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{{see also|List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}
{{Under construction}}
{{History of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
The '''history of West Bengal''' basically refers to the history of the [[West Bengal|western part of Bengal]], located in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Evidence of human settlement has been found in [[West Bengal]] about 42,000 years ago. The presence of human settlement of that period has been found in the [[Ajodhya Hills|Ayodhya Hills]] of West Bengal.<ref name="eisamay1"/><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/> By 2,000 BCE, settled life had increasingly spread of human civilization in the Damodar-Ajay River Valley, which was contemporary with the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappa-Mahenjodaro civilization]].<ref name="eisamay2">{{cite web |author1=Pradeep Mukherjee |title=প্রায় চার হাজার বছর পূর্বের সভ্যতার নিদর্শন বর্ধমানের ‘পাণ্ডু রাজার ঢিবি ’ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/durgapur-news/pandu-rajar-dhibi-of-burdwan-contains-almost-four-thousand-years-old-civilization-artefacts-says-study/articleshow/53263502.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |publisher=Ei Samay |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=The 'Mound of Pandu Raja' in Bardhaman is a sign of the civilization of about four thousand years ago. |date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bharadwaj2003">{{cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=G |editor=Majumdar, RC |year=2003 |chapter=The Ancient Period |title=History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corp}}</ref> The southern part of West Bengal witnessed the presence of the [[Vanga Kingdom]] between 1100 BCE and 350 BCE, which was contemporary with the [[Vedic period|Vedic civilization]] of [[North India|northern India]].<ref name="Bharadwaj2003"/>


{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
Among the [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Magadha]] became powerful around 350 BCE, at that time rulers of the [[Nanda dynasty]] of Magadha incorporated the territory of West Bengal into their empire. West Bengal was under the rule of all Magadha-centric empires after the Nanda Empire. [[Tamralipta]] in West Bengal was the main seaport of the Magadha-centered [[Maurya Empire]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Haraniya |first=Krutika |date=2017-06-25 |title=Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/lost-cities/tamralipti-the-ancient-copper-port |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref>  Most of the West Bengal's territory was ruled under the [[Gupta Empire]], that arose in northern India after the collapse of the Magadha-centric empires.
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{History of Bengal|Indian Bengal}}{{Bengalis}}The '''history of West Bengal''' began in 1947, when the [[Hindu]]-dominated western part of British [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] became the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].


When [[India]] [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, [[Bengal]] was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined [[Pakistan]] as a province called [[East Bengal]] (later renamed [[East Pakistan]], giving rise to independent [[Bangladesh]] in 1971).<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Partition of Bengal, 1947 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
In Bengal, the [[Gour Kingdom|Gaur kingdom]] was established in 690 AD, which spread across [[West Bengal]] and present-day [[Bangladesh]]. Gaur is often referred to as the first well-established independent political entity in Bengal.<ref name="ebookbou1">{{cite web |title=প্রাচীন বাংলার ইতিহাস |url=https://www.ebookbou.edu.bd/Books/Text/OS/OSBBA/osbba_1202/Unit-01.pdf |website=www.ebookbou.edu.bd |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=History of Ancient Bengal}}</ref> After this kingdom, the [[Pala Empire]] in 750 AD and the [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]] in 1070 AD respectively emerged across West Bengal. Both of these empires were mainly Bengal-centric.


==Bidhan Chadra Roy Era (1947–1962)==
[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests]] were established in West Bengal as early as the 13th century. At this time Bengal along with West Bengal was included in the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]. West Bengal was ruled under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from the 13th to the 14th century and the [[Bengal Sultanate]] from the 14th to the 16th century. In the 16th century, after the fall of the Bengal Sultanate, West Bengal came under the [[Mughal Empire]].


===Princely state merge with West Bengal===
[[Murshidabad]] in West Bengal was the capital of independent Nawab Bengal (1717–1765). In 1765, the British took over the control of Bengal including West Bengal from the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 August 2023 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160408160557/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Bengal Presidency]] of the British Indian Empire was divided into West Bengal and [[East Bengal]] in August 1947; West Bengal was included in the [[Dominion of India]] and gained independence as a Indian state.
In 1950, the Princely State of [[Koch dynasty|Koch Bihar]] merged with West Bengal after King Jagaddipendra Narayan had signed the Instrument of Accession with India.<ref>Dr. Sailen Debnath, ed. Social and Political Tensions In North Bengal since 1947, {{ISBN|81-86860-23-1}}.</ref> In 1955, the former [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar]], which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal. Portions of [[Bihar]] were subsequently merged with West Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}


During Roy's Chief Minister-ship very few manufacturing industries were set up in the state. In 1954, when Dr. B. C. Roy was the Congress chief minister, a massive food crisis overtook the state. There was a near-famine condition in Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
==Prehistoric era (until c. 2000  BCE)==
===Paleolithic===
Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found in the region. These human settlements have been discovered at Kana and Mahadebbera at the foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]].<ref name="eisamay1">{{cite web |author1=Gautam Basumallik |title=৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে |url=https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |publisher=Ei Samay |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region |date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana">{{cite journal |author1=Bishnupriya Basak |author2=Pradeep Srivastava |author3=Sujit Dasgupta |author4=Anil Kumar |author5=S. N. Rajaguru |title=Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal |journal=CURRENT SCIENCE |date=10 October 2014 |volume=107 |pages=1167-1171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |author1=Sebanti Saarkar |title=Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-just-got-older-by-22000-yrs/cid/1288646 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=8 August 2023 |date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[Microlith|Microlithic]] tools found at Kana are 42,000 years old, while microlithic tools found at Mahadevera are 34,000 to 25,000 years old.<ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/>


==United Front (1967)==
Hatpara on the west bank of [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years. About 200 small stone weapons have been found here. Grains and fish bones were also found here. According to archaeologists, the prehistoric civilization of Hatpara was spread along the banks of the Bhagirathi from Ganakar to Mahipala. Fish was a common part of the human diet of the time, and coppery color of the fish bones found at the site indicates that the Burnt fish was eaten.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |author1=Biman Hazra |title=মাছের হাড়, শস্যের দানা মেলে হাটপাড়ায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/ancient-civilization-of-hatpara-1.1224917 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=8 August 2023 |location=Sagradighi |language=bn |trans-title=Fish bones, and grains of crop are found in Hatpara |date=6 November 2020}}</ref>
{{see also|United Front (1967)}}


===1967 General Election===
==See also==
* [[History of West Bengal (1947–present)]]
* [[History of Bengal]]


After the state legislative elections held in 1967, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] was the main force behind the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government formed. The Chief Ministership was given to [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] of the [[Bangla Congress]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
==References==
{{reflist|3}}


===Naxalbari uprising===
{{West Bengal}}
{{main|Naxalite}}
In 1967 a peasant uprising broke out in [[Naxalbari]], in northern West Bengal. The insurgency was led by hardline district-level CPI(M) leaders [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]]. The Naxalbari movement was violently repressed by the West Bengal government. During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent [[Naxalite|Marxist-Naxalite]] movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation.


The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.<ref name="londonanthology">{{Harv|Bennett|Hindle|1996|pp=63–70}}</ref> The [[1974 smallpox epidemic of India|1974 smallpox epidemic]] killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent [[Indian National Congress]]. The Left Front, led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], has governed for the state for the subsequent three decades.<ref name=longcommu>{{cite news|first = Soutik |last = Biswas |title=Calcutta's colourless campaign|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2006-04-16 |access-date=2006-08-26}}</ref>
[[Category:History of West Bengal‎]]
 
===Dismissal of United Front government===
In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by the central government. Initially the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
===1969 Assembly election===
Fresh elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. CPI(M) emerged as the largest party in the West Bengal legislative assembly.<ref>Indian National Congress had won 55 seats, Bangla Congress 33 and CPI 30. CPI(M) allies also won several seats.[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf ECI: Statistical Report on the 1969 West Bengal Legislative Election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129141351/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |date=29 November 2007 }}</ref>  But with the active support of CPI and the Bangla Congress, Ajoy Mukherjee was returned as Chief Minister of the state. Mukherjee resigned on March 16, 1970 and the state was put under President's Rule.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
==Shiddharthrasankar Ray Era (1972–1977)==
Indian National Congress the 1972 assembly election, and its leader [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] became the chief minister. During this period, the then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]] proclaimed nationwide [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency in 1975]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
This period was marked by large scale violence as the police force battled with the naxalites and ultimately crushed the movement in the state{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}.
 
==Left Front era==
 
===Jyoti Basu (1977–2000)===
 
====1977 Election====
In the 1977 election of the state legislature, the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], headed by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], won 243 seats thereby gaining a majority. The first Left Front government was established with [[Jyoti Basu]] as the Chief Minister.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
=====Marichjhanpi Massacre, 1979=====
The massacre in [[Marichjhanpi]], which took place under CPI(M) rule in Bengal between January 26 and May 16, 1979, relates to the forcible eviction of refugees who had fled from [[East Pakistan]] thereby leading to the death of a sizable population among them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
{{quote|Out of the 14,388 families who deserted [for West Bengal], 10,260 families returned to their previous places … and the remaining 4,128 families perished in transit, died of starvation, exhaustion, and many were killed in Kashipur, Kumirmari, and Marichjhapi by police firings (Biswas 1982, 19).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Mallick|title=The Morichjhanpi massacre: When tigers became citizens, refugees "tiger-food"|url=http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/marichjhapi.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insightyv.com/?p=879|title=Remembering Marichjhapi Massacre, 1979|work=insightyv.com|access-date=16 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707120303/http://insightyv.com/?p=879|archive-date=7 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
 
After leading the Left Front government for consecutive five terms, Jyoti Basu retired from active politics and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] was appointed as his successor. Five years later, the Left Front came back to the power with Bhattacharjee again assuming the office of the Chief Minister.<ref name=haunt>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |title=Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222045/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
===Budhdhadev Bhattacharya (2000–2011)===
The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the early 1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] in 2000. As of 2007, armed activists have been organizing terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,<ref name=voamaoist>{{cite web
|url=http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|title=Maoist on Rise in West Bengal
|access-date=2006-09-11
|last=Ghosh Roy
|first=Paramasish
|date=2005-07-22
|work=VOA Bangla
|publisher=[[Voice of America]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212062125/http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|archive-date=12 December 2007
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=satpmcc>{{cite web
|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)|access-date=2006-09-11|work=Left-wing Extremist group|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> while clashes with the administration have taken place at several sensitive places on the issue of industrial land acquisition.<ref name=singur1>{{cite news|title=Several hurt in Singur clash|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm |work=rediff News|publisher=Rediff.com India Limited |date=28 January 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15}}</ref><ref name=nandi1>{{cite news|title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 }}</ref>
 
====Nandigram violence====
{{main|Nandigram violence}}
The [[Nandigram violence]] was an incident in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]] where, on the orders of the Left Front government, more than 4,000 heavily armed police stormed the Nandigram area with the aim of stamping out protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land for a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based Salim Group. The police shot dead at least 14 villagers and wounded 70 more.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
The SEZ controversy started when the government of West Bengal decided that the [[Salim Group]] of Indonesia<ref>For more information on the Salim Group please see [[Sudono Salim]]</ref><ref>[http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html Asia Week]</ref><ref>[http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html Far Easter Economic Review October 1998]</ref> would set up a [[Chemical industry|chemical hub]] under the SEZ policy at Nandigram, a rural area in the district of [[Midnapore East|Purba Medinipur]]. The villagers took over the administration of the area and all the roads to the villages were cut off. A front-page story in the  [[Kolkata]] newspaper, ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', on 4 January 2007 was headlined, "False alarm sparks clash". According to the newspaper that village council meeting at which the alleged land seizure was to be announced was actually a meeting to declare Nandigram a "clean village", that is, a village in which all the households had access to toilet facilities.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
==Trinamool Congress era==
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Left Front was defeated and [[Trinamool Congress]] won an [[absolute majority]] of seats. [[Mamata Banerjee]], the leader of Trinamool Congress, became the chief minister. The success of Trinamool Congress was repeated in the 2013 [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] election (local government elections in rural areas, and some urban municipalities) and the [[2014 Indian general election]] (in which Trinamool won 34 of 42 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the state).
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
; Government
* [http://www.wbgov.com/ Official website of Government of West Bengal]
* [http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/ReportPub/WB_HandBook.pdf Statistical handbook West Bengal]
* [http://wbic.gov.in/ West Bengal Government Information Commission]
* [http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/home.asp Directorate of Census Operations] of West Bengal
; Other
* {{wikivoyage-inline|West Bengal}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/West Bengal|West Bengal}}*
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10622/COLL00190 West-Bengal Refugees and Political Activists Oral History Collection] at the [[International Institute of Social History]] &mdash; Interviews  with Bengali refugees and political activists, covering the period 1947-1970
 
{{History of India by State}}
{{West Bengal Chief Ministers}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of West Bengal}}
[[Category:History of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]

Revision as of 11:15, 9 August 2023

Template:History of West Bengal

The history of West Bengal basically refers to the history of the western part of Bengal, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. Evidence of human settlement has been found in West Bengal about 42,000 years ago. The presence of human settlement of that period has been found in the Ayodhya Hills of West Bengal.[1][2][3] By 2,000 BCE, settled life had increasingly spread of human civilization in the Damodar-Ajay River Valley, which was contemporary with the Harappa-Mahenjodaro civilization.[4][5] The southern part of West Bengal witnessed the presence of the Vanga Kingdom between 1100 BCE and 350 BCE, which was contemporary with the Vedic civilization of northern India.[5]

Among the Mahajanapadas, Magadha became powerful around 350 BCE, at that time rulers of the Nanda dynasty of Magadha incorporated the territory of West Bengal into their empire. West Bengal was under the rule of all Magadha-centric empires after the Nanda Empire. Tamralipta in West Bengal was the main seaport of the Magadha-centered Maurya Empire.[6] Most of the West Bengal's territory was ruled under the Gupta Empire, that arose in northern India after the collapse of the Magadha-centric empires.

In Bengal, the Gaur kingdom was established in 690 AD, which spread across West Bengal and present-day Bangladesh. Gaur is often referred to as the first well-established independent political entity in Bengal.[7] After this kingdom, the Pala Empire in 750 AD and the Sena Empire in 1070 AD respectively emerged across West Bengal. Both of these empires were mainly Bengal-centric.

Islamic conquests were established in West Bengal as early as the 13th century. At this time Bengal along with West Bengal was included in the Ghaznavid Empire. West Bengal was ruled under the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th to the 14th century and the Bengal Sultanate from the 14th to the 16th century. In the 16th century, after the fall of the Bengal Sultanate, West Bengal came under the Mughal Empire.

Murshidabad in West Bengal was the capital of independent Nawab Bengal (1717–1765). In 1765, the British took over the control of Bengal including West Bengal from the Nawabs of Bengal.[8] The Bengal Presidency of the British Indian Empire was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal in August 1947; West Bengal was included in the Dominion of India and gained independence as a Indian state.

Prehistoric era (until c. 2000 BCE)

Paleolithic

Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found in the region. These human settlements have been discovered at Kana and Mahadebbera at the foothills of the Ajodhya Hills.[1][2][3] Microlithic tools found at Kana are 42,000 years old, while microlithic tools found at Mahadevera are 34,000 to 25,000 years old.[2][3]

Hatpara on the west bank of Bhagirathi River has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years. About 200 small stone weapons have been found here. Grains and fish bones were also found here. According to archaeologists, the prehistoric civilization of Hatpara was spread along the banks of the Bhagirathi from Ganakar to Mahipala. Fish was a common part of the human diet of the time, and coppery color of the fish bones found at the site indicates that the Burnt fish was eaten.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gautam Basumallik (30 March 2015). "৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে" [42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region]. www.eisamay.com (in Bengali). Ei Samay. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bishnupriya Basak; Pradeep Srivastava; Sujit Dasgupta; Anil Kumar; S. N. Rajaguru (10 October 2014). "Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal". CURRENT SCIENCE. 107: 1167–1171.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sebanti Saarkar (21 October 2014). "Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs". www.telegraphindia.com. The Telegraph India. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  4. ↑ Pradeep Mukherjee (13 December 2022). "প্রায় চার হাজার বছর পূর্বের সভ্যতার নিদর্শন বর্ধমানের 'পাণ্ডু রাজার ঢিবি '" [The 'Mound of Pandu Raja' in Bardhaman is a sign of the civilization of about four thousand years ago.]. www.eisamay.com (in Bengali). Ei Samay. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC (ed.). History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp.
  6. ↑ Haraniya, Krutika (25 June 2017). "Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port". www.livehistoryindia.com. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  7. ↑ "প্রাচীন বাংলার ইতিহাস" [History of Ancient Bengal] (PDF). www.ebookbou.edu.bd (in Bengali). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  8. ↑ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  9. ↑ Biman Hazra (6 November 2020). "মাছের হাড়, শস্যের দানা মেলে হাটপাড়ায়" [Fish bones, and grains of crop are found in Hatpara]. www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Sagradighi: Anandabazar Patrika. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
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