1971 Indian general election: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|General election in India}}
{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1971 Indian general election
| country = India
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| type = parliamentary
Line 13: Line 12:
| seats_for_election = 518 of the 521 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats_for_election = 518 of the 521 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 260
| majority_seats = 260
| turnout = 55.27%
| registered = 274,189,132
| image_size= 130x130px
| turnout = 55.27% ({{decrease}} 5.77[[Percentage point|pp]])
 
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Face detail, Premier Indira Gandhi (Congrespartij), Bestanddeelnr 929-0811 (cropped).jpg|bSize = 113 |cWidth = 113 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| image1 = Indira Gandhi official portrait.png
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
| last_election1 = 40.78%, 283 seats
| seats1 = 352
| seats1 = '''352'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}69
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 69
| percentage1 = 43.68%
| popular_vote1 = '''64,033,274'''
| swing1 = {{increase}}2.9%
| percentage1 = '''43.68%'''
 
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.90[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Sundaraiah park 2.JPG|bSize = 113 |cWidth = 113 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| image2 = Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg
| leader2 = [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
| leader2 = [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election2 = 4.28%, 12 seats
| seats2 = 25
| seats2 = 25
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}6
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 6
| popular_vote2 = 7,510,089
| percentage2 = 5.12%
| percentage2 = 5.12%
| swing2 = {{increase}}0.84%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.84[[Percentage point|pp]]
 
| image4 = Ab vajpayee (cropped)1.jpg
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image =S.A. Dange.jpg|bSize = 113 |cWidth = 113 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| leader4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| leader3 = [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
| leaders_seat3 = ''Did not contest''
| party3 = Communist Party of India
| alliance3 =
| seats3 = 23
| seat_change3 = {{nochange}}
| percentage3 = 4.73%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}0.38%
 
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Atal Bihari Vajpayee.jpg|bSize = 116 |cWidth = 113 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| leader4 = {{nowrap|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]}}
| leaders_seat4 = [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| last_election4 = 9.31%, 35 seats
| seats4 = 22
| seats4 = 22
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 13
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote4 = 10,777,119
| percentage4 = 7.35%
| percentage4 = 7.35%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 1.96%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 1.96 [[Percentage point|pp]]
 
| image5 = K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image =K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|bSize = 113 |cWidth = 113 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| leader5 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| leader5 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
| party5 = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| party5 = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| last_election5 = –
| seats5 = 16
| seats5 = 16
| seat_change5 = ''New''  
| seat_change5 = ''New''
| popular_vote5 = 15,285,851
| percentage5 = 10.43%
| percentage5 = 10.43%
| swing5 = ''New''
| swing5 = ''New''
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1971.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| after_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| map_image            = [[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1971.svg|300px|lang=en]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha
| alliance4 = [[Grand Alliance (1971)|Grand Alliance]]
| alliance5 = [[Grand Alliance (1971)|Grand Alliance]]
}}
}}


'''General elections''' were held in India between 1 and 10 March 1971 to elect members of the [[5th Lok Sabha]]. They were the fifth general elections since independence in 1947. The 27 Indian states and union territories were represented by 518 constituencies, each with a single seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Indian National Congress (R)]] led a campaign which focused on [[Garibi Hatao|reducing poverty]] and won a landslide victory, overcoming a split in the party and regaining many of the seats lost in the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-07|title=INKredible India: The story of 1971 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1971-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185812.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
General elections were held in India between 1 and 10 March 1971 to elect members of the [[5th Lok Sabha|fifth]] [[Lok Sabha]]. They were the fifth general elections since independence in 1947. Members were elected from 518 single-seat constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Indian National Congress (R)]] led a campaign which focused on [[Garibi Hatao|reducing poverty]] and won a landslide victory, overcoming a split in the party and regaining many of the seats lost in the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-07|title=INKredible India: The story of 1971 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1971-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185812.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008232038/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1971-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185812.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
===Congress party split===
===Congress party split===
During her previous term, there had been internal divisions in the Indian National Congress between Indira Gandhi and the party establishment, especially [[Morarji Desai]]. In 1969, she was expelled from the party, causing a split. Most of the Congress MPs and grassroots support joined Gandhi's INC(R) faction, which was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] as being the successor to the previous party. 31 MPs who opposed Gandhi formed [[Indian National Congress (Organization)]] party.
During Indira Gandhi's previous term, there had been internal divisions in the Indian National Congress caused by various initiatives of her administration like [[nationalisation]] of [[Banking in India|banks]], [[Coal in India|coal]] and steel, abolition of the [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]] and increasing [[India–Soviet Union relations|closeness with the Soviet Union]], steps that were considered to be too [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] by the Congress high command consisting of [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] leaders like [[Morarji Desai]], [[K. Kamaraj]], [[Atulya Ghosh]], [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[S. K. Patil]] and others. In 1969 she was expelled from the party by party president [[S. Nijalingappa]], causing a split. Most of the Congress MPs and grassroots support joined Gandhi's [[Indian National Congress (R)|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]] faction, which was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] as being the successor to the previous party. 31 MPs who opposed Gandhi formed [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] party.
 
===Minority government===
The Second Indira Gandhi government, formed in November 1969 and dissolved in March 1971, was the first minority government in independent India. After the split, the INC(R) held 221 seats in the 523-seat parliament, 41 seats short of a majority. However, Gandhi and her cabinet remained in power by relying on support from left-wing parties like the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (26 seats), the [[Communist Party of India]] and its recently formed breakaway faction, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(Marxist)]] (who together had 42 seats), giving the government a total of 289 seats, a comfortable majority and far more than the minimum of 262 seats required for a majority. Knowing that her minority government would eventually fall, on 27 December 1970, President V.V. Giri dissolved the Lok Sabha on the recommendation of Gandhi.


===Opposition alliance===
===Opposition alliance===
{{see|Grand Alliance (1971)}}  
{{see|Grand Alliance (1971)}}  
INC(O) formed a pre-poll alliance with [[Samyukta Socialist Party|Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP)]], [[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (PSP)]], [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)]] to defeat Gandhi's party.
INC(O) formed a pre-poll alliance with [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (SSP), [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), the [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS) and several other regional parties opposed to the INC(R). They agreed to field a single joint candidate against the INC(R) candidate in every constituency in order to defeat Gandhi's party.


== Results ==
==Results==
Despite the split, the ruling faction gained votes and seats to win a strong majority, while the Grand Alliance was badly trounced and lost more than half of their seats.
Despite the split, the ruling faction gained votes and seats to win a strong majority, while the Grand Alliance was badly trounced and lost more than half of their seats.


Line 107: Line 105:
|party21=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes21=352514|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party21=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes21=352514|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party22=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes22=272563|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party22=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes22=272563|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes23=227468|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party23=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes23=227468|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=Shoshit Dal Bihar|votes24=193389|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party24=Shoshit Dal Bihar|votes24=193389|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes25=157703|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party25=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes25=157703|seats25=0|sc25=New
Line 123: Line 121:
|party37=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes37=58511|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party37=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes37=58511|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party38=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes38=58401|seats38=1|sc38=0
|party38=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes38=58401|seats38=1|sc38=0
|party39=[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]|votes39=55064|seats39=0|sc39=New
|party39=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes39=55064|seats39=0|sc39=New
|party40=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes40=54597|seats40=0|sc40=New
|party40=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes40=54597|seats40=0|sc40=New
|party41=Proutist Bloc of India|votes41=43849|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party41=Proutist Bloc of India|votes41=43849|seats41=0|sc41=New
Line 136: Line 134:
|party50=Republican Party of India (Ambedkarite)|votes50=22428|seats50=0|sc50=New
|party50=Republican Party of India (Ambedkarite)|votes50=22428|seats50=0|sc50=New
|party51=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes51=6929|seats51=0|sc51=New
|party51=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes51=6929|seats51=0|sc51=New
|party52=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]|votes52=6198|seats52=0|sc52=New
|party52=Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|votes52=6198|seats52=0|sc52=New
|party53=Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party|votes53=4982|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party53=Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party|votes53=4982|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party54=Independents|votes54=12279629|seats54=14|sc54=–21
|party54=Independents|votes54=12279629|seats54=14|sc54=–21
Line 146: Line 144:
}}
}}
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}
===Results by state===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! rowspan="3" |State
! rowspan="3" |Total<br>seats
! colspan="14" |Seats won
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Indian National Congress (R)|INC (R)]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC (O)]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Telangana Praja Samithi|TPS]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Others
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Ind.
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |App.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Praja Samithi}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Others}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};;" |
!
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
!41
|28
|1
|1
|
|
|
|10
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Assam]]
!14
|13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bihar]]
!53
|39
|
|5
|
|2
|3
|
|
|2
|
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Chandigarh]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Delhi]]
!7
|7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
!2
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Gujarat]]
!24
|11
|
|
|
|
|11
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Haryana]]
!9
|7
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!6
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kerala]]
!19
|6
|2
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|7
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
!37
|21
|
|
|
|11
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|4
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Maharashtra]]
!45
|42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Manipur]]
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Mysore State|Mysore]]
!27
|27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Nagaland]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[North-East Frontier Agency]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Orissa]]
!20
|15
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[East Punjab|Punjab]]
!13
|10
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Pondicherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Rajasthan]]
!23
|14
|
|
|
|4
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|9
|
|4
|23
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tripura]]
!2
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
!85
|73
|
|4
|
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[West Bengal]]
!40
|13
|20
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]]
!2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Total
!521
!352
!25
!23
!23
!22
!16
!10
!8
!3
!2
!1
!19
!14
!3
|-
! colspan="16" |
|-
| colspan="16" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf ECI]
|}
===State wise Detailed===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! style="text-align:left; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|State <br /> (# of seats)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"  style=" text-align:center; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|Party
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Seats contested
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|Seats won
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|% of votes
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''(41)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''37'''
|'''28'''
|'''55.73'''
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]}}
|[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]
|14
|10
|14.33
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|11
|1
|5.94
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5
|1
|2.82
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|93
|1
|8.21
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|12
|0
|5.55
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]'''(14)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''13'''
|'''13'''
|'''56.98'''
|-
| {{party color cell|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
|1
|1
|3.0
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|5
|0
|5.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|0
|4.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|31
|0
|17.92
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]'''(53)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''47'''
|'''39'''
|'''40.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|9.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|24
|3
|11.51
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|28
|2
|12.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|28
|2
|9.47
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|183
|1
|9.11
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''(24)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''23'''
|'''11'''
|'''44.85'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|19
|11
|39.70
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|4
|2
|5.46
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]'''(9)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''9'''
|'''7'''
|'''52.56'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|1
|11.19
|-
| {{party color cell|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|[[Vishal Haryana Party]]
|3
|1
|9.16
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|4
|0
|11.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election, 1999 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]'''(6)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''54.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|20
|1
|32.17
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|12.23
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]'''(19)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''7'''
|'''6'''
|'''19.75'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|3
|9.09
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|3
|3
|8.31
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|11
|2
|26.21
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|2
|2
|6.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|2
|2
|5.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|27
|1
|17.97
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''(37)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''36'''
|'''21'''
|'''45.60'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|28
|11
|33.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|73
|4
|13.93
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|1
|1.57
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''(45)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''44'''
|'''42'''
|'''63.18'''
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|3
|1
|2.47
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|8
|1
|1.68
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|1
|1
|1.11
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|13
|0
|5.23
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants And Workers Party Of India}}
|[[Peasants And Workers Party Of India]]
|12
|0
|5.33
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Mysore|Mysore]]'''(27)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''27'''
|'''27'''
|'''70.87'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|17
|0
|16.36
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]'''(20)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''19'''
|'''15'''
|'''38.46'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|13
|3
|15.91
|-
| {{party color cell|Utkal Congress}}
|[[Utkal Congress]]
|20
|1
|23.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|1
|4.31
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]'''(13)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''11'''
|'''10'''
|'''45.96'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|2
|6.22
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|12
|1
|30.85
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]'''(23)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''23'''
|'''14'''
|'''50.35'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|4
|12.38
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|8
|3
|14.64
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|71
|2
|12.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]'''(39)'''
| {{party color cell| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|'''24'''
|'''23'''
|'''35.25'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|9
|9
|12.51
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|4
|4
|5.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|29
|1
|30.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|27
|1
|3.24
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|1
|1
|1.31
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''(85)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''78'''
|'''73'''
|'''48.54'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|37
|4
|12.23
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|9
|4
|3.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|231
|2
|8.4
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|67
|1
|12.70
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|44
|1
|8.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|25
|0
|4.1
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''(40)'''
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|'''38'''
|'''20'''
|'''34.29'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|31
|13
|28.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|15
|3
|10.54
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|28
|1
|5.79
|-
| {{party color cell|Bangla Congress}}
| [[Bangla Congress]]
|14
|1
|3.97
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|5
|1
|2.04
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|3
|1
|1.29
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|10
|0
|2.7
|-
|colspan=6|Source:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf ECI]
|}


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
On 12 June 1975, the Allahabad High Court invalidated the result in Gandhi's constituency on the grounds of electoral malpractices. Instead of resigning, Indira Gandhi called [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]], suspending democracy and outlawed political opposition. After democracy was restored in 1977, the opposition Congress faction formed a coalition of parties called the [[Janata Party]], which inflicted the Congress' first electoral defeat.
On 12 June 1975 the Allahabad High Court invalidated the result in Gandhi's constituency on the grounds of electoral malpractices. Instead of resigning, Indira Gandhi called [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]], suspending democracy and outlawed political opposition. After democracy was restored in 1977, the opposition Congress faction formed a coalition of parties called the [[Janata Party]], which inflicted the Congress's first electoral defeat.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1971 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
*[[1969 Indian presidential election]]
*[[1969 Indian presidential election]]


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{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{#seo:
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|description=
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[[Category:1971 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:1971 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:March 1971 events in Asia]]
[[Category:March 1971 in Asia|General]]
[[Category:1971 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1971 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Revision as of 08:13, 27 February 2026


1971 Indian general election
← 1967 1–10 March 1971[1] 1977 →
518 of the 521 seats in the Lok Sabha
260 seats needed for a majority
Registered274,189,132
Turnout55.27% (Decrease 5.77pp)
  First party Second party
 
Leader Indira Gandhi Puchalapalli Sundarayya
Party Indian National Congress (R) CPI (M)
Last election 40.78%, 283 seats 4.28%, 12 seats
Seats won 352 25
Seat change Increase 69 Increase 6
Popular vote 64,033,274 7,510,089
Percentage 43.68% 5.12%
Swing Increase 2.90pp Increase 0.84pp
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee K. Kamaraj
Party Bharatiya Jana Sangh Indian National Congress (Organisation)
Alliance Grand Alliance Grand Alliance
Last election 9.31%, 35 seats –
Seats won 22 16
Seat change Decrease 13 New
Popular vote 10,777,119 15,285,851
Percentage 7.35% 10.43%
Swing Decrease 1.96 pp New
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Indira Gandhi
Indian National Congress (R)

Prime Minister after election

Indira Gandhi
Indian National Congress (R)

General elections were held in India between 1 and 10 March 1971 to elect members of the fifth Lok Sabha. They were the fifth general elections since independence in 1947. Members were elected from 518 single-seat constituencies.[2] Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress (R) led a campaign which focused on reducing poverty and won a landslide victory, overcoming a split in the party and regaining many of the seats lost in the previous election.[3]

Background

Congress party split

During Indira Gandhi's previous term, there had been internal divisions in the Indian National Congress caused by various initiatives of her administration like nationalisation of banks, coal and steel, abolition of the privy purse and increasing closeness with the Soviet Union, steps that were considered to be too left-wing by the Congress high command consisting of centre-right leaders like Morarji Desai, K. Kamaraj, Atulya Ghosh, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, S. K. Patil and others. In 1969 she was expelled from the party by party president S. Nijalingappa, causing a split. Most of the Congress MPs and grassroots support joined Gandhi's Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) faction, which was recognised by the Election Commission as being the successor to the previous party. 31 MPs who opposed Gandhi formed Indian National Congress (Organisation) party.

Minority government

The Second Indira Gandhi government, formed in November 1969 and dissolved in March 1971, was the first minority government in independent India. After the split, the INC(R) held 221 seats in the 523-seat parliament, 41 seats short of a majority. However, Gandhi and her cabinet remained in power by relying on support from left-wing parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (26 seats), the Communist Party of India and its recently formed breakaway faction, the CPI(Marxist) (who together had 42 seats), giving the government a total of 289 seats, a comfortable majority and far more than the minimum of 262 seats required for a majority. Knowing that her minority government would eventually fall, on 27 December 1970, President V.V. Giri dissolved the Lok Sabha on the recommendation of Gandhi.

Opposition alliance

Further information: Grand Alliance (1971)

INC(O) formed a pre-poll alliance with Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP), Praja Socialist Party (PSP), the Swatantra Party and Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) and several other regional parties opposed to the INC(R). They agreed to field a single joint candidate against the INC(R) candidate in every constituency in order to defeat Gandhi's party.

Results

Despite the split, the ruling faction gained votes and seats to win a strong majority, while the Grand Alliance was badly trounced and lost more than half of their seats.

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Indian National Congress (R)64,033,27443.68352+69
Indian National Congress (Organisation)15,285,85110.4316New
Bharatiya Jana Sangh10,777,1197.3522–13
Communist Party of India (Marxist)7,510,0895.1225+6
Communist Party of India6,933,6274.73230
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam5,622,7583.8423–2
Swatantra Party4,497,9883.078–36
Samyukta Socialist Party3,555,6392.433–20
Bharatiya Kranti Dal3,189,8212.181New
Telangana Praja Samithi1,873,5891.2810New
Praja Socialist Party1,526,0761.042–11
Shiromani Akali Dal1,279,8730.871New
Utkal Congress1,053,1760.721New
All India Forward Bloc962,9710.6620
Peasants and Workers Party of India741,5350.510–2
Revolutionary Socialist Party724,0010.493New
Republican Party of India (Khobragade)542,6620.370New
Kerala Congress542,4310.373+3
Bangla Congress518,7810.351–4
Indian Union Muslim League416,5450.2820
Vishal Haryana Party352,5140.241New
All India Jharkhand Party272,5630.191New
Shiv Sena227,4680.160New
Shoshit Dal Bihar193,3890.130New
Socialist Unity Centre of India157,7030.110New
Republican Party of India153,7940.1010
Janta Party139,0910.090New
All Party Hill Leaders Conference90,7720.0610
United Front of Nagaland89,5140.061New
Hindu Mahasabha73,1910.050New
Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League72,1310.050New
Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand66,6690.050New
Hindustani Shoshit Dal65,9250.040New
Revolutionary Communist Party of India65,6220.040New
Lok Sewak Sangh62,5270.040New
Jana Congress60,1030.0400
Nagaland Nationalist Organisation58,5110.040–1
United Goans – Seqveria Group58,4010.0410
Socialist Party55,0640.040New
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party54,5970.040New
Proutist Bloc of India43,8490.030New
Telangana Congress43,5480.030New
Minorities Labour Party41,1980.030New
Indian Socialist Party38,7130.030New
Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh36,5260.020New
Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh34,0700.020New
Uttar Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Party31,7290.020New
Manipur Peoples Party31,0290.020New
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad24,0930.020New
Republican Party of India (Ambedkarite)22,4280.020New
Backward Classes Mahasabha6,9290.000New
Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)6,1980.000New
Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party4,9820.000New
Independents12,279,6298.3814–21
Appointed members[lower-alpha 1]30
Total146,602,276100.00521–2
Valid votes146,602,27696.74
Invalid/blank votes4,934,5263.26
Total votes151,536,802100.00
Registered voters/turnout274,189,13255.27
Source: ECI
  1. ↑ Two representing Anglo-Indians and one representing the North-East Frontier Agency.

Results by state

State Total
seats 		Seats won
INC (R) CPM CPI DMK BJS INC (O) TPS SWA SSP PSP BKD Others Ind. App.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1
Andhra Pradesh 41 28 1 1 10 1
Assam 14 13 1
Bihar 53 39 5 2 3 2 1 1
Chandigarh 1 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 1
Delhi 7 7
Goa, Daman and Diu 2 1 1
Gujarat 24 11 11 2
Haryana 9 7 1 1
Himachal Pradesh 4 4
Jammu and Kashmir 6 5 1
Kerala 19 6 2 3 7 1
Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands 1 1
Madhya Pradesh 37 21 11 1 4
Maharashtra 45 42 1 2
Manipur 2 2
Mysore 27 27
Nagaland 1 1
North-East Frontier Agency 1 1
Orissa 20 15 1 3 1
Punjab 13 10 2 1
Pondicherry 1 1
Rajasthan 23 14 4 3 2
Tamil Nadu 39 9 4 23 1 1 1
Tripura 2 2
Uttar Pradesh 85 73 4 4 1 1 2
West Bengal 40 13 20 3 1 2 1
Anglo-Indians 2 2
Total 521 352 25 23 23 22 16 10 8 3 2 1 19 14 3
Source: ECI

State wise Detailed

State
(# of seats) 		Party Seats contested Seats won % of votes
Andhra Pradesh(41) Indian National Congress (R) 37 28 55.73
Telangana Praja Samithi 14 10 14.33
Communist Party Of India 11 1 5.94
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5 1 2.82
Independent 93 1 8.21
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 12 0 5.55
Assam(14) Indian National Congress (R) 13 13 56.98
All Party Hill Leaders Conference 1 1 3.0
Communist Party Of India 5 0 5.65
Praja Socialist Party 5 0 4.56
Independent 31 0 17.92
Bihar(53) Indian National Congress (R) 47 39 40.06
Communist Party of India 17 5 9.85
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 24 3 11.51
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 28 2 12.1
Samyukta Socialist Party 28 2 9.47
Independent 183 1 9.11
Gujarat(24) Indian National Congress (R) 23 11 44.85
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 19 11 39.70
Swatantra Party 4 2 5.46
Haryana(9) Indian National Congress (R) 9 7 52.56
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 3 1 11.19
Vishal Haryana Party 3 1 9.16
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 4 0 11.34
Jammu & Kashmir(6) Indian National Congress (R) 6 5 54.06
Independent 20 1 32.17
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 3 0 12.23
Kerala(19) Indian National Congress (R) 7 6 19.75
Communist Party of India 3 3 9.09
Kerala Congress 3 3 8.31
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 11 2 26.21
Revolutionary Socialist Party 2 2 6.43
Muslim League 2 2 5.62
Independent 27 1 17.97
Madhya Pradesh(37) Indian National Congress (R) 36 21 45.60
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 28 11 33.56
Independent 73 4 13.93
Samyukta Socialist Party 5 1 1.57
Maharashtra(45) Indian National Congress (R) 44 42 63.18
All India Forward Bloc 3 1 2.47
Praja Socialist Party 8 1 1.68
Republican Party Of India 1 1 1.11
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 13 0 5.23
Peasants And Workers Party Of India 12 0 5.33
Mysore(27) Indian National Congress (R) 27 27 70.87
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 17 0 16.36
Orissa(20) Indian National Congress (R) 19 15 38.46
Swatantra Party 13 3 15.91
Utkal Congress 20 1 23.6
Communist Party of India 3 1 4.31
Punjab(13) Indian National Congress (R) 11 10 45.96
Communist Party of India 2 2 6.22
Shiromani Akali Dal 12 1 30.85
Rajasthan(23) Indian National Congress (R) 23 14 50.35
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 7 4 12.38
Swatantra Party 8 3 14.64
Independent 71 2 12.34
Tamil Nadu(39) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 24 23 35.25
Indian National Congress (R) 9 9 12.51
Communist Party of India 4 4 5.43
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 29 1 30.43
Independent 27 1 3.24
All India Forward Bloc 1 1 1.31
Uttar Pradesh(85) Indian National Congress (R) 78 73 48.54
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 37 4 12.23
Communist Party of India 9 4 3.7
Independent 231 2 8.4
Bharatiya Kranti Dal 67 1 12.70
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 44 1 8.6
Samyukta Socialist Party 25 0 4.1
West Bengal(40) Communist Party of India (Marxist) 38 20 34.29
Indian National Congress (R) 31 13 28.2
Communist Party Of India 15 3 10.54
Independent 28 1 5.79
Bangla Congress 14 1 3.97
Revolutionary Socialist Party 5 1 2.04
Praja Socialist Party 3 1 1.29
All India Forward Bloc 10 0 2.7
Source:ECI

Aftermath

On 12 June 1975 the Allahabad High Court invalidated the result in Gandhi's constituency on the grounds of electoral malpractices. Instead of resigning, Indira Gandhi called a state of emergency, suspending democracy and outlawed political opposition. After democracy was restored in 1977, the opposition Congress faction formed a coalition of parties called the Janata Party, which inflicted the Congress's first electoral defeat.

See also

References

  1. ↑ India Inter-Parliamentary Union
  2. ↑ "General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  3. ↑ "INKredible India: The story of 1971 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know". Zee News. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
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