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| states = [[India]] and [[Burma]] | | states = [[India]] and [[Burma]] | ||
| region = Southeast [[Manipur]] | | region = Southeast [[Manipur]] | ||
| ethnicity = [[Anāl Naga | | ethnicity = [[Anāl Naga]] | ||
| speakers = {{sigfig|123300|2}} | | speakers = {{sigfig|123300|2}} | ||
| date = 2011 census | | date = 2011 census | ||
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| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | ||
| fam2 = ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]) | | fam2 = ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]) | ||
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]] | |||
| fam4 = [[Southern Naga languages|Southern Naga]] | |||
| dia1 = Langet? | | dia1 = Langet? | ||
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] | | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Anāl''', also known as '''Pakan Naga''' after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a Southern [[Naga languages|Naga language]], part of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family, spoken by the [[Anāl Naga | '''Anāl''', also known as '''Pakan Naga''' after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a Southern [[Naga languages|Naga language]], part of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family, spoken by the [[Anāl Naga]] in [[India]] and a dwindling number in [[Burma]]. It had 83,000 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 55000 in Burma in 2010.<ref name=e18/> It has two principal clans, murchal and Moshum, and is closest to [[Lamkang language|Lamkang]]. The language of wider communication is [[Meithei language|Meithei]]. | ||
Anal is written in the [[Latin script]],<ref name=B120>{{harvnb|Bareh|2007|p=120}}</ref> with a literacy rate of about 87%.<ref name=e18/> | Anal is written in the [[Latin script]],<ref name=B120>{{harvnb|Bareh|2007|p=120}}</ref> with a literacy rate of about 87%.<ref name=e18/> | ||
Latest revision as of 03:50, 29 September 2021
| Anāl | |
|---|---|
| Native to | India and Burma |
| Region | Southeast Manipur |
| Ethnicity | Anāl Naga |
Native speakers | 120,000 (2011 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | anm |
qfs Langet | |
| Glottolog | anal1239 |
Anāl, also known as Pakan Naga after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a Southern Naga language, part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, spoken by the Anāl Naga in India and a dwindling number in Burma. It had 83,000 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 55000 in Burma in 2010.[1] It has two principal clans, murchal and Moshum, and is closest to Lamkang. The language of wider communication is Meithei. Anal is written in the Latin script,[2] with a literacy rate of about 87%.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
The Namfau (Anal Naga) language started to be written down in the 19-20th century.
Geographical distribution[edit | edit source]
Anal is spoken in Chandel district, southeastern Manipur, on the banks of the Chakpi River in Chandel, Chakpikarong, and Tangnoupal subdivisions (Ethnologue).
Alphabet[edit | edit source]
The Latin alphabet is used. It consists of 26 letters.
Vocabulary[edit | edit source]
The following vocabulary exemplifies words in the language.[3]
| Anal | gloss | Anal | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| khol | 'deep hole'; 'social division' | ahno | 'kind of short skirt' |
| lunguin | 'kind of long shawl' | zupar | 'rice beer' |
| piruili | 'elopement' | Jol min | 'bride price' |
| ithin | 'divorce' | sinnuperu | 'adultery' |
| pakum | 'hearth' | mote | 'first-born' |
| kopu | 'second-born' | cakhow | 'brown rice' |
| khon | 'fifty rupees' | thunlon | 'grave' |
| dao | 'kind of iron blade' | shingkho | 'plate' |
| vopum | 'basket' | athiru | 'kind of bead necklace' |
| akarfo | 'kind of China necklace' | sanamba | 'kind of fiddle' |
| tilli | 'kind of flageolet' | tuklee | 'kind of loom' |
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anāl at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Bareh 2007, p. 120
- ↑ Bareh 2007, pp. 119–128
External links[edit | edit source]
- ELAR collection: A community-driven documentation of natural discourse in Anal, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language deposited by Pavel Ozerov
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Bareh, Hamlet (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur. Vol. III. New Delhi: Mittai. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-269-0708-3. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
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