Wildlife of Kerala: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Short description|Overview of the wildlife in the Indian state of Kerala}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
:''This article relates to [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[south India]].''
[[File:Kerala forest divisions.pdf|thumb|Kerala forest divisions]]
[[File:Indian Tiger Wayanad.jpg|thumb|right|A tiger from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg|thumb|right|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg|thumb|right|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]
[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg|thumbnail|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg|thumbnail|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary IMG 6944.JPG|thumb|Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary IMG 6944.JPG|thumb|Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]


Most of [[Kerala]], whose native habitat consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, is subject to a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation have resulted in a land whose [[biodiversity]] registers as among the world’s most significant. But the district [[Alappuzha]] situated in [[Kerala]] is the only district of Kerala which have no forests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref>
Most of [[Kerala]]'s native habitat, which consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, has a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation lead to high [[biodiversity]]. But [[Alappuzha district]] has no forests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref>


==Evergreen forests==
==Evergreen forests==
Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of non-[[Plantation#Forestry|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations &mdash; 3,470&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations &mdash; 4,100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and 100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations &mdash; 100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world’s [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}  
Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of non-[[Plantation#Forestry|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations &mdash; 3,470&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations &mdash; 4,100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and 100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations &mdash; 100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world's [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}  
'''Parambikullam forest''' of <ref>Pallakad</ref> district is the only forest in '''Kerala''' that have main entrence is through '''Tamil Nadu'''.
'''Parambikulam forest''' in [[Palakkad district]] is one of the jungle regions in Kerala.
[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg|right|thumb|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]
[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg|right|thumb|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]


==Flora of Kerala==
==Flora==
Eastern Kerala’s [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' &mdash; Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' &mdash; a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[Vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> .......... The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala|date=13 May 2009|website=DNA India}}</ref>
[[File:Kerala forest types.pdf|thumb|Vegetation types]]
Eastern Kerala's [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' &mdash; Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' &mdash; a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> The world's oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala|date=13 May 2009|website=DNA India}}</ref>


==Fauna of Kerala==
==Fauna==
In turn, the forests play host to such major [[fauna]] as the [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> More remote preserves, including [[Silent Valley National Park]] in the Kundali Hills, harbour endangered species such as the [[Lion-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca silenus''), [[sloth bear|Indian sloth bear]] (''Melursus (Ursus) ursinus ursinus''), and [[gaur]] (the so-called "Indian bison" &mdash; ''Bos gaurus''). More common species include the [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[gray langur]], [[flying squirrel]], [[jungle cat|swamp lynx]] (''Felis chaus kutas''), [[boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), a variety of [[Catarrhini|catarrhine]] [[Old World monkey]] species, the [[dhole]], and the [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_174-175">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=174–175}}.</ref>
In turn, the forests play host to such major [[fauna]] as the [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> More remote preserves, including [[Silent Valley National Park]] in the Kundali Hills, harbour endangered species such as the [[Lion-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca silenus''), [[sloth bear|Indian sloth bear]] (''Melursus'' (''Ursus'') ''ursinus ursinus''), and [[gaur]] (the so-called "Indian bison" &mdash; ''Bos gaurus''). More common species include the [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[gray langur]], [[flying squirrel]], [[jungle cat|swamp lynx]] (''Felis chaus kutas''), [[boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), a variety of [[Catarrhini|catarrhine]] [[Old World monkey]] species, the [[dhole]], and the [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_174-175">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=174–175}}.</ref>
[[File:KINGCOBRA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[king cobra]] (''Ophiophagus hannah'')]].
[[File:KINGCOBRA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[king cobra]] (''Ophiophagus hannah'')]]


==Reptiles==
Many reptiles, such as the [[tree snake]], green snake, [[king cobra]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[Pythonidae|python]], and various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala &mdash; again, disproportionately in the east. Kerala has about [[List of birds of Kerala|453 species of birds]] such as the [[Sri Lanka frogmouth]] (''Batrachostomus moniliger''), leaf picking bird, [[Oriental bay owl]], large frugivores like the [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'') and [[Indian grey hornbill]], as well as the more widespread birds such as [[peafowl]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[jungle myna|jungle]] and [[Common hill myna|hill mynas]], the [[Oriental darter]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[greater racket-tailed drongo|greater racket-tailed]] and [[black drongo|black]] [[drongo]]es, [[bulbul]] (''Pycnonotidae''), species of [[kingfisher]] and [[woodpecker]], [[jungle fowl]], [[Alexandrine parakeet]]s, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu ([[Heteropneustes fossilis|stinging catfish]])<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_163">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=163}}.</ref> and [[brackishwater]] species such as choottachi ([[orange chromide]] &mdash; ''Etroplus maculatus''; valued as an [[aquarium]] specimen) are native to Kerala's lakes and waterways.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_164-165">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=164–165}}.</ref>
Many reptiles, such as [[tree snake]], green snake, [[king cobra]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[Pythonidae|python]], and various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala &mdash; again, disproportionately in the east. Kerala has about [[List of birds of Kerala|453 species of birds]] such as the [[Sri Lanka frogmouth]] (''Batrachostomus moniliger''), [[leaf picking bird]], [[Oriental bay owl]], large frugivores like the [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'') and [[Indian grey hornbill]], as well as the more widespread birds such as [[peafowl]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[jungle myna|jungle]] and [[Common hill myna|hill mynas]], the [[Oriental darter]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[greater racket-tailed drongo|greater racket-tailed]] and [[black drongo|black]] [[drongo]]es, [[bulbul]] (''Pycnonotidae''), species of [[kingfisher]] and [[woodpecker]], [[jungle fowl]], [[Alexandrine parakeet]]s, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu ([[Heteropneustes fossilis|stinging catfish]])<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_163">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=163}}.</ref> and [[brackishwater]] species such as Choottachi ([[orange chromide]] &mdash; ''Etroplus maculatus''; valued as an [[aquarium]] specimen) also are native to Kerala's lakes and waterways.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_164-165">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=164–165}}.</ref>
[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki district]]]]
[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki]] District]]
[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]
[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]
==List==
 
==Parks, reserves and sanctuaries==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Biosphere Reserve !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Year started
! Biosphere reserve !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Year started
|-
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || 1455.4 || 1986{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || 1455.4 || 1986{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
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| [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 286 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 286 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Idukki district|Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 70 || 1976{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 70 || 1976{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 53 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 53 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Chimmony Wildlife sanctuary]] || 85 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 85 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 90.44 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 90.44 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
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| [[Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary]] ||  74.21 || 2009{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary]] ||  74.21 || 2009{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Kottiyoor|Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary]] ||  30.38 || 2011{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
| [[Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary]] ||  30.38 || 2011{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
|-
| [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 227.97 || 2020<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kozhikode/karimpuzha-to-be-states-18th-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/76718468.cms|title=Karimpuzha to be Kerala’s 18th wildlife sanctuary|newspaper=Times of India|author=K R Rajeev|date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
| [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 227.97 || 2020<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/karimpuzha-to-be-states-18th-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/76718468.cms|title=Karimpuzha to be Kerala's 18th wildlife sanctuary|newspaper=Times of India|author=K R Rajeev|date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Community Reserve !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Year started
! Community reserve !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Year started
|-
|-
| [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] || 1.5 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}<ref name="KBS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/kadalundi-bird-sanctuary/122|title=The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|access-date=2021-05-02|website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>  
| [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] || 1.5 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}<ref name="KBS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/kadalundi-bird-sanctuary/122|title=The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|access-date=2021-05-02|website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>  
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== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[List of odonata of Kerala]]
*[[List of Odonata of Kerala]]
*[[List of butterflies of Kerala]]
*[[List of butterflies of Kerala]]
*[[List of amphibians of Kerala]]
*[[List of amphibians of Kerala]]
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== Notes ==
== Notes ==
* [[Idukki]] is the district having more forest land in Kerala while [[Alappuzha]] has no forest land.
* [[Idukki]] district has the most forest land in Kerala while [[Alappuzha]] has none.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP |edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
* {{Citation
* {{Citation
  | surname1   = Sreedharan
  |surname1     = Sreedharan
  | given1     = TP
  |given1       = TP
  | year       = 2004
  |year         = 2004
  | title       = Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district
  |title       = Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district
  | journal     = Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development (Centre for Development Studies)
  |journal     = Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development (Centre for Development Studies)
  | url         = http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
  |url         = http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
  | access-date = 13 January 2006
  |access-date = 13 January 2006
}}.
|archive-date = 26 March 2009
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054155/http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
|url-status  = dead
}}


{{Kerala topics}}
{{Kerala topics}}

Latest revision as of 17:46, 10 October 2025


Error creating thumbnail: Page number not in range.
Kerala forest divisions
Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur
A migratory bird at Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary

Most of Kerala's native habitat, which consists of wet evergreen rainforests at lower elevations and highland deciduous and semi-evergreen forests in the east, has a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation lead to high biodiversity. But Alappuzha district has no forests.[1]

Evergreen forests[edit | edit source]

Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;[2] coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400 km2 of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500 km2 of non-plantation forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations — 100 km2). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.[3] Kerala also hosts four of the world's Ramsar Convention-listed wetlands: Ashtamudi Lake, Lake Sasthamkotta, Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands, and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands are noted as being wetlands of international importance.[4] There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and 1828 km2 of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.[5] Parambikulam forest in Palakkad district is one of the jungle regions in Kerala.

Figs (Ficus species) like this strangler fig are an important floral element and support many frugivores

Flora[edit | edit source]

Error creating thumbnail: Page number not in range.
Vegetation types

Eastern Kerala's windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant sonokeling (binomial nomenclature: Dalbergia latifolia — Indian rosewood), anjili (Artocarpus hirsuta), mullumurikku (Erythrina), Cassia, and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller flora include bamboo, wild black pepper (Piper nigrum), wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (Calamus rotang — a type of giant grass), and aromatic vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides).[3] The world's oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, is in Nilambur.[6]

Fauna[edit | edit source]

In turn, the forests play host to such major fauna as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), and grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura).[3] More remote preserves, including Silent Valley National Park in the Kundali Hills, harbour endangered species such as the Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), Indian sloth bear (Melursus (Ursus) ursinus ursinus), and gaur (the so-called "Indian bison" — Bos gaurus). More common species include the Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), chital (Axis axis), sambar (Cervus unicolor), gray langur, flying squirrel, swamp lynx (Felis chaus kutas), boar (Sus scrofa), a variety of catarrhine Old World monkey species, the dhole, and the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus).[7]

The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

Many reptiles, such as the tree snake, green snake, king cobra, viper, python, and various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala — again, disproportionately in the east. Kerala has about 453 species of birds such as the Sri Lanka frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger), leaf picking bird, Oriental bay owl, large frugivores like the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and Indian grey hornbill, as well as the more widespread birds such as peafowl, Indian cormorant, jungle and hill mynas, the Oriental darter, black-hooded oriole, greater racket-tailed and black drongoes, bulbul (Pycnonotidae), species of kingfisher and woodpecker, jungle fowl, Alexandrine parakeets, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu (stinging catfish)[8] and brackishwater species such as choottachi (orange chromide — Etroplus maculatus; valued as an aquarium specimen) are native to Kerala's lakes and waterways.[9]

The Nilgiri tahr, spotted in the Eravikulam National Park in Idukki district
Lion-tailed macaque

Parks, reserves and sanctuaries[edit | edit source]

National park Area (km2) Year started
Eravikulam National Park 97 1978[5]
Silent Valley National Park 237. 52 1984[5]
Anamudi Shola National Park 7.5 2003[5]
Mathikettan Shola National Park 12.817 2003[5]
Pambadum Shola National Park 1.318 2003[5]
Biosphere reserve Area (km2) Year started
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 1455.4 1986[5]
Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve 1828 2001[5]
Wildlife sanctuary Area (km2) Year started
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary 925 1950[5]
Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary 128 1958[5]
Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary 125 1958[5]
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 344.44 1973[5]
Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 286 1973[5]
Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary 70 1976[5]
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary 53 1983[5]
Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary 85 1984[5]
Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 90.44 1984[5]
Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary 171 1984[5]
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 55 1984[5]
Kurinjimala Sanctuary 32 2006[5]
Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary 74.21 2009[5]
Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary 30.38 2011[5]
Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary 227.97 2020[10]
Bird sanctuary Area (km2) Year started
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary 25 1983[5]
Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary 0.0274 2004[5]
Chulanur Bird Sanctuary 3.42 2007[5]
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary 0.0566 [11]
Tiger reserve Area (km2) Year started
Periyar Tiger Reserve 925 1978
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve 648.50 1973
Community reserve Area (km2) Year started
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary 1.5 2007[5][12]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  • Idukki district has the most forest land in Kerala while Alappuzha has none.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Alappuzha | District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala | India". Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  2. ↑ (Sreedharan 2004, p. 11).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 (Sreedharan 2004, p. 12).
  4. ↑ Chandran 2018, p. 342.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 Chandran 2018, p. 347.
  6. ↑ "World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala". DNA India. 13 May 2009.
  7. ↑ (Sreedharan 2004, pp. 174–175).
  8. ↑ (Sreedharan 2004, p. 163).
  9. ↑ (Sreedharan 2004, pp. 164–165).
  10. ↑ K R Rajeev (1 July 2020). "Karimpuzha to be Kerala's 18th wildlife sanctuary". Times of India.
  11. ↑ "Kumarakom". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  12. ↑ "The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary". keralatourism.org. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
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