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{{about|a medieval kingdom in Bengal|the later Sylheti kingdom|Gour Kingdom}} | {{Short description|Classical period Indian subcontinent kingdom}} | ||
{{about|a medieval kingdom in western Bengal|the later Sylheti kingdom|Gour Kingdom}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} | ||
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}} | {{use Indian English|date=November 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = Gāuṛ Rājya, Shashankas | ||
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Gauḍa | | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Gauḍa | ||
| common_name = Gauḍa Kingdom | | common_name = Gauḍa Kingdom | ||
| Line 10: | Line 11: | ||
| year_end = 626 CE | | year_end = 626 CE | ||
| p1 = Later Gupta dynasty | | p1 = Later Gupta dynasty | ||
| flag_p1 = Map of the Later Guptas.jpg | |||
| s1 = Pala Empire | | s1 = Pala Empire | ||
| flag_s1 = Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png | |||
| s2 = Kamarupa | | s2 = Kamarupa | ||
| image_coat = | | flag_s2 = Kamarupa_map.png | ||
| | | image_coat = Gauda ruler Sasanka Deva. Circa AD 600-635. Samatata type. Assam mint.jpg | ||
| coa_size = 250px | |||
| coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms --> | | coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms --> | ||
| symbol_type = | | symbol_type = Coin of [[Sasanka]], king of Gauda, circa 600–635. [[Samatata]] type, Assam mint. | ||
| image_map = | | image_map = Map_of_the_Shashankas.png | ||
| image_map_caption = Gauda ( | | image_map_caption = Map of the Shashankas or "Gauda Kingdom", circa 600 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref> | ||
| image_map2 = | | image_map2 = | ||
| image_map2_caption = | | image_map2_caption = | ||
| capital = [[Karnasuvarna]] (present day [[West Bengal, India]] | | capital = [[Karnasuvarna]] (present day [[West Bengal]], [[India]] | ||
| religion = [[Hinduism]] | | official_languages = [[Sanskrit]], [[prakrit]], [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Apabhramsa]] | ||
| leader1 = | |||
| year_leader1 = | | religion = [[Hinduism]] ( [[shaivism]] ) | ||
| leader2 = [[ | | leader1 = [[Shashanka]] | ||
| year_leader2 = | | year_leader1 = 590 - 625 CE | ||
| title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bengal#Gauda Kingdom|King]] | | leader2 = [[Manava (king) ]] | ||
| demonym = | | year_leader2 = 625 - 626 CE | ||
| title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bengal#Gauda Kingdom (c. 550–626 CE)|King]] | |||
| demonym = [[Indian people|Indian]] | |||
| area_km2 = | | area_km2 = | ||
| area_rank = | | area_rank = | ||
| Line 34: | Line 40: | ||
| HDI = | | HDI = | ||
| HDI_year = | | HDI_year = | ||
| today = | | today = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] | ||
| leader_name3 = | | leader_name3 = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Gauḍa Kingdom''' (Gāuṛ Rājya) or '''Shashankas''', was a classic kingdom during the [[Classical India|Classical period]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], which originated in the region of [[Bengal]] (modern-day [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]])<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=961157849}}</ref><ref name = Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2012 |chapter=Gauda, Janapada |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gauda,_Janapada |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> in 4th century CE or possibly earlier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K. P. Jayaswal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279518|title=An Imperial History Of India|date=1934|pages=34}}</ref> | |||
'''Gauḍa Kingdom''' (Gāuṛ Rājya), was a classic kingdom during the [[Classical India|Classical period]] | |||
==Location and extent== | ==Location and extent== | ||
A Buddhist [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Text [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Mañjuśrī-Mūlakalpa]] records the existence of Gauda Kingdom in Bengal before it was replaced by [[Gupta Empire]] in the 4th century. King Loka who was born in Vardhamāna ([[Bardhaman|Bardhamān]]) is mentioned who must have ruled in the early 4th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K. P. Jayaswal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279518|title=An Imperial History Of India|date=1934}}</ref> | |||
A Buddhist [[Mahayana]] Text [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa| | |||
King [[Shashanka]] | King [[Shashanka]] is often attributed with creating the first separate political entity in a unified [[Bengal]] called [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]]. He reigned in 7th century, and some historians place his rule approximately between 590 and 625.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} His capital was at [[Karnasubarna]], {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of [[Baharampur]], headquarters of Murshidabad district.<ref name="Majumdar" /> The Chinese monk, [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) travelled from the country of Karnasubarna to a region in the present-day state of Orissa ruled by Shashanka.<ref name = Banglapedia/> There is mention of [[Pundravardhana]] being part of Gauda in certain ancient records.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Rakhaldas, ''Bangalar Itihas'', {{in lang|bn}}, first published 1928, revised edition 1971, vol I, p 101, Nababharat Publishers, 72 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata.</ref> Not much is known about the early life of Shashanka. Historian D K Ganguly is reported to have concluded that he was a native of Magadha.<ref name="Sinha-magadha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=India |pages=131–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> The same source reports that the historian [[Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidya Vinod|Padmanath Bhattacharya]] took Shashanka to be a son of Mahāsenagupta. R D Banerji concluded that he was descended from the Magadha Guptas. [[Nagendranath Basu]] has argued that Shashanka was the son / descendant of Raja Karnadeva, who founded the city of [[Karnasubarna]] in Bengal.<ref name="Nagendranath_Jatiyoitihash">{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Nagendranath |title=Bonger Jatiya Itihash (Kayastha Kando) |date=1937 |location=India |pages=63 |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6,_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1).djvu/%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AF |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Rohtas seal of Shashanka.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Royal Seal of [[Shashanka]].]] | |||
[[File:South Asia historical AD625 EN.svg|thumb|260px|Gauda (in eastern India) and its contemporaries, c. 625 CE]] | |||
In some sources, Shashanka is described as a tribal leader of Bengal.<ref name="History_UK">{{cite web |title=Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Bengal |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |website=www.historyfiles.co.uk |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from [[Sanskrit]], as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to Moon god. The Hindu god [[Shiva]] is also known as ''Shashank Sekhar'' as He holds the moon on his head. The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]]'s writings, he is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia. He is also called Śaśānka Narendragupta, which initially lent credence to the claim that he was descended from the later Guptas.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian Antiquary |journal=Journal of Oriental Research (Ed. J.A.S. Burgess) |date=1878 |volume=VII |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR3mAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably. Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha [[samanta]]) under Mahasenagupta, of the [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=N. S. |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |location=India |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of the region and established his own kingdom with his capital at [[Karnasubarna]]. Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen is of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as ''maha samanta'' to a Gauda king, possibly Jayanaga.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317451587 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. By 605 C.E. following Mahasenagupta's death, Shashanka had established what became known as the Gauda Kingdom. From there, he issued gold coins to celebrate his triumph, and came to be addressed as ''Maharajadhiraja'' (king of great kings). According to some sources the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was founded by King Shankaladeva. He, originally, was a native of [[Kannauj]]. In the book, ''History of Hindostan'' (originally translated from the book ''Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi'' written by [[Firishta]]), it has been stated that Shankaladeva (Sinkol) was a native of Kannauj (Kinoge) and established the city of Gauda during the 8th century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Firishtah|first=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2IOAAAAQAAJ&q=Kinoge|title=The History of Hindostan,: Translated from the Persian|date=1803|publisher=Vernor and Hood, Cuthell and Martin, J. Walker, Wynne and Scholey, John Debrett, Blacks and Parry, T. Kay, and J. Asperne|language=en}}</ref> Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, [[Manava (king)|Manava]], who ruled the kingdom for eight months. However Gauda was soon divided amongst [[Harsha]]vardhana and Bhaskarvarmana of [[Kamarupa]], the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna. | In some sources, Shashanka is described as a tribal leader of Bengal.<ref name="History_UK">{{cite web |title=Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Bengal |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |website=www.historyfiles.co.uk |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from [[Sanskrit]], as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to Moon god. The Hindu god [[Shiva]] is also known as ''Shashank Sekhar'' as He holds the moon on his head. The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]]'s writings, he is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia. He is also called Śaśānka Narendragupta, which initially lent credence to the claim that he was descended from the later Guptas.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian Antiquary |journal=Journal of Oriental Research (Ed. J.A.S. Burgess) |date=1878 |volume=VII |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR3mAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably. Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha [[samanta]]) under Mahasenagupta, of the [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=N. S. |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |location=India |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of the region and established his own kingdom with his capital at [[Karnasubarna]]. Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen is of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as ''maha samanta'' to a Gauda king, possibly Jayanaga.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317451587 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. By 605 C.E. following Mahasenagupta's death, Shashanka had established what became known as the Gauda Kingdom. From there, he issued gold coins to celebrate his triumph, and came to be addressed as ''Maharajadhiraja'' (king of great kings). According to some sources the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was founded by King Shankaladeva. He, originally, was a native of [[Kannauj]]. In the book, ''History of Hindostan'' (originally translated from the book ''Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi'' written by [[Firishta]]), it has been stated that Shankaladeva (Sinkol) was a native of Kannauj (Kinoge) and established the city of Gauda during the 8th century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Firishtah|first=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2IOAAAAQAAJ&q=Kinoge|title=The History of Hindostan,: Translated from the Persian|date=1803|publisher=Vernor and Hood, Cuthell and Martin, J. Walker, Wynne and Scholey, John Debrett, Blacks and Parry, T. Kay, and J. Asperne|language=en}}</ref> Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, [[Manava (king)|Manava]], who ruled the kingdom for eight months. However Gauda was soon divided amongst [[Harsha]]vardhana and Bhaskarvarmana of [[Kamarupa]], the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna. | ||
Evidence | Evidence is inconsistent regarding links of Gauda with the [[Rarh region]]. While Krishna Mishra (11th or 12th century), in his ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', mentions that Gauda Rashtra includes Rarh (or Rarhpuri) and Bhurishreshthika, identified with [[Bhurshut]], in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]] districts, the Managoli inscription of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] king [[Jaitugi I]] distinguishes Lala (Rarh) from Gaula (Gauda).<ref name="Majumdar" /> | ||
According to Jain writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Gauda included Lakshmanavati in present-day [[Malda district]].<ref name = Majumdar/> | According to Jain writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Gauda included Lakshmanavati in present-day [[Malda district]].<ref name="Majumdar" /> | ||
The [[Pala Empire|Pala emperors]] were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then Gauda and Vanga seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.<ref name = Majumdar/> | The [[Pala Empire|Pala emperors]] were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then Gauda and Vanga seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.<ref name="Majumdar" /> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{History of Bengal}} | |||
* [[Gauḍa (city)]] | * [[Gauḍa (city)]] | ||
Revision as of 01:37, 2 July 2022
Kingdom of Gauḍa Gāuṛ Rājya, Shashankas | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th century CE (before 320 CE)–626 CE | |||||||||||
![Map of the Shashankas or "Gauda Kingdom", circa 600 CE.[1]](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Shashankas.png) Map of the Shashankas or "Gauda Kingdom", circa 600 CE.[1] | |||||||||||
| Capital | Karnasuvarna (present day West Bengal, India | ||||||||||
| Official languages | Sanskrit, prakrit, Apabhramsa | ||||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism ( shaivism ) | ||||||||||
| Demonym | Indian | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• 590 - 625 CE | Shashanka | ||||||||||
• 625 - 626 CE | Manava (king) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 4th century CE (before 320 CE) | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 626 CE | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | India, Bangladesh | ||||||||||
The Gauḍa Kingdom (Gāuṛ Rājya) or Shashankas, was a classic kingdom during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal (modern-day West Bengal and Bangladesh)[2][3] in 4th century CE or possibly earlier.[4]
Location and extent
A Buddhist Mahāyāna Text Mañjuśrī-Mūlakalpa records the existence of Gauda Kingdom in Bengal before it was replaced by Gupta Empire in the 4th century. King Loka who was born in Vardhamāna (Bardhamān) is mentioned who must have ruled in the early 4th century CE.[5]
King Shashanka is often attributed with creating the first separate political entity in a unified Bengal called Gauda. He reigned in 7th century, and some historians place his rule approximately between 590 and 625.[citation needed] His capital was at Karnasubarna, 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) south-west of Baharampur, headquarters of Murshidabad district.[2] The Chinese monk, Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) travelled from the country of Karnasubarna to a region in the present-day state of Orissa ruled by Shashanka.[3] There is mention of Pundravardhana being part of Gauda in certain ancient records.[6] Not much is known about the early life of Shashanka. Historian D K Ganguly is reported to have concluded that he was a native of Magadha.[7] The same source reports that the historian Padmanath Bhattacharya took Shashanka to be a son of Mahāsenagupta. R D Banerji concluded that he was descended from the Magadha Guptas. Nagendranath Basu has argued that Shashanka was the son / descendant of Raja Karnadeva, who founded the city of Karnasubarna in Bengal.[8]
In some sources, Shashanka is described as a tribal leader of Bengal.[9] Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from Sanskrit, as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to Moon god. The Hindu god Shiva is also known as Shashank Sekhar as He holds the moon on his head. The Chinese monk Xuanzang's writings, he is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia. He is also called Śaśānka Narendragupta, which initially lent credence to the claim that he was descended from the later Guptas.[10] In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably. Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha samanta) under Mahasenagupta, of the Later Gupta Dynasty.[11] And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of the region and established his own kingdom with his capital at Karnasubarna. Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen is of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as maha samanta to a Gauda king, possibly Jayanaga.[12] Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. By 605 C.E. following Mahasenagupta's death, Shashanka had established what became known as the Gauda Kingdom. From there, he issued gold coins to celebrate his triumph, and came to be addressed as Maharajadhiraja (king of great kings). According to some sources the city of Gauda was founded by King Shankaladeva. He, originally, was a native of Kannauj. In the book, History of Hindostan (originally translated from the book Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi written by Firishta), it has been stated that Shankaladeva (Sinkol) was a native of Kannauj (Kinoge) and established the city of Gauda during the 8th century BC.[13] Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, Manava, who ruled the kingdom for eight months. However Gauda was soon divided amongst Harshavardhana and Bhaskarvarmana of Kamarupa, the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna.
Evidence is inconsistent regarding links of Gauda with the Rarh region. While Krishna Mishra (11th or 12th century), in his Prabodha-chandrodaya, mentions that Gauda Rashtra includes Rarh (or Rarhpuri) and Bhurishreshthika, identified with Bhurshut, in Hooghly and Howrah districts, the Managoli inscription of the Yadava king Jaitugi I distinguishes Lala (Rarh) from Gaula (Gauda).[2]
According to Jain writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Gauda included Lakshmanavati in present-day Malda district.[2]
The Pala emperors were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). Sena kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then Gauda and Vanga seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.[2]
See also
| History of Bengal |
|---|
 |
References
- ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). ISBN 0226742210.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Majumdar, R. C. (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bhardwaj & Co. pp. 6–8. OCLC 961157849.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ghosh, Suchandra (2012). "Gauda, Janapada". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ↑ K. P. Jayaswal (1934). An Imperial History Of India. p. 34.
- ↑ K. P. Jayaswal (1934). An Imperial History Of India.
- ↑ Bandopadhyay, Rakhaldas, Bangalar Itihas, (in Bengali), first published 1928, revised edition 1971, vol I, p 101, Nababharat Publishers, 72 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata.
- ↑ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha. India: Abhinav Publications. pp. 131–133. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ↑ Basu, Nagendranath (1937). Bonger Jatiya Itihash (Kayastha Kando). India. p. 63. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Bengal". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
- ↑ "Indian Antiquary". Journal of Oriental Research (Ed. J.A.S. Burgess). VII. Popular Prakashan: 197. 1878. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ↑ Sen, N. S. (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization (Second ed.). India: New Age International. ISBN 81-224-1198-3. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ↑ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 330. ISBN 9781317451587. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ↑ Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (1803). The History of Hindostan,: Translated from the Persian. Vernor and Hood, Cuthell and Martin, J. Walker, Wynne and Scholey, John Debrett, Blacks and Parry, T. Kay, and J. Asperne.
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