Shina language: Difference between revisions

Shina
Shina
Gilgiti
ݜݨیاٗ; Ṣiṇyaá
	'Shina' (Ṣiṇyaá) written in the Arabic script (Nastaliq)
Pronunciation	scl
Native to	Pakistan, India
Region	Gilgit-Baltistan, Kohistan, Drass, Gurez
Ethnicity	Shina
Native speakers	1.1 million (2018)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Eastern Dardic Shinaic Shina; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit ;
Writing system	Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; scl – Standard Shina; plk – Kohistani Shina
Glottolog	shin1264 Shina; kohi1248 Kohistani Shina
	Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 14:14, 5 March 2026

Shina (ݜݨیاٗ, Ṣiṇyaá, scl), also known by its exonym Gilgiti,^{[lower-alpha 1]} is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch in the Indo-European language family, primarily spoken by the Shina people native to northern Pakistan, specifically Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan.^[3]^[4]^[3]^[5] A small community of Shina speakers is also found in India, in the Gurez valley of Jammu and Kashmir and in Dras valley of Ladakh.^[3] Outliers of Shina language such as Brokskat are found in Ladakh, Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir, Palula and Sawi in Chitral, Ushojo in the Swat Valley and Kalkoti in Dir.^[3]

It is one of the major regional languages of Pakistan, being the most-widely spoken one in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is also spoken outside of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan by Shina communities in major metropolitan areas around the country, particularly Islamabad–Rawalpindi, Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar.

Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, but presently, there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina.^[6] Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language.

Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Punjabi, and English, in addition to the religious significance of Arabic and Persian, Shina is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.^[7] This process is also ongoing with that of many other languages in Pakistan. It has close relationships with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Hindko, Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki, and the dialects of Western Pahari.^[8]

Distribution[edit | edit source]

In Pakistan[edit | edit source]

There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and Kohistani Shina in Pakistan according to Ethnologue (2018), a majority of whom reside in the provinces of Khyber-Pakhtunkwa and Gilgit-Baltistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in the Neelam valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.^[9]^[10]

In India[edit | edit source]

A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in India in the far north of the Kargil district bordering Gilgit-Baltistan. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to the 2011 census.^[9]. In Kashmir Valley, Shina people are found in Northern regions like Gurez of Bandipore district where they form Majority, Along with some villages of Ganderbal District

Phonology[edit | edit source]

The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Shina variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.^{[citation needed]}

Vowels[edit | edit source]

The Shina principal vowel sounds:^[11]

	Front	Mid	Back
	Front	Mid	unrd.	rnd.
High	i			u
High-mid	e			o
Low-mid	ɛ	ə	ʌ	ɔ
Low	(æ)	a

All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.^[11] /æ/ is heard from loanwords.^[12]

Diphthongs[edit | edit source]

In Shina there are the following diphthongs:^[13]

falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Consonants[edit | edit source]

In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final OIA consonant clusters, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.^[14]

		Labial	Coronal	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	Voiceless	p	t	ʈ		k	q^{[lower-alpha 2]}
	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	Voiced	b	d	ɖ		ɡ
	Breathy^{[lower-alpha 2]}	bʱ	dʱ	ɖʱ		ɡʱ
Affricate	Voiceless		t͡s	ʈ͡ʂ	t͡ʃ
	Aspirated		t͡sʰ	ʈ͡ʂʰ	t͡ʃʰ
	Voiced		d͡z^{[lower-alpha 3]}		d͡ʒ^{[lower-alpha 3]}
	Breathy				d͡ʒʱ^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Fricative	Voiceless	(f)	s	ʂ	ʃ	x^{[lower-alpha 3]}		h
Fricative	Voiced		z	ʐ	ʒ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	ɣ^{[lower-alpha 3]}		ɦ^{[lower-alpha 3]}
Nasal		m (mʱ)^{[lower-alpha 2]}	n	ɳ		ŋ
Lateral			l (lʱ)^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Rhotic			r	ɽ^{[lower-alpha 4]}
Semivowel		ʋ~w			j

↑ In linguistics, applied only to the dialect of Shina spoken in and around Gilgit
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
↑ Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

Tone[edit | edit source]

Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:

"The" (تھےࣿ) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"

When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thée (تھےٰ) means "Will you do?"

When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Theé (تھےٗ) means "after having done".

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.^[15] However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago.^[16] Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of Gilgit-Baltistan have been published. ^[17]^[18]

Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s, there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language. Debates have centered on how to write several retroflex sounds not present in Urdu, and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.^[19]

There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Kohistan, and the other in Indian-controlled area of Dras, Ladakh.

Below, the alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to the efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani. The alphabet established by these individuals has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including the Gilgit dialect and the Kohistani dialect. ^[17]^[18]^[20] There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letter ڦ in Kohistani dialect of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use سً instead of ݜ for [ʂ], or use sukun ◌ْ (U+0652) instead of small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "س / ث / ص", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of Persian and Urdu. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of Kurdish and Uyghur.

Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, with Nun Ghunna (ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters alif, waw, buṛi ye, and ye (ا، و، یـ، ی، ے), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics inverted damma ◌ٗ (U+0657) and superscript alef ◌ٰ (U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.^[21]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Below table shows Shina consonants.^[17]^[18]

Name	Forms				IPA	Transliteration^[22]	Unicode	Notes
Shina	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial	IPA	Transliteration^[22]	Unicode	Notes
الف alif	ا	ـا		ا / آ	[ʌ], [∅], silent	– / aa	U+0622 U+0627	At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of alif-madda (آ), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics اَ اِ، اُ can be omitted in writing.
بےࣿ be	ب	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	[b]	b	U+0628
پےࣿ pe	پ	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	[p]	p	U+067E
تےࣿ te	ت	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	[t̪]	t	U+062A
ٹےࣿ te	ٹ	ـٹ	ـٹـ	ٹـ	[ʈ]	ṭ	U+0679
ثےࣿ se	ث	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	[s]	s	U+062B	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter siin س.^[17]
جوࣿم ǰom	ج	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	[d͡ʒ]	ǰ	U+062C
چےࣿ če	چ	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	[t͡ʃ]	č	U+0686
څےࣿ tse	څ	ـڅ	ـڅـ	څـ	[t͡s]	ts	U+0685	Letter borrowed from Pashto alphabet. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter ژ is used.^[23]
ڇےࣿ c̣e	ڇ	ـڇ	ـڇـ	ڇـ	[ʈ͡ʂ]	c̣	U+0687	Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use حٍـ instead of ڇـ. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter چْ is used.^[23]
حےࣿ he	ح	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	[h]	h	U+062D	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter hay ہ.^[17]
خےࣿ khe	خ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	[x]~[kʰ]	kh	U+062D	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter khe کھ.^[17]
دال daal	د	ـد	-		[d̪]	d	U+062F
ڈال ḍaal	ڈ	ـڈ	-		[ɖ]	ḍ	U+0688
ذال zaal	ذ	ـذ	-		[z]	z	U+0688	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ze ز.^[17]
رےࣿ re	ر	ـر	-		[r]	r	U+0631
ڑےࣿ ṛe	ڑ	ـڑ			[ɽ]	ṛ	U+0691
زےࣿ ze	ز	ـز			[z]	z	U+0632
ژےࣿ že / ǰe	ژ	ـژ	-		[ʒ]‍~[d͡ʒ]‍	ž / ǰ	U+0632	Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter jom ج.^[17]
ڙےࣿ ẓe	ڙ	ـڙ	-		[ʐ]	ẓ	U+0699	Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use رً instead of ڙ. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter جْ is used.^[23]
سِین siin	س	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	[s]	s	U+0633
شِین šiin	ش	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	[ʃ]	š	U+0634
ݜِین ṣiin	ݜ	ـݜ	ـݜـ	ݜـ	[ʂ]	ṣ	U+0687	Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use سً instead of ݜ. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter شْ is used.^[23]
صواد swaad	ص	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	[s]	s	U+0635	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter siin س.^[17]
ضواد zwaad	ض	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	[z]	z	U+0636	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ze ز.^[17]
طوے tooy	ط	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	[t̪]	t	U+0637	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter te ت.^[17]
ظوے zooy	ظ	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	[z]	z	U+0638	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ze ز.^[17]
عَین ayn	ع	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	[ʔ], silent	-	U+0639	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter alif ا.^[17]
غَین gayn	غ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	[ɣ]~[ɡ]	g	U+0639	Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter gaaf گ.^[17]
فےࣿ fe / phe	ف	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	[f]~[pʰ]	f / ph	U+0641	Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter phe پھ.^[17]
قاف qaaf / kaaf	ق	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	[q]~[k]	q / k	U+0642	Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter kaaf ک.^[17]
کاف kaaf	ک	ـک	ـکـ	کـ	[k]	k	U+0643
گاف gaaf	گ	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	[ɡ]	g	U+06AF
لام laam	ل	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	[l]	l	U+0644
مِیم miim	م	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	[m]	m	U+0645
نُون nuun	ن	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	[n]	n	U+0646
نُوݨ nuuṇ	ݨ	ـݨ	ـݨـ	ݨـ	[ɳ]	ṇ	U+0768	In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter نْ is used.^[23]
نُوں / نُون گُنَہ nū̃ / nūn gunna	ں / ن٘	ـں	ـن٘ـ	ن٘ـ	/◌̃/	◌̃	For middle of word: U+0646 plus U+0658 For end of word: U+06BA
نُون٘گ nuung	ن٘گ	ـن٘گ	ـن٘گـ	ن٘گـ	/ŋ/	ng	U+0646 plus U+0658 and U+06AF	A digraph, counted as a letter.^[17]
واؤ waaw	و / او	ـو	-		[oː] / [w]	w / ō	U+0648	The letter waaw can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oo]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter waaw will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter waaw needs to be preceded by an alif ا. When the letter waaw comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w], a hamza is used ؤ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.^[21]
ہَے hai	ہ	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	[h]	h	U+0646	This letter differs from do-ac̣hi'ii hay (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,do-chashmi hē (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of digraphs for representing aspirated consonants. In initial and medial position, the letter hē always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter hē can either represent consonant ([h]) or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowels a ◌َہ / ـَہ, i ◌ِہ / ـِہ, u ◌ُہ / ـُہ.^[21]
ہَمزَہ hamza	ء	-			[ʔ], silent	’	U+0621	Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel. hamza on top of letters waaw and ye at end of a word serves a function too. When the letter waaw or ye come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w] or [y], a hamza is used ؤ / ئ / ـئ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.^[17]^[21]
یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ ye / leekhii ye	ی	ـی	ـیـ	یـ	[j] / [e] / [i]	y / e / i	U+06CC	The letter ye can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowels ([e]/[i]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ye will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ye needs to be preceded by an alif ا. When the letter ye comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [j], a hamza is used ئ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be [i]. For vowel [e], the letter buṛi ye ے is used.^[21]
بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ buṛi ye	ے	ـے	-		[e] / [j]	e / y	U+06D2	The letter buṛi ye only occurs in final position. The letter buṛi ye represents the vowel "ē" [eː] or the consonant "y" [j].
بھےࣿ bhe	بھ	ـبھ	ـبھـ	بھـ	[bʱ]	bh	U+0628 and U+06BE	Digraphs counted as letters.^[17]
پھےࣿ phe	پھ	ـپھ	ـپھـ	پھـ	[pʰ]	ph	U+067E and U+06BE
تھےࣿ the	تھ	ـتھ	ـتھـ	تھـ	[t̪ʰ]	th	U+062A and U+06BE
ٹھےࣿ ṭhe	ٹھ	ـٹھ	ـٹھـ	ٹھـ	[ʈʰ]	ṭh	U+0679 and U+06BE
جھوࣿم ǰhom	جھ	ـجھ	ـجھـ	جھـ	[d͡ʒʱ]	ǰh	U+062C and U+06BE
چھےࣿ čhe	چھ	ـچھ	ـچھـ	چھـ	[t͡ʃʰ]	čh	U+0686 and U+06BE
څھےࣿ tshe	څھ	ـڅھ	ـڅھـ	څھـ	[t͡sʰ]	tsh	U+0685 and U+06BE	A digraph, counted as a letter.^[17] In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter ژھ is used.^[23]
ڇھےࣿ c̣he	ڇھ	ـڇھ	ـڇھـ	ڇھـ	[ʈ͡ʂʰ]	c̣h	U+0687 and U+06BE	A digraph, counted as a letter.^[17] In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter چْھ is used.^[23]
کھےࣿ khe	کھ	ـکھ	ـکھـ	کھـ	[kʰ]	kh	U+0643 and U+06BE	Digraphs counted as letters.^[17]
گھےࣿ ghe	گھ	ـگھ	ـگھـ	گھـ	[ɡʱ]	gh	U+06AF and U+06BE	Digraphs counted as letters.^[17]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a tonal language. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone ˥. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone ˧, a long rising tone [˨˦], or a long falling tone (/˥˩/.

All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and diacritics. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letters waw and buṛi ye. A unique diacritic, a small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel.^[21] Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters alif, waaw or ye.

Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.^[21]^[22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
a	e	i	o	u
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایࣿـ / اےࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـَ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـِ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وࣿ / ـوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـُ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌َہ / ـَہ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےࣿ / ـےࣿ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِہ / ـِہ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وࣿ / ـوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُہ / ـُہ</ span>‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone ˧.^[21]^[22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aa	ee	ii	oo	uu
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایـ / اے</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیـ / اِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}او</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُو</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ا / ـا</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یـ / ـیـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیـ / ـِیـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}و / ـو</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُو / ـُو</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ا / ـا</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ے / ـے</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِی / ـِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}و / ـو</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُو / ـُو</ span>‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone [˨˦].^[21]^[22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aá	eé	ií	oó	uú
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایٗـ / اےٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیٗـ / اِیٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُوٗ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗ / ـاٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یٗـ / ـیٗـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٗ / ـوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗ / ـاٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےٗ / ـےٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٗ / ـِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٗ / ـوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ</ span>‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone (/˥˩/.^[21]^[22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
áa	ée	íi	óo	úu
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایٰـ / اےٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیٰـ / اِیٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُوٰ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٰ / ـاٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یٰـ / ـیٰـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٰ / ـوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٰ / ـاٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےٰ / ـےٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٰ / ـوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ</ span>‎

Text sample[edit | edit source]

Below is a short passage of sample phrases.^[24]

Shina Arabic alphabet (orthography of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan)	{{safesubst:ifsubst\|1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.</ span>‎
Latin Transliteration	Asáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.
Translation	We saw a completely constructed house. We saw the house burnt down. The house appears burnt by someone. The house could not collapse completely.

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
↑ "Ethnologue report for Shina". Ethnologue.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (2008-08-22). Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-11-019778-5. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).
↑ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 1018. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2.
↑ "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
↑ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781139465502.
↑ Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina". Pakistan Social Sciences Review. 4 (III): 1092–1106. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.
↑ M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "Shina". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
↑ "Shina, Kohistani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.
↑ Schmidt & Kohistani 2008, p. 16.
↑ Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.
↑ Itagi, N. H. (1994). Spatial aspects of language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 73. ISBN 9788173420092. Retrieved 14 August 2017. The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction.
↑ Bashir 2003, p. 823. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."
↑ Schmidt 2003–2004, p. 61.
↑ ^17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 ^17.10 ^17.11 ^17.12 ^17.13 ^17.14 ^17.15 ^17.16 ^17.17 ^17.18 ^17.19 ^17.20 ^17.21 Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8 https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Razwal Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications. https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up
↑ Bashir 2016, p. 806.
↑ Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts" https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/
↑ ^21.00 ^21.01 ^21.02 ^21.03 ^21.04 ^21.05 ^21.06 ^21.07 ^21.08 ^21.09 Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008). Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system / شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ. https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 Archived 2024-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998. Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [1]
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 ^23.6 Samoon, M. (2016). Shina Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications. [2]
↑ Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008). A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan. Harrassowitz.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Bashir, Elena L. (2003). "Dardic". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 818–94. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". In Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1975). "The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina". Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers. University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.). Trivandrum: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1983). Shina phonetic reader. CIIL Phonetic Reader Series. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (2012). Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras) (PDF).
Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003–2004). "The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan" (PDF). European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (25/26): 61–79. ISSN 0943-8254.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008). A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan. Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05676-2.

External links[edit | edit source]

Sasken Shina, contains materials in and about the language
1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Shina
Shina Language Textbook for Class5
Shina Language Textbook for Class6

Template:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir Template:Arabic script

[3] In linguistics, applied only to the dialect of Shina spoken in and around Gilgit

[Schmidt_&_Kohistani-16] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)

[Rajapurohit-17] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)

[Degener-18] Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

[1] "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 25 June 2019.

[2] "Ethnologue report for Shina". Ethnologue.

[:2-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (2008-08-22). Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-11-019778-5. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).

[5] Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 1018. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2.

[6] "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 25 June 2019.

[7] Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781139465502.

[8] Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina". Pakistan Social Sciences Review. 4 (III): 1092–1106. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.

[9] M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.

[Shina-10] 9.0 ^9.1 "Shina". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-05-22.

[11] "Shina, Kohistani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-05-22.

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201228–31-12] 11.0 ^11.1 Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.

[FOOTNOTESchmidtKohistani200816-13] Schmidt & Kohistani 2008, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201232–33-14] Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.

[ItagiLanguages1994-15] Itagi, N. H. (1994). Spatial aspects of language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 73. ISBN 9788173420092. Retrieved 14 August 2017. The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction.

[FOOTNOTEBashir2003823-19] Bashir 2003, p. 823. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."

[FOOTNOTESchmidt2003–200461-20] Schmidt 2003–2004, p. 61.

[Dictionary-21] 17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 ^17.10 ^17.11 ^17.12 ^17.13 ^17.14 ^17.15 ^17.16 ^17.17 ^17.18 ^17.19 ^17.20 ^17.21 Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8 https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up

[Primer1-22] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Razwal Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications. https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up

[FOOTNOTEBashir2016806-23] Bashir 2016, p. 806.

[24] Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts" https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/

[shinateaching-25] 21.00 ^21.01 ^21.02 ^21.03 ^21.04 ^21.05 ^21.06 ^21.07 ^21.08 ^21.09 Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008). Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system / شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ. https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 Archived 2024-03-11 at the Wayback Machine

[transliteration-26] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998. Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [1]

[samoon-27] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 ^23.6 Samoon, M. (2016). Shina Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications. [2]

[28] Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008). A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan. Harrassowitz.

[1]

[2]

[lower-alpha 1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
a	e	i	o	u
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اَ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایࣿـ / اےࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـَ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـِ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وࣿ / ـوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ـُ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌َہ / ـَہ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےࣿ / ـےࣿ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِہ / ـِہ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وࣿ / ـوࣿ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُہ / ـُہ</ span>‎

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aa	ee	ii	oo	uu
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایـ / اے</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیـ / اِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}او</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُو</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ا / ـا</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یـ / ـیـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیـ / ـِیـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}و / ـو</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُو / ـُو</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ا / ـا</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ے / ـے</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِی / ـِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}و / ـو</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُو / ـُو</ span>‎

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aá	eé	ií	oó	uú
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایٗـ / اےٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیٗـ / اِیٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُوٗ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗ / ـاٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یٗـ / ـیٗـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٗ / ـوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٗ / ـاٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےٗ / ـےٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٗ / ـِی</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٗ / ـوٗ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ</ span>‎

Vowel at the beginning of the word
áa	ée	íi	óo	úu
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}آٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ایٰـ / اےٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اِیٰـ / اِیٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اُوٰ</ span>‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٰ / ـاٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}یٰـ / ـیٰـ </ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٰ / ـوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ</ span>‎
Vowel at the end of the word
1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}اٰ / ـاٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ےٰ / ـےٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}وٰ / ـوٰ</ span>‎	1=\|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ</ span>‎

Shina language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:14, 5 March 2026

Contents

Distribution[edit | edit source]

In Pakistan[edit | edit source]

In India[edit | edit source]

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Diphthongs[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Tone[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Text sample[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Language from the Dardic sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages family spoken by the Shina people, living in Kashmir region in Pakistan and India}}
+{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the northern Pakistan and Ladakh}}
+{{distinguish|Kohistani Shina}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name             = Shina
-| image            = File:Shina in Nastaliq.png
+| altname          = Gilgiti
+| pronunciation    = {{IPA|scl|ʂiɳjá|}}
+| image            = [[File:Shina in Nastaliq.png|150px]]
 | states           = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
-| region           = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Ladakh]] ([[Dras]], [[Dah Hanu]]), [[Chitral]], [[Gurais]]
+| region           = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]], [[Gurez]]
 | ethnicity        = [[Shina people|Shina]]
-| speakers         = {{sigfig|612,000|1}} in Pakistan
+| speakers         = 1.1 million
-Total users in all countries: 644,200. Shina Kohistani 401,000<ref>{{cite web |title=ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/status}}</ref>
+| date             = 2018
-| date             = 2016
+| ref              = <ref>{{cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>
-| ref              = e18
 | familycolor      = Indo-European
 | fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
 | fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
 | fam4             = [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
+| fam5             = [[Dardic languages|Eastern Dardic]]
+| fam6             = [[Dardic languages#Subdivisions|Shinaic]]
+| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
+| ancestor2        = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
 | lc1              = scl
-| ld1              = Shina
+| ld1              = Standard Shina
 | lc2              = plk
-| ld2              = Kohistani Shina
+| ld2              = [[Kohistani Shina]]
 | script           = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]])<ref>{{cite web|title=  Ethnologue report for Shina |url= http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scl|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
 | map              = Shina language.png
-| mapcaption       =
+| mapcaption       = Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
 | notice           = IPA
 | glotto           = shin1264
@@ Line 26: / Line 33: @@
 | glotto2          = kohi1248
 | glottoname2      = Kohistani Shina
-| imagecaption     = The word {{lang|ps-Latn|Ṣiṇyaá}} written in the [[Arabic script]] in [[Nastaliq]] style.
+| imagecaption     = 'Shina' ({{lang|scl-Latn|Ṣiṇyaá}}) written in the [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaliq]])
-| nativename       = {{nq|ݜݨیاٗ}}, {{font|font=arial|ݜݨیاٗ}}
+| nativename       = {{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ}}<br/>''{{transliteration|scl|Ṣiṇyaá}}''
 }}
-'''Shina''' ({{nastaliq|ݜݨیاٗ}}, {{font|font=arial|ݜݨیاٗ}} = {{transl|ur|Ṣiṇyaá}})<!-- shouldn't that {{transl|ur| be shina instead of urdu? --> is a language from the [[Dardic languages|Dardic sub-group]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan family]] spoken by the [[Shina people]], a plurality of the people in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and Chitral (Arandu, Damel, Biol, Asuret and adjoining areas) of Pakistan and a number of people in [[Ladakh]], [[India]] ([[Dah Hanu]], [[Dras]]), as well as in pockets in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, such as in [[Gurez]] and [[Chanderkot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1809/18091110.htm |title=Mosaic Of Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref><ref name="Crane1956"/>
+'''Shina''' ({{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ}}, {{transliteration|scl|Ṣiṇyaá}}, {{IPA|scl|ʂiɳjá|}}), also known by its [[exonym]] '''Gilgiti''',{{efn|In linguistics, applied only to the dialect of Shina spoken in and around [[Gilgit]]}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] branch in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family, primarily spoken by the [[Shina people]] native to [[northern Pakistan]], specifically [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PT1018 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2007-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=1018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Anju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8DAmULPQU0C&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PA137 |title=Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology |last2=Borin |first2=Lars |date=2008-08-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019778-5 |pages=137 |language=en |quote=Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |archive-date=2019-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> A small community of Shina speakers is also found in [[India]], in the [[Gurez]] valley of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in [[Dras]] valley of [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Shina languages|Outliers of Shina language]] such as [[Brokskat]] are found in [[Ladakh]], [[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]] in [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Palula language|Palula]] and [[Sawi language (Dardic)|Sawi]] in [[Chitral]], [[Ushoji language|Ushojo]] in the [[Swat District|Swat Valley]] and [[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]] in [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]].<ref name=":2" />
-Until recently, there was no writing system of the language. A number of schemes have been proposed and there is no single writing system used by all of the speakers of Shina language.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA144&dq=|page=144|title=Language in South Asia|author=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9781139465502}}</ref>
+It is one of the major [[Languages of Pakistan|regional languages of Pakistan]], being the most-widely spoken one in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is also spoken outside of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan by Shina communities in major metropolitan areas around the country, particularly [[Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Islamabad–Rawalpindi]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], and [[Peshawar]].
-==Dialects==
+Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, but presently, there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA144|page=144|title=Language in South Asia|author=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9781139465502}}</ref> Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language.
-In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final OIA [[consonant cluster]]s, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.<ref name="ItagiLanguages1994">{{cite book|last=Itagi|first=N. H.|title=Spatial aspects of language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQliAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 August 2017|year=1994|publisher=[[Central Institute of Indian Languages]]|language=en|page=73|quote=The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction.}}</ref>
-Dialects of the Shina language are Gilgiti (the prestige dialect), Astori, Chilasi Kohistani, Drasi, Gurezi, Jalkoti, Kolai, Palasi and in Chitral(Dameli, Dangariki, Arandui etc). Related languages spoken by ethnic Shina are [[Brokskat]] (the Shina of Baltistan and Dras), [[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]], [[Palula language|Palula]], [[Savi language|Savi]], and [[Ushoji language|Ushojo]].<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref>
+Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like [[Urdu]], Punjabi, and [[English language|English]], in addition to the religious significance of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], Shina is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shams | first=Shammim Ara | title=The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina | journal=Pakistan Social Sciences Review | volume=4 | issue=III |year=2020| doi=10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79 | pages=1092–1106| doi-access=free }}</ref> This process is also ongoing with that of many other [[Languages of Pakistan|languages in Pakistan]]. It has close relationships with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Hindko]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], and the dialects of [[Western Pahari]].<ref>M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.</ref>
-==Geography==
+== Distribution ==
-Shina is spoken in various parts of Chitral (Arandu, Damel, Biol, Asuret and adjoining areas) and in the [[Kashmir region]] shared between India and Pakistan. The valleys in which it is spoken include [[Nagar Shinaki]] (including Shainbar to Pisan), [[Southern Hunza]], [[Astore Valley|Astore]], [[Chilas]], [[Darel Valley|Darel]], [[Tangir]], [[Gilgit Valley|Gilgit]], [[Danyor]], [[Oshikhandass]], [[Jalalabad]], [[Haramosh]], [[Bagrot Valley|Bagrote]], [[Golaghmuli Valley|Ghizer]], [[Gurez]], [[Dras]], Gultari Valley, Skardu, [[Sadpara]], [[Juglot]], some areas of Roundu district of Baltistan including [[Ganji Valley]], [[Chamachoo]], [[Shengus]], [[Sabsar]], [[Yulboo]], [[Tallu]], [[Tallu-Broq]], [[Tormik]], some areas of [[Kharmang]] district of Baltistan like [[Duru Village]], [[Tarkati]], [[Ingutt]] and [[Brechil]] and [[Palas, Kohistan|Palas]] and [[Kolai]] in [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]].
-==Writing==
+=== In Pakistan ===
-Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.{{sfn|Bashir|2003|p=823|ps =. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."}} However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago{{sfn|Schmidt|2003/2004|p=61}} and there still is not a standard [[orthography]].{{sfn|Schmidt|Kohistani|2008|p=14}} Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on whether vowel length and tone should be represented.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=806}} For the Drasi variety spoken in the Indian union territories of [[Ladakh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], there have been two proposed schemes, one with the [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] and the other with the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bashir|2003|pp=823–25}}. The Devanagari scheme was proposed by Rajapurohit ([[#{{harvid|Rajapurohit|1975}}|1975]], pp. 150–52; [[#{{harvid|Rajapurohit|1983}}|1983]], pp. 46–57; [[#{{harvid|Rajapurohit|2012}}|2012]], pp. 68–73). The latter two texts also present Perso-Arabic schemes, which in the [[#{{harvid|Rajapurohit|2012}}|2012 book]] (pp. 15, 60) is given as primary.</ref>
+There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and [[Kohistani Shina]] in [[Pakistan]] according to [[Ethnologue]] (2018), a majority of whom reside in the provinces of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkwa]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in the [[Neelum District|Neelam valley]] of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Shina">{{Cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shina, Kohistani |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
-As such, Shina is written with a variation of the [[Urdu alphabet]]. The letters to write Shina are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/shina.htm |title=Shina's Writing System}}</ref>
+=== In India ===
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in [[India]] in the far north of the [[Kargil district]] bordering [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="Shina"/>.
-! Letter !! Romanization !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
+In [[Kashmir Valley]], Shina people are found in Northern regions like [[Gurez]] of [[Bandipore district]] where they form Majority, Along with some villages of [[Ganderbal District]]
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ا}}}}|| ʿ || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ب}}}}|| b || {{IPA|/b/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|پ}}}}|| p || {{IPA|/p/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ت}}}}|| t || {{IPA|/t/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ٹ}}}}|| ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ث}}}}|| (s) || {{IPA|/s/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ج}}}}|| ǰ || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|چ}}}}|| č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ح}}}}|| (h) || {{IPA|/h/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|خ}}}}|| ǩ || {{IPA|/x/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|څ}}}}|| c || {{IPA|/t͡s/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ځ}}}}|| j || {{IPA|/d͡z/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ڇ}}}}|| ċ || {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|د}}}}|| d || {{IPA|/d/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ڈ}}}}|| ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ذ}}}}|| (z) || {{IPA|/z/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ر}}}}|| r || {{IPA|/r/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ڑ}}}}|| ṛ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ز}}}}|| z || {{IPA|/z/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ژ}}}}|| ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ڙ}}}}|| ż || {{IPA|/ʐ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|س}}}}|| s || {{IPA|/s/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ش}}}}|| š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ݜ}}}}|| ṣ || {{IPA|/ʂ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ص}}}}|| (s) || {{IPA|/s/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ض}}}}|| (d) || {{IPA|/d/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ط}}}}|| (t) || {{IPA|/t/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ظ}}}}|| (z) || {{IPA|/z/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ع}}}}|| ʿ || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|غ}}}}|| ǧ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ڠ}}}}|| ŋ || {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ف}}}}|| f || {{IPA|/f/pʰ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ق}}}}|| (k) || {{IPA|/k/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ک}}}}|| k || {{IPA|/k/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|گ}}}}|| g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ل}}}}|| l || {{IPA|/l/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|م}}}}|| m || {{IPA|/m/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ن}}}}|| n || {{IPA|/n/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ݨ}}}}|| ṇ || {{IPA|/ɳ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ں}}}}|| ˜ || {{IPA|/˜/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|و}}}}|| w || {{IPA|/ʊ~w/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ہ}}}}|| h, x || {{IPA|/h/ɦ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ھ}}}}|| _h || {{IPA|/ʰ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ء}}}}|| ʿ || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ی}}}}|| y || {{IPA|/j/}}
-|-
-| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|scl|{{nq|ے}}}}|| e || {{IPA|/e/}}
-|}
 ==Phonology==
-The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.
+The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Shina variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 168: / Line 80: @@
 |}
-All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.{{sfn|Rajapurohit|2012|p=28–31}} /æ/ is heard from loanwords.{{Sfn|Schmit & Kohistani|2008|p=16}}
+All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.{{sfn|Rajapurohit|2012|p=28–31}} /æ/ is heard from loanwords.{{Sfn|Schmidt|Kohistani|2008|p=16}}
 ===Diphthongs===
@@ Line 177: / Line 89: @@
 ===Consonants===
+In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final [[Old Indo-Aryan|OIA]] [[consonant cluster]]s, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.<ref name="ItagiLanguages1994">{{cite book |last=Itagi |first=N. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQliAAAAMAAJ |title=Spatial aspects of language |publisher=[[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] |year=1994 |isbn=9788173420092 |page=73 |language=en |quote=The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction. |access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 !colspan="2"|
@@ Line 189: / Line 102: @@
 ! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
 ! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| {{IPA|p}}
+| {{IPA link|p}}
-| {{IPA|t}}
+| {{IPA link|t}}
-| {{IPA|ʈ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
 |
-| {{IPA|k}}
+| {{IPA link|k}}
-| {{IPA|q}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
+| {{IPA link|q}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
 |
 |-
 ! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]
-| {{IPA|pʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
-| {{IPA|tʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
-| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
 |
-| {{IPA|kʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
 |
 |
 |-
 ! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-| {{IPA|b}}
+| {{IPA link|b}}
-| {{IPA|d}}
+| {{IPA link|d}}
-| {{IPA|ɖ}}
+| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
 |
-| {{IPA|ɡ}}
+| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
 |
 |
 |-
 ! [[Breathy voice|Breathy]]{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
-| {{IPA|bʱ}}
+| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
-| {{IPA|dʱ}}
+| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
-| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
+| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
 |
-| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
+| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 227: / Line 140: @@
 ! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
 |
-| {{IPA|t͡s}}
+| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
-| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂ}}
-| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
+| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 236: / Line 149: @@
 ! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]
 |
-| {{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
-| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
-| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}
+| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 245: / Line 158: @@
 ! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
 |
-| {{IPA|d͡z}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|d͡z}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
 |
-| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 256: / Line 169: @@
 |
 |
-|{{IPA|d͡ʒʱ}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
+|{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 263: / Line 176: @@
 !rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 ! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| {{IPA|(f)}}
+| ({{IPA link|f}})
-| {{IPA|s}}
+| {{IPA link|s}}
-| {{IPA|ʂ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
-| {{IPA|ʃ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
-| {{IPA|x}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|x}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
 |
-| {{IPA|h}}
+| {{IPA link|h}}
 |-
 ! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
 |
-| {{IPA|z}}
+| {{IPA link|z}}
-| {{IPA|ʐ}}
+| {{IPA link|ʐ}}
-| {{IPA|ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
-| {{IPA|ɣ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|ɣ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
 |
-| {{IPA|ɦ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
+| {{IPA link|ɦ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
 |-
 !colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
-| {{IPA|m}} {{IPA|(mʱ)}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
+| {{IPA link|m}} ({{IPA link|mʱ}}){{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
-| {{IPA|n}}
+| {{IPA link|n}}
-| {{IPA|ɳ}}
+| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
 |
-| {{IPA|ŋ}}
+| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 291: / Line 204: @@
 !colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
 |
-| {{IPA|l}} {{IPA|(lʱ)}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
+| {{IPA link|l}} ({{IPA link|lʱ}}){{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 300: / Line 213: @@
 !colspan="2"| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
 |
-| {{IPA|r}}
+| {{IPA link|r}}
-| {{IPA|ɽ}}{{efn|name=Degener}}
+| {{IPA link|ɽ}}{{efn|name=Degener}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 308: / Line 221: @@
 |-
 !colspan="2"| [[Semivowel]]
-| {{IPA|ʋ~w}}
+| {{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}
 |
 |
-| {{IPA|j}}
+| {{IPA link|j}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 325: / Line 238: @@
 Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:
-"The" has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"
+"The" ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }}) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"
+When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. ''Thée'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےٰ }}) means "Will you do?"
+When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. ''Theé'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےٗ }})  means "after having done".
+==Orthography==
+{{Arabic-script sidebar|Shina}}
+Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.{{sfn|Bashir|2003|p=823|ps =. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."}} However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago.{{sfn|Schmidt|2003–2004|p=61}} Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] have been published.
+<ref name="Dictionary">Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8 [https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up]</ref><ref name="Primer1">Razwal Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications. [https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up]</ref>
+Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s, there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language. Debates have centered on how to write several retroflex sounds not present in [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=806}}
+There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and in [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], and the other in Indian-controlled area of [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]].
+Below, the alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to the efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani. The alphabet established by these individuals has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including the Gilgit dialect and the [[Kohistani Shina|Kohistani dialect]].
+<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Primer1"/><ref>Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts"
+[https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/ https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/]</ref> There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letter {{lang|scl|ڦ}} in [[Kohistani Shina|Kohistani dialect]] of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use {{lang|scl|سً}} instead of {{lang|scl|ݜ}} for {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, or use ''sukun'' {{lang|scl|◌ْ}} ([[:wiktionary: ْ|U+0652]]) instead of ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "{{lang|scl|س / ث / ص}}", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling,  despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].
+Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, with ''Nun Ghunna'' ({{lang|scl|ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں}}). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters ''alif'', ''waw'', ''[[Baṛī ye|buṛi ye]]'', and ''ye'' ({{lang|scl|ا، و، یـ، ی، ے}}), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics ''inverted damma'' {{lang|scl|◌ٗ}} (U+0657) and ''superscript alef'' {{lang|scl|◌ٰ}} (U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.<ref name="shinateaching">Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008). ''Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system'' / شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ. [https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 https://z-lib.io/book/14214726] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311065504/https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 |date=2024-03-11 }}</ref>
-When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. ''Thée'' means "Will you do?"
+===Consonants===
-When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. ''Theé'' means "after having done".
+Below table shows Shina consonants.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Primer1"/>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+! Name
+! colspan="4" | Forms
+! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
+! rowspan=2 | [[Transliteration]]<ref name="transliteration">Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998.'' Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit''. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/82/56/138256623622760949003113935743299913976/742_CRadloff_Folktales_Gilgit_of_Shina_1998.pdf]</ref>
+! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]]
+! rowspan=2 | Notes
+|-
+! Shina
+! Isolated
+! Final
+! Medial
+! Initial
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| الف }}</span><br>''alif''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ا]] }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|ا / آ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|∅}}, ''silent''
+| style="border-right:none;" | ''– / aa''
+| [[:wiktionary: آ|U+0622]]<Br>[[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]]
+| At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of ''alif-madda'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| آ}}), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| اَ اِ، اُ}} can be omitted in writing.
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بےࣿ }}</span><br>''be''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ب]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـب }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|b}}
+|  ''b''
+| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پےࣿ }}</span><br>''pe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[پ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|p}}
+|  ''p''
+| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تےࣿ }}</span><br>''te''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ت]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـت }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}}
+|  ''t''
+| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹےࣿ }}</span><br>''te''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ٹ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ}}
+|  ''ṭ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]]
+|
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثےࣿ }}</span><br>''se''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ث]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـث }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـثـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
+|  ''s''
+| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰom''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ج]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـج }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
+|  ''ǰ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چےࣿ }}</span><br>''če''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[چ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
+|  ''č''
+| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څےࣿ }}</span><br>''tse''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[څ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
+|  ''ts''
+| [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]]
+| Letter borrowed from [[Pashto alphabet]].<br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣e''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڇ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ͡ʂ}}
+|  ''c̣''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]
+| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حٍـ }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}.<br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon">Samoon, M. (2016). Shina Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications. [https://archive.org/details/shinalanguageproverbsbymasoodsamoon2016/page/n1/mode/2up]</ref>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حےࣿ }}</span><br>''he''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ح]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـح }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـحـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}}
+|  ''h''
+| [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''hay'' {{lang|scl| ہ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[خ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}}
+|  ''kh''
+| [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''khe'' {{lang|scl| کھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دال }}</span><br>''daal''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[د]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـد }}
+| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d̪}}
+|  ''d''
+| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈال }}</span><br>''ḍaal''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڈ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɖ}}
+|  ''ḍ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]
+|
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ذال }}</span><br>''zaal''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ذ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـذ }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
+|  ''z''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رےࣿ }}</span><br>''re''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ر]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـر }}
+| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|r}}
+|  ''r''
+| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڑےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṛe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڑ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڑ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɽ}}
+|  ''ṛ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زےࣿ }}</span><br>''ze''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ز]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـز }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
+|  ''z''
+| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]
+|
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژےࣿ }}</span><br>''že / ǰe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ژ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـژ }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}}‍~{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}‍
+|  ''ž / ǰ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter ''jom'' {{lang|scl| ج }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙےࣿ }}</span><br>''ẓe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڙ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙ }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}}
+|  ''ẓ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]]
+| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙ }}.<br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سِین }}</span><br>''siin''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[س]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـس }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـسـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
+|  ''s''
+| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شِین }}</span><br>''šiin''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ش]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـش }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـشـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
+|  ''š''
+| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]]
+|
+|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜِین }}</span><br>''ṣiin''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݜ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}}
+|  ''ṣ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]
+| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜ }}.<br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صواد }}</span><br>''swaad''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ص]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـص }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـصـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
+|  ''s''
+| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضواد }}</span><br>''zwaad''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ض]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـض }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـضـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
+|  ''z''
+| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طوے }}</span><br>''tooy''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ط]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـط }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـطـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}}
+|  ''t''
+| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''te'' {{lang|scl| ت }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظوے }}</span><br>''zooy''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ظ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
+|  ''z''
+| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عَین }}</span><br>''ayn''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ع]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـع }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـعـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent''
+|  ''-''
+| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غَین }}</span><br>''gayn''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[غ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ɡ}}
+|  ''g''
+| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''gaaf'' {{lang|scl| گ}}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فےࣿ }}</span><br>''fe / phe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ف]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـف }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـفـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|f}}~{{IPAblink|pʰ}}
+|  ''f / ph''
+| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]]
+| Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''phe'' {{lang|scl| پھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قاف }}</span><br>''qaaf / kaaf''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ق]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـق }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـقـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|q}}~{{IPAblink|k}}
+|  ''q / k''
+| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]]
+| Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''kaaf'' {{lang|scl| ک }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کاف }}</span><br>''kaaf''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ک]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـک }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|k}}
+|  ''k''
+| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گاف }}</span><br>''gaaf''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[گ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
+|  ''g''
+| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لام }}</span><br>''laam''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ل]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـل }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|l}}
+|  ''l''
+| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مِیم }}</span><br>''miim''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[م]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـم }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|m}}
+|  ''m''
+| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون }}</span><br>''nuun''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ن]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|n}}
+|  ''n''
+| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوݨ }}</span><br>''nuuṇ''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݨ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݨـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɳ}}
+|  ''ṇ''
+| [[:wiktionary: ݨ|U+0768]]
+| In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوں / نُون گُنَہ }}</span><br>''nū̃ / nūn gunna''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  [[ں]] / [[ن٘]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ـں }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ـن٘ـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ن٘ـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAslink|◌̃}}
+|  ''◌̃''
+| For middle of word:<Br>[[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]<br>plus<br>[[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]]<br>For end of word:<br>[[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]]
+|
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون٘گ }}</span><br>''nuung''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ن٘گ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ـن٘گ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ـن٘گـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ن٘گـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
+|  ''ng''
+| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]<br>plus<br>[[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]
+| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| واؤ }}</span><br>''waaw''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[و]] / او }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـو }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|oː}} / {{IPAblink|w}}
+|  ''w / ō''
+| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]]
+| The letter ''waaw'' can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oo]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''waaw'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''waaw'' needs to be preceded by an ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''waaw'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="shinateaching"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَے }}</span><br>''hai''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ہ]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}}
+|  ''h''
+| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]
+| This letter differs from ''do-ac̣hi'ii hay'' (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,''do-chashmi hē'' (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] for representing [[aspirated consonant]]s. In initial and medial position, the letter ''hē'' always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter ''hē'' can either represent consonant ([h]) or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowels ''a'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌َہ / ـَہ }}, ''i'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ِہ / ـِہ }}, ''u'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ُہ / ـُہ }}.<ref name="shinateaching"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَمزَہ }}</span><br>''hamza''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  [[ء]] }}
+| colspan="3" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent''
+|  ''’''
+| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]
+| Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel. ''hamza'' on top of letters ''waaw'' and ''ye'' at end of a word serves a function too. When the letter ''waaw'' or ''ye'' come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w] or [y], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ / ئ / ـئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="shinateaching"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ  }}</span><br>''ye / leekhii ye''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ی]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـی }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـیـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|j}} / {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|i}}
+|  ''y / e / i''
+| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]]
+| The letter ''ye'' can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowels ([e]/[i]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''ye'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''ye'' needs to be preceded by an ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''ye'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [j], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be [i]. For vowel [e], the letter ''buṛi ye'' {{lang|scl| ے }} is used.<ref name="shinateaching" />
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ }}</span><br>''buṛi ye''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ے]] }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|  ـے }}
+| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|j}}
+|  ''e / y''
+| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]]
+| The letter ''buṛi ye'' only occurs in final position. The letter ''buṛi ye'' represents the vowel "ē" [eː] or the consonant "y" [j].
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھےࣿ }}</span><br>''bhe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|bʱ}}
+|  ''bh''
+| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+| rowspan="6" | [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] counted as letters.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھےࣿ }}</span><br>''phe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|pʰ}}
+|  ''ph''
+| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }}</span><br>''the''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t̪ʰ}}
+|  ''th''
+| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṭhe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈʰ}}
+|  ''ṭh''
+| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰhom''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d͡ʒʱ}}
+|  ''ǰh''
+| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھےࣿ }}</span><br>''čhe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}}
+|  ''čh''
+| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھےࣿ }}</span><br>''tshe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡sʰ}}
+|  ''tsh''
+| [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/><br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژھ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣he''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
+|  ''c̣h''
+| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/><br>In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چْھ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}}
+|  ''kh''
+| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+| rowspan="2" | [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] counted as letters.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
+|-
+| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;">  {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ghe''
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھـ }}
+| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھـ }}
+| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɡʱ}}
+|  ''gh''
+| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
+|}
+===Vowels===
+There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal language]]. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone {{IPA|˥}}. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone {{IPA|˧}}, a long rising tone {{IPAblink|˨˦}}, or a long falling tone ({{IPA|/˥˩/}}.
+All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]]. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letters ''waw'' and ''buṛi ye''. A unique diacritic, a ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel.<ref name="shinateaching"/> Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters ''alif'', ''waaw'' or ''ye''.
+Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
+|-
+! a || e || i || o || u
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایࣿـ / اےࣿ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوࣿ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـَ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ }}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـِ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـُ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َہ / ـَہ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےࣿ / ـےࣿ }}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِہ / ـِہ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُہ / ـُہ}}</span>
+|}
+Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone {{IPA|˧}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
+|-
+! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایـ / اے}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیـ / اِی}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُو}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یـ / ـیـ }}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیـ / ـِیـ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ے / ـے}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِی / ـِی}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span>
+|-
+|}
+Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone {{IPAblink|˨˦}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
+|-
+! aá || eé || ií || oó || uú
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٗـ / اےٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٗـ / اِیٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٗ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٗـ / ـیٗـ }}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٗ / ـےٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗ / ـِی}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span>
+|-
+|}
+Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone ({{IPA|/˥˩/}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
+|-
+! áa || ée || íi || óo || úu
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٰـ / اےٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٰـ / اِیٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٰ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٰـ / ـیٰـ }}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span>
+|-
+!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٰ / ـےٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span>
+|-
+|}
+===Text sample===
+Below is a short passage of sample phrases.<ref>Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008). ''A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan''. Harrassowitz.</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Shina Arabic alphabet (orthography of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]])
+| dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.}}</span>
+|-
+! Latin Transliteration
+| Asáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.
+|-
+! Translation
+| We saw a completely constructed house. We saw the house burnt down. The house appears burnt by someone. The house could not collapse completely.
+|}
 ==See also==
-*[[Kashmiri language]]
+*[[Brokskat|Brokskat language]]
+*[[Kundal Shahi language]]
+*[[Ushoji language]]
+*[[Kalkoti language]]
+*[[Palula language]]
+*[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Savi language]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 338: / Line 953: @@
 == Bibliography ==
+{{refbegin}}
 *{{Cite book| last = Bashir| first = Elena L.|author-link=Elena Bashir| year = 2003| chapter = Dardic|editor1= George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain | title = The Indo-Aryan languages| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7| pages = 818–94| location = London| series = Routledge language family series. Y}}
 *{{Cite book| last = Bashir| first = Elena L.|author-link=Elena Bashir| date = 2016| chapter = Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages|editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir| title = The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide| series = World of Linguistics| publisher = De Gruyter Mouton| location = Berlin| isbn = 978-3-11-042715-8| pages = 803–9}}
@@ Line 344: / Line 959: @@
 *{{Cite book| last = Rajapurohit| first = B. B.| date = 1983| title = Shina phonetic reader| series = CIIL Phonetic Reader Series| publisher = Central Institute of Indian Languages| location = Mysore}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Rajapurohit|first1=B. B.|title=Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras)|date=2012|url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/shina/Grammar_of_Shina_Language_And_Vocabulary.pdf}}
-*{{Cite journal| last = Schmidt| first = Ruth Laila| year = 2003–2004| title = The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan| journal = European Bulletin of Himalayan Research| issue = 25/26| pages = 61–79| issn = 0943-8254|url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25&26_03.pdf| ref = {{harvid|Schmidt|2003/2004}} }}
+*{{Cite journal| last = Schmidt| first = Ruth Laila| year = 2003–2004| title = The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan| journal = European Bulletin of Himalayan Research| issue = 25/26| pages = 61–79| issn = 0943-8254|url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25&26_03.pdf| ref = {{harvid|Schmidt|2003–2004}} }}
 *{{Cite book| last1 = Schmidt| first1 = Ruth Laila| last2 = Kohistani| first2 = Razwal| date = 2008| title = A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan| series = Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen| publisher = Harrassowitz| location = Wiesbaden| isbn = 978-3-447-05676-2}}
+{{refend}}
 == Further reading ==
-*{{Cite book| last = Buddruss| first = Georg| date = 1983| chapter = Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen| editor-last1 = Assmann| editor-first1 = Aleida| editor-last2 = Assmann| editor-first2 = Jan| editor-last3 = Hardmeier| editor-first3 = Christof| title = Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation| publisher = W. Fink| isbn = 978-3-7705-2132-6| pages = 231–44}} A history of the development of writing in Shina
+{{refbegin}}
-*{{Cite book| last1 = Degener| first1 = Almuth| last2 = Zia| first2 = Mohammad Amin| date = 2008| title = Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia| publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn = 978-3-447-05648-9}} Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
+*{{Cite book |last=Buddruss |first=Georg |date=1983 |chapter=Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen |editor-last1=Assmann |editor-first1=Aleida |editor-last2=Assmann |editor-first2=Jan |editor-last3=Hardmeier |editor-first3=Christof |title=Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation |publisher=W. Fink |isbn=978-3-7705-2132-6 |pages=231–44}} A history of the development of writing in Shina
-*{{Cite book| last = Radloff| first = Carla F.| date = 1992| editor-last1 = Backstrom| editor-first1 = Peter C.| editor-last2 = Radloff| editor-first2 = Carla F.| title = Languages of northern areas| series = Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan| volume = 2| publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University| location = Islamabad, Pakistan| url = http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840}}
+*{{Cite book |last1=Degener |first1=Almuth |last2=Zia |first2=Mohammad Amin |date=2008 |title=Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05648-9}} Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
-*{{Cite book| last1 = Rensch| first1 = Calvin R.| last2 = Decker| first2 = Sandra J.| last3 = Hallberg| first3 = Daniel G.| date = 1992| title = Languages of Kohistan| series = Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan| publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University| location = Islamabad, Pakistan}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Radloff |first=Carla F. |date=1992 |editor-last1=Backstrom |editor-first1=Peter C. |editor-last2=Radloff |editor-first2=Carla F. |title=Languages of northern areas |series=Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan |volume=2 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |url=http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840}}
-*{{Cite book| last = Zia| first = Mohammad Amin| date = 1986| title = Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar| publisher = Zia Publishers| location = Gilgit|language = ur}}
+*{{cite journal |last=Rasool |first=Ishtayaq |title=The Battle to Save a Dying Language |journal=The Wire |date=2025-03-28 |url=https://thewire.in/special/the-battle-to-save-a-dying-language-shina-dard}}
-*{{Cite book| last = Zia| first = Mohammad Amin| title = Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary)}} Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
+*{{Cite book |last1=Rensch |first1=Calvin R. |last2=Decker |first2=Sandra J. |last3=Hallberg |first3=Daniel G. |date=1992 |title=Languages of Kohistan |series=Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University |location=Islamabad, Pakistan}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Zia |first=Mohammad Amin |date=1986 |title=Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar |publisher=Zia Publishers |location=Gilgit |language=ur}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Zia |first=Mohammad Amin |title=Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary)}} Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
+{{refend}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 359: / Line 978: @@
 * [http://www.saskenshina.com Sasken Shina], contains materials in and about the language
 * [http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840 1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Shina]
-* [https://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/637336592659323255Sheena%205th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class5]
+* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336592659323255Sheena%205th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class5]
-* [https://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/637336648125066585Sheena%206th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class6]
+* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336648125066585Sheena%206th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class6]
 {{Languages of Pakistan}}
 {{Languages of Jammu and Kashmir}}
+{{Arabic script}}
 {{Dardic languages}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 372: / Line 992: @@
 [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
 [[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
+[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
+[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]
+[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Shina
Gilgiti
ݜݨیاٗ Ṣiṇyaá
'Shina' (Ṣiṇyaá) written in the Arabic script (Nastaliq)
Pronunciation	scl
Native to	Pakistan, India
Region	Gilgit-Baltistan, Kohistan, Drass, Gurez
Ethnicity	Shina
Native speakers	1.1 million (2018)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Eastern Dardic Shinaic Shina
Early forms	Proto-Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit
Writing system	Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq)^[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `scl` – Standard Shina `plk` – Kohistani Shina
Glottolog	`shin1264` Shina `kohi1248` Kohistani Shina
Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
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