music|Classical]] (''[[Drupad]]'') ''[[gharana]]'' of [[Bengal]]. It originated in [[Bishnupur, Bankura]] by the court musicians of the [[History of Bankura district#Bishnupur kingdom|Malla Kings]].<ref name=Kings>{{cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|title=Culture of Bishnupur|access-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205193939/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|archive-date=2012-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bauls are a mystic group of singers and musicals, immensely popular in the countryside. They perform using a [[khamak]], [[ektara]] and [[dotara]]. [[Rabindra Sangeet]], also known as Tagore songs, are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Sigi 2006">{{cite book|last=Sigi|first=Rekha|title=Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW93OdoQIfIC&pg=PA90|year=2006|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-89182-90-8|page=90}}</ref> They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Tagore 2007">{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=Boyhood Days|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWhnwlQyplEC&pg=PR12|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333021-9|page=xii}}</ref><ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet">{{cite news|title=Magic of Rabindra Sangeet|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927055956/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rabindra Sangeet has been an integral part of Bengal culture for over a century.<ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet" /><ref name="Dasgupta Guha p252">{{cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Sanjukta|last2=Guha|first2=Chinmoy|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC&pg=PA252|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=252}}</ref> Shyama Sangeet is a genre of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]] which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess Durga or parvati. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti. | The [[Bishnupur Gharana]] is the sole [[Indian Classical Music|Classical]] (''[[Drupad]]'') ''[[gharana]]'' of [[Bengal]]. It originated in [[Bishnupur, Bankura]] by the court musicians of the [[History of Bankura district#Bishnupur kingdom|Malla Kings]].<ref name=Kings>{{cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|title=Culture of Bishnupur|access-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205193939/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|archive-date=2012-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bauls are a mystic group of singers and musicals, immensely popular in the countryside. They perform using a [[khamak]], [[ektara]] and [[dotara]]. [[Rabindra Sangeet]], also known as Tagore songs, are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Sigi 2006">{{cite book|last=Sigi|first=Rekha|title=Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW93OdoQIfIC&pg=PA90|year=2006|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-89182-90-8|page=90}}</ref> They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Tagore 2007">{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=Boyhood Days|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWhnwlQyplEC&pg=PR12|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333021-9|page=xii}}</ref><ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet">{{cite news|title=Magic of Rabindra Sangeet|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927055956/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rabindra Sangeet has been an integral part of Bengal culture for over a century.<ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet" /><ref name="Dasgupta Guha p252">{{cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Sanjukta|last2=Guha|first2=Chinmoy|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC&pg=PA252|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=252}}</ref> Shyama Sangeet is a genre of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]] which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess Durga or parvati. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti. | ||
Line 20: | Line 21: | ||
[[Kirtan]] is also a true song which describe the mythological epic. [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] starts the Hare Krishna movement from [[Nabadwip]]. | [[Kirtan]] is also a true song which describe the mythological epic. [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] starts the Hare Krishna movement from [[Nabadwip]]. | ||
Other songs like Hapu song, Bhadu song, [[Gombhira]], Tusu song, Bhatiyali song, [[Patua Sangeet]], Bolan Song etc. are the true Bengali folk | Other songs like Hapu song, Bhadu song, [[Gombhira]], Tusu song, Bhatiyali song, [[Patua Sangeet]], Bolan Song etc. are the true Bengali folk songs that make the mix of the cultural songs of [[West Bengal]]. | ||
==Dance== | ==Dance== | ||
Line 55: | Line 56: | ||
It has been reconstructed by [[Mahua Mukherjee]].<ref name=kumu>{{cite news|first=Kumudha |last=Bharatram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/dance-of-the-ancients/article1608014.ece |title=Dance of the ancients |newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 9, 2011 |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=anjana>{{cite news|last=Rajan |first=Anjana |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108051652/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The wheel has come full circle|date=December 26, 2006 }}</ref> It is not recognised as an [[Indian classical dance]] by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]],<ref name=anjana/> but study of it is eligible for scholarships from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|title=Scholarship to Young Artistes, 2005|publisher=Ministry of Culture. Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021161953/http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|archive-date=October 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Scholarly reception of the reconstruction ranges from caution to scepticism.<ref name=utpal>Utpal Kumar Banerjee (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RdsJAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mahua+mukherjee ''Indian performing arts: a mosaic'']. New Delhi: Harman Publishing House. {{ISBN|9788186622759}}. p. 79: "re-creating Gaudiya Nritya as one of the acceptable classical styles will need a formal framework".</ref><ref name=leela>Leela Venkataraman (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005939 Negotiating the Extremes: dance]. ''India International Centre Quarterly'', '''33''' (1): 93-102. {{subscription required}} "one may have reservations about the classical dance repertoire visualised by [Mukherjee]".</ref><ref name=roma>Roma Chatterji (2005). p. 9: "Mukherjee tries to reconstitute a Bengali aesthetic within the perspective of pan-Indian civilisation".</ref><ref name=susan>Susan Leigh Foster (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvzAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gaudiya+nritya ''Worlding dance: Studies in international performance'']. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780230205949}}. p. 125: "I urgently distance my project from that of Kolkata-based scholar, Mahua Mukherjee".</ref> | It has been reconstructed by [[Mahua Mukherjee]].<ref name=kumu>{{cite news|first=Kumudha |last=Bharatram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/dance-of-the-ancients/article1608014.ece |title=Dance of the ancients |newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 9, 2011 |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=anjana>{{cite news|last=Rajan |first=Anjana |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108051652/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The wheel has come full circle|date=December 26, 2006 }}</ref> It is not recognised as an [[Indian classical dance]] by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]],<ref name=anjana/> but study of it is eligible for scholarships from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|title=Scholarship to Young Artistes, 2005|publisher=Ministry of Culture. Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021161953/http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|archive-date=October 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Scholarly reception of the reconstruction ranges from caution to scepticism.<ref name=utpal>Utpal Kumar Banerjee (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RdsJAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mahua+mukherjee ''Indian performing arts: a mosaic'']. New Delhi: Harman Publishing House. {{ISBN|9788186622759}}. p. 79: "re-creating Gaudiya Nritya as one of the acceptable classical styles will need a formal framework".</ref><ref name=leela>Leela Venkataraman (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005939 Negotiating the Extremes: dance]. ''India International Centre Quarterly'', '''33''' (1): 93-102. {{subscription required}} "one may have reservations about the classical dance repertoire visualised by [Mukherjee]".</ref><ref name=roma>Roma Chatterji (2005). p. 9: "Mukherjee tries to reconstitute a Bengali aesthetic within the perspective of pan-Indian civilisation".</ref><ref name=susan>Susan Leigh Foster (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvzAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gaudiya+nritya ''Worlding dance: Studies in international performance'']. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780230205949}}. p. 125: "I urgently distance my project from that of Kolkata-based scholar, Mahua Mukherjee".</ref> | ||
[[File:Dhali Dance.jpg|thumb|Dhali Dance performance]] | |||
===Martial Dances=== | ===Martial Dances=== | ||
Line 124: | Line 127: | ||
[[File:Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Chalchitra]], a part of Bengal Patachitra, referred to the background Patachitra of the [[Durga]] Pratima]] | [[File:Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Chalchitra]], a part of Bengal Patachitra, referred to the background Patachitra of the [[Durga]] Pratima]] | ||
[[Chalchitra]] is a part of ''Bengal Patachitra'', It referred to the ''Debi Chal'' or ''Durga chala'', the background of the [[Durga]] Pratima or idol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj|last=tarapada santra|publisher=Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra|year=2000|location=Kolkata|pages=12}}</ref> [[Patua]], the artists of Chalchitra called it as '''Pata Lekha''', means the writing of Patachitra.<ref name="Giusti, M 2014">Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref> 300–400 years old idols of [[Shakta Rash|Nabadwip Shakta Rash]] used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=bn-IN}}</ref> Chalchitra artist of [[Nabadwip]], Tapan Bhattacharya said- | [[Chalchitra]] is a part of ''Bengal Patachitra'', It referred to the ''Debi Chal'' or ''Durga chala'', the background of the [[Durga]] Pratima or idol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj|last=tarapada santra|publisher=Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra|year=2000|location=Kolkata|pages=12}}</ref> [[Patua]], the artists of Chalchitra called it as '''Pata Lekha''', means the writing of Patachitra.<ref name="Giusti, M 2014">Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref> 300–400 years old idols of [[Shakta Rash|Nabadwip Shakta Rash]] used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=bn-IN}}</ref> Chalchitra artist of [[Nabadwip]], Tapan Bhattacharya said- | ||
{{cquote| | {{cquote||Tapan Bhattacharya}} | ||
====Durga pot==== | ====Durga pot==== | ||
Line 143: | Line 146: | ||
===Dokra=== | ===Dokra=== | ||
Dokra art is the most interesting and creative art of West Bengal. The Dokras are now dispersed over the western part of West Bengal in four districts namely Bankura, Purulia, Midnapore and Burdwan and are mainly concentrated in Bankura and partly in Purulia. The Dokra artisans of Bankura make various kinds of images and figurines of gods and goddesses, birds and animals, like Lakshmi, Lakshmi-Narayan, Shiva-Parvati flanked by Ganesh and Kartik, elephants, horses, owls, peacocks etc.<ref>http://www.chitrolekha.com/V1/n2/03_Dhokra-art-artists-Bikna.pdf</ref> | Dokra art is the most interesting and creative art of West Bengal. The Dokras are now dispersed over the western part of West Bengal in four districts namely Bankura, Purulia, Midnapore and Burdwan and are mainly concentrated in Bankura and partly in Purulia. The Dokra artisans of Bankura make various kinds of images and figurines of gods and goddesses, birds and animals, like Lakshmi, Lakshmi-Narayan, Shiva-Parvati flanked by Ganesh and Kartik, elephants, horses, owls, peacocks etc.<ref>http://www.chitrolekha.com/V1/n2/03_Dhokra-art-artists-Bikna.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> | ||
===Wooden art=== | ===Wooden art=== | ||
Line 155: | Line 158: | ||
}} | }} | ||
Wooden art is a very old tradition of West Bengal. Wooden protima or idol is seen in Indian Museum. The art-making wooden dolls have been an age-old practice in West Bengal and Natungram is one of them. Natungram, a village of West Bengal makes wooden dolls like Gouranga, Krishna, Bor-Bou, Gour-Nitai, owl etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://seemaawasthiblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/natungram-of-bardhaman-district-is-the-hub-for-wooden-doll-making-in-west-bengal/|title=Natungram of Bardhaman district is the hub for wooden doll making in West Bengal.|date=2016-08-06|work=Hand Made Toys|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Gomira masks of [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North]] and [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]] in [[West Bengal]] are also made of wood.<ref>http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/last-of-the-gomira-mask-makers-see-silver-lining/article19242786.ece|title=Last of the Gomira mask-makers see silver lining|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2017-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | Wooden art is a very old tradition of West Bengal. Wooden protima or idol is seen in Indian Museum. The art-making wooden dolls have been an age-old practice in West Bengal and Natungram is one of them. Natungram, a village of West Bengal makes wooden dolls like Gouranga, Krishna, Bor-Bou, Gour-Nitai, owl etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://seemaawasthiblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/natungram-of-bardhaman-district-is-the-hub-for-wooden-doll-making-in-west-bengal/|title=Natungram of Bardhaman district is the hub for wooden doll making in West Bengal.|date=2016-08-06|work=Hand Made Toys|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Gomira masks of [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North]] and [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]] in [[West Bengal]] are also made of wood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341|title = Mask of Siknidhal (A malevolent deity)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/last-of-the-gomira-mask-makers-see-silver-lining/article19242786.ece|title=Last of the Gomira mask-makers see silver lining|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2017-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | ||
===Bamboo craft=== | ===Bamboo craft=== | ||
Line 167: | Line 170: | ||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
{{Commons category|Arts of West Bengal}} | {{Commons category|Arts of West Bengal}} |