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{{Short description|Monarchs of the former Ladakh kingdom}} | |||
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The '''Namgyal dynasty''' was a dynasty whose rulers were the monarchs of the former kingdom of [[Ladakh]] that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the '''Gyalpo''' of Ladakh.<ref>{{cite book|author=Teg Bahadur Kapur |title=Ladakh, the Wonderland A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study |url=https:// | The '''Namgyal dynasty''' was a dynasty whose rulers were the monarchs of the former kingdom of [[Ladakh]] that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the '''Gyalpo''' of Ladakh.<ref>{{cite book|author=Teg Bahadur Kapur |title=Ladakh, the Wonderland A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMbyunREY4C |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170990116 |page=57 }}</ref> The Namgyal dynasty succeeded the [[Maryul#First dynasty (930–1460)|first dynasty of Maryul]] and had several conflicts with the neighboring [[Mughal Empire]] and various dynasties of [[Tibet]], including the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]]. The dynasty eventually fell to the [[Sikh Empire]] and [[Dogra State|Dogra]]s of [[Jammu]]. Most of its known history is written in the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]''. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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===Founding=== | ===Founding=== | ||
According to the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'', the Namgyal dynasty was founded by [[Bhagan]], the son of Bhara in the kingdom of [[Maryul]]. Bhagan was described as warlike, and established the Namgyal dynasty in 1460 after he formed an alliance with the people of [[Leh]] and dethroned the Maryul king Blo-gros-mc | According to the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'', the Namgyal dynasty was founded by [[Bhagan]], the son of Bhara in the kingdom of [[Maryul]]. Bhagan was described as warlike, and established the Namgyal dynasty in 1460 after he formed an alliance with the people of [[Leh]] and dethroned the Maryul king Lodrö Chokden (''Blo-gros-mc'og-ldan'') and his brothers Drünpa Aliand Lapten Dargyé (''Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas'').<ref name="Petech">{{cite book |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu}}</ref>{{rp|25,171}} | ||
He took the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal ( | He took the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal (1555–1575) managed to repel most Central Asian raiders, and built a royal fort on the top of the Namgyal Peak. [[Tsewang Namgyal I|Tsewang Namgyal]] (1575–1595) extended his kingdom as far as [[Nepal]]. | ||
[[File:The Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 A. D.- 1000 A.D..jpg|thumb|The Empire of King Nyimagon in Western Tibet about 975-1000 AD. The eldest son Palgyimon received the bulk of the empire under the name [[Maryul]], based in Leh.]] | [[File:The Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 A. D.- 1000 A.D..jpg|thumb|The Empire of King Nyimagon in Western Tibet about 975-1000 AD. The eldest son Palgyimon received the bulk of the empire under the name [[Maryul]], based in Leh.]][[Sengge Namgyal]] (r. 1616-1642), known as the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the [[Leh Palace]] and the rebuilding of several [[gompas]], the most famous of which are [[Hemis]] and [[Hanle Monastery|Hanle]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rizvi, Ladakh|1996|p=69}}</ref> | ||
He expanded the kingdom into [[Zanskar]] and [[Spiti]], but was defeated by the [[Mughals]], who had already occupied Kashmir and [[Baltistan]]. His son Deldan Namgyal (1642–1694) had to placate the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] by building a mosque in [[Leh]]. However, he defeated the Mughal army in Baltistan. His son Delek sided with [[Bhutan]] in a religious dispute between [[Tibet]] and Bhutan, which resulted in an [[Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684|invasion]] by the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]]. Delek Namgyal sought assistance from the Mughal Empire who drove out the Tibetan forces. The Mughuls withdrew after being paid off by the 5th Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|pages=223–}}</ref> | |||
He expanded the kingdom into [[Zanskar]] and [[Spiti]], but was defeated by the [[Mughals]], who had already occupied Kashmir and [[Baltistan]]. His son Deldan Namgyal ( | |||
===Downfall=== | ===Downfall=== | ||
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh by the Dogra general [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]] and its subsequent annexation.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=1, 138–170}} | |||
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after | |||
By the beginning of the 19th century, the Mughal empire had collapsed and [[Sikh]] rule had been established in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Kashmir. However the Dogra region of Jammu remained under its Rajput rulers (who ruled under the maharaja ranjit singh) Rajput ruler were given the control of their states but under the name of Punjab and they were part of khalsa empire, [[General Zorawar Singh]] invaded Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to [[Stok]] where they still had a small [[jagir]] until the post independence [[political integration of India]]. | By the beginning of the 19th century, the Mughal empire had collapsed and [[Sikh]] rule had been established in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Kashmir. However the Dogra region of Jammu remained under its Rajput rulers (who ruled under the maharaja ranjit singh) Rajput ruler were given the control of their states but under the name of Punjab and they were part of khalsa empire, [[General Zorawar Singh]] invaded Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to [[Stok]] where they still had a small [[jagir]] until the post independence [[political integration of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=H. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&dq=dogra+conquest+of+ladakh&pg=PA72 |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-086-6 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==List of kings== | ==List of kings== | ||
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#Lata Jughdan (c. 1510-1535) | #Lata Jughdan (c. 1510-1535) | ||
#Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535-1555) | #Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535-1555) | ||
#Tashi Namgyal ('''BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1555-1575) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=28-29}} | #[[Tashi Namgyal I]] ('''BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1555-1575) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=28-29}} | ||
#Tsewang Namgyal I (''Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1575-1595) nephew{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=31-32}} | #[[Tsewang Namgyal I]] (''Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1575-1595) nephew{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=31-32}} | ||
#Namgyal Gonpo (''rNam-rgyal-mgon-po'', c. 1595-1600) brother | #Namgyal Gonpo (''rNam-rgyal-mgon-po'', c. 1595-1600) brother | ||
#[[Jamyang Namgyal]] (''Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal'', c. 1595-1616) brother{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=33-37}} | #[[Jamyang Namgyal]] (''Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal'', c. 1595-1616) brother{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=33-37}} | ||
#[[Sengge Namgyal]] (''Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal'', first time, 1616–1623) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977| | #[[Sengge Namgyal]] (''Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal'', first time, 1616–1623) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=37}} | ||
#Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother | #Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother | ||
#[[Sengge Namgyal]] (second time, 1624–1642) | #[[Sengge Namgyal]] (second time, 1624–1642){{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=37}} | ||
#Deldan Namgyal (''Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal'', | #Deldan Namgyal (''Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal'', 1647–1694) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=58, 69}} | ||
#Delek Namgyal (''Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal'', | #Delek Namgyal (''Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal'', 1678–1691) son (prince regent){{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=69, 70}} | ||
#Nyima Namgyal (''Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal'', | #Nyima Namgyal (''Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal'', 1691–1729) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=70, 81, 95}} | ||
#Deskyong Namgyal (''Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1729–1739) son | #Deskyong Namgyal (''Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1729–1739) son | ||
#Phuntsog Namgyal (''P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1739–1753) son | #Phuntsog Namgyal (''P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1739–1753) son | ||
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==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Leh Palace | File:Leh Palace Morning View.jpg|Leh Palace | ||
File:Namgyal Palace in Stok.jpg | File:Namgyal Palace in Stok.jpg|The Stok Royal Palace, residence of the descendants of Namgyal dynasty | ||
File:Leh, Tsemo Monastery, Tsemo Castle, Ladakh, India.jpg|Tsemo Castle | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Ladakh#History|History of Ladakh]] | * [[Ladakh#History|History of Ladakh]] | ||
* [[Stok]] | * [[Stok]] | ||
* [[Zhabdrung]] | * [[Zhabdrung Rinpoche|Zhabdrung]] | ||
*[[Parvati Devi (Ladakh politician)]] – Queen mother of Ladakh and former MP | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
*[http://india.journeymart.com/ladakh/history.asp History of Ladakh] | *[http://india.journeymart.com/ladakh/history.asp History of Ladakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821194524/http://india.journeymart.com/ladakh/history.asp |date=21 August 2007 }} | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm History of Sikkim] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm History of Sikkim] (archived) | ||
{{Ladakh}} | {{Ladakh}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Kings of Ladakh]] | ||
[[Category:History of Ladakh]] | [[Category:History of Ladakh]] | ||
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] | [[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] | ||
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] | [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Tibet]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1842]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:56, 29 March 2026
Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh Gyalpo of Ladakh | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1460–1842 | |||||||||||
 Historical map of Ladakh at its largest extent | |||||||||||
| Capital | Leh | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Ladakhi, Tibetan | ||||||||||
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1460 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1842 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | India (Ladakh) China Pakistan Nepal | ||||||||||
The Namgyal dynasty was a dynasty whose rulers were the monarchs of the former kingdom of Ladakh that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the Gyalpo of Ladakh.[1] The Namgyal dynasty succeeded the first dynasty of Maryul and had several conflicts with the neighboring Mughal Empire and various dynasties of Tibet, including the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War. The dynasty eventually fell to the Sikh Empire and Dogras of Jammu. Most of its known history is written in the Ladakh Chronicles.
History[edit | edit source]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2020) |
Founding[edit | edit source]
According to the Ladakh Chronicles, the Namgyal dynasty was founded by Bhagan, the son of Bhara in the kingdom of Maryul. Bhagan was described as warlike, and established the Namgyal dynasty in 1460 after he formed an alliance with the people of Leh and dethroned the Maryul king Lodrö Chokden (Blo-gros-mc'og-ldan) and his brothers Drünpa Aliand Lapten Dargyé (Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas).[2]:25,171
He took the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal (1555–1575) managed to repel most Central Asian raiders, and built a royal fort on the top of the Namgyal Peak. Tsewang Namgyal (1575–1595) extended his kingdom as far as Nepal.
Sengge Namgyal (r. 1616-1642), known as the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the Leh Palace and the rebuilding of several gompas, the most famous of which are Hemis and Hanle.[3]
He expanded the kingdom into Zanskar and Spiti, but was defeated by the Mughals, who had already occupied Kashmir and Baltistan. His son Deldan Namgyal (1642–1694) had to placate the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb by building a mosque in Leh. However, he defeated the Mughal army in Baltistan. His son Delek sided with Bhutan in a religious dispute between Tibet and Bhutan, which resulted in an invasion by the Fifth Dalai Lama. Delek Namgyal sought assistance from the Mughal Empire who drove out the Tibetan forces. The Mughuls withdrew after being paid off by the 5th Dalai Lama.[4]
Downfall[edit | edit source]
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh by the Dogra general Zorawar Singh and its subsequent annexation.[5]
By the beginning of the 19th century, the Mughal empire had collapsed and Sikh rule had been established in Punjab and Kashmir. However the Dogra region of Jammu remained under its Rajput rulers (who ruled under the maharaja ranjit singh) Rajput ruler were given the control of their states but under the name of Punjab and they were part of khalsa empire, General Zorawar Singh invaded Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to Stok where they still had a small jagir until the post independence political integration of India.[6]
List of kings[edit | edit source]
| Outline of South Asian history |
|---|
_without_national_boundaries.svg) |
The kings of Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:[7][8][9]
- Lhachen Bhagan (c. 1460-1485)
- Unknown (c. 1485-1510)
- Lata Jughdan (c. 1510-1535)
- Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535-1555)
- Tashi Namgyal I ('BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1555-1575) son[10]
- Tsewang Namgyal I (Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1575-1595) nephew[11]
- Namgyal Gonpo (rNam-rgyal-mgon-po, c. 1595-1600) brother
- Jamyang Namgyal (Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal, c. 1595-1616) brother[12]
- Sengge Namgyal (Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal, first time, 1616–1623) son[13]
- Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother
- Sengge Namgyal (second time, 1624–1642)[13]
- Deldan Namgyal (Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal, 1647–1694) son[14]
- Delek Namgyal (Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal, 1678–1691) son (prince regent)[15]
- Nyima Namgyal (Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal, 1691–1729) son[16]
- Deskyong Namgyal (Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, 1729–1739) son
- Phuntsog Namgyal (P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal, 1739–1753) son
- Tsewang Namgyal II (Ts'e‐dbaṅ-rnam‐rgyal, 1753–1782) son
- Tseten Namgyal (Ts'e‐brtan‐rnam‐rgyal, 1782-1802) son
- Tsepal Dondup Namgyal (Ts'e‐dpal‐don‐grub‐rnam‐rgyal, 1802–1837, 1839–1840) brother
- Kunga Namgyal II (Kun‐dga'‐rnam‐rgyal, 1840–1842) grandson
Gallery[edit | edit source]
-
Leh Palace -
The Stok Royal Palace, residence of the descendants of Namgyal dynasty -
Tsemo Castle
See also[edit | edit source]
- History of Ladakh
- Stok
- Zhabdrung
- Parvati Devi (Ladakh politician) – Queen mother of Ladakh and former MP
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Teg Bahadur Kapur (1987). Ladakh, the Wonderland A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study. Mittal Publications. p. 57. ISBN 9788170990116.
- ↑ Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. (PDF). Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu.
- ↑ Rizvi, Ladakh 1996, p. 69
- ↑ Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-8122-0531-2.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), pp. 1, 138–170.
- ↑ Kaul, H. N. (1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-086-6.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 171-172.
- ↑ Sali, M. L. (20 April 1998). India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788170249641. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Kaul, H. N. (20 April 1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173870866. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 28-29.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 31-32.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 33-37.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, p. 37.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 58, 69.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 69, 70.
- ↑ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977, pp. 70, 81, 95.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Petech, Luciano (1977), The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. (PDF), Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu
- Rizvi, Janet (1996), Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia (Second ed.), Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564546-4
External links[edit | edit source]
- History of Ladakh Archived 21 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- History of Sikkim (archived)
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