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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Kangri
| name            = Kangri
| nativename      = 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯, कांगड़ी
| nativename      = कांगड़ी
| states          = [[India]]
| states          = [[India]]
| region          = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| region          = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
Line 24: Line 24:
| image            = kangr.png
| image            = kangr.png
| imagecaption    = Kangri written in Takri
| imagecaption    = Kangri written in Takri
}} {{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{wtc|Kangri language}}'''Kangri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|xnr|𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] variety spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Una district|Una]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="e20" /> Some people in Pakistani Punjab are also speak Kangri.  It is associated with the people of the [[Kangra Valley]]. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),<ref name="e20">{{e20}}</ref> while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}} The precise figure is 1,117,342</ref> (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in}} The precise number is 1,122,843.</ref>
}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{wtc|Kangri language}}'''Kangri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|xnr|𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in northern India, predominantly in the [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Una district|Una]] and few parts of [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] as well as in some parts of the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="e20" /> It is associated with the people of the [[Kangra Valley]]. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),<ref name="e20">{{e20}}</ref> while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}} The precise figure is 1,117,342</ref> (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in}} The precise number is 1,122,843.</ref>


Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.  
Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. Many scholars have classified it as a dialect of the [[Dogri language]], spoken to the west, while some others have seen its affinity to be closer with the [[Western Pahari languages|Pahari varieties]] spoken to the east: [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]] and [[Kullui language|Kullui]].{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=2}} Kangri does form a dialect continuum with Jammu Dogri and hence often referred to as '''''Prachi Dogri (Eastern Dogri)''''' while Jammu Dogri as '''''Pratichi Dogri (Western Dogri).'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Vīṇā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlNIAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa |date=1986 |publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nirmohī |first=Śiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ |date=1992 |publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |language=hi}}</ref>


Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. Many scholars have classified it as a dialect of the [[Dogri language]], spoken to the west, while some others have seen its affinity to be closer with the [[Western Pahari languages|Pahari varieties]] spoken to the east: [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]] and [[Kullui language|Kullui]].{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=2}} Kangri does form a dialect continuum with Jammu Dogri and hence often referred to as '''''Prachi Dogri (Eastern Dogri)''''' while Jammu Dogri as '''''Pratichi Dogri (Western Dogri).'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Vīṇā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlNIAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa |date=1986 |publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nirmohī |first=Śiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ |date=1992 |publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |language=hi}}</ref>
Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.


== Script ==
== Script ==
The native script of the language is [[Takri script|Takri Script]] but now people write Kangri Language in Devnagri script.[[File:Kangri.png|thumb|Specimen in Kangri language|alt=|center]]
The native script of the language is [[Takri script|Takri Script]] but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script.[[File:Kangri.png|thumb|Specimen in Kangri language|alt=|center]]


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 39: Line 39:
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
Line 46: Line 45:
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|m}}
|p
|{{IPA link|n}}
|t
|({{IPA link|ɳ}})
|
|ʈ
|tʃ
|k
|
|
|-
!<small>aspriated</small>
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|
|ʈʰ
|tʃʰ
|kʰ
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
|b
!<small>voiceless</small>
|d
|{{IPA link|p}}
|
|{{IPA link|t}}
|ɖ
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|dʒ
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|ɡ
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|s
|{{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɦ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|m
|
|
|n
|{{IPA link|s}}
|(ɳ)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|l
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}
|ɭ
|
|
|
|
Line 113: Line 96:
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|ɾ
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɽ̃}}
|ɽ, ɽ̃
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|(j)
|({{IPA link|j}})
|
|
|
|
Line 137: Line 118:
!
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|iː
| {{IPA link|i|iː}}
|
|
|uː
| {{IPA link|u|uː}}
|-
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|ɪ
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
|
|ʊ
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}
|-
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
| {{IPA link|e}}
|ə
| {{IPA link|ə}}
|o
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
|
|
|
|ɔ
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| æ
| {{IPA link|æ}}
|ɑː
| {{IPA link|ɑ|ɑː}}
|
|
|}
|}


* /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.
* /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.
=== Tone ===
Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi and Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to Dogri or Punjabi. (reference: http://hdl.handle.net/10106/945)
Most of the surrounding language varieties (including Kangri) lack voiced, aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). Hindi cognate words which have a voiced, aspirated obstruent (or /h/) become tonal in these languages. Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi/Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri, but voiceless consonants in  Punjabi/Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration (in gaining tone), but Punjabi/Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu & Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration (and gaining of tone) has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri. (Reference: http://hdl.handle.net/10106/945)


== Status ==
== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.
The language is commonly clubbed as [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. Some linguists have referred Kangri as ''Prachi'' or Eastern Dogri while the dialect of [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] as ''Pratichi'' or Western Dogri due to similarities and high mutual intelligibility between the two languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Vīṇā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlNIAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa |date=1986 |publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nirmohī |first=Śiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ |date=1992 |publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |language=hi}}</ref> According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.


The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.
Line 177: Line 163:


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite dissertation| last = Eaton| first = Robert D.| date = 2008| title = Kangri in context: An areal perspective| type = PhD| publisher = The University of Texas at Arlington| url = https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/handle/10106/945}}
*{{Cite thesis| last = Eaton| first = Robert D.| date = 2008| title = Kangri in context: An areal perspective| type = PhD| publisher = The University of Texas at Arlington| url = https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/handle/10106/945}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 187: Line 173:


[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dogri language]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Hindi languages]]


{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}
{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Revision as of 15:52, 11 June 2022


Kangri
कांगड़ी
Kangri written in Takri
Native toIndia
RegionHimachal Pradesh, Punjab
Native speakers
(1.7 million cited 1996)
Takri,
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3xnr
Glottologkang1280

Template:WtcKangri (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra, Una and few parts of Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh as well as in some parts of the Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.[1] It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),[1] while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million[2] (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).[3]

Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. Many scholars have classified it as a dialect of the Dogri language, spoken to the west, while some others have seen its affinity to be closer with the Pahari varieties spoken to the east: Mandeali, Chambeali and Kullui.[4] Kangri does form a dialect continuum with Jammu Dogri and hence often referred to as Prachi Dogri (Eastern Dogri) while Jammu Dogri as Pratichi Dogri (Western Dogri).[5][6]

Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.

Script

The native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script.

Specimen in Kangri language

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ɳ)
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
Fricative s ɦ
Lateral l ɭ
Tap ɾ ɽ, ɽ̃
Approximant (j)
  • It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
  • [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.[7]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close iː uː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə o
Open-mid ɔ
Open æ ɑː
  • /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.

Tone

Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi and Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to Dogri or Punjabi. (reference: http://hdl.handle.net/10106/945)

Most of the surrounding language varieties (including Kangri) lack voiced, aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). Hindi cognate words which have a voiced, aspirated obstruent (or /h/) become tonal in these languages. Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi/Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri, but voiceless consonants in Punjabi/Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration (in gaining tone), but Punjabi/Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu & Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration (and gaining of tone) has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri. (Reference: http://hdl.handle.net/10106/945)

Status

The language is commonly clubbed as Pahari or Himachali. Some linguists have referred Kangri as Prachi or Eastern Dogri while the dialect of Jammu region as Pratichi or Western Dogri due to similarities and high mutual intelligibility between the two languages.[8][9] According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[10] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.[11] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:E20
  2. ↑ "2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue". Census of India Website. Retrieved 4 November 2018. The precise figure is 1,117,342
  3. ↑ "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001". censusindia.gov.in. The precise number is 1,122,843.
  4. ↑ Eaton 2008, p. 2.
  5. ↑ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in हिन्दी). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
  6. ↑ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in हिन्दी). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  7. ↑ Eaton, Robert D. (2008)
  8. ↑ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in हिन्दी). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
  9. ↑ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in हिन्दी). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  10. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  11. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.

Bibliography

External links

Template:Dogri-Kangri languages


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