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{{Short description|Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country}} | {{Short description|Internet top-level domain generally used by or reserved for a country}} | ||
{{ | {{Redirect2|ccTLD|cc TLD|the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands|.cc}} | ||
{{For|a list of TLDs|List of Internet top-level domains}} | |||
A '''country code top-level domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is an [[Internet]] [[top-level domain]] generally used or reserved for a [[country]], sovereign state, or [[dependent territory]] identified with a [[country code]]. All [[ASCII]] ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. | A '''country code top-level domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is an [[Internet]] [[top-level domain]] generally used or reserved for a [[country]], sovereign state, or [[dependent territory]] identified with a [[country code]]. All [[ASCII]] ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. | ||
In 2018, the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) began implementing [[internationalized country code top-level domain]]s, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] [[country codes]]. While [[gTLD]]s have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today, ccTLDs make up 40% of the total domain name industry.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |title=The Domain Name Industry Report |website=verisign.com}}</ref> Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered | In 2018, the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) began implementing [[internationalized country code top-level domain]]s, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] [[country codes]]. While [[gTLD]]s have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |title=The Domain Name Industry Report |website=verisign.com |date= |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131230604/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included [[.us]] (United States), [[.uk]] (United Kingdom) and [[.il]] (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included [[.au]] (Australia), [[.de]] (Germany), [[.fi]] (Finland), [[.fr]] (France), [[.is]] (Iceland), [[.jp]] (Japan), [[.kr]] (South Korea), [[.nl]] (Netherlands) and [[.se]] (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included [[.nz]] (New Zealand), [[.ch]] (Switzerland) and [[.ca]] (Canada).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |website=ICANN (iana.org) |title=ccTLD |date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507123705/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |url-status=live }}</ref> The registered country code extensions in 1988 included [[.ie]] (Ireland) [[.it]] (Italy), [[.es]] (Spain) and [[.pt]] (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included [[.in]] (India) and [[.yu]] (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, [[.cn]] (People’s Republic of China) and [[.ru]] (Russian Federation) were first registered. | |||
There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The [[.cn]], [[.tk]], [[.de]], [[.uk]], [[.nl]] and [[.ru]] ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|title=Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021|website=verisign.com|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606172302/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==Delegation and management== | ==Delegation and management== | ||
IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.<ref>{{cite web |website=IANA (iana.org) |title=list of ccTLDs |url=https://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm }}</ref> Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering [[subdomains]]. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the [[Canada|Canadian]] ([[.ca|ca]]) and [[Germany|German]] ([[.de|de]]) domains, or registration may be open. | IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.<ref>{{cite web |website=IANA (iana.org) |title=list of ccTLDs |url=https://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm |access-date=2020-11-01 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185901/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering [[subdomains]]. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the [[United States]] ([[.us|us]]), [[Japan|Japanese]] ([[.jp|jp]]), [[Canada|Canadian]] ([[.ca|ca]]), [[France|French]] ([[.fr|fr]]) and [[Germany|German]] ([[.de|de]]) domains, or registration may be open. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The first registered ccTLD was [[.us]], which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered | The first registered ccTLD was [[.us]], which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included [[.uk]] and [[.il]]. Then, [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr]], [[.is]], [[.jp]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]] and [[.se]] were also registered in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |title=Root Zone database |website=IANA (iana.org) |access-date=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2018-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, [[.nz]], [[.ch]], [[.my]] [[.ca]] were registered. Later on, in 1988, [[.ie]], [[.it]], [[.es]] and [[.pt]] were also registered. | ||
==Lists== | ==Lists== | ||
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 | As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 {{As of|June 2020|lc=y}}, with the addition of internationalized domains.<ref name="iana">{{cite web|title=IANA — Root Zone Database|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|website=iana.org|access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> | ||
===Latin Character ccTLDs=== | ===Latin Character ccTLDs=== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 47: | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
!style="text-align:right;"| SLD | !style="text-align:right;"| SLD | ||
| | | Second level domain | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
!style="text-align:right;"| IPv6 | !style="text-align:right;"| IPv6 | ||
| Line 55: | Line 60: | ||
!scope="col"| Explanation | !scope="col"| Explanation | ||
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes | !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes | ||
!scope="col"| [[Domain name registry|Registry]]<ref name=":0"> | !scope="col"| [[Domain name registry|Registry]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db | |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db | ||
|title=IANA — Root Zone Database | |title=IANA — Root Zone Database | ||
|website=iana.org | |website=iana.org | ||
|access-date=10 February 2020 | |access-date=10 February 2020 | ||
|archive-date=20 January 2018 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
!scope="col"| [[Internationalized domain name|IDN]] | !scope="col"| [[Internationalized domain name|IDN]] | ||
!scope="col"| [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]] | !scope="col"| [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]] | ||
| Line 74: | Line 80: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ad]] || {{flag|Andorra}} ||'''''A'''n'''d'''orra'' | | [[.ad]] || {{flag|Andorra}} ||'''''A'''n'''d'''orra'' | ||
| Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required<ref> | | Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy | |title=Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy | ||
|website=Nic.ad | |website=Nic.ad | ||
|url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm | |url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=18 March 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318043213/http://nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy | |title=Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy | ||
|website=Nic.ad | |website=Nic.ad | ||
|url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm | |url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=16 March 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316072443/http://nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|Nic.ad | |Nic.ad | ||
| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
| Line 120: | Line 128: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{unknown}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{unknown}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.aq]] || {{flag|Antarctica}} || '''''A'''ntarcti'''q'''ue'' || Defined by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] as everything south of [[60th parallel south|latitude 60°S]]. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. | | [[.aq]] || {{flag|Antarctica}} || '''''A'''ntarcti'''q'''ue'' || Defined by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] as everything south of [[60th parallel south|latitude 60°S]]. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. | ||
| || {{dunno}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{dunno}} | | || {{dunno}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{dunno}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ar]] || {{flag|Argentina}} ||'''''Ar'''gentina'' | | [[.ar]] || {{flag|Argentina}} ||'''''Ar'''gentina'' | ||
| | | | ||
| || {{yes|Spanish}}{{efn-ua| 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.<ref> | | [https://Nic.ar nic.ar]|| {{yes|Spanish}}{{efn-ua| 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm | |url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm | ||
|title=norma | |title=norma | ||
|website=infoleg.gov.ar | |website=infoleg.gov.ar | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2016-02-29 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229053125/http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.as]] || {{flag|American Samoa}} (United States)||'''''A'''merican '''S'''amoa'' | | [[.as]] || {{flag|American Samoa}} (United States)||'''''A'''merican '''S'''amoa'' | ||
| Line 139: | Line 149: | ||
| [[.at]] || {{flag|Austria}} ||'''''A'''us'''t'''ria'' | | [[.at]] || {{flag|Austria}} ||'''''A'''us'''t'''ria'' | ||
| | | | ||
|[[Nic.at]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see<ref> | |[[Nic.at]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=IDN Zeichentabelle | |title=IDN Zeichentabelle | ||
|lang=de | |lang=de | ||
|url=https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf | |url=https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2019-12-17 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025352/https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.au]] || {{flag|Australia}} ||'''''Au'''stralia'' | | [[.au]] || {{flag|Australia}} ||'''''Au'''stralia'' | ||
| Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.<ref> | | Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Rules for .au Domains | |title=Rules for .au Domains | ||
|url=https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/ | |url=https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/ | ||
|access-date=2022-02-11 | |||
|archive-date=2019-07-31 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731104255/https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> Includes [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]] and [[Coral Sea Islands]]. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.<ref name=".au Direct">{{cite web |title=.au Direct |url=https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |website=auDA.org.au |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211055953/https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| [[.au_Domain_Administration|auDA]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} (*From 24 Mar 2022)<ref name=".au Direct"/> || {{yes}} | | [[.au_Domain_Administration|auDA]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} (*From 24 Mar 2022)<ref name=".au Direct"/> || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 165: | Line 179: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ba]] || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || '''''B'''osnia '''a'''nd Herzegovina | | [[.ba]] || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || '''''B'''osnia '''a'''nd Herzegovina''|| | ||
| University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 172: | Line 186: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bd]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || '''''B'''angla'''d'''esh''|| For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. | | [[.bd]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || '''''B'''angla'''d'''esh''|| For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{ | | || {{yes}} || {{<nowiki>yes}}</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=BTCL Expands DNSSEC Deployment to .com.bd and .net.bd - ITBlog: Single Page Layout - domain.btcl.gov.bd |url=https://domain.btcl.gov.bd/itblog-single-page-layout/btcl-expands-dnssec-deployment-to-com-bd-and-net-bd |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=domain.btcl.gov.bd |language=en}}</ref> || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.be]] || {{flag|Belgium}} || '''''Be'''lgium''|| Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of Bern]], [[Switzerland]] | | [[.be]] || {{flag|Belgium}} || '''''Be'''lgium''|| Used for [[YouTube]]-related domains. Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of Bern]], [[Switzerland]]. | ||
| || {{yes|[[Latin script|Latin]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | | [[DNS Belgium]]|| {{yes|[[Latin script|Latin]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|title=DNS Belgium and IPv6 | |title=DNS Belgium and IPv6 | ||
| Line 189: | Line 203: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bg]] || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || '''''B'''ul'''g'''aria''|| See also [[.бг]] ({{code|.bg}} in | | [[.bg]] || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || '''''B'''ul'''g'''aria''|| See also [[.бг]] ({{code|.bg}} in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 213: | Line 227: | ||
| || || || || | | || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.br]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || '''''Br'''asil''|| Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: {{code|.edu.br}} for higher education institutions, {{code|.gov.br}} for government agencies, etc.).<ref> | | [[.br]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || '''''Br'''asil''|| Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: {{code|.edu.br}} for higher education institutions, {{code|.gov.br}} for government agencies, etc.).<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Domínios .br | |title=Domínios .br | ||
|website=Registro.br | |website=Registro.br | ||
|url=http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html | |url=http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2014-02-14 | |||
| || {{yes}}<ref> | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092437/http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS | |title=Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS | ||
|date=4 May 2005 | |date=4 May 2005 | ||
| Line 227: | Line 242: | ||
|url=https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/ | |url=https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/ | ||
|access-date=26 August 2020 | |access-date=26 August 2020 | ||
|archive-date=20 June 2020 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620175506/https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{no}}{{efn-ua| Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bs]] || {{flag|Bahamas}} || '''''B'''ahama'''s'''''|| | | [[.bs]] || {{flag|Bahamas}} || '''''B'''ahama'''s'''''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bt]] || {{flag|Bhutan}} || '''''B'''hu'''t'''an''|| Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license<ref> | | [[.bt]] || {{flag|Bhutan}} || '''''B'''hu'''t'''an''|| Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license<ref>{{Cite web | ||
|title=Domain Registration | |title=Domain Registration | ||
|website=Nic.Bt | |website=Nic.Bt | ||
|url=https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2 | |url=https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2 | ||
|access-date=25 December 2020 | |access-date=25 December 2020 | ||
|archive-date=2 December 2020 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202182635/https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bw]] || {{flag|Botswana}} || '''''B'''ots'''w'''ana''|| May also be used for the [[Walloon Brabant|Province of Walloon Brabant]], [[Wallonia]], [[Belgium]] | | [[.bw]] || {{flag|Botswana}} || '''''B'''ots'''w'''ana''|| May also be used for the [[Walloon Brabant|Province of Walloon Brabant]], [[Wallonia]], [[Belgium]] | ||
| || {{no}} || {{ | | || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref> | ||
{{Cite web | |||
|title=DNSViz probe 27 July 2022 | |||
|website=dnsviz.net | |||
|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/bw/YuG9Ww/dnssec/ | |||
|access-date=29 November 2022 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.by]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || ''[[BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian|'''By'''elorussia]]''|| Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany | | [[.by]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || ''[[BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian|'''By'''elorussia]]''|| Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany | ||
| Line 253: | Line 278: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ca]] || {{flag|Canada}} || '''''Ca'''nada''|| Subject to [[.ca#Canadian Presence Requirements|Canadian Presence Requirements]]. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of [[California]]. | | [[.ca]] || {{flag|Canada}} || '''''Ca'''nada''|| Subject to [[.ca#Canadian Presence Requirements|Canadian Presence Requirements]]. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of [[California]]. | ||
| || {{yes|[[French language|French]]}}<ref> | | [[Canadian Internet Registration Authority|CIRA]] || {{yes|[[French language|French]]}}<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|title=About internationalized domain names | |title=About internationalized domain names | ||
| Line 262: | Line 287: | ||
|archive-date=14 March 2016 | |archive-date=14 March 2016 | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cc]] || {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} || '''''C'''o'''c'''os Islands''|| Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos | | [[.cc]] || {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} || '''''C'''o'''c'''os Islands''|| Australian territory: not to be confused with [[Cocos Island (Guam)|Cocos Island]] in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a [[VeriSign]] company. | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 277: | Line 302: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ch]] || {{flag|Switzerland}} || ''[[ISO 3166-2:CH|'''C'''onfoederatio '''H'''elvetica]]''|| | | [[.ch]] || {{flag|Switzerland}} || ''[[ISO 3166-2:CH|'''C'''onfoederatio '''H'''elvetica]]''|| | ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since March 2004, see<ref> | | [[SWITCH Information Technology Services|SWITCH]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since March 2004, see<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.nic.ch/en/faq/idn.html | |url=http://www.nic.ch/en/faq/idn.html | ||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
|website=nic.ch | |website=nic.ch | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2020-05-10 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510165154/https://www.nic.ch/support/idn/index.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ci]] || {{flag|Ivory Coast}}||'''''C'''ôte d''''I'''voire'' | | [[.ci]] || {{flag|Ivory Coast}}||'''''C'''ôte d''''I'''voire'' | ||
| Line 293: | Line 320: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cl]] || {{flag|Chile}} || '''''C'''hi'''l'''e''|| | | [[.cl]] || {{flag|Chile}} || '''''C'''hi'''l'''e''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | | NIC Chile|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cm]] || {{flag|Cameroon}} || '''''C'''a'''m'''eroon''|| A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. | | [[.cm]] || {{flag|Cameroon}} || '''''C'''a'''m'''eroon''|| A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. | ||
| Line 321: | Line 348: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cy]] || {{flag|Cyprus}} || '''''Cy'''prus''|| | | [[.cy]] || {{flag|Cyprus}} || '''''Cy'''prus''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{ | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cz]] || {{flag|Czech Republic}} || '''''Cz'''ech''|| | | [[.cz]] || {{flag|Czech Republic}} || '''''Cz'''ech''|| | ||
| || {{no}}{{efn-ua| IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest<ref> | | || {{no}}{{efn-ua| IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names | |title=CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names | ||
|website=Nic.cz | |website=Nic.cz | ||
|url=http://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/ | |url=http://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/ | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=8 January 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108073325/https://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.de]] || {{flag|Germany}} || '''''De'''utschland'' || German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. | | [[.de]] || {{flag|Germany}} || '''''De'''utschland'' (The native name for Germany) || German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. | ||
|[[DENIC]] || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 93 non-ASCII characters, see<ref> | |[[DENIC]] || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 93 non-ASCII characters, see<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| Line 368: | Line 396: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ec]] || {{flag|Ecuador}} || '''Ec'''uador|| In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "[[E-commerce|electronic commerce]]". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".<ref> | | [[.ec]] || {{flag|Ecuador}} || '''''Ec'''uador''|| In [[Japan]], "EC" is used as an acronym for "[[E-commerce|electronic commerce]]". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".<ref> | ||
{{Cite web | {{Cite web | ||
|title=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 | |title=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 | ||
| Line 379: | Line 407: | ||
|archive-date=8 May 2018 | |archive-date=8 May 2018 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| | |Nic.ec | ||
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 403: | Line 431: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.es]] || {{flag|Spain}} || '''''Es'''paña'' || | | [[.es]] || {{flag|Spain}} || '''''Es'''paña'' || | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | | Red.es|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Other applicable Regulations | |title=Other applicable Regulations | ||
|website=dominios.es | |website=dominios.es | ||
| Line 414: | Line 442: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.et]] || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || '''''Et'''hiopia''|| | | [[.et]] || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || '''''Et'''hiopia''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{ | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.eu]] || {{flag|European Union}} || ''''' | | [[.eu]] || {{flag|European Union}} || '''''E'''uropean '''U'''nion''|| Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the [[Basque language]], but now [[.eus]] is in official use. | ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see<ref> | | [[EURid]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
| Line 437: | Line 465: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.fi]] || {{flag|Finland}} || '''''Fi'''nland''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. | | [[.fi]] || {{flag|Finland}} || '''''Fi'''nland''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. | ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| September 2005, supported characters: å, ä, ö and Sami language; see<ref> | | [[FICORA]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name | |url=https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name | ||
| Line 458: | Line 486: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.fo]] || {{flag|Faroe Islands}} (Kingdom of Denmark)|| '''''Fø'''royar'' || | | [[.fo]] || {{flag|Faroe Islands}} (Kingdom of Denmark)|| '''''Fø'''royar'' || | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | FO Council|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.fr]] || {{flag|France}} || '''''Fr'''ance''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | | [[.fr]] || {{flag|France}} || '''''Fr'''ance''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"| (6 December 2011)<ref>{{cite web | ||
| AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"> | |title=Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs | ||
{{cite web | |url=http://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2020-02-12 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070405/https://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}<br/>Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.</ref>}} | |||
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|title=Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs | |title=Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs | ||
|website=Afnic.fr | |website=Afnic.fr | ||
| Line 473: | Line 508: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ga]] || {{flag|Gabon}} || '''''Ga'''bon''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | | [[.ga]] || {{flag|Gabon}} || '''''Ga'''bon''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | ||
| Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | [[Freenom]] (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.gd]] || {{flag|Grenada}} || '''''G'''rena'''d'''a''|| | | [[.gd]] || {{flag|Grenada}} || '''''G'''rena'''d'''a''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ge]] || {{flag|Georgia|Georgia (country)}} || '''''Ge'''orgia''|| Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).<ref> | | [[.ge]] || {{flag|Georgia|Georgia (country)}} || '''''Ge'''orgia''|| Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).<ref>{{cite report | ||
|title=Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration | |title=Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration | ||
|at=Article 1.9 | |at=Article 1.9 | ||
|url=http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf | |url=http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf | ||
|website=nic.net.ge | |website=nic.net.ge | ||
|date= | |||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2014-12-23 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223003329/http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}} Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.</ref> | |||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 491: | Line 529: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.gg]] || {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} || {{code|.gu}}, {{code|.gs}}, ''and'' {{code|.gy}} ''already allocated'' || Also unofficially used by video game related websites (see [[GG (gaming)]]) | | [[.gg]] || {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} || {{code|.gu}}, {{code|.gs}}, ''and'' {{code|.gy}} ''already allocated'' || Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see [[GG (gaming)]]) | ||
| | |Island Networks Ltd. | ||
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 504: | Line 542: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.gm]] || {{flag|The Gambia}} || '''''G'''a'''m'''bia''|| Domain name should match the domain | | [[.gm]] || {{flag|The Gambia}} || '''''G'''a'''m'''bia''|| Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 510: | Line 548: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.gp]] || {{flag|Guadeloupe}} (France) ||'''''G'''uadelou'''p'''e'' | | [[.gp]] || {{flag|Guadeloupe|local}} (France) ||'''''G'''uadelou'''p'''e'' | ||
| Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin | | Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
| Line 534: | Line 572: | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.gu]] || {{flag|Guam}} (United States)|| '''''Gu'''am''|| | | [[.gu]] || {{flag|Guam}} (United States)|| '''''Gu'''am''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 559: | Line 597: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.hu]] || {{flag|Hungary}} || '''''Hu'''ngary''|| Citizens of the [[European Union]] or entities established by law within the territory of the EU | | [[.hu]] || {{flag|Hungary}} || '''''Hu'''ngary''|| Citizens of the [[European Union]] or entities established by law within the territory of the EU | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref> | | || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Delegation Rules | |title=Delegation Rules | ||
|publisher=The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers | |publisher=The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers | ||
|url=http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html | |url=http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html | ||
|access-date=7 January 2020 | |access-date=7 January 2020 | ||
|archive-date=1 October 2020 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005246/http://domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.id]] || {{flag|Indonesia}} || '''''I'''n'''d'''onesia''|| Restricted to Indonesian companies ({{code|co.id}}), organisations ({{code|or.id}}), academic ({{code|ac.id}} & {{code|sch.id}}) and citizens ({{code|biz.id}}, {{code|my.id}} & {{code|web.id}}). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.<ref> | | [[.id]] || {{flag|Indonesia}} || '''''I'''n'''d'''onesia''|| Restricted to Indonesian companies ({{code|co.id}}), organisations ({{code|or.id}}), academic ({{code|ac.id}} & {{code|sch.id}}) and citizens ({{code|biz.id}}, {{code|my.id}} & {{code|web.id}}). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news | ||
|title=Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year | |title=Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year | ||
|website=Tech in Asia | |website=Tech in Asia | ||
|url=http://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year/ | |url=http://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year/ | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=9 May 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082225/https://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year | |||
| PANDI | |url-status=live | ||
}}</ref> | |||
| PANDI | |||
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ie]] || {{flag|Ireland}} || '''''I'''r'''e'''land''|| In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of [[Ireland]] (including [[Northern Ireland]]).<ref> | | [[.ie]] || {{flag|Ireland}} || '''''I'''r'''e'''land''|| In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of [[Ireland]] (including [[Northern Ireland]]).<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions | |title=Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions | ||
|date=17 December 2002 | |date=17 December 2002 | ||
| Line 586: | Line 625: | ||
|url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/strategy/item/368-domain-chaos-spikes-e-busin | |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/strategy/item/368-domain-chaos-spikes-e-busin | ||
|access-date=30 December 2012 | |access-date=30 December 2012 | ||
|archive-date=26 December 2018 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000543/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/domain-chaos-spikes-e-business-ambitions | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref><ref> | |||
{{cite report | {{cite report | ||
|title=Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide | |title=Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide | ||
| Line 605: | Line 646: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.in]] || {{flag|India}} || '''''In'''dia''|| Under [[INRegistry]] since April 2005 (except for {{code|gov.in}}, {{code|nic.in}}, {{code|mil.in}}, {{code|ac.in}}, {{code|edu.in}}, {{code|res.in}}). | | [[.in]] || {{flag|India}} || '''''In'''dia''|| Under [[INRegistry]] since April 2005 (except for {{code|gov.in}}, {{code|nic.in}}, {{code|mil.in}}, {{code|ac.in}}, {{code|edu.in}}, {{code|res.in}}). | ||
|NIXI<ref name="Registry.In">{{cite web |title=.IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD) |website=Registry.In |url=https://www.registry.in/ |access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref>|| {{yes}}<ref> | |NIXI<ref name="Registry.In">{{cite web |title=.IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD) |website=Registry.In |url=https://www.registry.in/ |access-date=2021-11-03 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234513/https://www.registry.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news | ||
|title=Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages | |title=Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages | ||
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | ||
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece | |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece | ||
|access-date=11 October 2017 | |access-date=11 October 2017 | ||
|archive-date=17 December 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025408/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.io]] || {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} (United Kingdom) || '''''I'''ndian '''O'''cean''|| Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for [[domain hack]]s. | | [[.io]] || {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} (United Kingdom) || '''''I'''ndian '''O'''cean''|| Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for [[domain hack]]s. | ||
| Line 622: | Line 664: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ir]] || {{flag|Iran}} || '''''Ir'''an''|| | | [[.ir]] || {{flag|Iran}} || '''''Ir'''an''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | [[.ir|IRNIC]]|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.is]] || {{flag|Iceland}} || '''''Ís'''land'' ||Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc.). | | [[.is]] || {{flag|Iceland}} || '''''Ís'''land'' ||Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc.). | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | ISNIC|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.it]] || {{flag|Italy}} || '''''It'''aly''|| Restricted to companies and individuals in the [[European Union]]. | | [[.it]] || {{flag|Italy}} || '''''It'''aly''|| Restricted to companies and individuals in the [[European Union]]. | ||
| Line 637: | Line 679: | ||
|archive-date=8 March 2014 | |archive-date=8 March 2014 | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> || {{yes}}<ref> | </ref> || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=TLD DNSSEC Report | |title=TLD DNSSEC Report | ||
|website=stats.research.icann.org | |website=stats.research.icann.org | ||
|url=http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ | |url=http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ | ||
|access-date=15 May 2019 | |access-date=15 May 2019 | ||
|archive-date=25 March 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325014841/http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.je]] || {{flag|Jersey}} || '''''Je'''rsey''|| | | [[.je]] || {{flag|Jersey}} || '''''Je'''rsey''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | Island Networks Ltd.|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.jm]] || {{flag|Jamaica}} || '''''J'''a'''m'''aica''|| | | [[.jm]] || {{flag|Jamaica}} || '''''J'''a'''m'''aica''|| | ||
| Line 656: | Line 699: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.jp]] || {{flag|Japan}} || '''''J'''a'''p'''an''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. | | [[.jp]] || {{flag|Japan}} || '''''J'''a'''p'''an''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | | [[Japan Registry Services]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news | ||
|first=Yasuhiro Orange | |||
|first=Yasuhiro Orange |last=Morishita | |last=Morishita | ||
|date=2 September 2003 | |date=2 September 2003 | ||
|title=.JP technical update | |title=.JP technical update | ||
| Line 666: | Line 709: | ||
|url=https://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf | |url=https://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf | ||
|access-date=2 April 2017 | |access-date=2 April 2017 | ||
|archive-date=11 October 2011 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011222735/http://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ke]] || {{flag|Kenya}} || '''''Ke'''nya''|| | | [[.ke]] || {{flag|Kenya}} || '''''Ke'''nya''|| | ||
| || {{no}} || {{ | | || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref> | ||
{{Cite web | |||
|title=DNSViz probe 15 September 2022 | |||
|website=dnsviz.net | |||
|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/ke/YyNyeg/dnssec/ | |||
|access-date=29 November 2022 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{no}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.kg]] || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || '''''K'''yr'''g'''yzstan''|| | | [[.kg]] || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || '''''K'''yr'''g'''yzstan''|| | ||
| Line 687: | Line 739: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.kp]] || {{flag|North Korea}} || '''''K'''orea Democratic '''P'''eople's Republic''|| Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of [[Internet in North Korea|internet censorship in North Korea]]. | | [[.kp]] || {{flag|North Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, Democratic '''P'''eople's Republic''|| Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of [[Internet in North Korea|internet censorship in North Korea]]. | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.kr]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || '''''K'''orea '''R'''epublic''|| | | [[.kr]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, '''R'''epublic''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 699: | Line 751: | ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.kz]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || '''''K'''a'''z''' | | [[.kz]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || '''''K'''a'''z'''akhstan''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.la]] || {{flag|Laos}} || '''''La''' | | [[.la]] || {{flag|Laos}} || '''''La'''os''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=.LA - The Official .LA Registry | |title=.LA - The Official .LA Registry | ||
|website=La | |website=La | ||
|url=http://www.la/ | |url=http://www.la/ | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=30 September 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930223253/http://www.la/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 719: | Line 772: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.li]] || {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || '''''Li'''echtenstein''|| Also unofficially used by entities on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] or people with the last name [[Li (surname)|Li]]. In [[Russian Language|Russian]], ''li'' can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending ''li'' . | | [[.li]] || {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || '''''Li'''echtenstein''|| Also unofficially used by entities on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] or people with the last name [[Li (surname)|Li]]. In [[Russian Language|Russian]], ''li'' can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending ''li'' . | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[SWITCH Information Technology Services|SWITCH]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.lk]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || ''Sri '''L'''an'''k'''a'' || | | [[.lk]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || ''Sri '''L'''an'''k'''a'' || | ||
| Line 737: | Line 790: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.lv]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || '''''L'''at'''v'''ia''|| | | [[.lv]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || '''''L'''at'''v'''ia''|| | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[IMCS UL]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ly]] || {{flag|Libya}} || '''''L'''ib'''y'''a''||Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. | | [[.ly]] || {{flag|Libya}} || '''''L'''ib'''y'''a''||Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. | ||
| Line 755: | Line 808: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.mg]] || {{flag|Madagascar}} || '''''M'''ada'''g'''ascar''|| Restricted to registration with a company in [[Madagascar]] | | [[.mg]] || {{flag|Madagascar}} || '''''M'''ada'''g'''ascar''|| Restricted to registration with a company in [[Madagascar]] | ||
| || | | NIC-MG|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.mh]] || {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || '''''M'''ars'''h'''all''|| | | [[.mh]] || {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || '''''M'''ars'''h'''all''||Inactive | ||
| || || {{no}} || || | | || || {{no}} || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.mk]] || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || '''''M'''a'''k'''edonija'' || Restricted to | | [[.mk]] || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || '''''M'''a'''k'''edonija'' || Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]]. | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 778: | Line 831: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.mq]] || {{flag|Martinique}} (France) || '''''M'''artini'''q'''ue''|| | | [[.mq]] || {{flag|Martinique|local}} (France) || '''''M'''artini'''q'''ue''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.mr]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || '''''M'''au'''r'''itania''|| | | [[.mr]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || '''''M'''au'''r'''itania''|| | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 823: | Line 876: | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ne]] || {{flag|Niger}} || '''''N'''ig'''e'''r''|| | | [[.ne]] || {{flag|Niger}} || '''''N'''ig'''e'''r''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 835: | Line 888: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.nl]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || '''''N'''ether'''l'''ands''|| First active country-code domain outside the US.<ref> | | [[.nl]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || '''''N'''ether'''l'''ands''|| First active country-code domain outside the US.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones | |url=https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones | ||
|title=our milestones | |title=our milestones | ||
|website=sidn.nl | |website=sidn.nl | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2020-08-08 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001755/https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.no]] || {{flag|Norway}} || '''''No'''rway''|| Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. | | [[.no]] || {{flag|Norway}} || '''''No'''rway''|| Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. | ||
| [[Norid]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.np]] || {{flag|Nepal}} || '''''N'''e'''p'''al''|| All {{code|.np}} domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. | | [[.np]] || {{flag|Nepal}} || '''''N'''e'''p'''al''|| All {{code|.np}} domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. | ||
| Line 863: | Line 917: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.nu]] || {{flag|Niue}} || '''''N'''i'''u'''e''|| Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in | | [[.nu]] || {{flag|Niue}} || '''''N'''i'''u'''e''|| Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref> | | [[The Swedish Internet Foundation]]|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf | |url=https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf | ||
|title=nu teckentabell | |title=nu teckentabell | ||
|website=iis.se | |website=iis.se | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2014-04-07 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182055/https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.nz]] || {{flag|New Zealand}} || '''''N'''ew '''Z'''ealand''|| | | [[.nz]] || {{flag|New Zealand}} || '''''N'''ew '''Z'''ealand''|| | ||
| Line 894: | Line 950: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.om]] || {{flag|Oman}} || '''''Om'''an''|| Registrant must have company or trademark registered in [[Oman]] as well as a local administrative contact. | | [[.om]] || {{flag|Oman}} || '''''Om'''an''|| Registrant must have company or trademark registered in [[Oman]] as well as a local administrative contact. | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pa]] || {{flag|Panama}} || '''''Pa'''nama''|| Some use in [[Pennsylvania]] | | [[.pa]] || {{flag|Panama}} || '''''Pa'''nama''|| Some use in [[Pennsylvania]] | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pe]] || {{flag|Peru}} || '''''Pe'''ru''||Also unofficially used for [[Private equity|Private Equity]] related businesses. | | [[.pe]] || {{flag|Peru}} || '''''Pe'''ru''||Also unofficially used for [[Private equity|Private Equity]]-related businesses. | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 909: | Line 965: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ph]] || {{flag|Philippines}} || '''Ph'''ilippines|| | | [[.ph]] || {{flag|Philippines}} || '''Ph'''ilippines|| | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pk]] || {{flag|Pakistan}} || '''P'''a'''k'''istan|| Operated by [[PKNIC]] since 1992 | | [[.pk]] || {{flag|Pakistan}} || '''''P'''a'''k'''istan''|| Operated by [[PKNIC]] since 1992 | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 925: | Line 981: | ||
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pm]] || {{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}} (France) ||''Saint '''P'''ierre and '''M'''iquelon''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic" | | [[.pm]] || {{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}} (France) ||''Saint '''P'''ierre and '''M'''iquelon''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | ||
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || | |||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pn]] || {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''P'''itcair'''n'''''|| As a part of a marketing campaign, [[Lionsgate]] used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to ''[[The Hunger Games (film series)|The Hunger Games]]'' franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of [[Fictional world of The Hunger Games#Panem|Panem]] | | [[.pn]] || {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''P'''itcair'''n'''''|| As a part of a marketing campaign, [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]] used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to ''[[The Hunger Games (film series)|The Hunger Games]]'' franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of [[Fictional world of The Hunger Games#Panem|Panem]]; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 939: | Line 990: | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ps]] || {{flag|Palestine}}<ref> | | [[.ps]] || {{flag|Palestine}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html | |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html | ||
|title=Delegation Record for .PS | |title=Delegation Record for .PS | ||
|website=Iana.org | |website=Iana.org | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=2 March 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155919/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || '''''P'''ale'''s'''tine''|| [[Jerusalem]], [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]]. | |||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 962: | Line 1,014: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.pw]] || {{flag|Palau}} || '''''P'''ele'''w''''' || | | [[.pw]] || {{flag|Palau}} || '''''P'''ele'''w''''' || | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Registrars | |title=Registrars | ||
|publisher=Poets & Writers | |publisher=Poets & Writers | ||
|website=Registry.PW |url=http://registry.pw/registrars/ | |website=Registry.PW | ||
|url=http://registry.pw/registrars/ | |||
|access-date=29 March 2017 | |access-date=29 March 2017 | ||
|archive-date=24 July 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724184431/https://registry.pw/registrars/ | |||
|- | |url-status=live | ||
}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[.py]] || {{flag|Paraguay}} || '''''P'''aragua'''y'''''|| | | [[.py]] || {{flag|Paraguay}} || '''''P'''aragua'''y'''''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
| Line 977: | Line 1,031: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.re]] || {{flag|Réunion}} (France) || '''''Ré'''union''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | | [[.re]] || {{flag|Réunion|local}} (France) || '''''Ré'''union''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ro]] || {{flag|Romania}} || '''''Ro'''mania''|| | | [[.ro]] || {{flag|Romania}} || '''''Ro'''mania''|| | ||
| Line 1,018: | Line 1,072: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.rw]] || {{flag|Rwanda}} || '''''Rw'''anda''|| | | [[.rw]] || {{flag|Rwanda}} || '''''Rw'''anda''|| | ||
| || | | RICTA|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sa]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || '''''S'''audi '''A'''rabia''|| Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.<ref> | | [[.sa]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || '''''S'''audi '''A'''rabia''|| Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa) | |title=Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa) | ||
|website=nic.sa | |website=nic.sa | ||
|url=http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131 | |url=http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131 | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2018-10-30 | |||
| || {{yes|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}}<ref name="nic.sa">{{cite web|url=http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |title=DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD |website=Nic.sa |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030012506/http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131 | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || {{yes|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}}<ref name="nic.sa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |title=DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD |website=Nic.sa |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030022341/http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf | |url=http://www.nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf | ||
|title=Saudi NIC | |title=Saudi NIC | ||
|id=IPv6 | |id=IPv6 | ||
|year=2012 | |year=2012 | ||
|website=nic.sa | |website=nic.sa | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2014-04-10 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410073348/http://nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sb]] || {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || '''''S'''olomon Islands, '''B'''ritish'' || | | [[.sb]] || {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || '''''S'''olomon Islands, '''B'''ritish'' || | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,046: | Line 1,104: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.se]] || {{flag|Sweden}} || '''''S''' | | [[.se]] || {{flag|Sweden}} || '''''S'''verig'''e'''''|| | ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| October 2003, for [[Swedish language|Swedish]] characters, summer 2007 also for [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Meänkieli]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]; see<ref> | | [[The Swedish Internet Foundation]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| October 2003, for [[Swedish language|Swedish]] characters, summer 2007 also for [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Meänkieli]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]; see<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf | |url=https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf | ||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
|website=iis.se | |website=iis.se | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2018-09-27 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927153814/https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sg]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || '''''S'''in'''g'''apore''|| Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of St. Gallen]], [[Switzerland]] | | [[.sg]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || '''''S'''in'''g'''apore''|| Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of St. Gallen]], [[Switzerland]] | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sh]] || {{ | | [[.sh]] || {{flagicon|Saint Helena}}{{flagicon|Tristan da Cunha}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) || '''''S'''aint '''H'''elena''|| | ||
|NIC.SH (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]]) | |NIC.SH (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]]) | ||
| {{yes}}<ref> | | {{yes}}<ref> | ||
| Line 1,081: | Line 1,141: | ||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sk]] || {{flag|Slovakia}} || '''''S''' | | [[.sk]] || {{flag|Slovakia}} || '''''S'''lovens'''k'''''o|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sl]] || {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || '''''S'''ierra '''L'''eone''|| | | [[.sl]] || {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || '''''S'''ierra '''L'''eone''|| | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sm]] || {{flag|San Marino}} || '''''S'''an '''M'''arino''|| Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. | | [[.sm]] || {{flag|San Marino}} || '''''S'''an '''M'''arino''|| Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. | ||
| Line 1,094: | Line 1,154: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.so (domain name)|.so]] || {{flag|Somalia}} || '''''So'''malia''|| Relaunched on 1 November 2010. | | [[.so (domain name)|.so]] || {{flag|Somalia}} || '''''So'''malia''|| Relaunched on 1 November 2010. | ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | SONIC|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sr]] || {{flag|Suriname}} || '''''S'''u'''r'''iname''|| | | [[.sr]] || {{flag|Suriname}} || '''''S'''u'''r'''iname''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ss]] || {{flag|South Sudan}} || '''''S'''outh '''S'''udan''|| | | [[.ss]] || {{flag|South Sudan}} || '''''S'''outh '''S'''udan''|| | ||
| || || {{yes}} || || | | || || {{yes}} || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,113: | Line 1,173: | ||
|archive-date=19 May 2014 | |archive-date=19 May 2014 | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> | </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://cctld.su/ | |||
|url=http:// | |||
|title=ccTLD.su | |title=ccTLD.su | ||
|access-date=23 February 2015 | |access-date=23 February 2015 | ||
|archive-date=12 June 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612101349/http://cctld.su/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sv]] || {{flag|El Salvador}} || '''''S'''al'''v'''ador''|| | | [[.sv]] || {{flag|El Salvador}} || '''''S'''al'''v'''ador''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.sx]] || {{flag|Sint Maarten}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) ||'' | | [[.sx]] || {{flag|Sint Maarten}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) ||{{code|.sm}}'','' {{code|.ma}}'', and ''{{code|.mt}} ''already allocated''; airport code is [[Princess_Juliana_International_Airport|'''SX'''M]] || | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,133: | Line 1,194: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tc]] || {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''T'''urks | | [[.tc]] || {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''T'''urks and '''C'''aicos'' | ||
| Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. | | Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
| Line 1,141: | Line 1,201: | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tf]] || {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} || '''''T'''erres australes et antarctiques '''f'''rançaises'' || Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein | | [[.tf]] || {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} || '''''T'''erres australes et antarctiques '''f'''rançaises'' || Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game [[Team Fortress 2]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tg]] || {{flag|Togo}} || '''''T'''o'''g'''o''|| | | [[.tg]] || {{flag|Togo}} || '''''T'''o'''g'''o''|| | ||
| Line 1,171: | Line 1,231: | ||
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tn]] || {{flag|Tunisia}} || '''''T'''u'''n'''isia''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref> | | [[.tn]] || {{flag|Tunisia}} || '''''T'''u'''n'''isia''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn | |url=https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn | ||
|title=.TN for Tamil Nadu | |title=.TN for Tamil Nadu | ||
|website=tamil.tn | |website=tamil.tn | ||
|access-date=27 August 2020 | |access-date=27 August 2020 | ||
|archive-date=3 October 2020 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003051958/https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | | ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,185: | Line 1,246: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tr]] || {{flag|Turkey}} || '''''T'''u'''r'''key''|| ''.ct.tr'' and ''.nc.tr'' used by [[Northern Cyprus]] | | [[.tr]] || {{flag|Turkey}} || '''''T'''u'''r'''key''|| ''.ct.tr'' and ''.nc.tr'' used by [[Northern Cyprus]] | ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 14 November 2006; see<ref> | | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 14 November 2006; see<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.nic.tr/ | |||
|url=http://www.nic.tr | |||
|website=nic.tr | |website=nic.tr | ||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2019-09-05 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905031358/http://www.nic.tr/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 21 July 2015; see<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr | |url=https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr | ||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
|website=iana.org | |website=iana.org | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2022-08-08 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185900/https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tt]] || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || '''''T'''rinidad | | [[.tt]] || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || '''''T'''rinidad and '''T'''obago'' | ||
| | | | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
| Line 1,206: | Line 1,271: | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tw]] || {{TWN}}|| '''''T'''ai'''w'''an''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with [[ISO 3166-1]], IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent " | | [[.tw]] || {{TWN}}|| '''''T'''ai'''w'''an''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with [[ISO 3166-1]], IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center | |title=IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center | ||
|website=Iana.org | |website=Iana.org | ||
|url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html | |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=24 September 2015 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050843/http://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html | |||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Traditional [[Chinese characters]]: see<ref> | |url-status=live | ||
}}</ref> | |||
|url=http://www.twnic.net.tw | | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Traditional [[Chinese characters]]: see<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.twnic.net.tw/ | |||
|title=details | |title=details | ||
|website=twnic.net.tw | |website=twnic.net.tw | ||
|access-date=2021-05-17 | |||
|archive-date=2019-09-28 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104336/http://www.twnic.net.tw/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tz]] || {{flag|Tanzania}} || '''''T'''an'''z'''ania''|| | | [[.tz]] || {{flag|Tanzania}} || '''''T'''an'''z'''ania''|| TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. | ||
| || | | TCRA|| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ua]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || '''''U'''krain'''a''''' || | | [[.ua]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || '''''U'''krain'''a''''' || | ||
| || | | Hostmaster Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ug]] || {{flag|Uganda}} || '''''Ug'''anda''|| | | [[.ug]] || {{flag|Uganda}} || '''''Ug'''anda''|| | ||
| || | | Uganda Online Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{Anchor|uk}}[[.uk]] || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || '''''U'''nited '''K'''ingdom''|| The [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]] code for the United Kingdom is ''GB''. ''UK'' is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the [[ISO 3166-1]] list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.<ref name="Milton Mueller 2002 79"> | | {{Anchor|uk}}[[.uk]] || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || '''''U'''nited '''K'''ingdom''|| The [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]] code for the United Kingdom is ''GB'' (for '''''G'''reat '''B'''ritain''). ''UK'' is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the [[ISO 3166-1]] list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.<ref name="Milton Mueller 2002 79">{{cite book | ||
|first=Milton | |||
|first=Milton |last=Mueller | |last=Mueller | ||
|year=2002 | |year=2002 | ||
|title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace | |title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace | ||
| Line 1,241: | Line 1,310: | ||
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | ||
|via=Google Books | |via=Google Books | ||
|access-date=2020-11-10 | |||
|archive-date=2021-10-08 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|[[Nominet UK]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | |[[Nominet UK]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.us]] || {{flag|United States of America}} || '''''U'''nited '''S'''tates''|| Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by [[List of United States state legislatures#External links|U.S. State]] and [[Local government in the United States|local governments]], see also [[.gov]] TLD. | | [[.us]] || {{flag|United States of America}} || '''''U'''nited '''S'''tates''|| Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by [[List of United States state legislatures#External links|U.S. State]] and [[Local government in the United States|local governments]], see also [[.gov]] TLD. | ||
|[[ | |[[Go Daddy]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.uy]] || {{flag|Uruguay}} || '''''U'''rugua'''y'''''|| 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.<ref> | | [[.uy]] || {{flag|Uruguay}} || '''''U'''rugua'''y'''''|| 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|title=New rules for the registration of domain names under UY | |title=New rules for the registration of domain names under UY | ||
|url=http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf | |url=http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf | ||
|website=Nic.org.uy | |website=Nic.org.uy | ||
|access-date=21 October 2014 | |access-date=21 October 2014 | ||
|archive-date=14 July 2018 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714071906/http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.uz]] || {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || '''''Uz''' | | [[.uz]] || {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || '''''Uz'''bekistan''|| | ||
| || | | [[UZINFOCOM|Uzinfocom]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.va]] || {{flag|Vatican City}} || '''''Va'''tican''|| Limited to the official sites of the [[Holy See]] (including those of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]]). | | [[.va]] || {{flag|Vatican City}} || '''''Va'''tican''|| Limited to the official sites of the [[Holy See]] (including those of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]]). | ||
| Line 1,271: | Line 1,344: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.vg]] || {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''V'''ir'''g'''in Islands'' || | | [[.vg]] || {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''V'''ir'''g'''in Islands'' || | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.vi]] || {{flag|United States Virgin Islands}} (United States)|| '''''V'''irgin '''I'''slands'' || | | [[.vi]] || {{flag|United States Virgin Islands}} (United States)|| '''''V'''irgin '''I'''slands'' || | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.vn]] || {{flag|Vietnam}} || '''''V'''iet''' | | [[.vn]] || {{flag|Vietnam}} || '''''V'''iet '''N'''am''|| | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref> | | || {{yes}}<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| Line 1,290: | Line 1,363: | ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.wf]] || {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} || '''''W'''allis | | [[.wf]] || {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}} || '''''W'''allis and '''F'''utuna'' | ||
| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | | Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ws]] || {{flag|Samoa}} || '''''W'''estern '''S'''amoa'' || Marketed for use in general Websites | | [[.ws]] || {{flag|Samoa}} || '''''W'''estern '''S'''amoa'' || Marketed for use in general Websites | ||
| || {{yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref> | | || {{yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/ | |url=http://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/ | ||
|title=You are being redirected | |title=You are being redirected | ||
|website=Domain.me | |website=Domain.me | ||
|date=15 December 2010 | |date=15 December 2010 | ||
|access-date=8 January 2018 | |||
|archive-date=12 June 2019 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612083210/https://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ye]] || {{flag|Yemen}} || '' | | [[.ye]] || {{flag|Yemen}} || '''''Ye'''men''|| | ||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.yt]] || {{flag|Mayotte}} ||''Ma'''y'''o'''t'''te''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} Also unofficially used for [[YouTube]]-related domains. | | [[.yt]] || {{flag|Mayotte}} ||''Ma'''y'''o'''t'''te''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} Also unofficially used for [[YouTube]]-related domains. | ||
| || {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | | [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.za]] || {{flag|South Africa}} || '''''Z'''uid-'''A'''frika '' || | | [[.za]] || {{flag|South Africa}} || '''''Z'''uid-'''A'''frika '' || .za derives from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. | ||
| || | | [[ZADNA|ZA Domain Name Authority]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Root Zone Database |url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214064636/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[ICANN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214065010/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[ICANN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.za Domain Delegation Data |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214071137/https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]}}</ref>|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.zm]] || {{flag|Zambia}} || '''''Z'''a'''m'''bia''|| | | [[.zm]] || {{flag|Zambia}} || '''''Z'''a'''m'''bia''|| | ||
| Line 1,324: | Line 1,397: | ||
;Table Notes: | ;Table Notes: | ||
{{notelist-ua|22em}} | {{notelist-ua|22em}} | ||
===Internationalized ccTLDs=== | ===Internationalized ccTLDs=== | ||
| Line 1,355: | Line 1,429: | ||
| xn--y9a3aq || dir="auto" | [[.հայ]] || {{flag|Armenia}} || [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]] || hay || || [[.am]] || {{yes}} | | xn--y9a3aq || dir="auto" | [[.հայ]] || {{flag|Armenia}} || [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]] || hay || || [[.am]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a || dir="auto" | [[.البحرين]] || {{flag|Bahrain}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] || al- | | xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a || dir="auto" | [[.البحرين]] || {{flag|Bahrain}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] || al-Baḥrain || Not in use || [[.bh]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--54b7fta0cc || dir="auto" | [[.বাংলা]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bangla || || [[.bd]] || {{ | | xn--54b7fta0cc || dir="auto" | [[.বাংলা]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bangla || || [[.bd]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--90ais || dir="auto" | [[.бел]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bel || || [[.by]] || {{ | | xn--90ais || dir="auto" | [[.бел]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bel || || [[.by]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--90ae || dir="auto" | [[.бг]]<ref name=cctld_second_review> | | xn--90ae || dir="auto" | [[.бг]]<ref name=cctld_second_review> | ||
| Line 1,371: | Line 1,445: | ||
|archive-date=4 March 2016 | |archive-date=4 March 2016 | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bg || || [[.bg]] || {{ | </ref> || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bg || || [[.bg]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|xn--fiqs8s || dir="auto" | [[.中国]] || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Zhōngguó]] || || [[.cn]] || {{yes}} | |xn--fiqs8s || dir="auto" | [[.中国]] || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Zhōngguó]] || || [[.cn]] || {{yes}} | ||
| Line 1,390: | Line 1,464: | ||
| xn--e1a4c || dir="auto" | [[.ею]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || eyu || || [[.eu]] || {{yes}} | | xn--e1a4c || dir="auto" | [[.ею]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || eyu || || [[.eu]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--qxa6a || dir="auto" | [[.ευ]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || ey || | | xn--qxa6a || dir="auto" | [[.ευ]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || ey || In use since 2022 || [[.eu]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--node || dir="auto" | [[.გე]] || {{flag|Georgia}} || [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || [[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ([[Mkhedruli]]) || GE || || [[.ge]] || {{no}} | | xn--node || dir="auto" | [[.გე]] || {{flag|Georgia}} || [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || [[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ([[Mkhedruli]]) || GE || || [[.ge]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--qxam || dir="auto" | {{lang|el|[[.ελ]]}}<ref name=cctld_second_review/> || {{flag|Greece}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || el || In use since July 2018 || [[.gr]] || {{ | | xn--qxam || dir="auto" | {{lang|el|[[.ελ]]}}<ref name=cctld_second_review/> || {{flag|Greece}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || el || In use since July 2018 || [[.gr]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--j6w193g || dir="auto" | [[.香港]] || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Jyutping|Hoeng<sup>1</sup> gong<sup>2</sup>]] | | xn--j6w193g || dir="auto" | [[.香港]] || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Jyutping|Hoeng<sup>1</sup> gong<sup>2</sup>]] / [[Pinyin|Xiānggǎng]]|| || [[.hk]]|| {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--h2brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.भारत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Devanagari]] || Bhārat || Became available 27 August 2014<ref> | | xn--h2brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.भारत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Devanagari]] || Bhārat || Became available 27 August 2014<ref> | ||
| Line 1,421: | Line 1,495: | ||
| xn--45brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ভারত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bharôt || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | | xn--45brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ভারত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bharôt || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--2scrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ಭಾರತ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || Kannada || Bhārata || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || | | xn--2scrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ಭಾರತ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || Kannada || Bhārata || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--rvc1e0am3e || dir="auto" | [[.ഭാരതം]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam || Bhāratam || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || | | xn--rvc1e0am3e || dir="auto" | [[.ഭാരതം]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam || Bhāratam || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--45br5cyl || dir="auto" | [[.ভাৰত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Bengali || Bharatam || | | xn--45br5cyl || dir="auto" | [[.ভাৰত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Bengali || Bharatam || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--3hcrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ଭାରତ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Odia language|Oriya]] || Oriya || Bhārat || Became available 2021 || [[.in]] || | | xn--3hcrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ଭାରତ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Odia language|Oriya]] || Oriya || Bhārat || Became available 2021 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbbh1a || dir="auto" | [[.بارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Kashmiri language#Perso-Arabic alphabet|Kashmiri]]) || Bārat || | | xn--mgbbh1a || dir="auto" | [[.بارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Kashmiri language#Perso-Arabic alphabet|Kashmiri]]) || Bārat || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--h2breg3eve || dir="auto" | [[.भारतम्]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sanskrit]] || Devanagari || Bhāratam || | | xn--h2breg3eve || dir="auto" | [[.भारतम्]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sanskrit]] || Devanagari || Bhāratam || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--h2brj9c8c || dir="auto" | [[.भारोत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Santali language|Santali]] || Devanagari || Bharot || | | xn--h2brj9c8c || dir="auto" | [[.भारोत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Santali language|Santali]] || Devanagari || Bharot || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbgu82a || dir="auto" | [[.ڀارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]]) || Bhārat || | | xn--mgbgu82a || dir="auto" | [[.ڀارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]]) || Bhārat || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgba3a4f16a || dir="auto" | [[.ایران]] || {{flag|Iran}} || [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]]) || Īrān || || [[.ir]] || {{no}} | | xn--mgba3a4f16a || dir="auto" | [[.ایران]] || {{flag|Iran}} || [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]]) || Īrān || || [[.ir]] || {{no}} | ||
| Line 1,441: | Line 1,515: | ||
| xn--mgbtx2b || dir="auto" | [[.عراق]] || {{flag|Iraq}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || ʿIrāq || Not in use || [[.iq]]|| {{no}} | | xn--mgbtx2b || dir="auto" | [[.عراق]] || {{flag|Iraq}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || ʿIrāq || Not in use || [[.iq]]|| {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--4dbrk0ce || dir="auto" | [[.ישראל]] || {{flag|Israel}} || [[Hebrew]] || [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] || Israel || | | xn--4dbrk0ce || dir="auto" | [[.ישראל]] || {{flag|Israel}} || [[Hebrew]] || [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] || Israel || Became available 2022 || [[.il]]|| {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbayh7gpa || dir="auto" | [[.الاردن]] || {{flag|Jordan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Urdun || || [[.jo]]|| {{no}} | | xn--mgbayh7gpa || dir="auto" | [[.الاردن]] || {{flag|Jordan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Urdun || || [[.jo]]|| {{no}} | ||
| Line 1,447: | Line 1,521: | ||
| xn--80ao21a || dir="auto" | [[.қаз]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script|Kazakh]]) || qaz || || [[.kz]] || {{no}} | | xn--80ao21a || dir="auto" | [[.қаз]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script|Kazakh]]) || qaz || || [[.kz]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--q7ce6a || dir="auto" | [[.ລາວ]] || {{flag|Laos}} || [[Lao language|Lao]] || [[Lao script|Lao]] || Lao || Became available 2020 || [[.la]] || | | xn--q7ce6a || dir="auto" | [[.ລາວ]] || {{flag|Laos}} || [[Lao language|Lao]] || [[Lao script|Lao]] || Lao || Became available 2020 || [[.la]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mix082f || dir="auto" | [[.澳门]] || {{flag|Macao}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Jyutping|Ou<sup>3</sup> mun<sup>4</sup>]] / [[Pinyin|Àomén]] || Not in use || [[.mo]] || {{no}} | | xn--mix082f || dir="auto" | [[.澳门]] || {{flag|Macao}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Jyutping|Ou<sup>3</sup> mun<sup>4</sup>]] / [[Pinyin|Àomén]] || Not in use || [[.mo]] || {{no}} | ||
| Line 1,455: | Line 1,529: | ||
| xn--mgbx4cd0ab || dir="auto" | [[.مليسيا]] || {{flag|Malaysia}} || [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]) || Malaysīyā || || [[.my]] || {{yes}} | | xn--mgbx4cd0ab || dir="auto" | [[.مليسيا]] || {{flag|Malaysia}} || [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]) || Malaysīyā || || [[.my]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd || dir="auto" | [[.موريتانيا]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Mūrītāniyā || || [[.mr]] || {{ | | xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd || dir="auto" | [[.موريتانيا]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Mūrītāniyā || || [[.mr]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--l1acc || dir="auto" | [[.мон]] || {{flag|Mongolia}} || [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian]]) || mon || || [[.mn]] || {{yes}} | | xn--l1acc || dir="auto" | [[.мон]] || {{flag|Mongolia}} || [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian]]) || mon || || [[.mn]] || {{yes}} | ||
| Line 1,473: | Line 1,547: | ||
| xn--p1ai || dir="auto" | [[.рф]] || {{flag|Russia}} || [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Russian alphabet|Russian]]) || rf || || [[.ru]]|| {{yes}} | | xn--p1ai || dir="auto" | [[.рф]] || {{flag|Russia}} || [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Russian alphabet|Russian]]) || rf || || [[.ru]]|| {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgberp4a5d4ar || dir="auto" | [[AlSaudiah|.السعودية]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || as-Suʿūdīya || || [[.sa]]|| {{yes}} | | xn--mgberp4a5d4ar || dir="auto" | [[AlSaudiah|.السعودية]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || as-Suʿūdīya || || [[.sa]]|| {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--90a3ac || dir="auto" | [[.срб]] || {{flag|Serbia}} || [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian]]) || srb || || [[.rs]] || {{ | | xn--90a3ac || dir="auto" | [[.срб]] || {{flag|Serbia}} || [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian]]) || srb || || [[.rs]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--yfro4i67o || dir="auto" | [[.新加坡]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Pinyin|Xīnjiāpō]] || || [[.sg]] || {{yes}} | | xn--yfro4i67o || dir="auto" | [[.新加坡]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Pinyin|Xīnjiāpō]] || || [[.sg]] || {{yes}} | ||
| Line 1,483: | Line 1,557: | ||
| xn--3e0b707e || dir="auto" | [[.한국]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Hangul]] || [[Revised Romanization of Korean|Han-guk]] || || [[.kr]] || {{yes}} | | xn--3e0b707e || dir="auto" | [[.한국]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Hangul]] || [[Revised Romanization of Korean|Han-guk]] || || [[.kr]] || {{yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--fzc2c9e2c || dir="auto" | [[.ලංකා]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] || Lanka || || [[.lk]] || {{ | | xn--fzc2c9e2c || dir="auto" | [[.ලංකා]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] || Lanka || || [[.lk]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--xkc2al3hye2a || dir="auto" | [[.இலங்கை]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]] || Ilaṅkai || || [[.lk]]|| {{ | | xn--xkc2al3hye2a || dir="auto" | [[.இலங்கை]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]] || Ilaṅkai || || [[.lk]]|| {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--mgbpl2fh || dir="auto" | .سودان || {{flag|Sudan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūdān || || [[.sd]] || {{no}} | | xn--mgbpl2fh || dir="auto" | .سودان || {{flag|Sudan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūdān || || [[.sd]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--ogbpf8fl || dir="auto" | [[.سورية]] || {{flag|Syria}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūriyya || || [[.sy]] || {{ | | xn--ogbpf8fl || dir="auto" | [[.سورية]] || {{flag|Syria}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūriyya || || [[.sy]] || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| xn--kprw13d || dir="auto" | [[.台湾]] || {{flag|Taiwan}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Táiwān]] || || [[.tw]]|| {{yes}} | | xn--kprw13d || dir="auto" | [[.台湾]] || {{flag|Taiwan}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Táiwān]] || || [[.tw]]|| {{yes}} | ||
| Line 1,514: | Line 1,588: | ||
==Relation to ISO 3166-1== | ==Relation to ISO 3166-1== | ||
{{quote|The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.|[[Jon Postel]]|RFC 1591<ref> | {{quote|The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.|[[Jon Postel]]|RFC 1591<ref>{{cite journal | ||
{{cite | |||
|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4 | |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4 | ||
|id=RFC 1591 | |id=RFC 1591 | ||
|title=Domain Name System Structure and Delegation | |title=Domain Name System Structure and Delegation | ||
|date=March 1994 | |date=March 1994 | ||
|first=Jon |last=Postel |author-link=Jon Postel |access-date=2008-06-22 | |first=Jon | ||
}} | |last=Postel | ||
</ref>}} | |doi=10.17487/RFC1591 | ||
|author-link=Jon Postel | |||
|access-date=2008-06-22 | |||
|archive-date=2010-09-13 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913011853/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref>}} | |||
===Unused ISO 3166-1 codes=== | ===Unused ISO 3166-1 codes=== | ||
| Line 1,528: | Line 1,607: | ||
However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency [[Bouvet Island]] (<code>[[.bv|bv]]</code>) and the designation [[Svalbard and Jan Mayen]] (<code>[[.sj|sj]]</code>) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is [[Norid]] policy to not assign any at present. Two [[France|French]] territories—<code>[[.bl|bl]]</code> ([[Saint Barthélemy]]) and <code>[[.mf|mf]]</code> ([[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]])—{{As of|2008|alt=still}} await local assignment by France's government. | However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency [[Bouvet Island]] (<code>[[.bv|bv]]</code>) and the designation [[Svalbard and Jan Mayen]] (<code>[[.sj|sj]]</code>) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is [[Norid]] policy to not assign any at present. Two [[France|French]] territories—<code>[[.bl|bl]]</code> ([[Saint Barthélemy]]) and <code>[[.mf|mf]]</code> ([[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]])—{{As of|2008|alt=still}} await local assignment by France's government. | ||
The code <code>[[.eh|eh]]</code>, although eligible as ccTLD for [[Western Sahara]], has never been assigned and does not exist in [[Domain Name System|DNS]]. Only one subdomain is still registered in <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code><ref> | The code <code>[[.eh|eh]]</code>, although eligible as ccTLD for [[Western Sahara]], has never been assigned and does not exist in [[Domain Name System|DNS]]. Only one subdomain is still registered in <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code><ref>{{cite web | ||
{{cite web | |||
|url=http://dnstools.ws/tools/lookup.php?host=dra.hmg.gb&type=ANY | |url=http://dnstools.ws/tools/lookup.php?host=dra.hmg.gb&type=ANY | ||
|title=DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb | |title=DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb | ||
|year=2010 | |year=2010 | ||
|access-date=2010-07-03 | |access-date=2010-07-03 | ||
}} | |archive-date=2022-08-08 | ||
</ref> (ISO 3166-1 for the [[United Kingdom]]), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> (see below). | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185902/https://dnstools.ws/lookup/dra.hmg.gb/ANY/ | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> (ISO 3166-1 for the [[United Kingdom]]), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> (see below). | |||
The former [[.um]] ccTLD for the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|U.S. Minor Outlying Islands]] was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, [[.um]] is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community. | The former [[.um]] ccTLD for the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|U.S. Minor Outlying Islands]] was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, [[.um]] is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community. | ||
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===ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1=== | ===ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1=== | ||
Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list. | Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list. | ||
* <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> ([[United Kingdom]]): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the [[JANET]] network had already selected <code>uk</code> as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing [[JANET NRS|Name Registration Scheme]], and this was incorporated into the DNS root. <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code> was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of <code>uk</code> is now entrenched.<ref name=Mueller2002> | * <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> ([[United Kingdom]]): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the [[JANET]] network had already selected <code>uk</code> as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing [[JANET NRS|Name Registration Scheme]], and this was incorporated into the DNS root. <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code> was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of <code>uk</code> is now entrenched.<ref name=Mueller2002>{{cite book | ||
{{cite book | |first=Milton | ||
|first=Milton |last=Mueller | |last=Mueller | ||
|year=2002 | |year=2002 | ||
|title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace | |title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace | ||
| Line 1,551: | Line 1,631: | ||
|isbn=9780262632980 | |isbn=9780262632980 | ||
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | ||
}} | |access-date=2020-11-10 | ||
</ref> | |archive-date=2021-10-08 | ||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
* <code>[[.su|su]]</code> This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the [[Soviet Union]] was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new <code>su</code> registrations are accepted. | * <code>[[.su|su]]</code> This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the [[Soviet Union]] was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new <code>su</code> registrations are accepted. | ||
* <code>[[.ac|ac]]</code> ([[Ascension Island]]): This code is a vestige of [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA's]] decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] reserve list for use by the [[Universal Postal Union]]. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, <code>[[.gg|gg]]</code> ([[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]]), <code>[[.im|im]]</code> ([[Isle of Man]]) and <code>[[.je|je]]</code> ([[Jersey]]) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.) | * <code>[[.ac|ac]]</code> ([[Ascension Island]]): This code is a vestige of [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA's]] decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] reserve list for use by the [[Universal Postal Union]]. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, <code>[[.gg|gg]]</code> ([[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]]), <code>[[.im|im]]</code> ([[Isle of Man]]) and <code>[[.je|je]]</code> ([[Jersey]]) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.) | ||
* <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> ([[European Union]]): On September 25, 2000, [[ICANN]] decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the [[ISO 3166-1]] reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a [[domain name registry|registry]] (named [[EURid]]) was chosen by the [[European Commission]], and criteria for allocation set: [[ICANN]] approved <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area. | * <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> ([[European Union]]): On September 25, 2000, [[ICANN]] decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the [[ISO 3166-1]] reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a [[domain name registry|registry]] (named [[EURid]]) was chosen by the [[European Commission]], and criteria for allocation set: [[ICANN]] approved <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the [[European Economic Area]]. | ||
===Historical ccTLDs=== | ===Historical ccTLDs=== | ||
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The historical country codes <code>[[.dd|dd]]</code> for the [[German Democratic Republic]] and <code>yd</code> for [[South Yemen]] were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also <code>[[.de|de]]</code> and <code>[[.ye|ye]]</code>. | The historical country codes <code>[[.dd|dd]]</code> for the [[German Democratic Republic]] and <code>yd</code> for [[South Yemen]] were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also <code>[[.de|de]]</code> and <code>[[.ye|ye]]</code>. | ||
The temporary reassignment of country code <code>cs</code> ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]) until its split into <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and <code>[[.me|me]]</code> ([[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], respectively) led to some controversies<ref> | The temporary reassignment of country code <code>cs</code> ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]) until its split into <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and <code>[[.me|me]]</code> ([[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], respectively) led to some controversies<ref>{{cite web | ||
{{cite web | |||
|title=IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166 | |title=IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166 | ||
|date=2003-09-24 | |date=2003-09-24 | ||
|first=Leslie |last=Daigle | |first=Leslie | ||
|last=Daigle | |||
|publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]] | |publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]] | ||
|url= | |url=https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/docs2003/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code/ | ||
|access-date=2008-06-22 | |access-date=2008-06-22 | ||
}} | |archive-date=2008-07-05 | ||
</ref><ref> | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705023649/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code.html | ||
{{cite web | |url-status=live | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards | |title=IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards | ||
|date=2003-09-24 | |date=2003-09-24 | ||
|first=Leslie |last=Daigle | |first=Leslie | ||
|last=Daigle | |||
|publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]] | |publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]] | ||
|url=http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html | |url=http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html | ||
|access-date=2008-06-22 | |access-date=2008-06-22 | ||
}} | |archive-date=2008-07-05 | ||
</ref> about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in [[language tag]]s in 2006. | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705024112/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in [[language tag]]s in 2006. | |||
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for [[Yugoslavia]], YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the <code>[[.yu|yu]]</code> ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and Montenegrin <code>[[.me|me]]</code>, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010. | The previous ISO 3166-1 code for [[Yugoslavia]], YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the <code>[[.yu|yu]]</code> ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and Montenegrin <code>[[.me|me]]</code>, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010. | ||
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==Internationalized ccTLDs== | ==Internationalized ccTLDs== | ||
An [[internationalized country code top-level domain]] (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a [[web browser]], in its native language script or a non-alphabetic [[writing system]], such as [[Indic script]] (.{{Lang|hi|भारत}}) | An [[internationalized country code top-level domain]] (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a [[web browser]], in its native language script or a non-alphabetic [[writing system]], such as [[Latin script]] (.us, .uk and .br), [[Indic script]] (.{{Lang|hi|भारत}}) and [[Korean script]] (.{{Lang|ko|한국}}), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the [[internationalized domain name]] (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], or independent geographic regions. | ||
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,<ref> | ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,<ref>{{cite press release | ||
{{cite press release | |||
|title=ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet | |title=ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet | ||
|date=30 October 2009 | |date=30 October 2009 | ||
| Line 1,596: | Line 1,682: | ||
|url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm | |url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm | ||
|access-date=30 October 2009 | |access-date=30 October 2009 | ||
}} | |archive-date=1 November 2009 | ||
</ref> and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.<ref> | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101202322/http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm | ||
{{cite news | |url-status=live | ||
}}</ref> and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.<ref>{{cite news | |||
|title='Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live | |title='Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live | ||
|date=6 May 2010 | |date=6 May 2010 | ||
| Line 1,605: | Line 1,692: | ||
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm | |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm | ||
|access-date=2010-05-07 | |access-date=2010-05-07 | ||
}} | |archive-date=2010-06-12 | ||
</ref> | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612121841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid [[IDN homograph attack]]s. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen. | ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid [[IDN homograph attack]]s. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen. | ||
==Generic ccTLDs== | ==Generic ccTLDs== | ||
'''Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain''' or '''gccTLD''' refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs ([[gTLDs]]) rather than "country" targeted ones.<ref> | '''Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain''' or '''gccTLD''' refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs ([[gTLDs]]) rather than "country"-targeted ones.<ref>{{cite web | ||
{{cite web | |||
|title=What is gccTLD? | |title=What is gccTLD? | ||
|website=dynadot.com | |website=dynadot.com | ||
|url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld | |url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld | ||
}} | |access-date=2021-01-03 | ||
</ref><ref> | |archive-date=2021-01-12 | ||
{{cite web | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055243/https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search | |title=What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search | ||
|date=Nov 2016 | |date=Nov 2016 | ||
|website=name.com | |website=name.com | ||
|url=https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search | |url=https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search | ||
}} | |access-date=2021-01-03 | ||
</ref><ref> | |archive-date=2021-01-12 | ||
{{cite web | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112091452/https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search/ | ||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=gccTLD generic country-code domains | |title=gccTLD generic country-code domains | ||
|website=dynadot.com | |website=dynadot.com | ||
|url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html | |url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html | ||
}} | |access-date=2021-01-03 | ||
</ref> Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as [[domain hack]]s: | |archive-date=2021-01-12 | ||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112002733/https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as [[domain hack]]s: | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" | ||
| Line 1,637: | Line 1,732: | ||
! scope="col" | Country/Region | ! scope="col" | Country/Region | ||
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Domain hacks | ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Domain hacks | ||
|- | |||
| [[.ac]] || [[Ascension Island]] || {{Unbulleted list|academic|accounting|acknowledge|[[Air conditioning]]|[[alternating-current]]}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.ad]] || [[Andorra]] || [[advertising]] | | [[.ad]] || [[Andorra]] || [[advertising]] | ||
|- | |||
| [[.ag]] || [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || [[Aktiengesellschaft]] (German for corporation) | |||
|- | |||
| [[.ai]] || [[Anguilla]] || [[Artificial intelligence]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.am]] || [[Armenia]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[United States|American]]|[[AM broadcasting]]|radio and podcasts}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.as]] || [[American Samoa]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Asturias]]|[[Autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous system]]|[[aktieselskab]]/[[aksjeselskap]]}} | | [[.as]] || [[American Samoa]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Asturias]]|[[Autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous system]]|[[aktieselskab]]/[[aksjeselskap]]}} | ||
| Line 1,644: | Line 1,747: | ||
| [[.az]] || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Arizona]] | | [[.az]] || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Arizona]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.bz]] || [[Belize]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Bolzano]]|business}} | | [[.bz]] || [[Belize]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Bolzano]]|business|<code>[[.biz|biz]]</code> alike}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cc]] || [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] || {{Unbulleted list|cricket club|[[Cycling club]]|[[Christian Church]]|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Creative Commons]]|[[Cape Cod]]}} | | [[.cc]] || [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] || {{Unbulleted list|cricket club|[[Credit Card]]|[[Cycling club]]|[[Christian Church]]|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Creative Commons]]|[[Cape Cod]]|company|<code>[[.com|com]]</code> alike}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.cd]] || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] || [[Compact disc]] | | [[.cd]] || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] || [[Compact disc]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.co]] || [[Colombia]] || {{Unbulleted list|company|[[Colorado]]}} | | [[.co]] || [[Colombia]] || {{Unbulleted list|company|<code>[[.com|com]]</code> alike|[[Colorado]]}} | ||
|- | |||
| [[.cu]] || [[Cuba]] || see you | |||
|- | |||
| [[.cv]] || [[Cape Verde]] || [[curriculum vitae]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.dj]] || [[Djibouti]] || [[Disc jockey]] | | [[.dj]] || [[Djibouti]] || [[Disc jockey]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.fm]] || [[Federated States of Micronesia]] || [[FM broadcasting]] and podcasts | | [[.fm]] || [[Federated States of Micronesia]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[FM broadcasting]]|radio and podcasts}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | | [[.ga]] || [[Gabon]] || [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.io]] || [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] || [[Input/ | | [[.gg]] || [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Glossary of video game terms#GG|Good Game]]|[[Google]]}} | ||
|- | |||
| [[.io]] || [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Input/Output]]|<code>[[.info|info]]</code> alike}} | |||
|- | |||
| [[.is]] || [[Iceland]] || ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc. | |||
|- | |||
| [[.it]] || [[Italy]] || [[Information technology]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.kg]] || [[Kyrgyzstan]] || [[Keygen]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.la]] || [[Laos]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Los Angeles]]|[[Louisiana]]|[[Mozilla]]|[[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]|[[Digikala]]|[[Latin America]]}} | | [[.la]] || [[Laos]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Los Angeles]]|[[Louisiana]]|[[Mozilla]]|[[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]|[[Digikala]]|[[Latin America]]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.me]] || [[Montenegro]] || {{Unbulleted list|me|[[Maine]]|[[Middle East]]}} | | [[.ly]] || [[Libya]] || words ending in -ly | ||
|- | |||
| [[.md]] || [[Moldova]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Medicine]]|[[Markdown]]}} | |||
|- | |||
| [[.me]] || [[Montenegro]] || {{Unbulleted list|me (personal homepage)|[[Maine]]|[[Middle East]]}} | |||
|- | |||
| [[.ms]] || [[Montserrat]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Microsoft]]|[[Mississippi]]|[[Mato Grosso do Sul]]|[[Münster]]|master}} | |||
|- | |||
| [[.nu]] || [[Niue]] || {{Unbulleted list|new|now|nude}} | |||
|- | |||
| [[.pe]] || [[Peru]] || [[Private Equity]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.pn]] || [[Pitcairn]] || [[Phone number]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.pw]] || [[Palau]] || [[Pwned]] (leet speak) | |||
|- | |||
| [[.re]] || [[Réunion]] || [[Reverse engineering]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.rs]] || [[Serbia]] || [[Rust_(programming_language)|Rust]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | | [[.sc]] || [[Seychelles]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]|[[South Carolina]]|[[SoundCloud]]|[[Snapchat]]|[[Computer security|Security]]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | | [[.sh]] || [[Saint Helena]] || [[Shell_(computing)|Shell]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | |[[.sk]] | ||
|[[Slovakia]] | |||
|[[Saskatchewan]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | | [[.sx]] || [[Sint Maarten]] || sex | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tf]] || [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Team Fortress 2|Team Fortress]]|[[Terraform (software)|Terraform]]}} | | [[.tf]] || [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Team Fortress 2|Team Fortress]]|[[Terraform (software)|Terraform]]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[.tv]] || [[Tuvalu]] || television | | [[.tk]] || [[Tokelau]] || {{Unbulleted list|tech|[[Hi-tech]]}} | ||
|- | |||
| [[.tm]] || [[Turkmenistan]] || [[Trademark]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[.to]] || [[Tonga]] || link-to | |||
|- | |||
| [[.tv]] || [[Tuvalu]] || television and broadcasts | |||
|- | |||
| [[.ws]] || [[Samoa|Western Samoa]] || {{Unbulleted list|website|websocket|world site|west}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[. | | [[.yt]] || [[Mayotte]] || [[YouTube]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Unconventional usage== | ==Unconventional usage== | ||
{{Main|Vanity URL}} | {{Main|Vanity URL}} | ||
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various [[domain hack]]s. Domain names such as <code>I.am</code>, <code>tip.it</code>, <code>start.at</code> and <code>go.to</code> form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the [[second-level domain]] and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as <code>[[blo.gs]]</code> of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (<code>[[.gs|gs]]</code>), <code>[[YouTube|youtu.be]]</code> of [[Belgium]] (<code>[[.be|be]]</code>), <code>[[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]</code> of the [[United States]] (<code>[[.us|us]]</code>), and <code>[[cr.yp.to]]</code> of [[Tonga]] (<code>[[.to|to]]</code>). The <code>.co</code> domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for ''company''.<ref name="unique">{{cite web | |||
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various [[domain hack]]s. Domain names such as <code>I.am</code>, <code>tip.it</code>, <code>start.at</code> and <code>go.to</code> form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the [[second-level domain]] and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as <code>[[blo.gs]]</code> of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (<code>[[.gs|gs]]</code>), <code>[[YouTube|youtu.be]]</code> of [[Belgium]] (<code>[[.be|be]]</code>), <code>[[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]</code> of the [[United States]] (<code>[[.us|us]]</code>), and <code>[[cr.yp.to]]</code> of [[Tonga]] (<code>[[.to|to]]</code>). The <code>.co</code> domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for ''company''.<ref name="unique"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|title=General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity? | |title=General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity? | ||
|publisher=.CO Internet S.A.S. | |publisher=.CO Internet S.A.S. | ||
|place=Colombia | |place=Colombia | ||
|website=cointernet.co | |website=cointernet.co | ||
|url= | |url=https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes | ||
|access-date=2013-07-20 |url-status=dead | |access-date=2013-07-20 | ||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ | |url-status=dead | ||
|archive-date= | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311222155/https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes/ | ||
}} | |archive-date=2019-03-11 | ||
</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Several ccTLDs allow the creation of [[emoji domain]]s. | Several ccTLDs allow the creation of [[emoji domain]]s. | ||
| Line 1,717: | Line 1,858: | ||
* [[Country code second-level domain]] | * [[Country code second-level domain]] | ||
* [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#Current codes|ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes]] | * [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#Current codes|ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes]] | ||
* [[Geographic top-level domain]], a type of generic top-level domain | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|25em|refs= | {{reflist|25em|refs= | ||
<ref name="idn.tables"> | <ref name="idn.tables"> | ||
| Line 1,739: | Line 1,874: | ||
* {{cite web |title=World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names |url=http://www.wwtld.org/index_archived.html}} | * {{cite web |title=World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names |url=http://www.wwtld.org/index_archived.html}} | ||
* {{cite web |title=Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO) |website=[[ICANN]] |url=https://ccnso.icann.org/en}} | * {{cite web |title=Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO) |website=[[ICANN]] |url=https://ccnso.icann.org/en}} | ||
* {{cite web |first=Robert |last=Baskerville |date=Jan 16, 2008 |title=ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files) |url=http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103171355/http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |archive-date=2015-11-03}} | * {{cite web |first=Robert |last=Baskerville |date=Jan 16, 2008 |title=ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files) |url=http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103171355/http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |archive-date=2015-11-03}} | ||
Revision as of 21:47, 26 March 2026
A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.
In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]
Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People’s Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.
There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains[citation needed]. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains[citation needed]. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[3]
Delegation and management
IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[4] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the United States (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.
History
The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.[5] In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.
Lists
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020[update], with the addition of internationalized domains.[6]
Latin Character ccTLDs
Table columns – legend Name DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bv,bl,mf,sj,gb, andumare not used for country code top-level domains.Entity Country, dependency, or region Explanation Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany). Notes General remarks Registry Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC) IDN Support for internationalized domain names (IDN) DNSSEC Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions SLD Second level domain IPv6 Registry fully supports IPv6 access
| Name[7] | Entity | Explanation | Notes | Registry[7] | IDN | DNSSEC | SLD | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .ac | Template:Country data Ascension Island (United Kingdom) | Ascension Island | Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries.
|
Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .ad |  Andorra |
Andorra | Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required[8][9] | Nic.ad | No | Yes | Yes | |
| .ae |  United Arab Emirates |
United Arab Emirates | .aeDA | No | No | Yes | ||
| .af | File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afghanistan | Afghanistan | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ag |  Antigua and Barbuda |
Antigua and Barbuda | Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .ai | Template:Country data Anguilla (United Kingdom) | Anguilla | Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). | No | No | Yes | ||
| .al |  Albania |
Albania | Citizenship no longer required. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .am |  Armenia |
Armenia | Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .ao |  Angola |
Angola | No | No | Unknown | |||
| .aq | Template:Country data Antarctica | Antarctique | Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. | ? | No | Yes | ? | |
| .ar |  Argentina |
Argentina | nic.ar | Spanish[upper-alpha 1] | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .as | Template:Country data American Samoa (United States) | American Samoa | In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| .at |  Austria |
Austria | Nic.at | Yes[upper-alpha 2] | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .au |  Australia |
Australia | Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[12] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[13] | auDA | No | Yes | Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[13] | Yes |
| .aw |  Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) |
Aruba, West Indies | Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .ax |  Åland (Finland) |
.al and .ad already allocated |
No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .az |  Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijan | Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .ba |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba | No | No | Yes | ||
| .bb |  Barbados |
Barbados | No | No | Yes | |||
| .bd |  Bangladesh |
Bangladesh | For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. | Yes | {{yes}}[14] | Yes | ||
| .be |  Belgium |
Belgium | Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. | DNS Belgium | Latin[15] | Yes | Yes | Yes[16] |
| .bf |  Burkina Faso |
Burkina Faso | No | No | Yes | |||
| .bg |  Bulgaria |
Bulgaria | See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD
|
Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .bh |  Bahrain |
Bahrain | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .bi |  Burundi |
Burundi | No | No | Yes | |||
| .bj |  Benin |
.be, .bn, and .bi already allocated |
No | No | Yes | |||
| .bm |  Bermuda (United Kingdom) |
Bermuda | Local corporate registration required | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .bn |  Brunei |
Brunei | No | No | No | |||
| .bo |  Bolivia |
Bolivia | No | No | Yes | |||
| .bq |  Caribbean Netherlands (Template:BON, Template:SAB, and Template:EUS) |
.be and .bs already allocated |
||||||
| .br |  Brazil |
Brasil | Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.).[17]
|
Yes[18] | Yes | No[upper-alpha 3] | ||
| .bs |  Bahamas |
Bahamas | No | No | Yes | |||
| .bt |  Bhutan |
Bhutan | Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[19] | No | Yes | No | ||
| .bw |  Botswana |
Botswana | May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium | No | No[20] | Yes | ||
| .by |  Belarus |
Byelorussia | Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .bz |  Belize |
Belize | Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st) | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .ca |  Canada |
Canada | Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. | CIRA | French[21] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .cc | Template:Country data Cocos (Keeling) Islands | Cocos Islands | Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .cd |  Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Congo, Democratic Republic | Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .cf |  Central African Republic |
Central African Republic | Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains) | Yes | No | Yes | |
| .cg |  Republic of the Congo |
Congo | No | No | Yes | |||
| .ch |  Switzerland |
Confoederatio Helvetica | SWITCH | Yes[upper-alpha 4] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .ci |  Ivory Coast |
Côte d'Ivoire | No | No | Yes | |||
| .ck |  Cook Islands |
Cook Islands | No | No | Yes | |||
| .cl |  Chile |
Chile | NIC Chile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .cm |  Cameroon |
Cameroon | A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .cn |  People's Republic of China |
China | A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.
Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains. |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .co |  Colombia |
Colombia | Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .cr |  Costa Rica |
Costa Rica | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .cu |  Cuba |
Cuba | No | No | Yes | |||
| .cv | File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde | Cape Verde | Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .cw |  Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) |
Curaçao, West Indies | No | Unknown | ||||
| .cx | Template:Country data Christmas Island | Christmas Xmas | Made infamous from Goatse.cx | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .cy |  Cyprus |
Cyprus | No | No | Yes | |||
| .cz |  Czech Republic |
Czech | No[upper-alpha 5] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .de |  Germany |
Deutschland (The native name for Germany) | German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. | DENIC | Yes[upper-alpha 6] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .dj |  Djibouti |
Djibouti | Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .dk |  Denmark |
Danmark | DK Hostmaster | Yes[upper-alpha 7] | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .dm |  Dominica |
Dominica | No | No | Yes | |||
| .do |  Dominican Republic |
Dominican | No | No | Yes | |||
| .dz |  Algeria |
El Djazair / Dzayer | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ec |  Ecuador |
Ecuador | In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[26] | Nic.ec | No | No | Yes | |
| .ee |  Estonia |
Eesti | Yes[upper-alpha 8] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .eg |  Egypt |
Egypt | No | No | Yes | |||
| .eh | Template:Country data Western Sahara | Español Sahara | Unassigned | No | No | No | ||
| .er |  Eritrea |
Eritrea | No | Yes | ||||
| .es |  Spain |
España | Red.es | Yes[28] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .et |  Ethiopia |
Ethiopia | No | No | No | |||
| .eu |  European Union |
European Union | Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. | EURid | Yes[upper-alpha 9] | Yes | Yes | Yes[30] |
| .fi |  Finland |
Finland | Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. | FICORA | Yes[upper-alpha 10] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .fj |  Fiji |
Fiji | No | No | Yes | |||
| .fk |  Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) |
Falkland | No | No | No | |||
| .fm |  Federated States of Micronesia |
Federated States of Micronesia | Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .fo |  Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) |
Føroyar | FO Council | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .fr |  France |
France | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] | AFNIC | Yes[33] | Yes | Yes | |
| .ga |  Gabon |
Gabon | Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains) | Yes | No | Yes | |
| .gd |  Grenada |
Grenada | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ge |  Georgia |
Georgia | Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).[34] | No | No | Yes | ||
| .gf | Template:Country data French Guiana (France) | Guyane Française | No | No | ||||
| .gg | Template:Country data Bailiwick of Guernsey | .gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated |
Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)) | Island Networks Ltd. | Yes | No | Yes | |
| .gh |  Ghana |
Ghana | No | No | No | |||
| .gi |  Gibraltar (United Kingdom) |
Gibraltar | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .gl |  Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) |
Greenland | Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014 | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .gm |  The Gambia |
Gambia | Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .gn |  Guinea |
Guinea | A local contact is required | No | Yes | No | ||
| .gp | Template:Country data Guadeloupe (France) | Guadeloupe | Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin | No | No | Yes | ||
| .gq |  Equatorial Guinea |
Guinée équatoriale | Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Yes | No | |||
| .gr |  Greece |
Greece | Yes[upper-alpha 12] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .gs | Template:Country data South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom) | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .gt |  Guatemala |
Guatemala | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | ||
| .gu | Template:Country data Guam (United States) | Guam | No | No | No | |||
| .gw |  Guinea-Bissau |
Gine-Bisaawo | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .gy |  Guyana |
Guyana | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .hk |  Hong Kong |
Hong Kong | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| .hm | Template:Country data Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. | No | No | Yes | ||
| .hn | File:Flag of Honduras (darker variant).svg Honduras | Honduras | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .hr |  Croatia |
Hrvatska | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ht |  Haiti |
Haiti | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| .hu |  Hungary |
Hungary | Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU | Yes[36] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .id |  Indonesia |
Indonesia | Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[37]
|
PANDI | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .ie |  Ireland |
Ireland | In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[38][39] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .il |  Israel |
Israel | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| .im | Template:Country data Isle of Man | Isle of Man | No | No | Yes | |||
| .in |  India |
India | Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in).
|
NIXI[40] | Yes[41] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .io | Template:Country data British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom) | Indian Ocean | Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks. | NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .iq |  Iraq |
Iraq | No | Partial[upper-alpha 13] | Yes | |||
| .ir |  Iran |
Iran | IRNIC | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| .is |  Iceland |
Ísland | Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). | ISNIC | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .it |  Italy |
Italy | Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. | Yes[42] | Yes[43] | Yes | Yes | |
| .je |  Jersey |
Jersey | Island Networks Ltd. | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| .jm |  Jamaica |
Jamaica | No | No | No | |||
| .jo |  Jordan |
Jordan | No | Yes | ||||
| .jp |  Japan |
Japan | Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. | Japan Registry Services | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[44] |
| .ke |  Kenya |
Kenya | No | No[45] | No | |||
| .kg |  Kyrgyzstan |
Kyrgyzstan | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .kh |  Cambodia |
Khmer | No | No | No | |||
| .ki |  Kiribati |
Kiribati | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .km |  Comoros |
Komori | No | No | Yes | |||
| .kn |  Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | No | No | Yes | |||
| .kp |  North Korea |
Korea, Democratic People's Republic | Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. | No | No | No | No | |
| .kr |  South Korea |
Korea, Republic | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| .kw |  Kuwait |
Kuwait | Yes | No | ||||
| .ky | Template:Country data Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) | .ci and .cy already allocated |
No | Yes | Yes | |||
| .kz |  Kazakhstan |
Kazakhstan | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| .la |  Laos |
Laos | Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[46] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .lb |  Lebanon |
Lebanon | Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon | Yes | No | |||
| .lc |  Saint Lucia |
Saint Lucia | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .li |  Liechtenstein |
Liechtenstein | Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . | SWITCH | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .lk |  Sri Lanka |
Sri Lanka | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| .lr |  Liberia |
Liberia | Partial[upper-alpha 13] | No | ||||
| .ls |  Lesotho |
Lesotho | No | No | ||||
| .lt |  Lithuania |
Lithuania | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| .lu |  Luxembourg |
Luxembourg | Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .lv |  Latvia |
Latvia | IMCS UL | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .ly |  Libya |
Libya | Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ma |  Morocco |
Maroc | Partial[upper-alpha 13] | Yes | ||||
| .mc |  Monaco |
Monaco | Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .md |  Moldova |
Moldova | Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .me |  Montenegro |
Montenegro | Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). | Yes | Yes | |||
| .mg |  Madagascar |
Madagascar | Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar | NIC-MG | No | Yes | ||
| .mh |  Marshall Islands |
Marshall | Inactive | No | ||||
| .mk |  North Macedonia |
Makedonija | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. | No | Yes | |||
| .ml |  Mali |
Mali | Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains) | Yes | No | Yes | |
| .mm |  Myanmar |
Myanmar | No | No | ||||
| .mn |  Mongolia |
Mongolia | The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information.
|
Yes | Yes | |||
| .mo |  Macau |
Macao | Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. | No | Yes | |||
| .mp | Template:Country data Northern Mariana Islands (United States) | Marianas Pacific | No | Yes | ||||
| .mq | Template:Country data Martinique (France) | Martinique | No | No | ||||
| .mr |  Mauritania |
Mauritania | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .ms | Template:Country data Montserrat (United Kingdom) | Montserrat | Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. | No | Yes | |||
| .mt |  Malta |
Malta | No | No | ||||
| .mu |  Mauritius |
Mauritius | No | Yes | ||||
| .mv |  Maldives |
Maldives | No | Yes | ||||
| .mw |  Malawi |
Malawi | No | Yes | ||||
| .mx |  Mexico |
Mexico | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .my |  Malaysia |
Malaysia | Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia | MYNIC | Yes[47] | Yes | Yes | |
| .mz |  Mozambique |
Mozambique | No | No | ||||
| .na |  Namibia |
Namibia | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .nc | Template:Country data New Caledonia (France) | New Caledonia | Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ne |  Niger |
Niger | No | Yes | ||||
| .nf | Template:Country data Norfolk Island | Norfolk | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .ng |  Nigeria |
Nigeria | No | Yes | ||||
| .ni |  Nicaragua |
Nicaragua | No | No | ||||
| .nl | Netherlands |
Netherlands | First active country-code domain outside the US.[48] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .no |  Norway |
Norway | Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. | Norid | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .np |  Nepal |
Nepal | All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.
|
No | No | |||
| .nr |  Nauru |
Nauru | Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.[49]
|
No | Yes | |||
| .nu |  Niue |
Niue | Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". | The Swedish Internet Foundation | Yes[50] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .nz |  New Zealand |
New Zealand | Māori[51] | Yes | Yes[52] | Yes | ||
| .om |  Oman |
Oman | Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. | No | No | |||
| .pa |  Panama |
Panama | Some use in Pennsylvania | No | No | |||
| .pe |  Peru |
Peru | Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .pf |  French Polynesia (France) |
Polynésie française | With Clipperton Island | No | Yes | |||
| .pg |  Papua New Guinea |
Papua New Guinea | No | No | ||||
| .ph |  Philippines |
Philippines | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .pk |  Pakistan |
Pakistan | Operated by PKNIC since 1992 | No | Yes | |||
| .pl |  Poland |
Poland | Yes[53] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .pm | Template:Country data Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] | AFNIC | Yes | Yes | ||
| .pn | Template:Country data Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom) | Pitcairn | As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. | No | Yes | |||
| .pr |  Puerto Rico (United States) |
Puerto Rico | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .ps |  Palestine[54] |
Palestine | Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. | No | Yes | |||
| .pt |  Portugal |
Portugal | Portuguese | Yes | Yes | Yes[55] | ||
| .pw |  Palau |
Pelew | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[56] | ||
| .py |  Paraguay |
Paraguay | No | No | ||||
| .qa |  Qatar |
Qatar | No | No | ||||
| .re | Template:Country data Réunion (France) | Réunion | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] | AFNIC | Yes[33] | Yes | Yes | |
| .ro |  Romania |
Romania | Yes[57] | Yes[58] | Yes | Yes[59] | ||
| .rs |  Serbia |
Republika Srbija | See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .ru |  Russia |
Russia | See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .rw |  Rwanda |
Rwanda | RICTA | No | Yes | |||
| .sa |  Saudi Arabia |
Saudi Arabia | Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[60] | Arabic[15] | Yes[61] | Yes | Yes[62] | |
| .sb |  Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands, British | Yes | No | ||||
| .sc | File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg Seychelles | Seychelles | Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .sd |  Sudan |
Sudan | No | Yes | ||||
| .se |  Sweden |
Sverige | The Swedish Internet Foundation | Yes[upper-alpha 14] | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .sg |  Singapore |
Singapore | Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland | Yes | Yes | |||
| .sh | Template:Country data Saint HelenaTemplate:Preview warningTemplate:Country data Tristan da CunhaTemplate:Preview warning Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) | Saint Helena | NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | Yes[64] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .si |  Slovenia |
Slovenia | Yes[upper-alpha 15] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .sk |  Slovakia |
Slovensko | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| .sl |  Sierra Leone |
Sierra Leone | No | Yes | ||||
| .sm |  San Marino |
San Marino | Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. | No | Yes | |||
| .sn |  Senegal |
Senegal | Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .so |  Somalia |
Somalia | Relaunched on 1 November 2010. | SONIC | No | No | Yes | |
| .sr |  Suriname |
Suriname | No | Yes | ||||
| .ss |  South Sudan |
South Sudan | Yes | |||||
| .st |  São Tomé and Príncipe |
São Tomé | Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz). | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| .su | Template:Country data Soviet Union | Soviet Union | Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. | Yes[upper-alpha 16] | Yes | Yes | Yes[67] | |
| .sv |  El Salvador |
Salvador | No | No | ||||
| .sx |  Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) |
.sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM |
Yes | No | ||||
| .sy | File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria | Syria | No | Yes | ||||
| .sz |  Eswatini |
Swaziland | Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. | No | No | |||
| .tc | Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) | Turks and Caicos | Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. | No | Yes | |||
| .td |  Chad |
Tchad | Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. | No | Yes | |||
| .tf |  French Southern and Antarctic Lands |
Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.[upper-alpha 11] | AFNIC | Yes[33] | Yes | Yes | |
| .tg |  Togo |
Togo | No | Yes | ||||
| .th |  Thailand |
Thai | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| .tj |  Tajikistan |
Tajik | No | Yes | ||||
| .tk | Template:Country data Tokelau | Tokelau | Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains) | Yes | No | Yes | |
| .tl |  East Timor |
Timor-Leste | Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .tm |  Turkmenistan |
Turkmen | Yes[68] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .tn |  Tunisia |
Tunisia | Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu[69] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .to |  Tonga |
Tonga | Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| .tr |  Turkey |
Turkey | .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus | Yes[upper-alpha 17] | No | Yes | Yes[upper-alpha 18] | |
| .tt |  Trinidad and Tobago |
Trinidad and Tobago | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .tv |  Tuvalu |
Tuvalu | Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .tw |  Taiwan |
Taiwan | Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[72] | Yes[upper-alpha 19] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .tz |  Tanzania |
Tanzania | TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. | TCRA | Yes | No | ||
| .ua |  Ukraine |
Ukraina | Hostmaster Ltd. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .ug |  Uganda |
Uganda | Uganda Online Ltd. | Yes | Yes | |||
| .uk | File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | United Kingdom | The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[74] | Nominet UK | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| .us |  United States of America |
United States | Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. | Go Daddy | Yes | Yes | ||
| .uy |  Uruguay |
Uruguay | 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[75] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .uz |  Uzbekistan |
Uzbekistan | Uzinfocom | Yes | Yes | |||
| .va | File:Flag of Vatican City State - 2023 version.svg Vatican City | Vatican | Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). | No | No | |||
| .vc |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Vincent | Partial[upper-alpha 13] | Yes | ||||
| .ve |  Venezuela |
Venezuela | Registration is at the third level. | Yes | No | |||
| .vg | Template:Country data British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) | Virgin Islands | No | Yes | ||||
| .vi | Template:Country data United States Virgin Islands (United States) | Virgin Islands | No | Yes | ||||
| .vn |  Vietnam |
Viet Nam | Yes[76] | Yes | Yes | |||
| .vu |  Vanuatu |
Vanuatu | Yes | Yes | ||||
| .wf | Template:Country data Wallis and Futuna | Wallis and Futuna | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] | AFNIC | Yes[33] | Yes | Yes | |
| .ws |  Samoa |
Western Samoa | Marketed for use in general Websites | Yes | Yes[77] | Yes | ||
| .ye |  Yemen |
Yemen | No | No | ||||
| .yt | Template:Country data Mayotte | Mayotte | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. | AFNIC | Yes[33] | Yes | Yes | |
| .za |  South Africa |
Zuid-Afrika | .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. | ZA Domain Name Authority[78][79][80] | Yes | Yes | ||
| .zm |  Zambia |
Zambia | No | Yes[upper-alpha 20] | ||||
| .zw |  Zimbabwe |
Zimbabwe | No | No |
.svg){kind=link}
- Table Notes
- ↑ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[10]
- ↑ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[11]
- ↑ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
- ↑ Since March 2004, see[22]
- ↑ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[23]
- ↑ 93 non-ASCII characters, see[24]
- ↑ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[25]
- ↑ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[27]
- ↑ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[29]
- ↑ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[31]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 (6 December 2011)[32]
- ↑ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[35]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
- ↑ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[63]
- ↑ Since October 2010, see[65]
- ↑ (28 April 2008[update]) see[66]
- ↑ 14 November 2006; see[70]
- ↑ 21 July 2015; see[71]
- ↑ Traditional Chinese characters: see[73]
- ↑ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .
Internationalized ccTLDs
| DNS name | IDN ccTLD | Country/Region | Language | Script | Transliteration | Comments | Other ccTLD | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--lgbbat1ad8j | .الجزائر | Algeria |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | al-Jazā'ir | .dz | No | |
| xn--y9a3aq | .հայ | Armenia |
Armenian | Armenian | hay | .am | Yes | |
| xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a | .البحرين | Bahrain |
Arabic | Arabic | al-Baḥrain | Not in use | .bh | Yes |
| xn--54b7fta0cc | .বাংলা | Bangladesh |
Bengali | Bengali | Bangla | .bd | No | |
| xn--90ais | .бел | Belarus |
Belarusian | Cyrillic | bel | .by | Yes | |
| xn--90ae | .бг[82] | Bulgaria |
Bulgarian | Cyrillic | bg | .bg | Yes | |
| xn--fiqs8s | .中国 | China |
Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Zhōngguó | .cn | Yes | |
| xn--fiqz9s | .中國 | China |
Chinese | Chinese (Traditional) | Zhōngguó | .cn | Yes | |
| xn--wgbh1c | .مصر | Egypt |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Miṣr / Maṣr[83] | .eg | Yes | |
| xn--e1a4c | .ею | European Union |
Bulgarian | Cyrillic | eyu | .eu | Yes | |
| xn--qxa6a | .ευ | European Union |
Greek | Greek | ey | In use since 2022 | .eu | Yes |
| xn--node | .გე | Georgia |
Georgian | Georgian (Mkhedruli) | GE | .ge | No | |
| xn--qxam | .ελ[82] | Greece |
Greek | Greek | el | In use since July 2018 | .gr | Yes |
| xn--j6w193g | .香港 | Hong Kong |
Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng | .hk | Yes | |
| xn--h2brj9c | .भारत | India |
Hindi | Devanagari | Bhārat | Became available 27 August 2014[84] | .in | Yes |
| xn--mgbbh1a71e | .بھارت | India |
Urdu | Arabic (Urdu) | Bhārat | Became available 2017 | .in | Yes |
| xn--fpcrj9c3d | .భారత్ | India |
Telugu | Telugu | Bhārat | Became available 2017 | .in | Yes |
| xn--gecrj9c | .ભારત | India |
Gujarati | Gujarati | Bhārat | Became available 2017 | .in | Yes |
| xn--s9brj9c | .ਭਾਰਤ | India |
Punjabi | Gurmukhī | Bhārat | Became available 2017 | .in | Yes |
| xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h | .இந்தியா | India |
Tamil | Tamil | Intiyā | Became available 2015 | .in | Yes |
| xn--45brj9c | .ভারত | India |
Bengali | Bengali | Bharôt | Became available 2017 | .in | Yes |
| xn--2scrj9c | .ಭಾರತ | India |
Kannada | Kannada | Bhārata | Became available 2020 | .in | Yes |
| xn--rvc1e0am3e | .ഭാരതം | India |
Malayalam | Malayalam | Bhāratam | Became available 2020 | .in | Yes |
| xn--45br5cyl | .ভাৰত | India |
Assamese | Bengali | Bharatam | Became available 2022 | .in | Yes |
| xn--3hcrj9c | .ଭାରତ | India |
Oriya | Oriya | Bhārat | Became available 2021 | .in | Yes |
| xn--mgbbh1a | .بارت | India |
Kashmiri | Arabic (Kashmiri) | Bārat | Became available 2022 | .in | Yes |
| xn--h2breg3eve | .भारतम् | India |
Sanskrit | Devanagari | Bhāratam | Became available 2022 | .in | Yes |
| xn--h2brj9c8c | .भारोत | India |
Santali | Devanagari | Bharot | Became available 2022 | .in | Yes |
| xn--mgbgu82a | .ڀارت | India |
Sindhi | Arabic (Sindhi) | Bhārat | Became available 2022 | .in | Yes |
| xn--mgba3a4f16a | .ایران | Iran |
Persian | Arabic (Persian) | Īrān | .ir | No | |
| xn--mgbtx2b | .عراق | Iraq |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | ʿIrāq | Not in use | .iq | No |
| xn--4dbrk0ce | .ישראל | Israel |
Hebrew | Hebrew | Israel | Became available 2022 | .il | Yes |
| xn--mgbayh7gpa | .الاردن | Jordan |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | al-Urdun | .jo | No | |
| xn--80ao21a | .қаз | Kazakhstan |
Kazakh | Cyrillic (Kazakh) | qaz | .kz | No | |
| xn--q7ce6a | .ລາວ | Laos |
Lao | Lao | Lao | Became available 2020 | .la | Yes |
| xn--mix082f | .澳门 | Macao |
Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Ou3 mun4 / Àomén | Not in use | .mo | No |
| xn--mix891f | .澳門 | Macao |
Chinese | Chinese (Traditional) | Ou3 mun4 / Àomén | Became available 2020 | .mo | No |
| xn--mgbx4cd0ab | .مليسيا | Malaysia |
Malay | Arabic (Jawi) | Malaysīyā | .my | Yes | |
| xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd | .موريتانيا | Mauritania |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Mūrītāniyā | .mr | Yes | |
| xn--l1acc | .мон | Mongolia |
Mongolian | Cyrillic (Mongolian) | mon | .mn | Yes | |
| xn--mgbc0a9azcg | .المغرب | Morocco |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | al-Maġrib | .ma | No | |
| xn--d1alf | .мкд | North Macedonia |
Macedonian | Cyrillic (Macedonian) | mkd | .mk | No | |
| xn--mgb9awbf | .عمان | Oman |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | ʿUmān | .om | No | |
| xn--mgbai9azgqp6j | .پاکستان | Pakistan |
Urdu | Arabic (Urdu) | Pākistān | .pk | Yes | |
| xn--ygbi2ammx | .فلسطين | Template:Country data Palestinian Authority | Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Filasṭīn | .ps | No | |
| xn--wgbl6a | .قطر | Qatar |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Qaṭar | .qa | No | |
| xn--p1ai | .рф | Russia |
Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | rf | .ru | Yes | |
| xn--mgberp4a5d4ar | .السعودية | Saudi Arabia |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | as-Suʿūdīya | .sa | Yes | |
| xn--90a3ac | .срб | Serbia |
Serbian | Cyrillic (Serbian) | srb | .rs | Yes | |
| xn--yfro4i67o | .新加坡 | Singapore |
Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | Xīnjiāpō | .sg | Yes | |
| xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd | .சிங்கப்பூர் | Singapore |
Tamil | Tamil | Cinkappūr | .sg | Yes | |
| xn--3e0b707e | .한국 | South Korea |
Korean | Hangul | Han-guk | .kr | Yes | |
| xn--fzc2c9e2c | .ලංකා | Sri Lanka |
Sinhala | Sinhala | Lanka | .lk | No | |
| xn--xkc2al3hye2a | .இலங்கை | Sri Lanka |
Tamil | Tamil | Ilaṅkai | .lk | No | |
| xn--mgbpl2fh | .سودان | Sudan |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Sūdān | .sd | No | |
| xn--ogbpf8fl | .سورية | File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria | Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Sūriyya | .sy | No | |
| xn--kprw13d | .台湾 | Taiwan |
Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Táiwān | .tw | Yes | |
| xn--kpry57d | .台灣 | Taiwan |
Chinese | Chinese (Traditional) | Táiwān | .tw | Yes | |
| xn--o3cw4h | .ไทย | Thailand |
Thai | Thai | Thai | .th | Yes | |
| xn--pgbs0dh | .تونس | Tunisia |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Tūnis | .tn | Yes | |
| xn--j1amh | .укр | Ukraine |
Ukrainian | Cyrillic (Ukrainian) | ukr | .ua | No | |
| xn--mgbaam7a8h | .امارات | United Arab Emirates |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | Imārāt | .ae | No | |
| xn--mgb2ddes | .اليمن | Yemen |
Arabic | Arabic (Arabic) | al-Yaman | Not delegated | .ye | No |
- Table notes
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.
Relation to ISO 3166-1
The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.
— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[85]
Unused ISO 3166-1 codes
Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.
However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still[update] await local assignment by France's government.
The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[86] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk (see below).
The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.
ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1
Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.
uk(United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selectedukas a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root.gbwas assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use ofukis now entrenched.[87]suThis obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, newsuregistrations are accepted.ac(Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs,gg(Guernsey),im(Isle of Man) andje(Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)eu(European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approvedeuas a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.
Historical ccTLDs
ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.
The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.
The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[88][89] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.
Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.
Internationalized ccTLDs
An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[90] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[91]
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.
Generic ccTLDs
Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[92][93][94] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:
Unconventional usage
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[95]
Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.
Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[96]
Commercial use
Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.
See also
- List of ccTLDs
- Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses
- Country code second-level domain
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes
- Geographic top-level domain, a type of generic top-level domain
References
- ↑ The Domain Name Industry Report (PDF). verisign.com (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
- ↑ "ccTLD". ICANN (iana.org). 2012-02-25. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
- ↑ "Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021" (PDF). verisign.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
- ↑ "list of ccTLDs". IANA (iana.org). Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ↑ "Root Zone database". IANA (iana.org). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
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- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
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- ↑ "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy". Nic.ad. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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- ↑ "IDN Zeichentabelle" (PDF) (in Deutsch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ↑ "Rules for .au Domains". Archived from the original on 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 ".au Direct". auDA.org.au. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ↑ "BTCL Expands DNSSEC Deployment to .com.bd and .net.bd - ITBlog: Single Page Layout - domain.btcl.gov.bd". domain.btcl.gov.bd. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 [citation needed]
- ↑ "DNS Belgium and IPv6" (PDF). economie.fgov.be. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
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- ↑ "Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS". Registro.br. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ↑ "Domain Registration". Nic.Bt. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ↑
"DNSViz probe 27 July 2022". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "About internationalized domain names" (PDF). Cira.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ "details". nic.ch. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ↑ "CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names". Nic.cz. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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- ↑ "details". æøå.dk-hostmaster.dk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007.
- ↑ BASE. "BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成". BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 (in 日本語). Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ↑ "Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN)". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ↑ "Other applicable Regulations". dominios.es. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ↑ "details". eurid.eu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012.
- ↑ ".eu and IPv6". EURid.eu. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ↑ "For fi domain applicants and users - How to choose a good domain name?". ficora.fi. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ↑ "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory. - ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 "Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs". Afnic.fr. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration (PDF). nic.net.ge (Report). Article 1.9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2021-05-17. Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.
- ↑ "details". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.
- ↑ "Delegation Rules". The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
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- ↑ Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide (Report). Dublin, IE: Law Society of Ireland. 2004. p. 23.
- ↑ ".IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD)". Registry.In. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
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- ↑ Morishita, Yasuhiro Orange (2 September 2003). ".JP technical update" (PDF). jprs.jp. RIPE 46 General Meeting. Japan Registry Service, Co., Ltd. (JPRS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ↑
"DNSViz probe 15 September 2022". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ ".LA - The Official .LA Registry". La. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ ".my Domain Registry". Domainregistry.my. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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- ↑ "Free Domain Name Pro". freedomain.pro. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ↑ "nu teckentabell" (PDF). iis.se. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ↑ "F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs)". .nz Domain Name Commission. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
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- ↑ "IDN intro www.dns.pl". Archived from the original on 10 August 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2003.
- ↑ "Delegation Record for .PS". Iana.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ "Notícias". Dns.pt. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ "Registrars". Registry.PW. Poets & Writers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
- ↑ "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)". nic.sa. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
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- ↑ "details". Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.
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- ↑ "details". twnic.net.tw. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ↑ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-10 – via Google Books.
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- ↑ "You are being redirected". Domain.me. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Root Zone Database". ICANN. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ↑ "za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf" (PDF). ICANN. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ↑ ".za Domain Delegation Data". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ↑ "String evaluation completion". Icann.org. Resources. ICANN. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 "ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review". EPSRP reports. ICANN. 2014-10-14. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية". Dotmasr.eg. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ "Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad". Registry.in. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ↑ Postel, Jon (March 1994). "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb". 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ↑ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
- ↑ Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166". IAB. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ↑ Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards". IAB. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ↑ "ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet" (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ↑ "'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ↑ "What is gccTLD?". dynadot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
- ↑ "What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search". name.com. Nov 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
- ↑ "gccTLD generic country-code domains". dynadot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
- ↑ "General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?". cointernet.co. Colombia: .CO Internet S.A.S. Archived from the original on 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ↑ "The man who owns the Internet". CNN Money. Cable News Network. 2007-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
External links
- www
.iana .org /domains /root /db - "World Intellectual Property Organization". Domain name dispute resolution. WIPO.
- "World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names".
- "Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)". ICANN.
- Baskerville, Robert (Jan 16, 2008). "ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files)". Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-01-13.