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{{short description|Overview of information technology in India}}
{{Short description|none}} {{AI-generated|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}  
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{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Information Technology in India''' is a vast industry which comprises [[information technology]] services, [[consulting]], and [[outsourcing]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/its-time-for-ctrlaltdelete/article17369823.ece|title=IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete|last=Nirmal|first=Rajalakshmi|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> The IT industry accounted for 8% of India's GDP in 2020.<ref name="ibef.org"/><ref name="nasscom">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320776/contribution-of-indian-it-industry-to-india-s-gdp/|title=nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017|work=[[NASSCOM]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032358/http://www.nasscom.in/indian-itbpo-industry|archive-date=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at [[US$]]194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.<ref name="ibef.org"/> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.<ref name="ibef.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-it-and-ites-industry-analysis-presentation|title=Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis|work=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]|date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 4.5 million people as of March 2021.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[Statista]] | date=21 October 2021 | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320729/india-it-industry-direct-indirect-employment/ |title=Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021 | access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The Indian IT–BPM industry has the highest employee [[Resignation|attrition rate]].<ref name=Mint>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/employee-attrition-a-big-headache-for-indian-it-companies-can-they-tide-over-it-11629870315500.html|title=Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/21/the-great-attrition-its-a-difficult-time-to-be-a-boss-2386165.html |title=The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/despite-bonuses-and-salary-hikes-indias-it-sector-will-see-over-a-million-resignations-this-year/articleshow/87324879.cms|title=Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/companies/what-s-behind-record-staff-exits-at-indian-it-giants-121101900242_1.html|title=What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=21 October 2021|last1=Vanamali|first1=Krishna Veera}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/attrition-in-it-sector-to-cross-1-million-this-year/article36702884.ece|title=Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2021}}</ref> In recent years the industry has been witnessing skyrocketing [[resignation]]s cutting across hierarchy.<ref name=Mint/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=Hindu/> As a global [[outsourcing]] hub, the Indian IT industry is infamous of exploiting [[Exploitation of labour|cheap labour]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-workers-riot-at-india-iphone-factory-over-exploitation-claims|title=Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims|work=[[France 24]]|date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/India-s-IT-sector-feels-squeeze-of-higher-US-labor-costs|title=India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs|work=[[The Nikkei]]|date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/25/no-indias-high-tech-labor-isnt-leaving-the-u-s-for-bangalore/?sh=7957b7ec1768|title=No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore|work=[[Forbes]]|date=25 September 2017}}</ref> As IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) will drive significant [[automation]] and destroy jobs in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth|title=Why automation could be a threat to India's growth|work=[[BBC News]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-it-firms-set-to-slash-3-mn-jobs-by-2022-due-to-automation-boa-report-11623850905672.html|title=Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=16 June 2021}}</ref> The [[United States]] accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amid-it-layoffs-this-could-be-a-reason-to-cheer/articleshow/61459252.cms|title=Amid IT layoffs, this could be a reason to cheer - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
The '''information technology''' ('''I.T.''') '''industry in India''' comprises [[information technology]] services and [[business process outsourcing]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/its-time-for-ctrlaltdelete/article17369823.ece|title=IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete|last=Nirmal|first=Rajalakshmi|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208170329/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/its-time-for-ctrlaltdelete/article17369823.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The share of the IT-BPM sector in the GDP of India is 7.4% in FY 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320776/contribution-of-indian-it-industry-to-india-s-gdp/ | title=India: IT-BPM industry share in GDP 2022 | access-date=12 July 2018 | archive-date=20 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032358/http://www.nasscom.in/indian-itbpo-industry | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ibef.org"/> In FY24, India's IT-BPM industry is estimated to have generated $253.9 billion in revenue.<ref name="ïndianit245">{{cite news |date=17 February 2024 |title=IT industry growth halves to 3.8% in FY24 vs 8.4% in FY23: Nasscom |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/tech-industry-revenue-growth-slows-down-to-reach-253-9-billion-in-fy24-nasscom-12290951.html |website=[[MoneyControl]] |archive-date=21 October 2024 |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241021203605/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/tech-industry-revenue-growth-slows-down-to-reach-253-9-billion-in-fy24-nasscom-12290951.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bs2022">{{cite web |date=24 February 2025 |title=India's tech sector FY25 revenue to grow 5.1% to $282.6 billion: Nasscom |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/indian-tech-sector-fy25-revenues-to-grow-5-1-to-282-6-billion-nasscom-125022400454_1.html |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406074357/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/indian-tech-sector-fy25-revenues-to-grow-5-1-to-282-6-billion-nasscom-125022400454_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ie2022">{{cite web |date=24 February 2025 |title=The Tech Industry in India likely to reach milestone $300Bn Revenue in FY2026 Nasscom Annual Strategic Review 2025 |url=https://www.nasscom.in/sites/default/files/media_pdf/Nasscom%20SR%20Press%20release.pdf |website=[[Nasscom]]}}</ref> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at $51 billion, and export revenue is estimated at $194 billion in FY 2023.<ref name="bs2022"/><ref name="ie2022"/> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1847841|title=Number of employees in IT}}</ref><ref name="bs2022"/><ref name="ie2022"/> IT units registered with state-run [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) and [[List of special economic zones in India|Special Economic Zones]] have exported software worth Rs 11.59 lakh crore in 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/it-cos-at-stpi-sezs-export-software-worth-rs-11-59-lakh-crore-in-2021-22/articleshow/96286331.cms|title=IT companies at STPI, SEZs export software worth Rs 11.59 lakh crore in 2021-22|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 December 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625173648/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/it-cos-at-stpi-sezs-export-software-worth-rs-11-59-lakh-crore-in-2021-22/articleshow/96286331.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/software-exports-from-andhra-pradesh-not-on-expected-lines-says-bjp-leader/article66270987.ece|title=Software exports from Andhra Pradesh not on expected lines, says BJP leader|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 December 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{see also|India Startup Ecosystem TimeLine}}
The Electronics Committee also known as the "Bhabha Committee" created a 10-year (1966–1975) plan laying the foundation for India's IT Service Industries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agarwal |first=Suraj Mal |date=10 July 2002 |title=Electronics in India: Past strategies and future possibilities Author links open overlay panel |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X85901317 |journal=World Development |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=273–292 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(85)90131-7 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414080613/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X85901317 |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1967 with the establishment of [[Tata Consultancy Services]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 }}</ref> who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.<ref name="doccentre1">{{cite web |url=http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |title=Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost |publisher=Doccentre.net |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907192447/http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |archive-date=7 September 2010 }}</ref> The first software export zone, [[SEEPZ]] – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.<ref name="auto2"/>
India's IT Services industry was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1967 with the establishment of [[Tata Consultancy Services]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.<ref name="doccentre1">{{cite web |url=http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |title=Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost |publisher=Doccentre.net |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907192447/http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/SEZs-Profits-At-Any-Cost.php |archive-date=7 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first software export zone, [[SEEPZ]] – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |title=Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities |publisher=www.itida.gov.eg |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921041909/http://www.itida.gov.eg/Documents/Tholons_study.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


{{Quote|Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), and [[World Bank]]. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of [[Singapore]] and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.}}
{{Blockquote|Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), and [[World Bank]]. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of [[Singapore]] and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.}}
[[File:Tidel park, Chennai.jpg|thumb|299x299px|[[TIDEL Park]] in [[Chennai]] was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.]]
[[File:Tidel park, Chennai.jpg|thumb|299x299px|[[TIDEL Park]] in [[Chennai]] was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.]]
Regulated [[VSAT]] links became visible in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |title=Online Journal of Space Communication |publisher=Spacejournal.ohio.edu |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:
Regulated [[VSAT]] links became visible in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |title=Online Journal of Space Communication |publisher=Spacejournal.ohio.edu |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711025516/https://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue7/ov_india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:
 
{{Blockquote|In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.}}
 
A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the [[European Union]] agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at [[CERN]], while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="India Telecom Laws and Regulations">{{cite book|title=India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publication|isbn=978-1-4330-8190-3|page=300}}</ref>
 
==Automation and layoffs==
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}
In the last decade, most of the IT companies developed indigenous R&D and innovation capabilities to develop homegrown IT products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/25/no-indias-high-tech-labor-isnt-leaving-the-u-s-for-bangalore/?sh=7957b7ec1768|title=No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore|work=[[Forbes]]|date=25 September 2017|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101140122/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/09/25/no-indias-high-tech-labor-isnt-leaving-the-u-s-for-bangalore/?sh=7957b7ec1768|url-status=live}}</ref> As the IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) will drive significant [[automation]] and destroy jobs in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth|title=Why automation could be a threat to India's growth|work=[[BBC News]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091645/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-it-firms-set-to-slash-3-mn-jobs-by-2022-due-to-automation-boa-report-11623850905672.html|title=Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=16 June 2021|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091647/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-it-firms-set-to-slash-3-mn-jobs-by-2022-due-to-automation-boa-report-11623850905672.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The rise of AI-powered code generation tools like [[ChatGPT]], [[Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini]], and [[Microsoft Copilot|Copilot]] has sparked discussions about their potential impact on programming jobs.<ref name="indiatoday_05">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=AI will hit jobs in Indian IT sector but experts say companies can also be ethical about job cuts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/ai-will-hit-jobs-in-indian-it-sector-but-experts-say-companies-can-also-be-ethical-about-job-cuts-2513756-2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> These tools can automate some coding tasks, potentially affecting the skillset required for certain programming roles.<ref name="indiatoday_07">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=AI and cost cutting biggest reasons why tech layoffs have surged by 136 per cent in 2024, reveals study |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/ai-and-cost-cutting-biggest-reasons-why-tech-lays-offs-have-surged-by-136-per-cent-in-2024-reveals-study-2499830-2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083744/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/ai-and-cost-cutting-biggest-reasons-why-tech-lays-offs-have-surged-by-136-per-cent-in-2024-reveals-study-2499830-2024-02-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs, with companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Cisco announcing job cuts.  While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions. Automation's role in the IT industry has been a topic of discussion.  Industry leaders like [[Vineet Nayar]], former CEO of HCL, have suggested that automation may lead to a decrease in workforce size needed for specific tasks.<ref name="indiatimes_03">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=AI Will Lead To 70% Employees Getting Laid Off In India's IT Sector, Warns Former HCL CEO |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083744/https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=msn_07>{{Cite news |title=AI Will Lead To 70% Employees Getting Laid Off In India's IT Sector, Warns Former HCL CEO |last=Gautam |first=Vanya |date=2024-03-08 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/ai-will-lead-to-70-employees-getting-laid-off-in-indias-it-sector-warns-former-hcl-ceo/articleshow/122492251.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |publisher=[[Times Internet]]}}</ref> According to Layoffs', there have been over 500,000 [[layoff]]s from 2022 until April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Over 4.25 lakh tech employees lose jobs in 2023, layoffs continue during holidays - ET CIO |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/over-4-25-lakh-tech-employees-lose-jobs-in-2023-layoffs-continue-during-holidays/106283378 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=ETCIO.com |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503053035/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/over-4-25-lakh-tech-employees-lose-jobs-in-2023-layoffs-continue-during-holidays/106283378 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Corrall |first=Alyssa Stringer, Cody |date=2024-05-07 |title=A comprehensive list of 2024 tech layoffs |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/07/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515120714/https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/07/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Tech layoffs 2024: Over 20K sacked in April; Tesla, Apple, Byju's lead the pack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/tech-layoffs-2024-over-20k-sacked-in-april-9301477/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503053035/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/tech-layoffs-2024-over-20k-sacked-in-april-9301477/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Harvard Business Review]] research, AI could impact various job sectors, including writing, coding, and imaging. A recent study suggests that up to 30% of jobs in these fields might be affected due to the efficiency and capabilities of AI tools like ChatGPT and image-generating AI.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Demirci | first1=Ozge | last2=Hannane | first2=Jonas | last3=Zhu | first3=Xinrong | url=https://hbr.org/2024/11/research-how-gen-ai-is-already-impacting-the-labor-market | title=Research: How Gen AI is Already Impacting the Labor Market | journal=Harvard Business Review | date=11 November 2024 | archive-date=14 November 2024 | access-date=15 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114032505/https://hbr.org/2024/11/research-how-gen-ai-is-already-impacting-the-labor-market | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/gen-ai-is-coming-for-your-job-new-research-shows-up-to-30-per-cent-decline-in-writing-coding-and-imaging-jobs-2632697-2024-11-13 | title=Gen AI is coming for your job, new research shows up to 30 per cent decline in writing, coding and imaging jobs | date=13 November 2024 | access-date=15 November 2024 | archive-date=13 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113080732/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/gen-ai-is-coming-for-your-job-new-research-shows-up-to-30-per-cent-decline-in-writing-coding-and-imaging-jobs-2632697-2024-11-13 | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
According to Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], it is expected in India, which has 65 percent of global IT off-shore work and 40 percent of global business processing, will have 69 percent of its jobs in the formal employment automated by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-05 |title=Automation and the Future of Jobs in India |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/kuriakoseiyer |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083744/https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/kuriakoseiyer |url-status=live }}</ref> One report indicates that 640,000 low-skilled service jobs in the IT sector are at risk due to automation, while only 160,000 mid- to high-skilled positions will be created in the IT and BPO service sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Automation Will Shape the Future of Work in India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/02/how-automation-will-shape-the-future-of-work-in-india/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083743/https://thediplomat.com/2024/02/how-automation-will-shape-the-future-of-work-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] has predicted that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially automate the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generative AI Could Raise Global GDP by 7% |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Goldman Sachs |language=en-US |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618013836/https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/goldman-sachs-says-ai-automation-190424288.html | title=Goldman Sachs Says AI Automation Could Disrupt 300 Million Jobs Worldwide | work=Yahoo Finance | date=5 April 2023 | access-date=1 May 2024 | archive-date=1 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501125909/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/goldman-sachs-says-ai-automation-190424288.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs in 2024, with companies like [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], and [[Cisco]] announcing job cuts. While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stringer |first=Cody Corrall, Alyssa |date=2024-06-04 |title=A comprehensive list of 2024 tech layoffs |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/04/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607053142/https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/04/tech-layoffs-2023-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vineet Nayar]], former CEO of [[HCLTech|HCL]] said in March 2024 that automation may lead to a decrease in the workforce size needed for specific tasks, particularly for repetitive or data entry-heavy IT jobs and skills of employees for [[Computer programming|coding]], [[Software testing|testing]], maintenance, responding to trouble [[Issue tracking system|tickets]], all that will be taken over by AI these skills will become obsolete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=AI Will Lead To 70% Employees Getting Laid Off In India's IT Sector, Warns Former HCL CEO |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083744/https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/hcl-former-ceo-warning-ai-will-lead-to-70-percent-layoffs-in-indias-it-sector-629396.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Exclusive: AI will lead to IT companies needing 70 per cent fewer people, says former HCL CEO Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/exclusive-ai-will-lead-to-it-companies-needing-70-per-cent-fewer-people-says-former-hcl-ceo-vineet-nayar-2512199-2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923181537/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/exclusive-ai-will-lead-to-it-companies-needing-70-per-cent-fewer-people-says-former-hcl-ceo-vineet-nayar-2512199-2024-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Attrition rate==
The Indian IT-BPM industry has the highest employee [[Churn rate|attrition rate]].<ref name=Mint>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/employee-attrition-a-big-headache-for-indian-it-companies-can-they-tide-over-it-11629870315500.html|title=Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=25 August 2021|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021145810/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/employee-attrition-a-big-headache-for-indian-it-companies-can-they-tide-over-it-11629870315500.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/21/the-great-attrition-its-a-difficult-time-to-be-a-boss-2386165.html|title=The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2021|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113201006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/nov/21/the-great-attrition-its-a-difficult-time-to-be-a-boss-2386165.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/despite-bonuses-and-salary-hikes-indias-it-sector-will-see-over-a-million-resignations-this-year/articleshow/87324879.cms|title=Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2021|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120061221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/despite-bonuses-and-salary-hikes-indias-it-sector-will-see-over-a-million-resignations-this-year/articleshow/87324879.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/companies/what-s-behind-record-staff-exits-at-indian-it-giants-121101900242_1.html|title=What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=21 October 2021|last1=Vanamali|first1=Krishna Veera|archive-date=21 October 2021|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021145810/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/companies/what-s-behind-record-staff-exits-at-indian-it-giants-121101900242_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/attrition-in-it-sector-to-cross-1-million-this-year/article36702884.ece|title=Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2021|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021151312/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/attrition-in-it-sector-to-cross-1-million-this-year/article36702884.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years, the industry has seen a surge in [[resignations]] at all levels.<ref name=Mint/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=Hindu/> As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry benefits from a lower cost of living and the consequent cheaper labor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-workers-riot-at-india-iphone-factory-over-exploitation-claims|title=Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims|work=[[France 24]]|date=13 December 2020|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101140122/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201213-workers-riot-at-india-iphone-factory-over-exploitation-claims|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/India-s-IT-sector-feels-squeeze-of-higher-US-labor-costs|title=India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs|work=[[The Nikkei]]|date=25 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101140123/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/India-s-IT-sector-feels-squeeze-of-higher-US-labor-costs|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Several factors contribute to the high attrition rate in the Indian [[Information technology|IT sector]]. These include a lack of career growth opportunities, work-life balance issues, high workload and stress, and limited skill development opportunities. Additionally, competitive compensation packages offered by other companies (both domestic and international) can be a significant pull factor for employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kumar |first=prashirsh |date=2023-02-14 |title=Top 5 Reasons Behind Attrition and Strategies to Combat Them. |url=https://kredily.com/reasons-behind-employee-attrition/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Free Forever HRMS and Payroll For Unlimited Employees |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607053142/https://kredily.com/reasons-behind-employee-attrition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Statistics==
===Indian IT revenues===
{{Main|Big Tech (India)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;"
|-
!colspan="8"|'''Indian IT and BPM industry's revenues'''
|-
| ||in [[US$]] (as of FY23)
|-
|Export revenues||194 billion
|-
|Domestic revenues||51 billion
|-
|Total IT Revenues||245 billion
|-
|''Total direct employees in IT sector:''||54 lakh
|}


{{Quote|In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.}}
In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. The contribution of the IT sector in India's GDP rose from 1.2% in 1998 to 7% in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/technology/will-indian-it-industry-sustain-its-growth-momentum-122012800079_1.html |title=Will Indian IT industry sustain its growth momentum? |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=28 January 2022 |last1=Rakheja |first1=Bhaswar Kumar Harshit |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131103158/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/technology/will-indian-it-industry-sustain-its-growth-momentum-122012800079_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.<ref name="nasscom">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320776/contribution-of-indian-it-industry-to-india-s-gdp/|title=nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017|work=[[NASSCOM]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032358/http://www.nasscom.in/indian-itbpo-industry|archive-date=20 December 2012|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref>


A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the [[European Union]] agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at [[CERN]], while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="India Telecom Laws and Regulations">{{cite book|last1=Inc|first1=lbp|title=India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publication|isbn=978-1433081903|page=300}}</ref>
The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to [[Gartner]], the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tech Mahindra]], and [[HCL Technologies]].<ref name="gartner">{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195823/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |title=Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011 |publisher=Gartner.com |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>


==Contemporary situation==
The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at [[US$]]194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.<ref name="ibef.org"/> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.<ref name="ibef.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-it-and-ites-industry-analysis-presentation|title=Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis|work=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]|date=21 October 2021|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702011719/https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-it-and-ites-industry-analysis-presentation|url-status=live}}</ref> The IT industry employed almost 2.8 million employees in FY 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nisha |first1=Nazir Taj |last2=Nawaz |first2=Nishad |last3=Mahalakshmi |first3=Jayakumar |last4=Gajenderan |first4=Vijayakumar |last5=Hasani |first5=Islam |date=2022 |title=A Study on the Impact of Sustainable Leadership and Core Competencies on Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Information Technology (IT) Sector |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=14 |issue=11 |page=6899 |doi=10.3390/su14116899 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...14.6899N }}</ref> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indias-tech-industry-set-to-reach-245-billion-in-fy23/2996774/|title=India's tech industry set to reach $245 billion in FY23|date=2 March 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606180524/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indias-tech-industry-set-to-reach-245-billion-in-fy23/2996774/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=[[Statista]] | date=21 October 2021 | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/320729/india-it-industry-direct-indirect-employment/ |title=Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021 | access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.<ref name="nasscom" /> The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006).  According to [[Gartner]], the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tech Mahindra]], and [[HCL Technologies]].<ref name="gartner">{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195823/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=2007116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2012 |title=Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011 |publisher=Gartner.com |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hirings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2022-04-22 |title=Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/entrylevel-salaries-at-it-cos-set-to-rise-amid-high-attrition-11650647839264.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>


==Major information technology hubs==
In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hiring's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2022-04-22 |title=Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/entrylevel-salaries-at-it-cos-set-to-rise-amid-high-attrition-11650647839264.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430232854/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/entrylevel-salaries-at-it-cos-set-to-rise-amid-high-attrition-11650647839264.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian IT revenues grow fastest in a decade to $227 billion in [[COVID-19 pandemic]] -hit FY22.  [[NASSCOM]] in its Strategic Review predicted that the IT industry can achieve the ambitious target of being a [[US$]] 350 billion by FY26 growing at a rate of 11-14 per cent.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
===Bangalore===
[[File:BangaloreInfosys.jpg|thumb|right|[[Infosys]] Media Centre in [[Bangalore, India]].]]
Bangalore is a global technology hub and is Indias biggest tec hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-ranked-8th-global-list-leading-technology-innovation-hubs-152948|title = Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs|date = 26 July 2021}}</ref> As of fiscal 2016–17, [[Bangalore]] accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref> The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access|title =How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide |last =Canton|first =Naomi|publisher =CNN |access-date =6 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html|title =Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |last =RAI|first =SARITHA|work =New York Times |access-date =20 March 2006}}</ref> Notable tech parks are [[Electronic City]], [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|ITPL]], [[Bagmane Tech Park]], Embassy Golf Links, [[Manyata Tech Park]], [[Global Village Tech Park]], Embassy TechVillage. Apart from these IT companies are also located in several other parts of the city. Notable IT companies of the area include [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[SAP|SAP Labs]], [[Accenture]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[IBM India]], [[Sonata Software]], [[Mindtree]], and [[Intuit India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Apoorva|date=2018-12-23|title=Top 30 IT Companies in Bangalore|url=https://www.nestaway.com/info/top-30-it-companies-in-bangalore/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Nestaway Information Guides for Housing & Living|language=en-GB}}</ref>


Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/bengaluru-is-indias-unicorn-capital-reveals-report-5011231.htm |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>
===State/UT wise revenue in IT exports from stpi registered units===
{{Main|Software Technology Parks of India#Exports_by_STPI_registered_IT/ITeS_units}}
Below is the State wise list of revenue in stpi IT exports as of FY2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnatakas-it-exports-crossed-3-lakh-crore-in-fy-2023-priyank-kharge/article67588197.ece|title=Karnataka's IT exports crossed ₹3 lakh crore in FY 2023: Priyank Kharge|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2021|archive-date=2 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202015707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnatakas-it-exports-crossed-3-lakh-crore-in-fy-2023-priyank-kharge/article67588197.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hyd-is-no-competition-for-bluru-its-talent-base-union-minister/articleshow/105641294.cms|title='Hyderabad is no competition for Bengaluru & its talent base'|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202121755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hyd-is-no-competition-for-bluru-its-talent-base-union-minister/articleshow/105641294.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/karnatakas-it-export-targets-to-be-lowered-amid-downturn/article67244941.ece|title=Karnataka's IT export targets to be lowered amid downturn|date=28 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana8-it-exports-leap-to-rs-1-83-lakh-crore-in-2022/articleshow/91950809.cms|title=Telangana@8: IT exports leap to Rs 1.83 lakh crore in 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601234632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana8-it-exports-leap-to-rs-1-83-lakh-crore-in-2022/articleshow/91950809.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No
!State/UT
!Revenue in IT exports<br/> ([[Indian rupee|₹]] Cr) (2023-24)
|-
!1
|[[Karnataka]]
|409,095.04
|-
!2
|[[Maharashtra]]
|183,847.52
|-
!3
|[[Telangana]]
|121,116.62
|-
!4
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|80,677.43
|-
!5
|[[Haryana]]
|53,172.07
|-
!6
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|42,416.13
|-
!7
|[[West Bengal]]
|13,148.30
|-
!8
|[[Gujarat]]
|8,703.20
|-
!9
|[[Delhi]]
|8,348.57
|-
!10
|[[Kerala]]
|6,303.40
|-
!11
|[[Odisha]]
|3,302.87
|-
!12
|[[Rajasthan]]
|3,217.82
|-
!13
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2,850.23
|-
!14
|[[Punjab]]
|2,570.34
|-
!15
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|1,960.34
|-
!16
|[[Chandigarh]]
|1,417.64
|-
!17
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|301.88
|-
!18
|[[Goa]]
|259.45
|-
!19
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|241.11
|-
!20
|[[Meghalaya]]
|123.78
|-
!21
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|81.28
|-
!22
|[[Jharkhand]]
|53.14
|-
!23
|[[Assam]]
|42.51
|-
!24
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|41.93
|-
!25
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|12.03
|-
!26
|[[Sikkim]]
|7.29
|-
!27
|[[Bihar]]
|0.74
|-
!colspan="2" |[[India]]
!943,312.66
|}
 
=== Largest Indian IT companies based on market capitalization===
Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by market capitalization.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/top-10-indian-companies-by-market-value/articleshow/74577297.cms|title=Top 10 Indian companies by market value}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/hcl-technologies-becomes-4th-it-firm-to-hit-rs-3-trillion-market-cap-121081300739_1.html|title=HCL Technologies becomes 4th IT firm to hit Rs 3 trillion market-cap|date=13 August 2021|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120035559/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/hcl-technologies-becomes-4th-it-firm-to-hit-rs-3-trillion-market-cap-121081300739_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/wipro/marketcap/|title=Market capitalization|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120031057/https://companiesmarketcap.com/wipro/marketcap/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lti-mindtree-merger-comes-into-effect-becomes-5th-largest-it-company-by-m-cap/articleshow/95509724.cms |title=LTI-Mindtree merger comes into effect, becomes 5th largest IT company by m-cap |newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Agarwal |first1=Nikhil |archive-date=18 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118155436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lti-mindtree-merger-comes-into-effect-becomes-5th-largest-it-company-by-m-cap/articleshow/95509724.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/wipro-hits-rs-4-trillion-in-market-cap-third-it-company-to-do-so-11634196841017.html |title=Wipro third IT co to hit ₹4 trillion market cap |work=mint |date=14 October 2021 |last1=Sonavane |first1=Ravindra N. |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043702/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/wipro-hits-rs-4-trillion-in-market-cap-third-it-company-to-do-so-11634196841017.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalization of [[US$]] 200 billion, making it the first Indian IT tech company to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|title=TCS 2nd Indian company to hit $200 billion mcap after RIL|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 September 2021|archive-date=20 November 2022|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/tcs-market-capitalisation-hits-200-billion-as-shares-jump-to-fresh-highs-2542286|title=TCS Market Capitalisation Hits $200 Billion As Shares Jump To Fresh Highs|date=15 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms |title=TCS first Indian tech company to cross $200 billion market cap |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=15 September 2021 |last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghu |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015020910/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to reach $100 billion in [[market capitalization]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Infosys becomes 4th Indian company to touch $100 bn market cap|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-firm-to-touch-100-billion-market-cap/articleshow/85612033.cms|archive-date=20 November 2022|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120135743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-firm-to-touch-100-billion-market-cap/articleshow/85612033.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Salil|first=K.|date=2021-08-24|title=Infosys becomes fourth Indian company to reach market cap of $100 billion|url=https://thefederal.com/business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-company-to-reach-market-cap-of-100-billion/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The Federal|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130175252/https://thefederal.com/business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-company-to-reach-market-cap-of-100-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!IT Services Company name
!Market capitalization in 2022([[US$]] Billion)
!Market capitalization in 2022([[Indian rupee|₹]] Cr)
|-
|1
|[[Tata Consultancy Services]]
|200
|14,63,372.44
|-
|2
|[[Infosys]]
|100
|7,34,140.78
|-
|3
|[[Wipro]]
|50
|3,17,428
|-
|4
|[[HCL Technologies]]
|36.67
|3,18,061
|-
|5
|[[LTIMindtree]]
|20.86
|1,33,592.40
|-
|6
|[[Tech Mahindra]]
|12.65
|1,33,592.40
|}
 
=== Largest Indian IT companies in India based on revenue===
Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/hcl-tech-beats-wipro-to-become-indias-third-largest-it-company/articleshow/93879712.cms|title=HCL Tech beats Wipro to become India's third largest IT company|archive-date=20 November 2022|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120035206/https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/hcl-tech-beats-wipro-to-become-indias-third-largest-it-company/articleshow/93879712.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ltimindtrees-banking-fin-portfolio-to-be-5th-largest/articleshow/91425364.cms|title=LTIMindtree to have fifth largest BFSI portfolio|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120035203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ltimindtrees-banking-fin-portfolio-to-be-5th-largest/articleshow/91425364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!IT Services Company name
!Revenue in 2022([[US$]] Billion)
!Revenue in 2022([[Indian rupee|₹]] Cr)
|-
|1
|[[Tata Consultancy Services]]
|27.5
|195,772
|-
|2
|[[Infosys]]
|18.2
|123,936
|-
|3
|[[HCL Technologies]]
|12.3
|85,651
|-
|4
|[[Wipro]]
|11.2
|79,093
|-
|5
|[[Tech Mahindra]]
|6.5
|38,642
|-
|6
|[[LTIMindtree]]
|4.1
|33,000
|}
 
===IT-BPM employees headcount by location===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;"
|-
!colspan="3"|'''IT-BPM Employees headcount in India'''
|-
! S.No !! Region !! Employee Count in IT/ITES (as of FY23)
|-
| 1 || [[Economy of Bangalore|Bengaluru]] || 15 lakh
|-
| 2 || [[Economy of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] || 9.05 lakh
|-
| 3 || [[Software industry in Chennai|Chennai]] || 8.5 lakh
|-
| 4 || [[Pune]] || 8 05 lakh
|-
| 5 || [[Kolkata]] || 2 Lakh
|}
 
 
==Major IT hubs==
===Bengaluru===
[[File:Bagmane Tech Park Bangalore India.jpg|thumb|right|Offices of Oracle and others in [[Bangalore, India|Bengaluru, India]]]]
Bengaluru is a global technology hub and is India's biggest tech hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-ranked-8th-global-list-leading-technology-innovation-hubs-152948|title = Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs|date = 26 July 2021|access-date = 21 September 2021|archive-date = 21 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210921092208/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-ranked-8th-global-list-leading-technology-innovation-hubs-152948|url-status = live}}</ref> As of fiscal 2016–17, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165717/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".<ref>{{cite web|url =https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access|title =How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide|last =Canton|first =Naomi|date =6 December 2012|publisher =CNN|access-date =6 December 2012|archive-date =18 December 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html|title =Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore?|last =RAI|first =SARITHA|work =[[The New York Times]]|date =20 March 2006|access-date =20 March 2006|archive-date =13 October 2011|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html|url-status =live}}</ref>
 
Bengaluru is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/bengaluru-is-indias-unicorn-capital-reveals-report-5011231.htm |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=cnbctv18.com |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527143426/https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/bengaluru-is-indias-unicorn-capital-reveals-report-5011231.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Hyderabad ===
=== Hyderabad ===
[[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|right|thumb|Amazon Hyderabad campus]]
[[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|right|thumb|Amazon Hyderabad campus]]
[[Hyderabad]] –  known for the [[HITEC City]] or [[Cyberabad]] – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest [[bioinformatics]] hub in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Udgirkar|first=Trushna|title=New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month|date=2 October 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|access-date=3 November 2017|website=www.PharmaBiz.com}}</ref> Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports-665308.html|access-date=1 April 2018|website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Notable tech companies include [[Accenture]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]], [[Deloitte]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Intel]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Microsoft]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Google]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Dell]], [[Cognizant]], [[Novartis]], [[Pegasystems|Pega]], [[JPMorgan Chase|J.P Morgan]], [[UBS]].  As of 2020, the IT exports from Hyderabad was ₹128,807 crore (US$15 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 582,126 employment.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 May 2020|title=Telangana records 17.93 % growth in IT sector|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-records-17-93-growth-in-it-sector/articleshow/75868301.cms|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana IT exports grows 18% at ₹1.28 lakh crore in FY20|date=21 May 2020|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations|date=10 May 2020|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html}}</ref> Notable tech and pharma parks are [[HITEC City]], [[Genome Valley]], and [[Hyderabad Pharma City]]. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/companies/meet-hyderabads-soonicorns/articleshow/89767697.cms|title=Meet Hyderabad's Soonicorns}}</ref>
[[Hyderabad]] –  known for the [[HITEC City]] or [[Cyberabad]] – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest [[bioinformatics]] hub in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Udgirkar|first=Trushna|title=New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month|date=2 October 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145805/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/rGXHb9JufpgLVJWhNwPl2H/New-innovation-support-centre-to-open-in-Hyderabad-this-mont.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1|access-date=3 November 2017|website=www.PharmaBiz.com|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023026/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=83770&sid=1}}</ref> Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927064616/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports/2014/09/26/article2449874.ece|archive-date=27 September 2014|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030211/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-12/news/27411217_1_cdfd-computational-biology-centre-for-dna-fingerprinting|archive-date=17 November 2015|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/hyderabad-pips-chennai-pune-in-software-exports-665308.html|access-date=1 April 2018|website=newindianexpress.com|date=26 September 2014|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143057/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/26/Hyderabad-Pips-Chennai-Pune-in-Software-Exports-665308.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Chennai===
===Chennai===
{{See also|List of tech parks in Chennai}}
[[File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]] headquarters in [[Chennai]]]]
[[File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]] headquarters in [[Chennai]]]]
[[File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg|thumb|TCS Signature Tower and Butterfly Campus in [[Chennai|Chennai, India]].]]
{{As of|2018}}, [[Chennai]] is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]  and [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) services.<ref name="Nasscom">{{cite web|title=Chennai activities|url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities|archive-date=16 November 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]}}</ref><ref name="itchennai2">{{cite news|last=Chandramouli|first=Rajesh|date=1 May 2008|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=5 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505100206/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[TIDEL Park]] in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.<ref name="fordithub">{{cite news|date=2 November 2000|title=Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130201321/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|archive-date=30 January 2002|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Work ethics: How Indian cities fare|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[Rediff]]|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507034620/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="itchennai2" />
{{As of|2018}}, [[Chennai]] is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]  and [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) services.<ref name="Nasscom">{{cite web|title=Chennai activities|url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities|archive-date=16 November 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="itchennai2">{{cite news|last=Chandramouli|first=Rajesh|date=1 May 2008|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> [[TIDEL Park]] in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.<ref name="fordithub">{{cite news|date=2 November 2000|title=Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130201321/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2002|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Work ethics: How Indian cities fare|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Notable tech parks are [[International Tech Park, Chennai|International Tech Park]], [[DLF Cybercity Chennai|DLF Cybercity SEZ]], [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai|Mahindra World City]], [[SIPCOT IT Park]], [[Olympia Tech Park]], [[One Indiabulls Park]], [[Zoho Corporation|L&T Estancia IT SEZ]], [[Ramanujan IT City]] and [[Chennai one SEZ]]. City has an expressway called as [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT expressways]] and a preferred location for IT industries. Major software companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]], [[Capgemini]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[Mindtree]], [[Cognizant]], [[Accenture]], [[UST (company)|UST Global]], [[KPIT Technologies|BirlaSoft]], [[HCL Technologies]] and [[Comcast]] have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.<ref name="itchennai2" />


===Pune===
===Pune===
The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in [[Hinjawadi]] is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC).<ref name="hinjewadiet">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms|title=Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity|last1=Bari|first1=Prachi|date=7 December 2007|work=The Economic times|access-date=13 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509022917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms|archive-date=9 May 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html|title=Hinjawadi IT park|work=The MegaPolis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015457/http://www.megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html|archive-date=18 March 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> The IT Park encompasses an area of about {{convert|2800|acre|km2}} and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece|title=Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2017-05-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527171136/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece|archive-date=27 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at [[Magarpatta city]], [[Kharadi]], [[Kalyani nagar]],
[[File:Kharadi EON IT park.jpg|thumb|Eon IT Park, Pune]]
[[Yerawada]], [[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]] and several other parts of the city. Major IT companies like TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, Tech mahindra, Cybage, Zensar technologies, Amdocs, Capegemini, Google , Sungard, HCL Technologies, Persistent technology etc. have offices in Pune. As of 2019, the IT sector employs more than 500,000 people.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/jobs/Are-IT-jobs-losing-sparkle/articleshow/6443498.cms |title=Economic Times (2010), ''Are IT jobs losing sparkle?'' |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date= 27 August 2010|access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref>
Pune has established itself as a key player in India's IT and consultancy sectors, attracting major companies like [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Accenture]], [[Amdocs]], [[Cognizant]], [[IBM]], [[Capgemini]] and [[Tech Mahindra]]. The city is a hub for IT services, software development, and consultancy work, serving global clients across various industries. There are several Global Capability Centres operating in [[Pune]], Some of them being the largest names in Finance sector like [[UBS]], [[Barclays]] and [[BNY]]. Beyond large corporations, Pune's startup ecosystem has flourished, with companies like [[Druva]], specializing in cloud data protection. Startups such as [[FirstCry]] and [[Pubmatic|PubMatic]] have also gained international recognition.
 
===Kolkata ===
{{See also|List of tech parks in Kolkata}}
[[File:SaltLakeSectorV KolkataSkyline Bidhannagar.jpg|thumb|[[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]] [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] - the IT hub of Kolkata]]
[[File:DLF IT Park - Rajarhat 2012-04-11 9380.JPG|thumb|DLF IT Park, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]]]
Kolkata ([[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater]]) is one of the major and the biggest IT hub of [[East India]]. Most of the IT parks and offices are located at [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] and [[Bidhannagar]]. [[Salt Lake Electronics Complex]] in [[Salt Lake Sector-V]] is India's first fully integrated Electronics Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past and Present Economic Status of West Bengal: A Review |url=https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July-December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf |website=www.trp.org.in |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223201727/https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July-December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Total export from IT sector was estimated at ₹25,918 crore in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=Software and Service Exports Rise |url=https://kolkata.stpi.in/en/news/software-and-service-exports-rise |website=kolkata.stpi.in |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404231409/https://kolkata.stpi.in/en/news/software-and-service-exports-rise |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Kolkata generated 20,000 direct jobs in just 6 months, which is an all-time high for IT industry in East India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-sector-v-new-town-on-overdrive-add-20000-it-jobs-in-last-6-months/articleshow/96997664.cms | title=Kolkata's Sector V, New Town on overdrive, add 20,000 IT jobs in last 6 months | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2023 | archive-date=17 May 2024 | access-date=21 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517104405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-sector-v-new-town-on-overdrive-add-20000-it-jobs-in-last-6-months/articleshow/96997664.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Controversies ==
=== Recruitment fraud ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}
In recent years, many IT workers use [[Forgery|forged]] experience certificates to gain entry into the Indian IT industry.<ref name="01fake">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ameerpet-adda-for-wannabe-techies/article3276199.ece | title=Ameerpet, 'adda' for wannabe techies | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 April 2012 | last1=Sreedhar | first1=Nemmani | archive-date=23 July 2022 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ameerpet-adda-for-wannabe-techies/article3276199.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="02fake">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/apr/12/foreigneducational-consultancies-in-net-for-fake-documentscase-2440902.html | title=Foreign educational consultancies in net for fake documents case | date=11 April 2022 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/apr/12/foreigneducational-consultancies-in-net-for-fake-documentscase-2440902.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="03fake">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/in-the-season-of-it-layoffs-rs-10000-can-get-you-a-letter-of-experience-2299049.html | title=In the season of IT layoffs, Rs 10,000 can get you a letter of experience | date=7 June 2017 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090409/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/in-the-season-of-it-layoffs-rs-10000-can-get-you-a-letter-of-experience-2299049.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hard-times-for-fake-techies/articleshow/9928492.cms | title=Hard times for 'fake' techies &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 September 2011 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hard-times-for-fake-techies/articleshow/9928492.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/ameerpet-houses-hundreds-of-it-institutes-and-over-one-lakh-students/articleshow/6604215.cms | title=Ameerpet houses hundreds of IT institutes and over one lakh students | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Sengupta | first1=Devina | archive-date=17 May 2024 | access-date=22 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517090507/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/ameerpet-houses-hundreds-of-it-institutes-and-over-one-lakh-students/articleshow/6604215.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-fake-educational-certificate-racket-busted-4-arrested-8010651/ | title=Telangana: Fake educational certificate racket busted, four arrested | date=5 July 2022 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090417/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-fake-educational-certificate-racket-busted-4-arrested-8010651/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/sep/28/bengaluru-turning-hub-of-fake-degree-rackets-1878200.html | title=Bengaluru turning hub of fake degree rackets? | date=28 September 2018 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090416/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/sep/28/bengaluru-turning-hub-of-fake-degree-rackets-1878200.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-police-experience-certificate-scam-mncs-it-jimutesh-sharma-250967-2015-05-01 | title=Bangalore cops bust fake work experience certificate racket, 200 may lose jobs | date=May 2015 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090409/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-police-experience-certificate-scam-mncs-it-jimutesh-sharma-250967-2015-05-01 | url-status=live }}</ref> These fake documents are provided by consultancies that are mainly operating out of [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref name="01fake"/><ref name="02fake"/><ref name="03fake"/> IT professionals frequently use proxy interviews to clear interviews, but the majority of the phoney candidates are rejected during the interview round.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-blues-it-firms-complain-as-candidates-con-their-way-to-jobs/articleshow/93668605.cms | title=Hyderabad blues: IT firms complain as candidates con their way to jobs &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 August 2022 | archive-date=21 August 2022 | access-date=21 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821063859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-blues-it-firms-complain-as-candidates-con-their-way-to-jobs/articleshow/93668605.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The use of fake experience certificates has a detrimental effect on both the [[IT industry]] and individual employees.  It damages the reputation of Indian IT companies and can lead to a loss of productivity due to hiring unqualified candidates.  Furthermore, it can create security risks if unqualified personnel gain access to sensitive information. Employees caught using fake certificates face potential legal repercussions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-04-19 |title=Risks of Using Fake Experience Certificates in IT |url=https://ethans.co.in/risks-of-using-fake-experience-certificates-in-it/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190924/https://ethans.co.in/risks-of-using-fake-experience-certificates-in-it/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Several initiatives are being undertaken to address the use of fake experience certificates.  [[List of Indian IT companies|IT companies]] are implementing stricter background verification processes and utilizing more technical assessments and coding challenges during interviews. Collaboration between IT companies and [[Educational institution|educational institutions]] for verification of credentials is also increasing.  Government regulations and penalties for issuing or using fake certificates are additional measures being explored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=IT firms employing background verification companies to check candidate fraud: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/it-firms-employing-background-verification-companies-to-check-candidate-fraud-report-1186323.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607053146/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/it-firms-employing-background-verification-companies-to-check-candidate-fraud-report-1186323.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Tech support scams===
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}
A 2017 study of [[technical support scams]] published at the [[NDSS Symposium]] found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be [[Internet geolocation|geolocated]], 85% could be traced to locations in India.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Dial One for Scam: A Large-Scale Analysis of Technical Support Scams|first1=Najmeh |last1=Miramirkhani|first2= Oleksii|last2= Starov|first3= Nick |last3=Nikiforakis|doi=10.14722/ndss.2017.23163|doi-access=free|conference=NDSS Symposium 2017|date=27 February 2017|publisher=Internet Society|pages=1–15|location=San Diego|arxiv=1607.06891}}</ref> Indian [[call centre]]s are infamous for defrauding customers from the US and Europe.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|last=Poonam|first=Snigdha|date=2 January 2018|title=The scammers gaming India's overcrowded job market|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077|oclc=60623878|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/02/the-scammers-gaming-indias-overcrowded-job-market|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050717/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/02/the-scammers-gaming-indias-overcrowded-job-market|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Vaidyanathan|first=Rajini|date=8 March 2020|title=Confessions of a call-centre scammer|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51753362|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105210639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51753362|archive-date=5 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Vidhi Doshi |date=8 February 2018 |title=More than 11,000 Americans targeted in India call center tax fraud |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/more-than-11000-americans-targeted-in-india-call-center-tax-fraud/2018/02/08/95e5b2ac-0cc5-11e8-baf5-e629fc1cd21e_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |location=New Delhi |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208173307/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/more-than-11000-americans-targeted-in-india-call-center-tax-fraud/2018/02/08/95e5b2ac-0cc5-11e8-baf5-e629fc1cd21e_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Yudhijit Bhattacharjee |date=21 April 2021 |title=Who's Making All Those Scam Calls? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/magazine/scam-call-centers.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |location= |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127100511/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/magazine/scam-call-centers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sameer Yasir |author2=Hari Kumar |date=17 December 2020 |title=Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/world/asia/india-call-center-scam.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |location= |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113060139/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/world/asia/india-call-center-scam.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Shefali Anand |date=5 October 2016 |title=Indian Police Bust IRS 'Scam Center' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indian-police-detain-workers-over-possible-irs-phone-scam-1475674691 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |issn=0099-9660 |oclc=781541372 |location= |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005151343/http://www.wsj.com/articles/indian-police-detain-workers-over-possible-irs-phone-scam-1475674691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai are the main operating locations for these fraud call centres.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/illegal-desi-call-centres-behind-10-billion-loss-to-americans-in-2022/articleshow/96501320.cms|title=FBI dials desi 'call centres' as Americans lost Rs 6,400 cr in 'tech support' fraud in '22|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 December 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307104513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/illegal-desi-call-centres-behind-10-billion-loss-to-americans-in-2022/articleshow/96501320.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/us-citizens-million-fraud-calls-indias-cbi-delhi-court-8321490/|title='US citizens lost over $20 million in fraud calls, India's reputation lowered': CBI to Delhi court|date=13 December 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052338/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/us-citizens-million-fraud-calls-indias-cbi-delhi-court-8321490/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-chakra-call-centres-busted-by-cbi-were-operating-since-2014-15/article65972948.ece|title='Operation Chakra': Call centres busted by CBI were operating since 2014-15|first=Devesh K.|last=Pandey|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 October 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052338/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-chakra-call-centres-busted-by-cbi-were-operating-since-2014-15/article65972948.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/kolkata-is-indias-newest-biggest-scam-zone-police-youtubers-mice-cant-shut-it-down/1035160/|title=Kolkata is India's newest, biggest scam zone. Police, YouTubers, mice can't shut it down|first=Vandana|last=Menon|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=13 July 2022|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052353/https://theprint.in/features/kolkata-is-indias-newest-biggest-scam-zone-police-youtubers-mice-cant-shut-it-down/1035160/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Technical support scams originating from India often employ various tactics. These include pop-up scams displaying fake error messages, phishing emails or calls impersonating legitimate tech companies, and [[scareware]] tactics pressuring users into unnecessary purchases due to alleged [[virus infections]].  Scammers exploit fear and a lack of technical knowledge by using persuasive language and impersonation tactics to appear official.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-13 |title=Scareware & Pop-up Scams |url=https://www.kaspersky.co.in/resource-center/definitions/scareware |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=/ |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607053147/https://www.kaspersky.co.in/resource-center/definitions/scareware |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Delhi NCR===
[[Law enforcement agency|Law enforcement agencies]] in India and internationally are taking steps to address these call centers. This includes government crackdowns and raids on illegal operations, along with international collaboration between law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natani |first=Sharad |date=2024-03-12 |title=How the FBI and Indian Law Enforcement Agencies Are Fighting the War With Digital Fraudsters |url=https://www.the420.in/fbi-india-cybercrime-crackdown-success-fake-call-centre/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The420.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities in NCR  like [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] have several companies that serves the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/delhi-ncr-an-emerging-it-hub-in-india-13888.html/|title = Delhi NCR – an Emerging IT Hub in India|date = 29 March 2017}}</ref>


===Kolkata===
=== Work hours controversy ===
Kolkata is one of the major IT hub in India. As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly.
{{Empty section|date=June 2025}}
Major software companies such as [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Capgemini]], [[Wipro]], [[Ericsson]], [[Mindtree]], [[Cognizant]], [[Accenture]], [[ITC Infotech]], [[RS Software]] have their offices set up here, with TCS making Kolkata their largest base.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebengalitoday.com/2021/07/kolkata-next-silicon-valley-of-india.html|title = How Bengal Fell Behind Bengaluru in Software Industry? -|date = 23 July 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/tcs-is-largest-employer-in-bengal/cid/1482827|title = TCS is largest employer in Bengal}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]
{{portal|India|Technology|Software|Internet|Computer programming}}
* [[List of Indian IT companies]]
* [[List of Indian IT companies]]
* [[List of publicly listed ITES companies of India]]
* [[List of special economic zones in India]]
* [[PARAM]]
* [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
* [[Free Software Movement of India]]
* [[Software Technology Parks of India]]
* [[List of publicly listed software companies of India]]
* [[Supercomputing in India]]
* [[Supercomputing in India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian startup ecosystem]]
* [[Data centre industry in India]]
* [[Technological unemployment]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


===Sources===
===Sources===
{{Refbegin|2}}  
{{Refbegin|30em}}  
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2015 |title=The Outsourcer: The Story of India's IT Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44jCgAAQBAJ&q=Information+technology+industry+in+india |publisher= [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-02875-2 }}  
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2015 |title=The Outsourcer: The Story of India's IT Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44jCgAAQBAJ&q=Information+technology+industry+in+india |publisher= [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-02875-2 }}  
* {{cite book |last=Parayil |first=G. |date=2016 |title=Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India: Digital Divide, Development Divide and Equity Technology, Globalization and Development |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2-305-9561-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Parayil |first=G. |date=2016 |title=Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India: Digital Divide, Development Divide and Equity Technology, Globalization and Development |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2-305-9561-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Vittal |first1=N.|last2=Mahalingam |first2=S. |date=2001 |title=Information Technology: India's Tomorrow |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-8-170-49119-4 }}  
* {{cite book |last1=Vittal |first1=N.|last2=Mahalingam |first2=S. |date=2001 |title=Information Technology: India's Tomorrow |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-8-170-49119-4 }}  
* {{cite book |last=Franda |first= Marcus F. |date=2002 |title=China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World's Two Largest Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran|url-access=registration |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-742-51946-6 }}  
* {{cite book |last=Franda |first= Marcus F. |date=2002 |title=China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World's Two Largest Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran|url-access=registration |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-742-51946-6 }}  
*{{cite book |author=Pal, Dipyaman |author2=Chakraborty, Chandrima |editor=Sikdar, Soumyen |editor2=Das, Ramesh Chandra |editor3=Bhattacharyya, Rajib|title=Role of IT- ITES in Economic Development of Asia: Issues of Growth, Sustainability and Governance|year=2020|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|pages=27–35|isbn=978-981-15-4206-0|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4206-0_3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=226709917}}  
*{{cite book |author=Pal, Dipyaman |author2=Chakraborty, Chandrima |chapter=Is There Any Relationship Between Output Growth and Export Growth in Indian Information Technology Industry After Liberalization? |editor=Sikdar, Soumyen |editor2=Das, Ramesh Chandra |editor3=Bhattacharyya, Rajib|title=Role of IT- ITES in Economic Development of Asia: Issues of Growth, Sustainability and Governance|year=2020|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|pages=27–35|isbn=978-981-15-4206-0|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4206-0_3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=226709917}}  
* {{cite book |last=Ezer |first=Jonathan |date=2010 |title=Perceptions of Information Technology in India: A study of the institutional forces that impact how technology is taught, and learned, at Indian Universities |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn=978-3-838-37279-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ezer |first=Jonathan |date=2010 |title=Perceptions of Information Technology in India: A study of the institutional forces that impact how technology is taught, and learned, at Indian Universities |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn=978-3-838-37279-2 }}
* Arora, Payal. "Politics of Algorithms, Indian Citizenship, and the Colonial Legacy." Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia, edited by ASWIN PUNATHAMBEKAR and SRIRAM MOHAN, [[University of Michigan Press]], 2019, pp. 37–52, {{jstor|j.ctvndv9rb.5}}.  
* Arora, Payal. "Politics of Algorithms, Indian Citizenship, and the Colonial Legacy." Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia, edited by ASWIN PUNATHAMBEKAR and SRIRAM MOHAN, [[University of Michigan Press]], 2019, pp.&nbsp;37–52, {{JSTOR|j.ctvndv9rb.5}}.  
* Gupta, S. D., Raychaudhuri, A. and Haldar, S. K. (2015) 'Determinants of Exports of Information Technology in India: An Empirical Analysis', [[South Asia Economic Journal]], 16(1), pp. 64–81. {{doi|10.1177/1391561415575128}}  
* Gupta, S. D., Raychaudhuri, A. and Haldar, S. K. (2015) 'Determinants of Exports of Information Technology in India: An Empirical Analysis', [[South Asia Economic Journal]], 16(1), pp.&nbsp;64–81. {{doi|10.1177/1391561415575128}}  
* Dedrick, Jason, and Kenneth L. Kraemer. "Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance." Asian Survey, vol. 33, no. 5, [[University of California Press]], 1993, pp. 463–92, {{doi|10.2307/2645313}}.  
* Dedrick, Jason, and Kenneth L. Kraemer. "Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance." Asian Survey, vol. 33, no. 5, [[University of California Press]], 1993, pp.&nbsp;463–92, {{doi|10.2307/2645313}}.  
* Ramesh Subramanian (2006) India and Information Technology: A Historical & Critical Perspective, Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9:4, 28-46, {{doi|10.1080/1097198X.2006.10856431}}   
* Ramesh Subramanian (2006) India and Information Technology: A Historical & Critical Perspective, Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9:4, 28–46, {{doi|10.1080/1097198X.2006.10856431}}   
* M.D., Pradeep and B.K., Ravindra, Effective Disbursement of Social Security Benefits to the Labour through Information Technology in India (April 15, 2017). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJATET), Volume I, Issue I, 2016, {{SSRN|2995342}}   
* M.D., Pradeep and B.K., Ravindra, Effective Disbursement of Social Security Benefits to the Labour through Information Technology in India (15 April 2017). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJATET), Volume I, Issue I, 2016, {{SSRN|2995342}}   
* Thomas P.N. (1994) The State and Information Technology in India: Emerging Trends. In: Nagel S.S. (eds) Asian Development and Public Policy. [[Policy Studies Organization|Policy Studies Organization Series]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], London. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-23452-3_9}} {{ISBN|978-1-349-23454-7}}  
* Thomas P.N. (1994) The State and Information Technology in India: Emerging Trends. In: Nagel S.S. (eds) Asian Development and Public Policy. [[Policy Studies Organization|Policy Studies Organization Series]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], London. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-23452-3_9}} {{ISBN|978-1-349-23454-7}}  
*{{cite book|title=Invisible Labour: Support Service Workers in India's Information Technology Industry|author=Chakraborty, I.|isbn=978-1-000-18033-6|lccn=2020024946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPj2DwAAQBAJ|year=2020| publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] }}
*{{cite book|title=Invisible Labour: Support Service Workers in India's Information Technology Industry|author=Chakraborty, I.|isbn=978-1-000-18033-6|lccn=2020024946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPj2DwAAQBAJ|year=2020| publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] }}
*{{cite journal|author = Shastry, Gauri Kartini|title = Human Capital Response to Globalization: Education and Information Technology in India|volume = 47|number = 2|pages = 287–330|year = 2012|doi = 10.3368/jhr.47.2.287|url= http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/47/2/287.abstract|journal = [[Journal of Human Resources]] |s2cid = 219236704}}  
*{{cite journal|author = Shastry, Gauri Kartini|title = Human Capital Response to Globalization: Education and Information Technology in India|volume = 47|number = 2|pages = 287–330|year = 2012|doi = 10.3368/jhr.47.2.287|url= http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/47/2/287.abstract|journal = [[Journal of Human Resources]] |s2cid = 219236704|url-access = subscription}}  
*{{cite book|author=Sahoo, Golak Prasad|editor=Nirmal, B.C. |editor2=Singh, Rajnish Kumar|title=Contemporary Issues in International Law: Environment, International Trade, Information Technology and Legal Education|year=2018|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|location=[[Singapore]]|pages=475–500|isbn=978-981-10-6277-3|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_34}}
*{{cite book|author=Sahoo, Golak Prasad|chapter=Legal Framework of Information Technology in India: With Special Reference to Cyber Obscenity |editor=Nirmal, B.C. |editor2=Singh, Rajnish Kumar|title=Contemporary Issues in International Law: Environment, International Trade, Information Technology and Legal Education|year=2018|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]]|location=[[Singapore]]|pages=475–500|isbn=978-981-10-6277-3|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_34}}
*Krishnan, Rishikesha T., and Ganesh N. Prabhu. "Innovation in the Indian Information Technology Industry: A Study of the Software Product Development Process." [[Science, Technology and Society]] 7, no. 1 (March 2002): 91–115. {{doi|10.1177/097172180200700105}}
*Krishnan, Rishikesha T., and Ganesh N. Prabhu. "Innovation in the Indian Information Technology Industry: A Study of the Software Product Development Process." [[Science, Technology and Society]] 7, no. 1 (March 2002): 91–115. {{doi|10.1177/097172180200700105}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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[[Category:Information technology in India| ]]
[[Category:Information technology in India| ]]
[[Category:Industries in India]]
[[Category:Industries of India]]

Latest revision as of 15:57, 16 April 2026

Template:AI-generated

The information technology (I.T.) industry in India comprises information technology services and business process outsourcing.[1] The share of the IT-BPM sector in the GDP of India is 7.4% in FY 2022.[2][3] In FY24, India's IT-BPM industry is estimated to have generated $253.9 billion in revenue.[4][5][6] The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at $51 billion, and export revenue is estimated at $194 billion in FY 2023.[5][6] The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.[7][5][6] IT units registered with state-run Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and Special Economic Zones have exported software worth Rs 11.59 lakh crore in 2021–22.[8][9]

History[edit | edit source]

The Electronics Committee also known as the "Bhabha Committee" created a 10-year (1966–1975) plan laying the foundation for India's IT Service Industries.[10] The industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services[11] who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.[12] The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.[11]

Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and World Bank. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of Singapore and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.

TIDEL Park in Chennai was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.

Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994.[13] Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:

In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.

A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore.[14]

Automation and layoffs[edit | edit source]

In the last decade, most of the IT companies developed indigenous R&D and innovation capabilities to develop homegrown IT products.[15] As the IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years.[16][17]

The rise of AI-powered code generation tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot has sparked discussions about their potential impact on programming jobs.[18] These tools can automate some coding tasks, potentially affecting the skillset required for certain programming roles.[19] In 2024, the tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs, with companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Cisco announcing job cuts. While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions. Automation's role in the IT industry has been a topic of discussion. Industry leaders like Vineet Nayar, former CEO of HCL, have suggested that automation may lead to a decrease in workforce size needed for specific tasks.[20][21] According to Layoffs', there have been over 500,000 layoffs from 2022 until April 2024.[22][23][24] According to Harvard Business Review research, AI could impact various job sectors, including writing, coding, and imaging. A recent study suggests that up to 30% of jobs in these fields might be affected due to the efficiency and capabilities of AI tools like ChatGPT and image-generating AI.[25][26]

According to Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) of the University of Pennsylvania, it is expected in India, which has 65 percent of global IT off-shore work and 40 percent of global business processing, will have 69 percent of its jobs in the formal employment automated by 2030.[27] One report indicates that 640,000 low-skilled service jobs in the IT sector are at risk due to automation, while only 160,000 mid- to high-skilled positions will be created in the IT and BPO service sectors.[28] Goldman Sachs has predicted that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially automate the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs globally.[29][30]

The tech industry witnessed a significant increase in layoffs in 2024, with companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Cisco announcing job cuts. While AI is a contributing factor, economic downturns and cost-cutting measures often influence such decisions.[31] Vineet Nayar, former CEO of HCL said in March 2024 that automation may lead to a decrease in the workforce size needed for specific tasks, particularly for repetitive or data entry-heavy IT jobs and skills of employees for coding, testing, maintenance, responding to trouble tickets, all that will be taken over by AI these skills will become obsolete.[32][33]

Attrition rate[edit | edit source]

The Indian IT-BPM industry has the highest employee attrition rate.[34][35][36][37][38] In recent years, the industry has seen a surge in resignations at all levels.[34][36][38] As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry benefits from a lower cost of living and the consequent cheaper labor.[39][40]

Several factors contribute to the high attrition rate in the Indian IT sector. These include a lack of career growth opportunities, work-life balance issues, high workload and stress, and limited skill development opportunities. Additionally, competitive compensation packages offered by other companies (both domestic and international) can be a significant pull factor for employees.[41]

Statistics[edit | edit source]

Indian IT revenues[edit | edit source]

Main article: Big Tech (India)
Indian IT and BPM industry's revenues
in US$ (as of FY23)
Export revenues 194 billion
Domestic revenues 51 billion
Total IT Revenues 245 billion
Total direct employees in IT sector: 54 lakh

In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. The contribution of the IT sector in India's GDP rose from 1.2% in 1998 to 7% in 2019.[42] Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.[43]

The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies.[44]

The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.[3] The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.[3] The IT industry employed almost 2.8 million employees in FY 2021.[45] The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.[46][47]

In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hiring's.[48] Indian IT revenues grow fastest in a decade to $227 billion in COVID-19 pandemic -hit FY22. NASSCOM in its Strategic Review predicted that the IT industry can achieve the ambitious target of being a US$ 350 billion by FY26 growing at a rate of 11-14 per cent.[citation needed]

State/UT wise revenue in IT exports from stpi registered units[edit | edit source]

Main article: Software Technology Parks of India § Exports_by_STPI_registered_IT/ITeS_units

Below is the State wise list of revenue in stpi IT exports as of FY2023.[49][50][51][52]

S.No State/UT Revenue in IT exports
(₹ Cr) (2023-24)
1 Karnataka 409,095.04
2 Maharashtra 183,847.52
3 Telangana 121,116.62
4 Tamil Nadu 80,677.43
5 Haryana 53,172.07
6 Uttar Pradesh 42,416.13
7 West Bengal 13,148.30
8 Gujarat 8,703.20
9 Delhi 8,348.57
10 Kerala 6,303.40
11 Odisha 3,302.87
12 Rajasthan 3,217.82
13 Andhra Pradesh 2,850.23
14 Punjab 2,570.34
15 Madhya Pradesh 1,960.34
16 Chandigarh 1,417.64
17 Puducherry 301.88
18 Goa 259.45
19 Uttarakhand 241.11
20 Meghalaya 123.78
21 Chhattisgarh 81.28
22 Jharkhand 53.14
23 Assam 42.51
24 Jammu & Kashmir 41.93
25 Himachal Pradesh 12.03
26 Sikkim 7.29
27 Bihar 0.74
India 943,312.66

Largest Indian IT companies based on market capitalization[edit | edit source]

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by market capitalization.[53][54][55][56][57] In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalization of US$ 200 billion, making it the first Indian IT tech company to do so.[58][59][60] On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization.[61][62]

Rank IT Services Company name Market capitalization in 2022(US$ Billion) Market capitalization in 2022(₹ Cr)
1 Tata Consultancy Services 200 14,63,372.44
2 Infosys 100 7,34,140.78
3 Wipro 50 3,17,428
4 HCL Technologies 36.67 3,18,061
5 LTIMindtree 20.86 1,33,592.40
6 Tech Mahindra 12.65 1,33,592.40

Largest Indian IT companies in India based on revenue[edit | edit source]

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by revenue.[63][64]

Rank IT Services Company name Revenue in 2022(US$ Billion) Revenue in 2022(₹ Cr)
1 Tata Consultancy Services 27.5 195,772
2 Infosys 18.2 123,936
3 HCL Technologies 12.3 85,651
4 Wipro 11.2 79,093
5 Tech Mahindra 6.5 38,642
6 LTIMindtree 4.1 33,000

IT-BPM employees headcount by location[edit | edit source]

IT-BPM Employees headcount in India
S.No Region Employee Count in IT/ITES (as of FY23)
1 Bengaluru 15 lakh
2 Hyderabad 9.05 lakh
3 Chennai 8.5 lakh
4 Pune 8 05 lakh
5 Kolkata 2 Lakh


Major IT hubs[edit | edit source]

Bengaluru[edit | edit source]

Offices of Oracle and others in Bengaluru, India

Bengaluru is a global technology hub and is India's biggest tech hub.[65] As of fiscal 2016–17, Bengaluru accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.[66] The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".[67][68]

Bengaluru is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.[69]

Hyderabad[edit | edit source]

Amazon Hyderabad campus

Hyderabad – known for the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India.[70][71] Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.[72][73][74]

Chennai[edit | edit source]

See also: List of tech parks in Chennai
Zoho headquarters in Chennai

As of 2018, Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.[75][76] TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.[77][78][76]

Pune[edit | edit source]

Eon IT Park, Pune

Pune has established itself as a key player in India's IT and consultancy sectors, attracting major companies like Infosys, TCS, Accenture, Amdocs, Cognizant, IBM, Capgemini and Tech Mahindra. The city is a hub for IT services, software development, and consultancy work, serving global clients across various industries. There are several Global Capability Centres operating in Pune, Some of them being the largest names in Finance sector like UBS, Barclays and BNY. Beyond large corporations, Pune's startup ecosystem has flourished, with companies like Druva, specializing in cloud data protection. Startups such as FirstCry and PubMatic have also gained international recognition.

Kolkata[edit | edit source]

See also: List of tech parks in Kolkata
Sector V Salt Lake - the IT hub of Kolkata
DLF IT Park, New Town

Kolkata (Greater) is one of the major and the biggest IT hub of East India. Most of the IT parks and offices are located at New Town and Bidhannagar. Salt Lake Electronics Complex in Salt Lake Sector-V is India's first fully integrated Electronics Complex.[79] As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Total export from IT sector was estimated at ₹25,918 crore in 2021–22.[80] In 2022, Kolkata generated 20,000 direct jobs in just 6 months, which is an all-time high for IT industry in East India.[81]

Controversies[edit | edit source]

Recruitment fraud[edit | edit source]

In recent years, many IT workers use forged experience certificates to gain entry into the Indian IT industry.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] These fake documents are provided by consultancies that are mainly operating out of Hyderabad and Bangalore.[82][83][84] IT professionals frequently use proxy interviews to clear interviews, but the majority of the phoney candidates are rejected during the interview round.[90]

The use of fake experience certificates has a detrimental effect on both the IT industry and individual employees.  It damages the reputation of Indian IT companies and can lead to a loss of productivity due to hiring unqualified candidates.  Furthermore, it can create security risks if unqualified personnel gain access to sensitive information. Employees caught using fake certificates face potential legal repercussions.[91]

Several initiatives are being undertaken to address the use of fake experience certificates.  IT companies are implementing stricter background verification processes and utilizing more technical assessments and coding challenges during interviews. Collaboration between IT companies and educational institutions for verification of credentials is also increasing.  Government regulations and penalties for issuing or using fake certificates are additional measures being explored.[92]

Tech support scams[edit | edit source]

A 2017 study of technical support scams published at the NDSS Symposium found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India.[93] Indian call centres are infamous for defrauding customers from the US and Europe.[94][95][96][97][98][99] Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai are the main operating locations for these fraud call centres.[100][101][102][103]

Technical support scams originating from India often employ various tactics. These include pop-up scams displaying fake error messages, phishing emails or calls impersonating legitimate tech companies, and scareware tactics pressuring users into unnecessary purchases due to alleged virus infections.  Scammers exploit fear and a lack of technical knowledge by using persuasive language and impersonation tactics to appear official.[104]

Law enforcement agencies in India and internationally are taking steps to address these call centers. This includes government crackdowns and raids on illegal operations, along with international collaboration between law enforcement agencies.[105]

Work hours controversy[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Nirmal, Rajalakshmi. "IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "India: IT-BPM industry share in GDP 2022". Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis". India Brand Equity Foundation. 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  4. ↑ "IT industry growth halves to 3.8% in FY24 vs 8.4% in FY23: Nasscom". MoneyControl. 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 October 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "India's tech sector FY25 revenue to grow 5.1% to $282.6 billion: Nasscom". 24 February 2025. Archived from the original on 6 April 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The Tech Industry in India likely to reach milestone $300Bn Revenue in FY2026 Nasscom Annual Strategic Review 2025" (PDF). Nasscom. 24 February 2025.
  7. ↑ "Number of employees in IT".
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