>DragonflySixtyseven sentence structure |
Punjab Singh (talk | contribs) Added some references and citations Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Language of northern India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}} | {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}} | ||
| Line 23: | Line 24: | ||
| image = kangr.png | | image = kangr.png | ||
| imagecaption = Kangri written in Takri | | imagecaption = Kangri written in Takri | ||
}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{wtc|Kangri language}}'''Kangri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|xnr|𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] variety spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Una district|Una]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="e20" /> Some people in Pakistani Punjab are also speak Kangri. It is associated with the people of the [[Kangra Valley]]. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),<ref name="e20">{{e20}}</ref> while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}} The precise figure is 1,117,342</ref> (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in}} The precise number is 1,122,843.</ref> | }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{wtc|Kangri language}}'''Kangri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|xnr|𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] variety spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Una district|Una]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="e20" /> Some people in Pakistani Punjab are also speak Kangri. It is associated with the people of the [[Kangra Valley]]. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),<ref name="e20">{{e20}}</ref> while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million<ref>{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date = 4 November 2018}} The precise figure is 1,117,342</ref> (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|work=censusindia.gov.in}} The precise number is 1,122,843.</ref> | ||
Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now. | Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now. | ||
Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. | Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. Many scholars have classified it as a dialect of the [[Dogri language]], spoken to the west, while some others have seen its affinity to be closer with the [[Western Pahari languages|Pahari varieties]] spoken to the east: [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]] and [[Kullui language|Kullui]].{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=2}} Kangri does form a dialect continuum with Jammu Dogri and hence often referred to as '''''Prachi Dogri (Eastern Dogri)''''' while Jammu Dogri as '''''Pratichi Dogri (Western Dogri).'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Vīṇā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlNIAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa |date=1986 |publisher=Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nirmohī |first=Śiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+ |title=Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ |date=1992 |publisher=Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |language=hi}}</ref> | ||
== Script == | == Script == | ||
Revision as of 09:42, 26 May 2022
| Kangri | |
|---|---|
| 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯, कांगड़ी | |
 Kangri written in Takri | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh, Punjab |
Native speakers | (1.7 million cited 1996) |
| Takri, Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xnr |
| Glottolog | kang1280 |
Template:WtcKangri (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh and in the Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.[1] Some people in Pakistani Punjab are also speak Kangri. It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.7 million (as of 1996),[1] while those who reported their first language as Kangri in the 2011 census were 1.17 million[2] (compared with 1.12 million in 2001).[3]
Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.
Its precise position within Indo-Aryan is subject to debate. Many scholars have classified it as a dialect of the Dogri language, spoken to the west, while some others have seen its affinity to be closer with the Pahari varieties spoken to the east: Mandeali, Chambeali and Kullui.[4] Kangri does form a dialect continuum with Jammu Dogri and hence often referred to as Prachi Dogri (Eastern Dogri) while Jammu Dogri as Pratichi Dogri (Western Dogri).[5][6]
Script
The native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devnagri script.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | ||
| aspriated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ||||||
| voiced | ɦ | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | |||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ | ɽ, ɽ̃ | ||||||
| Approximant | (j) | |||||||
- It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
- [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.[7]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɔ | ||
| Open | æ | ɑː |
- /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.
Status
The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.[9] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:E20
- ↑ "2011 Census tables: C-16, population by mother tongue". Census of India Website. Retrieved 4 November 2018. The precise figure is 1,117,342
- ↑ "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001". censusindia.gov.in. The precise number is 1,122,843.
- ↑ Eaton 2008, p. 2.
- ↑ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in हिन्दी). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
- ↑ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in हिन्दी). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ↑ Eaton, Robert D. (2008)
- ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
- ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
Bibliography
- Eaton, Robert D. (2008). Kangri in context: An areal perspective (PhD). The University of Texas at Arlington.
External links
- Singh, Amitjit. "The Language Divide in Punjab." Sagar, Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.
- Goldsmith, Parvin. "Scripture in Kangri recordings (mp3s)" 2007.
Template:Dogri-Kangri languages
 | This article about Indo-Aryan languages is a stub. You can help Bharatpedia by expanding it. |