Secretary to the Government of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian government official}}
{{Short description|Indian government official}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox official post
{{Infobox official post
| post = Union Secretary
| post = Union Secretary
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| flagborder= yes
| flagborder= yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| insigniasize = 175px
| insigniasize = 80px
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| reports_to = {{hlist |[[Parliament of India]] | [[Union Council of Ministers]] | [[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| reports_to = {{hlist |[[Parliament of India]] | [[President of India]] | [[Union Council of Ministers]] | [[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| residence =  
| residence =  
| seat = {{hlist|[[Union Government ministries of India|Union Ministries of India]], [[New Delhi]]}}
| seat = {{hlist|[[Union Government ministries of India|Union Ministries of India]], [[New Delhi]]}}
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer_qualified =  
| appointer_qualified =  
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|No term length i1100.htm|title=Fixed tenure planned for Home, Defence Secretaries|last=Khare|first=Harish|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=January 10, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/22fixed.htm|title=Fixed tenure for defence, home secretaries|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/fixed-tenure-for-defence-home-secretaries/324513|title=Fixed tenure for Defence, Home Secretaries|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|No term length|title=Fixed tenure planned for Home, Defence Secretaries|last=Khare|first=Harish|date=February 8, 2005|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=January 10, 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/22fixed.htm|title=Fixed tenure for defence, home secretaries|date=September 22, 2005|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/fixed-tenure-for-defence-home-secretaries/324513|title=Fixed tenure for Defence, Home Secretaries|date=September 22, 2005|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
| succession = 23rd {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]].)}}
| succession = 23rd {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]].)}}
| inaugural =  
| inaugural =  
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1930}}
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1st November 1858}}{{efn|On 1 Nov 1858, British Crown assumes rule; Queen's Proclamation issued; departments reorganized under Viceroy and Executive Council. Secretaries to the Government of India appointed for key departments like Home, Finance, Revenue, etc. During 1860s–1900s, The title “Secretary to the Government of India” is in regular use in India Office Records and gazettes (e.g., “H. H. Risley, Secretary to the Government of India in the Home Department”).}}
| salary = {{INRConvert|225000}} monthly<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC" />
| salary = {{INRConvert|225000}} monthly<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC" />
| website =  
| website =  
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}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Secretary to the Government of India''', often abbreviated as '''Secretary, GoI''', or simply as '''Secretary''', is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="CSS">{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36_77_94_EO(SM-I).pdf|title=The Central Staffing Scheme|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> The authority for the creation of this post solely rests with the [[Union Council of Ministers]].<ref name="Joint Secretary Cabinet India">{{cite web|title=Only Cabinet can create Joint Secretary, above level posts|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8615222_Only-Cabinet-can-create-Joint-Secretary--above-level-posts.html|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>
'''Secretary to the Government of India''', often abbreviated as '''Secretary, GoI''', or simply as '''Secretary''', is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="CSS">{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36_77_94_EO(SM-I).pdf|title=The Central Staffing Scheme|date=January 1996|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> The authority for the creation of this post solely rests with the [[Union Council of Ministers]].<ref name="Joint Secretary Cabinet India">{{cite web|title=Only Cabinet can create Joint Secretary, above level posts|url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/8615222_Only-Cabinet-can-create-Joint-Secretary--above-level-posts.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622190649/https://www.ptinews.com/news/8615222_Only-Cabinet-can-create-Joint-Secretary--above-level-posts.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-22|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>


The position holder is generally a [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]], mostly from the [[Indian Administrative Service]],<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/ias-emperor-the-kings|title=IAS: Emperor among the kings?|last=Tripathi|first=Shishir|work=Governance Now|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|title=Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|title=Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279|title=Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|title=Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> and a government official of high seniority.
The position holder is generally a [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parity-between-ias-and-non-ias-the-ias-will-get-to-decide/story-9RijZjXY4DeaPlvo8m25mJ.html|title=Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=January 15, 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/non-ias-bureaucrats-now-eligible-secretary-level-posts-288|title=Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts|date=January 18, 2016|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/alleging-bias-non-ias-officers-petition-pm-modi-4473316/|title=Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=January 14, 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> and a government official of high seniority. The civil servants who hold this rank and post are either from [[All India Services]] or [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Civil Services]]. All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].


Secretary is either from [[All India Services]] (deputation; on tenure, after empanelment) or [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Civil Services]] (Group A; on empanelment). All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].
In the functioning of the [[Government of India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|title=Part I of the Constitution of India- The Union and its territory - Article 1|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141832/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=January 15, 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(17).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - Article 300|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131439/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi%2Denglish/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%2817%29.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-03|url-status=dead|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Services under the Union and the states">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=2011-12-03|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> a secretary is the administrative head of a ministry or department,<ref name="Governance India">{{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=3.1–3.10|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="CSMOP India">{{cite web|url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> and is equivalent to [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of [[State governments of India|state governments]] and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents in the [[Indian Armed Forces]],<ref name="TGC Entry">{{cite web|url=https://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/Notification_TES-47_.pdf|title=TGC Entry Advert, 2022|date=Jan 24, 2022|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref> In the [[Department of Military Affairs]], the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] is currently designated as Secretary (GoI), similarly in the National Security Council Secretariat, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] is currently designated as Secretary (GoI).<ref name="DMA MOD India">{{cite web|url=https://mod.gov.in/department-military-affairs-2|title=Who's Who: Department of Military Affairs|date=|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>


In the structure of the [[Government of India|Indian government]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|title=Part I of the Constitution of India- The Union and its territory - Article 1|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141832/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=January 15, 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(17).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - Article 300|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131439/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi%2Denglish/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%2817%29.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-03|url-status=dead|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Services under the Union and the states">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=2011-12-03|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> a secretary is the administrative head of a ministry or department,<ref name="Governance India">{{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=3.1–3.10|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="CSMOP India">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> and is equivalent to [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] or additional chief secretaries of state governments and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents in the [[Indian Armed Forces]],<ref name="TGC Entry">{{cite web|url=https://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/Notification_TES-47_.pdf|title=TGC Entry Advert, 2022|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref> and are listed as such on the [[Indian order of precedence]], ranking twenty-third.<ref name="rajyasabha2">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-27|url-status=dead|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=2014-04-28|url-status=dead|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}</ref>
Secretaries (GOI) rank 23rd on [[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=2014-04-28|url-status=dead|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari 2001 6662">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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In mid-1930s, the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]] contained only twenty-nine{{Nbsp}}secretaries,<ref name="Britain Imperial"/> who were all members of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. The salary for a member of this rank and post was fixed at {{INRConvert|48|k|year=1930}} annum in the 1930s.<ref name="Britain Imperial">{{cite book|title=Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966|last=Kirk-Greene|first=A.|author-link = Anthony Kirk-Greene|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=9780230286320|location=[[New York City]]}}</ref> As per warrant or precedence of 1905,<ref name=":10">As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by [[India Office]] and [[India Office Records]].</ref> secretaries to the Government of India was listed together with [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretaries to the Government of India]] and were ranked above the rank of [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of provincial governments.<ref name=":10" />
In mid-1930s, the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]] contained only twenty-nine{{Nbsp}}secretaries,<ref name="Britain Imperial"/> who were all members of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. The salary for a member of this rank and post was fixed at {{INRConvert|48|k|year=1930}} annum in the 1930s.<ref name="Britain Imperial">{{cite book|title=Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966|last=Kirk-Greene|first=A.|author-link = Anthony Kirk-Greene|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=9780230286320|location=[[New York City]]}}</ref> As per warrant or precedence of 1905,<ref name=":10">As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by [[India Office]] and [[India Office Records]].</ref> secretaries to the Government of India was listed together with [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretaries to the Government of India]] and were ranked above the rank of [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of provincial governments.<ref name=":10" />


[[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] had once suggested "[a] secretary should not be immersed in files and burdened with routine. It is essential that he should have time to grasp the overall picture, size up the problems facing the government in the field allotted to his charge, and think and plan ahead. All these are his proper functions and must be efficiently performed. Failure to make adequate provision in this respect cannot be compensated by a mere increase in the establishment under his control."<ref name="Indian Administration">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last1=Singh|first1=Hoshiar|last2=Singh|first2=Pankaj|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=978-8131761199|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=104–126|edition=1st}}</ref>
[[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] had once suggested "[a] secretary should not be immersed in files and burdened with routine. It is essential that he should have time to grasp the overall picture, size up the problems facing the government in the field allotted to his charge, and think and plan ahead. All these are his proper functions and must be efficiently performed. Failure to make adequate provision in this respect cannot be compensated by a mere increase in the establishment under his control."<ref name="Indian Administration">{{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last1=Singh|first1=Hoshiar|last2=Singh|first2=Pankaj|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=978-8131761199|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=104–126|edition=1st}}</ref> The [[Administrative Reforms Commission]] visualised the role of secretary, primarily as one of a "coordinator, policy guide, reviewer, and evaluator."<ref name="Indian Administration"/>


The [[Administrative Reforms Commission]] visualised the role of secretary, primarily as one of a "coordinator, policy guide, reviewer, and evaluator."<ref name="Indian Administration"/>
Before [[Partition of India]], notable officers who served as Secretary in the Central Government include - [[Allan Octavian Hume|Allan Hume]], [[Edward Charles Buck|Edward Buck]], [[Thomas Holderness]], [[N. R. Pillai]], [[Y. N. Sukthankar]], [[Charles Ogilvie (civil servant)|Charles Ogilvie]], [[Archdale Earle]], [[Charles Todhunter]], [[Jeremy Raisman]], [[Herbert Hope Risley]], [[Robert Warrand Carlyle|Robert Carlyle]], [[Henry Moncrieff Smith|Henry Smith]], [[C. S. Venkatachar]], [[V. P. Menon]].
 
==Tenure and Appointment==
A member of All India Services is appointed to this rank and post only on tenure. This tenure is a deputation to the Central Government and does not carry a fixed term. They serve at the pleasure and will of the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].
 
A member of Central Civil Services is appointed to this rank and post as per vacancy in their own service cadre and are empanelled.


== Powers, responsibilities and postings ==
== Powers, responsibilities and postings ==
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* To represent the ministry or department before the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Governance India"/>
* To represent the ministry or department before the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Governance India"/>


The [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]-led [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of secretary level.<ref name="Postings and Transfer">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/PM-to-oversee-cadre-allocation-of-bureaucrats-postings-of-joint-secretaries-and-above/articleshow/40451799.cms|title=PM to oversee cadre allocation of bureaucrats, postings of joint secretaries and above|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Secretaries report to their ministerial [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet minister]] and to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].{{Citation needed}}
The [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]-led [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of secretary level.<ref name="Postings and Transfer">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/PM-to-oversee-cadre-allocation-of-bureaucrats-postings-of-joint-secretaries-and-above/articleshow/40451799.cms|title=PM to oversee cadre allocation of bureaucrats, postings of joint secretaries and above|date=August 21, 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Secretaries report to their ministerial [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet minister]] and to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}


==Position==
==Position==
In the [[Government of India|Indian government]], secretaries are the head of the ministries of the government and hold positions such as [[Finance Secretary]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]], [[Chairperson of the Railway Board]] and members of the Railway Board and [[Telecom Commission of India|Telecom Commission]].
In the [[Government of India|Indian government]], secretaries are the head of the ministries of the government and hold positions such as [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]], [[Chairperson of the Railway Board]] and members of the Railway Board and [[Telecom Commission of India|Telecom Commission]].


According to the report of the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|Seventh{{Nbsp}}Central Pay Commission]] of India, seventy-one out of ninety-one secretaries to the Government of India are from the [[Indian Administrative Service]].<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" />
According to the report of the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|Seventh{{Nbsp}}Central Pay Commission]] of India, seventy-one out of ninety-one secretaries to the Government of India are from the [[Indian Administrative Service]].<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web |title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=August 13, 2017 |publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>


== Emolument, accommodation and prequisites ==
== Emolument, accommodation and prequisites ==
[[File:Indian Official Passports Front.svg|thumb|An Indian diplomatic passport and an official generally issued to Secretaries to the Government of India.|220x220px]]
[[File:Indian Official Passports Front.svg|thumb|An Indian diplomatic passport and an official generally issued to Secretaries to the Government of India.|220x220px]]


All secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for a [[diplomatic passport]]. Secretaries are allotted either type-VII or type-VIII [[Bungalow on the Beach|bungalows]] in areas like [[New Moti Bagh]] and [[Lutyens' Delhi|Lutyens']] across [[Delhi]] by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]' Directorate of Estates.<ref name="Live Residence">{{cite web|url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|title=Compendium (RTI Act) – Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules|publisher=Directorate of Estates, [[Ministry of Urban Development]] They are also eligible for Y+ security i.e of 4 Para commando and 18 Armed Forces.|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113222729/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="express2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-homes-for-govt-staff-changing-new-delhi/820172/0|title=New homes for govt staff changing New Delhi|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":Home Secy. residence">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-secretary-gives-the-miss-to-fortified-bungalow/article7656529.ece|title=Home Secretary gives the miss to fortified bungalow|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref>
All secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for a [[Diplomatic passport]] or Official passport. Secretaries are allotted either type-VII or type-VIII [[Bungalow on the Beach|bungalows]] in areas like [[New Moti Bagh]] and [[Lutyens' Delhi|Lutyens']] across [[Delhi]] by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]' Directorate of Estates.<ref name="Live Residence">{{cite web|url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|title=Compendium (RTI Act) – Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules|date=January 2013|publisher=Directorate of Estates, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] They are also eligible for Y+ security i.e of 4 Para commando and 18 Armed Forces.|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113222729/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlrtiact/compendium.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="express2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-homes-for-govt-staff-changing-new-delhi/820172/0|title=New homes for govt staff changing New Delhi|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|date=July 21, 2011|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":Home Secy. residence">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-secretary-gives-the-miss-to-fortified-bungalow/article7656529.ece|title=Home Secretary gives the miss to fortified bungalow|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=September 16, 2015|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref>


The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent<ref name="TGC Entry" /> to [[Chief Secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of state governments and to [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents, in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], which is to say Level 17 of the Central Pay Matrix.<ref name="TGC Entry" />
The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent<ref name="TGC Entry" /> to [[Chief Secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of state governments and to [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents, in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], which is to say Level 17 of the Central Pay Matrix.<ref name="TGC Entry" />
Line 78: Line 83:
|-
|-
| {{INRConvert|225000}}{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}month|| Pay{{Nbsp}}level{{Nbsp}}17
| {{INRConvert|225000}}{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}month|| Pay{{Nbsp}}level{{Nbsp}}17
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets/1/703452.html|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|date=June 29, 2016|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>
|}
|}
==International equivalency==
The position of Secretary in Government of India is equivalent to [[Permanent secretary (UK)|Permanent Secretary]] in [[His Majesty's Civil Service]] (UK), Administrative Vice-Ministers in [[Civil service of Japan]], Secretary General in [[Italian Senior Civil Service]], [[Department secretary]] in [[Australian Government]], [[Deputy minister (Canada)|Deputy Minister]] in [[Government of Canada]] and [[Federal Secretary]] in [[Central Superior Services]] of [[Pakistan]].


==List of current secretaries to the Government of India==
==List of current secretaries to the Government of India==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Secretaries to the [[Government of India]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Secretaries to the Government of India (as on 1 February 2022) |url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/I-SecyQTdSK.pdf |website=Department of Personnel and Training |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
|+Secretaries to the [[Government of India]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Secretaries to the Government of India (as on 2 July 2025) |url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/I-SecyU5FGQ.pdf |website=Department of Personnel and Training |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>


! style="padding-center:15px;" |Ministry
! style="padding-center:15px;" |Office or Ministry
! style="padding-center:15px;" |Designation
! style="padding-center:15px;" |Designation
! style="padding-center:15px;" |Name of secretary
! style="padding-center:15px;" |Name of secretary
Line 93: Line 101:
| President's Secretariat
| President's Secretariat
| Secretary to the [[President of India|President]]
| Secretary to the [[President of India|President]]
| Rajesh Verma
| Deepti Umashankar
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1987{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
| 1993
|-
|-
| Vice President's Secretariat
| Vice President's Secretariat
| Secretary to the [[Vice-President of India|Vice President]]
| Secretary to the [[Vice-President of India|Vice President]]
| Sunil Kumar Gupta
| [[Amit Khare]]
| 1987{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
| 1985{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| rowspan=2|[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
| rowspan=2|[[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|''Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister'']]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramod Kumar Mishra|P.K. Mishra]]
| [[Pramod Kumar Mishra|P.K. Mishra]]
| 1972{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
| 1972{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|-
| 1986
| [[Shaktikanta Das]]
| 1980{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|Supreme Court Registry Office
|Secretary General of [[Supreme Court of India]]
|Bharat Parashar
|[[Judiciary of India|Legal Service]]
|—
|-
| rowspan="2" |Parliament's Secretariat
|[[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]
|[[Pramod Chandra Mody]]
| [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|IRS (IT)]]
| 1982{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|[[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha]]
|[[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|1986{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| [[Cabinet Secretary of India|''Cabinet Secretary'']]{{efn|name=fn3|Cabinet Secretary is not a secretary rank position but the highest level of empanelment in Government of India is at secretary rank.}}
| [[Cabinet Secretary of India|''Cabinet Secretary'']]{{efn|name=fn3|Cabinet Secretary is not a secretary rank position but the highest level of empanelment in the Government of India is at the secretary rank.}}
| [[Rajiv Gauba]]
| [[T. V. Somanathan]]
| 1982
| 1987
|-
|-
| Secretary (Coordination)
|Secretary (Coordination)
| Praveen K. Srivastava
|Manoj Govil
| 1988
|1991
|-
|-
| Secretary ([[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]])
| Secretary ([[Special Protection Group|Security]])
| [[Samant Goel]]
| rowspan=2|[[Parag Jain]]{{efn|Currently holding the additional charge of the Secretary (Security) since 12 November 2025.}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer
| rowspan=2|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| 1984
| rowspan=2|1989
|-
|-
| Secretary ([[Special Protection Group|Security]])
| [[Secretary (Research)]]
| [[Arun Kumar Sinha]]
| 1987
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare|Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare|Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
| Secretary (Agriculture and Farmers Welfare)
| Secretary (Agriculture and Farmers Welfare)
| [[Sanjay Agrawal]]
| Atish Chandra
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1984
|1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Agricultural Research and Education)  
| Secretary (Agricultural Research and Education)  
| [[Trilochan Mohapatra]]
| Mangi Lal Jat
| [[Scientist]]
| [[Scientist]]
|  —
|  —
|-
|-
| [[Department of Atomic Energy|Atomic Energy]]
| [[Department of Atomic Energy|Atomic Energy]]
| Secretary (Atomic Energy) and chairperson of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]
| Secretary (Atomic Energy) and chairperson, [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]
| [[K. N. Vyas]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Scientist KN Vyas Appointed As Atomic Energy Commission Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-scientist-kn-vyas-appointed-as-atomic-energy-commission-chief-1918972 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| [[Ajit Kumar Mohanty]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Kumar Mohanty pointed As Atomic Energy Commission Chief |work=Times of India.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-physicist-new-chairman-of-atomic-energy-commission/articleshow/99887540.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Scientist]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Scientist]]
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |—
Line 146: Line 170:
| [[Ministry of AYUSH|AYUSH]]
| [[Ministry of AYUSH|AYUSH]]
| Secretary (AYUSH)
| Secretary (AYUSH)
| Rajesh Kotecha
| [[Rajesh Kotecha]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| Secretary (Chemicals and Petrochemicals)
| Secretary (Chemicals and Petrochemicals)
| Arun Baroka
| Nivedita Shukla Verma
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1990
| 1991
|-
|-
| Secretary (Fertilizers)
| Secretary (Fertilizers)
| Rajesh K. Chaturvedi
| Rajat Kumar Mishra
| 1987
| 1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (Pharmaceuticals)
| Secretary (Pharmaceuticals)
| Aparna Subramani
| Manoj Joshi
| 1988
| 1989
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
| [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
| Secretary (Civil Aviation)
| Secretary (Civil Aviation)
| Rajiv Bansal<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India CMD Rajiv Bansal appointed as Civil Aviation Secretary |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/air-india-cmd-rajiv-bansal-appointed-as-civil-aviation-secretary-11632301717515.html |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Samir Kumar Sinha]]
| 1988
| 1994
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Coal|Coal]]
| [[Ministry of Coal|Coal]]
| Secretary (Coal)
| Secretary (Coal)
| Anil Kumar Jain
| Vikram Dev Dutt
| 1986
|1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
| Secretary (Commerce)
| Secretary (Commerce)
| Sunil Barthwal
| Rajesh Agarwal
| 1989
| 1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Industrial Policy and Promotion)
| Secretary (Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade)
| Anurag Jain
| Amardeep Singh Bhatia
| 1989
| 1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications]]
| Secretary ([[India Post|Posts]])
| Secretary ([[India Post|Posts]])
| Vineet Pandey
| Subrat Das
| [[Indian Postal Service|IPoS]] officer
| [[Indian Postal Service|IPoS]]
| 1986
| 1991
|-
|-
| Secretary to ([[Department of Telecommunications|Telecommunications]]) and chairperson, [[Telecom Commission of India|Telecoms Commission]]
| Secretary ([[Department of Telecommunications|Telecommunications]]) and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Chairperson, Digital Communication Commission
| K. Rajaraman
| Amit Agrawal
| rowspan="8" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="8" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1989
| 1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| Secretary (Consumer Affairs)
| Secretary (Consumer Affairs)
| Rohit K. Singh
| Nidhi Khare
| 1989
| 1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (Food and Public Distribution)
| Secretary (Food and Public Distribution)
| Sudhanshu Pandey
| Sanjeev Chopra
| 1987
| 1990
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Co-operation|Co-operation]]
| [[Ministry of Co-operation|Co-operation]]
| Secretary (Co-operation)
| Secretary (Co-operation)
| Devendra K. Singh
| [[Ashish Kumar Bhutani]]
| 1989
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]
| [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]
| Secretary (Corporate Affairs)
| Secretary (Corporate Affairs)
| Rajesh Verma
| Deepti Gaur Mukerjee
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| Secretary (Culture)
| Secretary (Culture)
| Govind Mohan
| Vivek Aggarwal
| 1989
|1994
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
| [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]]
| [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]]
| rowspan=2| [[Giridhar Armane]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/govt-appoints-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-defence-secretary-441840-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan=2| 1988
| 1989
|-
|-
| Secretary (Defence Production)
| Secretary (Defence Production)
| Sanjeev Kumar
|1993
|-
|-
| Secretary ([[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development]]) and chairperson, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| Secretary ([[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development]]) and chairperson, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| [[G. Satheesh Reddy]]
| Samir V. Kamath
| [[Scientist]]
| [[Scientist]]
|  —
|  —
|-
|-
| Secretary (Ex-Servicemen Welfare)
| Secretary (Ex-Servicemen Welfare)
| B. Anand
| Sukriti Likhi
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| Secretary ([[Department of Military Affairs]]) and [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| Secretary ([[Department of Military Affairs]]) and [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]], [[PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]]
| [[Indian Armed Forces]] officer
| [[Indian Armed Forces]]
|  —
|  —
|-
|-
| [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region|Development of North Eastern Region]]
| [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region|Development of North Eastern Region]]
| Secretary (Development of North Eastern Region)  
| Secretary (Development of North Eastern Region)  
| Lok Ranjan
| Chanchal Kumar<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Reshuffle at Centre, Modi Govt Shifts 16 IAS Officers, 3 IAS Elevated to Rank of Secy |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ias-news/big-reshuffle-at-central-modi-government-shifted-16-ias-officer-3-ias-elevated-to-rank-of-secy/ |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1989
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Earth Sciences]]
| [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Earth Sciences]]
| Secretary (Earth Sciences) and chairman, Earth Sciences Commission
| Secretary (Earth Sciences) and chairperson, Earth Commission
| M. Ravichandran
| M. Ravichandran
| [[Scientist]]
| [[Scientist]]
Line 252: Line 278:
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Education (India)|Education]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Education (India)|Education]]
| Secretary ([[Department of Higher Education (India)|Higher Education]])
| Secretary ([[Department of Higher Education (India)|Higher Education]])
| K. Sanjay Murthy
| [[Vineet Joshi]]
| rowspan=4| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan=4| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1989
| 1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (School Education and Literacy)
| Secretary (School Education and Literacy)
| Anita Karwal
| Sanjay Kumar
| 1988
| 1990
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]]
| [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]]
| Secretary (Electronics and Information Technology)
| Secretary (Electronics and Information Technology)
| [[Ajay Prakash Sawhney|Ajay P. Sawhney]]
| [[S. Krishnan]]<ref name="Secy2023">{{cite news |date=1 September 2023 |title=S Krishnan is new Meity secy, Neeraj Mittal to lead telecom dept in reshuffle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-ias-officers-appointed-to-senior-positions-in-central-government-101693556698680.html |access-date=24 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| 1984
| 1989
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| Secretary (Environment, Forest and Climate Change)
| Secretary (Environment, Forest and Climate Change)
| Leena Nandan
| Tanmay Kumar
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]
| [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
| [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
| [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]
| [[Vikram Misri]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officer
| rowspan="6" | [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| 1984
| 1989
|-
|-
| Secretary (East)  
| Secretary (East)  
| [[Saurabh Kumar (ambassador)|Saurabh Kumar]]
| Periasamy Kumaran
| 1989
| 1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (West)
| Secretary (West)
| Sanjay Verma
| [[Sibi George]]
| 1990
| 1993
|-
|-
| Secretary (CPV & OIA)
| Secretary (CPV & OIA)
| [[Ausaf Sayeed]]
| Sripriya Ranganathan
| 1989
| 1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Economic Relations)  
| Secretary (Economic Relations)  
| Dammu Ravi
| Sudhakar Dalela
| 1989
| 1993
|-
| Secretary  (South)
| Dr. [[Neena Malhotra]]
| 1992
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
| [[Finance Secretary]] & Secretary (Expenditure)
| Secretary (Expenditure)
| [[T. V. Somanathan]]
| Vumlunmang Vualnam
|rowspan="10" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
|rowspan="10" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1987
|1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (Economic Affairs)
|
| Ajay Seth<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Seth takes over as new economic affairs secretary - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ajay-seth-takes-over-as-new-economic-affairs-secretary/articleshow/82100297.cms |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
Secretary (Economic Affairs)
| 1987
| Anuradha Thakur
| 1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Public Enterprises)
| Secretary (Public Enterprises)
| Ali Raza Rizvi
| [[K Moses Chalai]]
| 1988
|1990
|-
|-
| [[Revenue Secretary]]
| Secretary ([[Revenue Secretary]])
| Tarun Bajaj
| Arvind Shrivastava
| 1988
|1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Investment and Public Asset Management)
| [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] <br/> Secretary (Investment and Public Asset Management)
| Tuhin Kanti Pandey
| Arunish Chawla
| 1987
| 1992
|-
|-
| Secretary (Financial Services)
| Secretary (Financial Services)
| Debashish Panda
| Nagaraju Maddirala
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| Secretary (Animal Husbandry and Dairying)
| Secretary (Animal Husbandry and Dairying)
| Atul Chaturvedi
| Naresh Pal Gangwar
| 1986
| 1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Fisharies)
| Secretary (Fisheries)
| Jatindra N. Swain
| Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi
| 1988
| 1991
|-  
|-  
| [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Food Processing Industries]]
| [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Food Processing Industries]]
| Secretary (Food Processing Industries)
| Secretary (Food Processing Industries)
| Pushpa Subrahmanyam
| Avinash Purushottam Das Joshi
| 1985
| 1994
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
| Secretary to (Health and Family Welfare)
| Secretary (Health and Family Welfare)
| [[Rajesh Bhushan]]
| Punya Salila Srivastava
| 1987
|1993
|-
|-
| Secretary (Health Research)
| Secretary (Health Research) and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Director General, [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]
| [[Balram Bhargava]]
| Dr. Rajiv Bahl
| [[Scientist]]
| [[Scientist]]
|  —
|  —
Line 344: Line 375:
| [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries]]
| [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries]]
| Secretary (Heavy Industry)
| Secretary (Heavy Industry)
| Arun Goel
| Kamran Rizvi
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1985
| 1991
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]
| [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]]
|[[Govind Mohan]]
| 1984
| 1989
|-
|-
| Secretary (Official Language)
| Secretary (Official Language)
Line 358: Line 389:
|-
|-
| Secretary (Border Management)  
| Secretary (Border Management)  
| Dharmendra S. Gangwar
| Rajendra Kumar
| 1988
|1992
|-
|-
| Secretary ([[Inter-State Council]] Secretariat)
| Secretary ([[Inter-State Council]] Secretariat)
| Anuradha Prasad
| Ashish Srivastava
| [[Indian Defence Accounts Service|IDAS]] officer
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1986
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Urban Development|Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs)
| Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs)
| Manoj Joshi <ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Joshi takes charge as new secretary of Union Housing & Urban Affairs Ministry |url=https://theprint.in/india/manoj-joshi-takes-charge-as-new-secretary-of-union-housing-urban-affairs-ministry/791030/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=ThePrint }}</ref>
| Katikithala Srinivas
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="6" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1989
|1989
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
| [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
| Secretary (Information and Broadcasting)
| Secretary (Information and Broadcasting)
| Apurva Chandra
| Sanjay Jaju
| 1988
| 1992
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Jal Shakti]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Jal Shakti]]
| Secretary (Drinking Water and Sanitation)
| Secretary (Drinking Water and Sanitation)
| Vini Mahajan
| Ashok Kumar Kaluaram Meena
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| Secretary (Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation)
| Secretary (Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation)
| Pankaj Kumar
| VL Kantha Rao
| 1987
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]]
| [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]]
| Secretary (Labour and Employment)
| Secretary (Labour and Employment)
| Arti Ahuja
| Vandana Gurnani
| 1990
| 1991
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]]  
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]]  
| Secretary (Justice)
| Secretary (Justice)
| S. K. G. Rahate
| Niraj Verma
| rowspan="2" | 1990
|1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Legal Affairs)  
| Secretary (Legal Affairs)  
| [[Niten Chandra]]
| Anju Rathi Rana
| [[Judiciary of India|Legal Service]]
|  —
|-
|-
| Secretary (Legislative)  
| Secretary (Legislative)  
| Reeta Vasishta
| Dr. Rajiv Mani
| [[Judiciary of India|Legal Service]] Officer
| [[Judiciary of India|Legal Service]]
|–
| —
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]  
| [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]  
| Secretary (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises)
| Secretary (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises)
| Bidyut B. Swain
| Subhas Chandra Lal Das
| rowspan="14" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="13" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1988
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
| [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
| Secretary (Mines)
| Secretary (Mines)
| Alok Tandon
| Piyush Goyal
| 1986
| 1994
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]
| [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]
| Secretary (Minority Affairs)
| Secretary (Minority Affairs)
| Renuka Kumar
| Chandra Sekhar Kumar
| 1987
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|New and Renewable Energy]]
| [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|New and Renewable Energy]]
| Secretary (New and Renewable Energy)
| Secretary (New and Renewable Energy)
| Indu Sekhar Chaturvedi
| Santosh Kumar Sarangi
| 1987
|1994
|-
|-
|[[NITI Aayog]]
|[[NITI Aayog]] ( previously Planning Commission)
|Chief Executive Officer and ''ex officio'' Secretary
|Chief Executive Officer and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Secretary
|[[Shri B.V.R. Subrahmanyam]]
|[[BVR Subrahmanyam]]
|1987
|1987{{Efn|Retired|name=Retired}}
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Panchayati Raj]]
| [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Panchayati Raj]]
| Secretary (Panchayati Raj)
| Secretary (Panchayati Raj)
| Sunil Kumar
| Vivek Bhardwaj
| 1987
| 1990
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
| [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
| Secretary (Parliamentary Affairs)
| Secretary (Parliamentary Affairs)
| Gyanesh Kumar
| Nikunja Bihari Dhal
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| Secretary (Personnel and Training)
| Secretary (Personnel and Training)
| Pradeep K. Tripathi
| rowspan="3" | Rachna Shah<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Government reshuffles senior IAS officers; Key changes in finance, textiles, education - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/government-reshuffles-senior-ias-officers-key-changes-in-finance-textiles-education-19529624.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
| 1987
| rowspan="3" |1991
|-
|-
| Secretary (Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances)
| Secretary (Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances)
| rowspan="2" | V. Srinivas
| rowspan="2" | 1989
|-
|-
| Secretary (Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare)
| Secretary (Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare)
Line 453: Line 484:
| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| Secretary (Petroleum and Natural Gas)
| Secretary (Petroleum and Natural Gas)
| M.M KUTTY
| [[Neeraj Mittal]]
| 1990
| 1992
|-
| [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Planning]]
| Secretary (Planning)
| –
| –
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| Secretary (Ports, Shipping and Waterways)
| Secretary (Ports, Shipping and Waterways)
| [[Sanjeev Ranjan]]
| Vijay Kumar
| 1985
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
| [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
| Secretary (Power)
| Secretary (Power)
| Alok Kumar
| Pankaj Agarwal
| 1988
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railway]] ([[Railway Board]])
| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railway]] ([[Railway Board]])
| [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|Chairperson, Railway Board]] and ''ex-officio'' Principal Secretary
| [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|Chairperson, Railway Board]] and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Principal Secretary
| [[Vinay Kumar Tripathi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vinay Kumar Tripathi appointed as new chairman of Railway Board |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/01/vinay-kumar-tripathi-appointed-as-new-chairman-ofrailway-board-2401978.html |access-date=1 January 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| Satish Kumar
| [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|IRSME]] officer
| [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|IRSME]]
| 1983
| 1986
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]]
| [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]]
| Secretary (Road Transport and Highways)
| Secretary (Road Transport and Highways)
| Aramane Giridhar
| V Umashankar
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1988
|1989
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
| Secretary (Land Resources)
| Secretary (Land Resources)
| Ajay Tirkey
| Manoj Joshi
| 1987
| 1989
|-
|-
| Secretary (Rural Development)
| Secretary (Rural Development)
| Nagendra Nath Sinha
| Shailesh Kumar Singh
| 1987
| 1991
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]
| Secretary (Biotechnology)
| Secretary (Biotechnology)
| Rajesh S. Gokhale
| [[Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Scientist]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Scientist]]
| rowspan="3" | —
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
| Secretary (Science and Technology)
| Secretary (Science and Technology)
| Sribhari Chandrasekhar
|[[Abhay Karandikar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=Government appoints Abhay Karandikar as Department of Science & Technology Secretary - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/government-appoints-abhay-karandikar-as-department-of-science-technology-secretary/103730487 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Secretary (Scientific and Industrial Research)
| Secretary (Scientific and Industrial Research) and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Director General, [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]
| Sekhar C. Mande
| N. Kalaiselvi
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| Secretary (Skill Development and Entrepreneurship)
| Secretary (Skill Development and Entrepreneurship)
| Rajesh Aggarwal
| Debashree Mukherjee
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1989
| 1991
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| Secretary (Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities)
| Secretary (Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities)
| Anjali Bhara
| V Vidyavathi
| 1988
| 1991
|-
|-
| Secretary (Social Justice and Empowerment)
| Secretary (Social Justice and Empowerment)
| R. Subramanyam
| [[Sudhansh Pant]]
| 1985
| 1991
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation)
| Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation)
| G. P. Samanta<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suneja |first1=Kirtika |title=Govt appoints GP Samanta as new Chief Statistician |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-appoints-gp-samanta-as-new-chief-statistician/articleshow/81429687.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| [[Saurabh Garg]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Scientist]]
| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| —
| 1991
|-
|-
| [[Department of Space|Space]]
| [[Department of Space|Space]]
| Secretary (Space) and chairperson of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| Secretary (Space) and ''[[Ex-officio|ex officio]]'' Chairperson of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] and Space Commission
| [[S. Somanath]]
| [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]
|[[Scientist]]
|  —
|  —
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
| [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
| Secretary (Steel)
| Secretary (Steel)
| Sanjay K. Singh
| Sandeep Pondrik
| rowspan="7"| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| rowspan="7"| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| 1987
| 1993
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]]
| [[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]]
| Secretary (Textiles)
| Secretary (Textiles)
| Upendra P. Singh
| Neelam Shammi Rao
| 1985
| 1992
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
| [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
| Secretary (Tourism)
| Secretary (Tourism)
| Arvind Singh
| Srivatsa Krishna
| 1988
| 1994
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]
| [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]
| Secretary (Tribal Affairs)
| Secretary (Tribal Affairs)
| Anil Kumar Jha
| Ranjana Chopra
| 1988
| 1994
|-
|-
| [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]]
| [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]]
| Secretary (Women and Child Development)
| Secretary (Women and Child Development)
| Indeevar Pandey
| Anil Malik
| 1988
|1991
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| Secretary (Sports)
| Secretary (Sports)
| Sujata Chaturvedi
| Hari Ranjan Rao
| 1989
| 1994
|-
|-
| Secretary (Youth Affairs)
| Secretary (Youth Affairs)
| Usha Sharma
| Pallavi Jain Govil
| 1985
| 1994
|-
|-
! colspan="5" |Notes
! colspan="5" |Notes
Line 570: Line 597:
|}
|}


== Reforms ==
==Reforms and challenges==
Media articles and others have argued in favour of lateral entrants being recruited to this rank/post to infuse fresh energy and thinking into an insular, complacent and archaic bureaucracy.<ref name="Lateral Entry">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lateral-entry-blind-alley/|title=Lateral entry, blind alley|last=Natarajan|first=Gulzar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/should-the-government-allow-lateral-entry-into-the-civil-services/story-Q75UKek5TPGwCrMreb9G0I.html|title=Should the government allow lateral entry into the civil services?|last=Chandra|first=Shailaja|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/w9IUEN2qOv4OZxT8ofx4SK/The-need-for-lateral-entry-in-civil-services.html|title=The need for lateral entry in civil services|website=Live Mint|publisher=[[HT Media]]|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-case-for-lateral-entry-indian-administrative-service-ias-upsc-government-4788115/|title=The case for lateral entry|last1=Natarajan|first1=Gulzar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|last2=Subbarao|first2=Duvvuri|language=en-US}}</ref>
Media articles and others have argued in favour of lateral entrants being recruited to this rank/post to infuse fresh energy and thinking into an insular, complacent and archaic bureaucracy.<ref name="Lateral Entry">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lateral-entry-blind-alley/|title=Lateral entry, blind alley|last=Natarajan|first=Gulzar|date=April 13, 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/should-the-government-allow-lateral-entry-into-the-civil-services/story-Q75UKek5TPGwCrMreb9G0I.html|title=Should the government allow lateral entry into the civil services?|last=Chandra|first=Shailaja|date=July 15, 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-case-for-lateral-entry-indian-administrative-service-ias-upsc-government-4788115/|title=The case for lateral entry|last1=Natarajan|first1=Gulzar|date=August 9, 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=August 13, 2017|last2=Subbarao|first2=Duvvuri|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
Non-IAS civil services have complained to the Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of secretary on numerous occasions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Shishir |date=December 8, 2015 |title=IAS: Emperor among the kings? |url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/ias-emperor-the-kings |access-date=August 13, 2017 |work=Governance Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-pay-parity-with-ias-officers-say-officials-of-20-civil-services-1426279 |access-date=August 13, 2017 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4"/>


Non-IAS civil services have complained to the Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of secretary on numerous occasions.<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/>
===Lateral entry===
From 1998 to 1999, [[Vijay Kelkar]] served as [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] as a lateral entry. During the term of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Manmohan Singh]] as [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Ram Vinay Shahi]] served as Secretary (GOI) in the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] from 2002 to 2007 as a lateral entry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-government-lateral-entries-joint-secretary-bureaucracy-1295859-2018-07-25|title=Even Manmohan Singh was a lateral entry, says PMO|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=July 20, 2024}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Federal Secretary]]
* [[Federal Secretary]]
* [[Chief secretary (India)]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 582: Line 613:


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin|}}
* {{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}
Line 593: Line 624:
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}


[[Category:Civil Services of India]]
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]

Latest revision as of 17:17, 24 March 2026


Union Secretary
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Government of India
Member ofCommittee of Secretaries on Administration
Reports to
Seat
AppointerAppointments Committee of the Cabinet
Term lengthNo term length[dead link][1][2]
Term extendable
Formation1st November 1858; 167 years ago (1st November 1858)[lower-alpha 1]
Succession23rd (on the Indian order of precedence.)
Salary₹225,000 (US$3,200) monthly[3][4]
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Secretary to the Government of India, often abbreviated as Secretary, GoI, or simply as Secretary, is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme of the Government of India.[5] The authority for the creation of this post solely rests with the Union Council of Ministers.[6]

The position holder is generally a career civil servant[7][8][9] and a government official of high seniority. The civil servants who hold this rank and post are either from All India Services or Central Civil Services. All promotions and appointments to this rank and post are directly made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.

In the functioning of the Government of India,[10][11][12] a secretary is the administrative head of a ministry or department,[13][14] and is equivalent to chief secretaries of state governments and Vice Chief of the Army Staff, General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces,[15] In the Department of Military Affairs, the Chief of Defence Staff is currently designated as Secretary (GoI), similarly in the National Security Council Secretariat, the National Security Advisor is currently designated as Secretary (GoI).[16]

Secretaries (GOI) rank 23rd on Order of Precedence of India.[17][18]

History[edit | edit source]

C. H. Bhabha with a Secretary and a few Joint Secretaries to the Government of India in 1947.

In mid-1930s, the Central Secretariat contained only twenty-nine secretaries,[19] who were all members of the Indian Civil Service. The salary for a member of this rank and post was fixed at ₹48,000 (US$670) annum in the 1930s.[19] As per warrant or precedence of 1905,[20] secretaries to the Government of India was listed together with joint secretaries to the Government of India and were ranked above the rank of chief secretaries of provincial governments.[20]

N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar had once suggested "[a] secretary should not be immersed in files and burdened with routine. It is essential that he should have time to grasp the overall picture, size up the problems facing the government in the field allotted to his charge, and think and plan ahead. All these are his proper functions and must be efficiently performed. Failure to make adequate provision in this respect cannot be compensated by a mere increase in the establishment under his control."[21] The Administrative Reforms Commission visualised the role of secretary, primarily as one of a "coordinator, policy guide, reviewer, and evaluator."[21]

Before Partition of India, notable officers who served as Secretary in the Central Government include - Allan Hume, Edward Buck, Thomas Holderness, N. R. Pillai, Y. N. Sukthankar, Charles Ogilvie, Archdale Earle, Charles Todhunter, Jeremy Raisman, Herbert Hope Risley, Robert Carlyle, Henry Smith, C. S. Venkatachar, V. P. Menon.

Tenure and Appointment[edit | edit source]

A member of All India Services is appointed to this rank and post only on tenure. This tenure is a deputation to the Central Government and does not carry a fixed term. They serve at the pleasure and will of the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.

A member of Central Civil Services is appointed to this rank and post as per vacancy in their own service cadre and are empanelled.

Powers, responsibilities and postings[edit | edit source]

The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India.

A secretary to the Government of India is the administrative head of a ministry or department and is the principal adviser to the minister-in charge on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry or department.[14]

The role of a secretary is as follows:

  • To act as the administrative head of the ministry or department. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided.[13]
  • To act as the chief adviser to the minister on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.[13]
  • To represent the ministry or department before the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament of India.[13]

The prime minister-led Appointments Committee of the Cabinet is the final authority on posting and transfer of officers of secretary level.[22] Secretaries report to their ministerial cabinet minister and to the prime minister.[citation needed]

Position[edit | edit source]

In the Indian government, secretaries are the head of the ministries of the government and hold positions such as Finance Secretary, Defence Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, Chairperson of the Railway Board and members of the Railway Board and Telecom Commission.

According to the report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission of India, seventy-one out of ninety-one secretaries to the Government of India are from the Indian Administrative Service.[3]

Emolument, accommodation and prequisites[edit | edit source]

An Indian diplomatic passport and an official generally issued to Secretaries to the Government of India.

All secretaries to the Government of India are eligible for a Diplomatic passport or Official passport. Secretaries are allotted either type-VII or type-VIII bungalows in areas like New Moti Bagh and Lutyens' across Delhi by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs' Directorate of Estates.[23][24][25]

The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent[15] to chief secretaries of state governments and to Vice Chief of the Army Staff, General Officers Commanding in Chief of Army Commands, and their equivalents, in the Indian Armed Forces, which is to say Level 17 of the Central Pay Matrix.[15]

Secretary to the Government of India monthly pay and allowances
Base salary as per the Seventh Pay Commission Pay matrix level Sources
₹225,000 (US$3,200) per month Pay level 17 [3][4]

International equivalency[edit | edit source]

The position of Secretary in Government of India is equivalent to Permanent Secretary in His Majesty's Civil Service (UK), Administrative Vice-Ministers in Civil service of Japan, Secretary General in Italian Senior Civil Service, Department secretary in Australian Government, Deputy Minister in Government of Canada and Federal Secretary in Central Superior Services of Pakistan.

List of current secretaries to the Government of India[edit | edit source]

Secretaries to the Government of India[26]
Office or Ministry Designation Name of secretary Background Batch
President's Secretariat Secretary to the President Deepti Umashankar IAS 1993
Vice President's Secretariat Secretary to the Vice President Amit Khare 1985[lower-alpha 2]
Prime Minister's Office Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister P.K. Mishra 1972[lower-alpha 2]
Shaktikanta Das 1980[lower-alpha 2]
Supreme Court Registry Office Secretary General of Supreme Court of India Bharat Parashar Legal Service —
Parliament's Secretariat Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha Pramod Chandra Mody IRS (IT) 1982[lower-alpha 2]
Secretary General of the Lok Sabha Utpal Kumar Singh IAS 1986[lower-alpha 2]
Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Secretary[lower-alpha 3] T. V. Somanathan 1987
Secretary (Coordination) Manoj Govil 1991
Secretary (Security) Parag Jain[lower-alpha 4] IPS 1989
Secretary (Research)
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Secretary (Agriculture and Farmers Welfare) Atish Chandra IAS 1994
Secretary (Agricultural Research and Education) Mangi Lal Jat Scientist —
Atomic Energy Secretary (Atomic Energy) and chairperson, Atomic Energy Commission Ajit Kumar Mohanty[27] Scientist —
AYUSH Secretary (AYUSH) Rajesh Kotecha
Chemicals and Fertilizers Secretary (Chemicals and Petrochemicals) Nivedita Shukla Verma IAS 1991
Secretary (Fertilizers) Rajat Kumar Mishra 1992
Secretary (Pharmaceuticals) Manoj Joshi 1989
Civil Aviation Secretary (Civil Aviation) Samir Kumar Sinha 1994
Coal Secretary (Coal) Vikram Dev Dutt 1993
Commerce and Industry Secretary (Commerce) Rajesh Agarwal 1994
Secretary (Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) Amardeep Singh Bhatia 1993
Communications Secretary (Posts) Subrat Das IPoS 1991
Secretary (Telecommunications) and ex officio Chairperson, Digital Communication Commission Amit Agrawal IAS 1993
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Secretary (Consumer Affairs) Nidhi Khare 1992
Secretary (Food and Public Distribution) Sanjeev Chopra 1990
Co-operation Secretary (Co-operation) Ashish Kumar Bhutani 1992
Corporate Affairs Secretary (Corporate Affairs) Deepti Gaur Mukerjee 1993
Culture Secretary (Culture) Vivek Aggarwal 1994
Defence Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh [28] 1989
Secretary (Defence Production) Sanjeev Kumar 1993
Secretary (Defence Research and Development) and chairperson, DRDO Samir V. Kamath Scientist —
Secretary (Ex-Servicemen Welfare) Sukriti Likhi IAS 1993
Secretary (Department of Military Affairs) and Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan Indian Armed Forces —
Development of North Eastern Region Secretary (Development of North Eastern Region) Chanchal Kumar[29] IAS 1992
Earth Sciences Secretary (Earth Sciences) and chairperson, Earth Commission M. Ravichandran Scientist —
Education Secretary (Higher Education) Vineet Joshi IAS 1992
Secretary (School Education and Literacy) Sanjay Kumar 1990
Electronics and Information Technology Secretary (Electronics and Information Technology) S. Krishnan[30] 1989
Environment, Forest and Climate Change Secretary (Environment, Forest and Climate Change) Tanmay Kumar 1993
External Affairs Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri IFS 1989
Secretary (East) Periasamy Kumaran 1992
Secretary (West) Sibi George 1993
Secretary (CPV & OIA) Sripriya Ranganathan 1994
Secretary (Economic Relations) Sudhakar Dalela 1993
Secretary (South) Dr. Neena Malhotra 1992
Finance Secretary (Expenditure) Vumlunmang Vualnam IAS 1992

Secretary (Economic Affairs)

Anuradha Thakur 1994
Secretary (Public Enterprises) K Moses Chalai 1990
Secretary (Revenue Secretary) Arvind Shrivastava 1994
Finance Secretary
Secretary (Investment and Public Asset Management) 		Arunish Chawla 1992
Secretary (Financial Services) Nagaraju Maddirala 1993
Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Secretary (Animal Husbandry and Dairying) Naresh Pal Gangwar 1994
Secretary (Fisheries) Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi 1991
Food Processing Industries Secretary (Food Processing Industries) Avinash Purushottam Das Joshi 1994
Health and Family Welfare Secretary (Health and Family Welfare) Punya Salila Srivastava 1993
Secretary (Health Research) and ex officio Director General, ICMR Dr. Rajiv Bahl Scientist —
Heavy Industries Secretary (Heavy Industry) Kamran Rizvi IAS 1991
Home Affairs Home Secretary Govind Mohan 1989
Secretary (Official Language) Ansuli Arya 1989
Secretary (Border Management) Rajendra Kumar 1992
Secretary (Inter-State Council Secretariat) Ashish Srivastava IAS 1992
Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary (Housing and Urban Affairs) Katikithala Srinivas IAS 1989
Information and Broadcasting Secretary (Information and Broadcasting) Sanjay Jaju 1992
Jal Shakti Secretary (Drinking Water and Sanitation) Ashok Kumar Kaluaram Meena 1993
Secretary (Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation) VL Kantha Rao 1992
Labour and Employment Secretary (Labour and Employment) Vandana Gurnani 1991
Law and Justice Secretary (Justice) Niraj Verma 1994
Secretary (Legal Affairs) Anju Rathi Rana Legal Service —
Secretary (Legislative) Dr. Rajiv Mani Legal Service —
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Secretary (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) Subhas Chandra Lal Das IAS 1992
Mines Secretary (Mines) Piyush Goyal 1994
Minority Affairs Secretary (Minority Affairs) Chandra Sekhar Kumar 1992
New and Renewable Energy Secretary (New and Renewable Energy) Santosh Kumar Sarangi 1994
NITI Aayog ( previously Planning Commission) Chief Executive Officer and ex officio Secretary BVR Subrahmanyam 1987[lower-alpha 2]
Panchayati Raj Secretary (Panchayati Raj) Vivek Bhardwaj 1990
Parliamentary Affairs Secretary (Parliamentary Affairs) Nikunja Bihari Dhal 1993
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Secretary (Personnel and Training) Rachna Shah[31] 1991
Secretary (Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances)
Secretary (Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare)
Petroleum and Natural Gas Secretary (Petroleum and Natural Gas) Neeraj Mittal 1992
Ports, Shipping and Waterways Secretary (Ports, Shipping and Waterways) Vijay Kumar 1992
Power Secretary (Power) Pankaj Agarwal 1992
Ministry of Railway (Railway Board) Chairperson, Railway Board and ex officio Principal Secretary Satish Kumar IRSME 1986
Road Transport and Highways Secretary (Road Transport and Highways) V Umashankar IAS 1989
Rural Development Secretary (Land Resources) Manoj Joshi 1989
Secretary (Rural Development) Shailesh Kumar Singh 1991
Science and Technology Secretary (Biotechnology) Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale Scientist —
Secretary (Science and Technology) Abhay Karandikar[32]
Secretary (Scientific and Industrial Research) and ex officio Director General, CSIR N. Kalaiselvi
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Secretary (Skill Development and Entrepreneurship) Debashree Mukherjee IAS 1991
Social Justice and Empowerment Secretary (Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities) V Vidyavathi 1991
Secretary (Social Justice and Empowerment) Sudhansh Pant 1991
Statistics and Programme Implementation Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation) Saurabh Garg IAS 1991
Space Secretary (Space) and ex officio Chairperson of ISRO and Space Commission V. Narayanan Scientist —
Steel Secretary (Steel) Sandeep Pondrik IAS 1993
Textiles Secretary (Textiles) Neelam Shammi Rao 1992
Tourism Secretary (Tourism) Srivatsa Krishna 1994
Tribal Affairs Secretary (Tribal Affairs) Ranjana Chopra 1994
Women and Child Development Secretary (Women and Child Development) Anil Malik 1991
Youth Affairs and Sports Secretary (Sports) Hari Ranjan Rao 1994
Secretary (Youth Affairs) Pallavi Jain Govil 1994
Notes
  1. ↑ On 1 Nov 1858, British Crown assumes rule; Queen's Proclamation issued; departments reorganized under Viceroy and Executive Council. Secretaries to the Government of India appointed for key departments like Home, Finance, Revenue, etc. During 1860s–1900s, The title “Secretary to the Government of India” is in regular use in India Office Records and gazettes (e.g., “H. H. Risley, Secretary to the Government of India in the Home Department”).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Retired
  3. ↑ Cabinet Secretary is not a secretary rank position but the highest level of empanelment in the Government of India is at the secretary rank.
  4. ↑ Currently holding the additional charge of the Secretary (Security) since 12 November 2025.

Reforms and challenges[edit | edit source]

Media articles and others have argued in favour of lateral entrants being recruited to this rank/post to infuse fresh energy and thinking into an insular, complacent and archaic bureaucracy.[33][34][35]

Non-IAS civil services have complained to the Government of India because of lack of empanelment in the rank/post of secretary on numerous occasions.[36][37][9]

Lateral entry[edit | edit source]

From 1998 to 1999, Vijay Kelkar served as Finance Secretary as a lateral entry. During the term of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister of India, Ram Vinay Shahi served as Secretary (GOI) in the Ministry of Power from 2002 to 2007 as a lateral entry.[38]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Fixed tenure for defence, home secretaries". Rediff.com. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  2. ↑ "Fixed tenure for Defence, Home Secretaries". Outlook. 22 September 2005.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India" (PDF). Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Biswas, Shreya, ed. (29 June 2016). "7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?". India Today. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  5. ↑ "The Central Staffing Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. January 1996. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  6. ↑ "Only Cabinet can create Joint Secretary, above level posts". Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  7. ↑ Tikku, Aloke (15 January 2016). "Parity between IAS and non-IAS? The IAS will get to decide". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary-level posts". The Asian Age. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dastidar, Avishek G (14 January 2017). "Alleging bias, non-IAS officers petition PM Modi". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "Part I of the Constitution of India- The Union and its territory - Article 1" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - Article 300" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  12. ↑ "Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 3.1–3.10. ISBN 978-9339204785.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. p. 6. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "TGC Entry Advert, 2022" (PDF). Ministry of Defence, Government of India. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  16. ↑ "Who's Who: Department of Military Affairs". Ministry of Defence (India). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  17. ↑ "Table of Precedence". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  18. ↑ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN 9788125019886.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kirk-Greene, A. (2000). Britain's Imperial Administrators, 1858-1966. New York City: Springer. ISBN 9780230286320.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by India Office and India Office Records.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Singh, Hoshiar; Singh, Pankaj (2011). Indian Administration (1st ed.). Delhi: Pearson Education India. pp. 104–126. ISBN 978-8131761199.
  22. ↑ "PM to oversee cadre allocation of bureaucrats, postings of joint secretaries and above". The Times of India. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  23. ↑ "Compendium (RTI Act) – Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules" (PDF). Directorate of Estates, Ministry of Urban Development They are also eligible for Y+ security i.e of 4 Para commando and 18 Armed Forces. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  24. ↑ Gupta, Geeta (21 July 2011). "New homes for govt staff changing New Delhi". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  25. ↑ Singh, Vijaita (16 September 2015). "Home Secretary gives the miss to fortified bungalow". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  26. ↑ "Secretaries to the Government of India (as on 2 July 2025)" (PDF). Department of Personnel and Training. Government of India. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  27. ↑ "Ajit Kumar Mohanty pointed As Atomic Energy Commission Chief". Times of India.com. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  28. ↑ "Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary". Business Today. 16 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  29. ↑ "Big Reshuffle at Centre, Modi Govt Shifts 16 IAS Officers, 3 IAS Elevated to Rank of Secy". Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  30. ↑ "S Krishnan is new Meity secy, Neeraj Mittal to lead telecom dept in reshuffle". Hindustan Times. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  31. ↑ "Government reshuffles senior IAS officers; Key changes in finance, textiles, education - CNBC TV18". CNBCTV18. 25 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  32. ↑ www.ETTelecom.com. "Government appoints Abhay Karandikar as Department of Science & Technology Secretary - ET Telecom". ETTelecom.com. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  33. ↑ Natarajan, Gulzar (13 April 2015). "Lateral entry, blind alley". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  34. ↑ Chandra, Shailaja (15 July 2017). "Should the government allow lateral entry into the civil services?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  35. ↑ Natarajan, Gulzar; Subbarao, Duvvuri (9 August 2017). "The case for lateral entry". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  36. ↑ Tripathi, Shishir (8 December 2015). "IAS: Emperor among the kings?". Governance Now. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  37. ↑ "Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers, Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services". NDTV. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  38. ↑ "Even Manmohan Singh was a lateral entry, says PMO". India Today. Retrieved 20 July 2024.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

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