| Sümi | |
|---|---|
| Sümi (Naga) | |
| Pronunciation | [sɨ˧ mi˩] |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Sümi Naga |
Native speakers | 350,000 (2011 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nsm |
| Glottolog | sumi1235 |
Sümi, also Sema, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nagaland, India. It is spoken by the Sümi Naga people.[2][3]
Geographical distribution[edit | edit source]
Sümi is spoken in central and southern Nagaland, in Zunheboto district, Dimapur district, Kohima district, Mokokchung district, and Tuensang district, as well as in 7 villages of Tinsukia district, Assam (Ethnologue).
Dialects[edit | edit source]
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Sümi.
- Dayang (Western Sümi)
- Lazami
- Jimomi
- Zumomi
Phonology[edit | edit source]
The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Vowels[edit | edit source]
The vowels of Sümi are as follows:[4][5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Notes:
- The close front and the close central vowels have been variously described as near-close [i̞, ɨ̞] and close [i, ɨ]. The close back vowel has only been described as close [u].[6][7]
- The mid vowels /e, o/ can be realized as either close-mid [e, o] or open-mid [ɛ, ɔ].[4][9]
- Teo (2012) describes the close-mid allophone of /o/ as slightly advanced [o̟].[6]
- /a/ has been variously described as near-open [ɐ][6] and open [ä].[8]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
The consonants of Sümi are as follows[5][10] (allophones that are represented in the orthographic system are given in parentheses):
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal |
plain |
m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| mʱ | nʱ | |||||||||
| Plosive | p | t | k | q | ||||||
| pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |||||||
| b | d | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricate | (ts) | tʃ | ||||||||
| (tsʰ) | tʃʰ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f | (s) | ʃ | x | h | |||||
| v | (z) | ʒ | ɣ | |||||||
| Approximant |
plain |
(w) | ɹ | j | ||||||
| l | ||||||||||
| lʱ | ||||||||||
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ↑ Sreedhar (1976).
- ↑ Sreedhar (1980).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Teo (2012), p. 369.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Teo (2014), p. 20.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Teo (2012), p. 368.
- ↑ Teo (2014), pp. 27–28.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Teo (2014), p. 28.
- ↑ Teo (2014), p. 27.
- ↑ Teo (2012), p. 366.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Sreedhar, Mangadan Veetil (1976), Sema phonetic reader, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Sreedhar, Mangadan Veetil (1980), A Sema Grammar, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (3): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland, Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
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