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{{About|the municipality in Punjab, India|its namesake district|Ludhiana district}} | {{About|the municipality in Punjab, India|its namesake district|Ludhiana district}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}} | {{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Ludhiana <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Cities of India |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |website=cpcb.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| image_alt | | border = infobox | ||
| image_caption | | total_width = 260 | ||
| map_alt | | image_style = | ||
| map_caption | | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | ||
| pushpin_map | | image1 = Feroze gandhi market.png | ||
| pushpin_label_position = right | | image3 = Clock Tower, Ludhiana 01.jpg | ||
| pushpin_map_alt | | image2 = Gurudwara Sri Sukhmani Sahib, Phase 2, Urban Estate, Dugri Road, Ludhiana main building.JPG | ||
| pushpin_map_caption = | | image4 = Parkplaza ludhiana.png | ||
| coordinates | | image5 = GURU NANAK STADIUM, LUDHIANA.jpg | ||
| subdivision_type | | image6 = Shree Durga Mata Mandir Ludhiana.jpg | ||
| subdivision_name | | image7 = Pavilion-4.jpg | ||
| subdivision_type1 | }} | ||
| subdivision_type2 | | image_alt = | ||
| subdivision_type3 | | image_caption = From top, left to right: Ludhiana Skyline, Gurdwara Shri Sukhmani Sahib, Clock Tawer, Parkplaza Ludhiana, [[Guru Nanak Stadium]], Sri Durga Mata Mandir city Ludhiana, [[Pavilion Mall, Ludhiana|Pavilion mall]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 | | map_alt = | ||
| subdivision_name2 | | map_caption = | ||
| subdivision_name3 | | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India | ||
| pushpin_label_position = right | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|30.91|75.85|display=inline,title}} | |||
| subdivision_type = Country | |||
| subdivision_name = India | |||
| subdivision_type1 = State | |||
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]] | |||
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] | |||
| subdivision_name3 = Ludhiana West | |||
Ludhiana East | Ludhiana East | ||
| established_title | | established_title = <!-- Established --> | ||
| established_date | | established_date = | ||
| founder | | founder = Lodhi dynasty | ||
| government_type | | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] | ||
| governing_body | | governing_body = [[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]] | ||
| leader_title | | leader_title = Deputy Commissioner | ||
| leader_name | | leader_name = Varinder Kumar Sharma, I.A.S<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioners of Ludhiana {{!}} District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/deputy-commissioners-of-ludhiana/ |website=ludhiana.nic.in |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> | ||
| leader_title2 | | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]] | ||
| leader_name2 | | leader_name2 = Balkar Sandhu<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Nidhi |title=Balkar sandhu becomes mayor of Ludhiana {{!}} Ludhiana News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/balkar-sandhu-becomes-mayor-of-ludhiana/articleshow/63463203.cms |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2018}}</ref> | ||
| unit_pref | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes | | area_footnotes = <ref name='LMC'>{{cite web|title=Ludhiana City|url=http://mcludhiana.gov.in/about_%20introduction.html}}</ref><ref name='Smart City Ludhiana'>{{cite web|title=Smart City Ludhiana|url=http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Punjab_Ludhiana.pdf}}</ref><ref name="District"/> | ||
| area_total_km2 | | area_total_km2 = 310 | ||
| area_rank | | area_rank = [[List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh|1st in Punjab]] | ||
| elevation_footnotes | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m | | elevation_m = 247 | ||
| population_total | | population_total = 1,618,879 | ||
| population_as_of | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| population_footnotes = <ref name='LMC'/><ref name='Smart City Ludhiana'/><ref name=":0"/> | | population_footnotes = <ref name='LMC'/><ref name='Smart City Ludhiana'/><ref name=":0"/> | ||
| population_density_km2 = auto | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_rank | | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|22nd in India]], [[List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh|1st in Punjab]] | ||
| blank5_name_sec1 | | blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | ||
| blank5_info_sec1 | | blank5_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.823<ref name="un-gdl">{{cite web |title=United Nations HDI report - Punjab |url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html |date=9 March 2012 |work=in.undp.org |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> ({{color|green|Very High}})}} | ||
| population_demonym | | population_demonym = Ludhianvi | ||
| timezone1 | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
| postal_code_type | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code | | postal_code = Multiple 141001-141016 | ||
| area_code | | area_code = 0161 | ||
| area_code_type | | area_code_type = Telephone code | ||
| registration_plate | | registration_plate = PB-10, PB-91 | ||
| website | | website = {{URL|www.ludhiana.nic.in}} | ||
| footnotes | | footnotes = | ||
| official_name | | official_name = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ludhiana''' <small>(</small>{{IPA-pa|lʊdiˈɑːnə|-}} ) is the most populous and the largest [[Cities in India|city]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Citation|title=List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population|date=19 October 2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh_by_population&oldid=1050736444|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 {{as of|2011|alt=as of the}} [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]] | '''Ludhiana''' <small>(</small>{{IPA-pa|lʊdiˈɑːnə|-}} ) is the most populous and the largest [[Cities in India|city]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Citation|title=List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population|date=19 October 2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh_by_population&oldid=1050736444|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 {{as of|2011|alt=as of the}} [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]] and distributed over {{cvt|310|sqkm}},<ref name="District">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/history/ |website=District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab, India |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> making Ludhiana the most densely populated urban centre in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=:: Ludhiana_Municipal_Corporation ::|url=http://mcludhiana.gov.in/about_%20introduction.html|access-date=3 November 2021|website=mcludhiana.gov.in}}</ref> It is a major industrial center of northern India, referred to as the India's [[Manchester]] by BBC.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 2006|title=India's Manchester|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/02/28/280206_ludhiana_manchester_feature.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818191404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/02/28/280206_ludhiana_manchester_feature.shtml|archive-date=18 August 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|work=BBC}}</ref> | ||
It stands on the old bank of [[Sutlej River]], that is now {{convert|13|km}} to the south of its present course. Ludhiana | It stands on the old bank of [[Sutlej River]], that is now {{convert|13|km}} to the south of its present course. The Union [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] has placed Ludhiana on the 48th position among the top 100 [[smart cities]]<ref>{{cite news |title=City 48 in Smart City rankings |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/city-48-in-smart-city-rankings-55554 |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=Tribune |date=15 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and has been ranked as one of the easiest city in India for business according to the [[World Bank]]. | ||
Ludhiana is {{convert|107|km}} west of the state capital, [[Chandigarh]], and is centrally located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], which runs from [[New Delhi]] to [[Amritsar]]. It is 315 | Ludhiana is {{convert|107|km}} west of the state capital, [[Chandigarh]], and is centrally located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], which runs from [[New Delhi]] to [[Amritsar]]. It is {{cvt|315|km}} north of [[Delhi]] and {{cvt|142|km}} southeast of [[Amritsar]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Ludhiana was founded in 1480 by members of the ruling [[Lodhi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Ludhiana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ludhiana |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> The ruling sultan, [[Sikandar Lodhi]], dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]], while Nihand Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota. | Ludhiana was founded in 1480 by members of the ruling [[Lodhi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Ludhiana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ludhiana |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> The ruling sultan, [[Sikandar Lodhi]], dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]], while Nihand Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota. | ||
The name was originally | The name was originally ''Lodhi-ana''", meaning "Lodhi town", which has since shifted from "Lodiana" to the present form of Ludhiana.<ref name="ludhiana.nic.in">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/history/ |website=Ludhiana |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Lodhi Fort ( Purana Qila)|Lodhi Fort]], or "''Purana Qila''", is the only surviving structure in the city from this period; located in the neighbourhood of [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh]], it was well-maintained under [[Ranjit Singh]] and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013.<ref name="Express Lodhi Fort">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Ananya |title=Ripe with history, Ludhiana's Lodhi Fort lies forgotten without ASI protection |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/ripe-with-history-ludhianas-lodhi-fort-lies-forgotten-without-asi-protection-6192424/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |agency=The Indian Express |date=31 December 2019}}</ref> | ||
The Semi Centennial Celebration of the American Presbyterian Lodiana Mission was held in Ludhiana from 3–7 December 1884.<ref>J.J. Lucas, "Literary Work of the American Presbyterian Mission, North India, Including Bible TranslatioLun and Revision, and Circulation of Religious Books and Tracts," ''Indian Evangelical Review'' 13 (July 1886): 43-63.</ref> | The Semi Centennial Celebration of the American Presbyterian Lodiana Mission was held in Ludhiana from 3–7 December 1884.<ref>J.J. Lucas, "Literary Work of the American Presbyterian Mission, North India, Including Bible TranslatioLun and Revision, and Circulation of Religious Books and Tracts," ''Indian Evangelical Review'' 13 (July 1886): 43-63.</ref> | ||
| Line 76: | Line 88: | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Ludhiana is located at {{Coord|30.9|N|75.85|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ludhiana|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529001025/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|archive-date=29 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 244 | Ludhiana is located at {{Coord|30.9|N|75.85|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ludhiana|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529001025/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|archive-date=29 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|244|m}}. Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and the New City. The new city primarily consists of the Civil Lines area which was historically known as the residential and official quarters of the colonial British encampment. | ||
The land dips steeply to the north and the west where, before 1785, the river Sutlej ran.{{ | The land dips steeply to the north and the west where, before 1785, the river Sutlej ran.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} | ||
The Old Fort was at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses the College of Textile Engineering). Legend has it that a tunnel connects it to the fort in [[Phillaur]]– although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the principalities, often occupied by enemy forces (see History section). | The Old Fort was at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses the College of Textile Engineering). Legend has it that a tunnel connects it to the fort in [[Phillaur]]– although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the principalities, often occupied by enemy forces (see History section). | ||
The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips.{{ | The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} | ||
The tree of largest natural extraction was the kikar, or ''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica|Acacia Indica]]'', but has been supplanted by the eucalyptus, transplanted from rural Australia in the late 1950s by the | The tree of largest natural extraction was the kikar, or ''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica|Acacia Indica]]'', but has been supplanted by the eucalyptus, transplanted from rural Australia in the late 1950s by the Chief Minister [[Pratap Singh Kairon]]. | ||
[[Delonix regia|Gulmohars]] and [[jacaranda]]s were planted by the British along the avenues of Civil Lines, as were other flowering trees, while the Old City contains almost no vegetation or parks, except for a few isolated [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] trees, holy to the Hindus, as it is supposed to be the abode of Lord Shiva.{{ | [[Delonix regia|Gulmohars]] and [[jacaranda]]s were planted by the British along the avenues of Civil Lines, as were other flowering trees, while the Old City contains almost no vegetation or parks, except for a few isolated [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] trees, holy to the Hindus, as it is supposed to be the abode of Lord Shiva.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
Ludhiana features a relatively dry monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although bordering on a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon and winter. Ludhiana on average sees roughly {{convert|809.3|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here date back to 1 August 1868. | Ludhiana features a relatively dry monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although bordering on a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon and winter. Ludhiana on an average sees roughly {{convert|809.3|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here date back to 1 August 1868. | ||
Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India since | Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India since 2011, with particulate matter being over six times the [[World Health Organization]] recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world.<ref name="Majeed">{{Cite news|author=Majeed, Shariq |date=26 March 2014 |title=Ludhiana worries over its PM |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Preet, Jatinder|date=16 October 2011|title=Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world|location=Delhi, India|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184445/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the [[Buddha Nullah|Budha Dariya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2013|title=How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129025745/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
{{ | {{Ludhiana weatherbox}} | ||
}} | |||
{{Weather box | {{Weather box | ||
| location = Ludhiana ([[Punjab Agricultural University]]) 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1966–2011 | | location = Ludhiana ([[Punjab Agricultural University]]) 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1966–2011 | ||
| Line 254: | Line 123: | ||
| Nov record high C = 35.4 | | Nov record high C = 35.4 | ||
| Dec record high C = 27.2 | | Dec record high C = 27.2 | ||
|year record high C = 46.6 | | year record high C = 46.6 | ||
| Jan high C = 18.1 | | Jan high C = 18.1 | ||
| Feb high C = 21.1 | | Feb high C = 21.1 | ||
| Line 267: | Line 136: | ||
| Nov high C = 26.8 | | Nov high C = 26.8 | ||
| Dec high C = 21.0 | | Dec high C = 21.0 | ||
|year high C = 29.8 | | year high C = 29.8 | ||
| Jan low C = 5.7 | | Jan low C = 5.7 | ||
| Feb low C = 7.8 | | Feb low C = 7.8 | ||
| Line 280: | Line 149: | ||
| Nov low C = 10.9 | | Nov low C = 10.9 | ||
| Dec low C = 6.7 | | Dec low C = 6.7 | ||
|year low C = 16.8 | | year low C = 16.8 | ||
| Jan record low C = -1.6 | | Jan record low C = -1.6 | ||
| Feb record low C = 0.0 | | Feb record low C = 0.0 | ||
| Line 293: | Line 162: | ||
| Nov record low C = 4.3 | | Nov record low C = 4.3 | ||
| Dec record low C = 0.2 | | Dec record low C = 0.2 | ||
|year record low C = −1.6 | | year record low C = −1.6 | ||
| rain colour = green | | rain colour = green | ||
| Jan rain mm = 28.0 | | Jan rain mm = 28.0 | ||
| Line 307: | Line 176: | ||
| Nov rain mm = 6.9 | | Nov rain mm = 6.9 | ||
| Dec rain mm = 14.1 | | Dec rain mm = 14.1 | ||
|year rain mm = 751.7 | | year rain mm = 751.7 | ||
| Jan rain days = 2.3 | | Jan rain days = 2.3 | ||
| Feb rain days = 2.6 | | Feb rain days = 2.6 | ||
| Line 320: | Line 189: | ||
| Nov rain days = 0.5 | | Nov rain days = 0.5 | ||
| Dec rain days = 1.1 | | Dec rain days = 1.1 | ||
|year rain days = 39.0 | | year rain days = 39.0 | ||
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| Jan humidity = 67 | | Jan humidity = 67 | ||
| Line 334: | Line 203: | ||
| Nov humidity = 51 | | Nov humidity = 51 | ||
| Dec humidity = 62 | | Dec humidity = 62 | ||
|year humidity = 54 | | year humidity = 54 | ||
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/> | | source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals> | ||
{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | |||
| archive-date = 5 February 2020 | |||
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | |||
| title = Station: Ludhiana Climatological Table 1981–2010 | |||
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| date = January 2015 | |||
| pages = 449–452 | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | |||
| archive-date = 5 February 2020 | |||
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | |||
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| date = December 2016 | |||
| page = M171 | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 343: | Line 231: | ||
{{bar box|width = 300px | {{bar box|width = 300px | ||
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0" | |barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0" | ||
|title=Religion in Ludhiana city<!--NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH "RELIGION IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT"--><ref name="Religion">{{ | |title=Religion in Ludhiana city<!--NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH "RELIGION IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT"--><ref name="Religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Ludhiana (M. Corp)|access-date=2 December 2019 }}</ref> | ||
|titlebar=#Fcd116 | |titlebar=#Fcd116 | ||
|left1=Religion | |left1=Religion | ||
| Line 356: | Line 244: | ||
{{bar percent|Others|#1543BB|1.80}}}} | {{bar percent|Others|#1543BB|1.80}}}} | ||
As per provisional data from the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], Ludhiana had a population of 1,618,879.<ref name=":0">{{ | As per provisional data from the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], Ludhiana had a population of 1,618,879.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/area_population.html|title=Area and Population|website=Official Website of Ludhiana|access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307015410/http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/area_population.html |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The literacy rate was 82.50 per cent, and the population consisted of 950,123 males and 743,530 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402233834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | ||
===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
| Line 362: | Line 250: | ||
Prior to [[Partition of India|India's partition]], Ludhiana had a population of 111,639 with Muslims being the majority with 63%. The Hindus were 31% and Sikhs 5%. It changed post-partition with a drastic reduction in Muslim percentage and simultaneous increase in Hindu and Sikh population, owing to migration of people between West and East Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=From the Ashes of 1947|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|date=February 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42811-8|pages=138}}</ref> | Prior to [[Partition of India|India's partition]], Ludhiana had a population of 111,639 with Muslims being the majority with 63%. The Hindus were 31% and Sikhs 5%. It changed post-partition with a drastic reduction in Muslim percentage and simultaneous increase in Hindu and Sikh population, owing to migration of people between West and East Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=From the Ashes of 1947|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|date=February 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42811-8|pages=138}}</ref> | ||
==Administration== | |||
[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]] is the urban local civic body in the city.<ref name="Hindustan Times 23 July 2021">{{cite news |title=Cow cess runs in crores, but stray-cattle menace continues in Ludhiana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/despite-cow-cess-running-in-crores-stray-cattle-s-reign-of-terror-continues-in-ludhiana-101627063869428.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Politics== | |||
The city is part of the [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The assembly constituencies in the city are: | |||
{|class="wikitable sortable" | |||
!style="font-size:75%"|Constituency<br />number | |||
!Constituency<br />name | |||
!Reserved for<br/>([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/None) | |||
!Electors<br/>(2017)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|60 | |||
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana East]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:182228}} | |||
|- | |||
|61 | |||
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana South]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:149582}} | |||
|- | |||
|62 | |||
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency|Atam Nagar]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:157578}} | |||
|- | |||
|63 | |||
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana Central]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:147646}} | |||
|- | |||
|64 | |||
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana West]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:176915}} | |||
|- | |||
|65 | |||
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana North]] | |||
|None | |||
|{{formatnum:181931}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
{{main|Economy of Ludhiana}} | {{main|Economy of Ludhiana}} | ||
{{POV section|date=October 2019}} | {{POV section|date=October 2019}} | ||
The [[World Bank]] ranked Ludhiana as the city in India with the best business environment in 2009 and 2013.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|title=Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007005506/http://doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The riches are brought mostly by small-scale industrial units,<ref>''Entrepreneurship in India's small-scale industries''. Richard P. Taub, Doris L. Taub</ref> which produce industrial goods, machine parts, auto parts, household appliances, hosiery, apparel, and garments. Ludhiana is Asia's largest hub for bicycle manufacturing and produces more than 50% of India's bicycle production | The [[World Bank]] ranked Ludhiana as the city in India with the best business environment in 2009 and 2013.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|title=Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007005506/http://doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The riches are brought mostly by small-scale industrial units,<ref>''Entrepreneurship in India's small-scale industries''. Richard P. Taub, Doris L. Taub</ref> which produce industrial goods, machine parts, auto parts, household appliances, hosiery, apparel, and garments. Ludhiana is Asia's largest hub for bicycle manufacturing and produces more than 50% of India's bicycle production each year. Ludhiana produces 60% of India's tractor parts and a large portion of auto and two-wheeler parts. Many parts used in German cars such as Mercedes and BMW are exclusively produced in Ludhiana to satisfy the world requirement. It is one of the largest manufacturer of domestic sewing machines. Hand tools and industrial equipment are other specialties. Ludhiana contribute most to Punjab than any other city.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} | ||
[[File:Feroze gandhi market.png|thumb|Feroze Gandhi Market, Ludhiana]] | [[File:Feroze gandhi market.png|thumb|Feroze Gandhi Market, Ludhiana]] | ||
The apparel industry of Ludhiana, popularly known as Ludhiana hosiery industry provides employment to numerous people<ref>{{ | The apparel industry of Ludhiana, popularly known as Ludhiana hosiery industry provides employment to numerous people<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-apparel-guide|title=Ludhiana Portal Digital directories & Newspapers|last=Staff|website=City Vibes|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215221835/https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-apparel-guide|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and produces India's largest share of winter clothing. It is especially known for its woollen sweaters and cotton T-shirts with the majority of India's woollen clothing brands being based here. Ludhiana is also famous for its industry of shawls and stoles and satisfies the demand of major domestic and international brands. As a result of its dominance in the textile industry it is often dubbed as the Manchester of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-industry-gives-thumbs-down-to-arun-jaitley-s-union-budget/story-JB7wNj4njJJggazgzSuc6K.html|title=Punjab industry gives thumbs down to Arun Jaitley's Union Budget|date=1 February 2018|website=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103516/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-industry-gives-thumbs-down-to-arun-jaitley-s-union-budget/story-JB7wNj4njJJggazgzSuc6K.html|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ludhiana also has a growing IT sector with multiple software services and product companies having development centers in the city. In April 2021, BizMerlinHR, a HR management software firm with development center in Ludhiana was awarded Cool Vendor in HCM for 2021 by industry analyst Gartner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizmerlin.com/bizmerlinhr-gartner-cool-vendor-in-human-capital-management|title=BizMerlinHR Named a Cool Vendor in the 2021 Gartner 'Cool Vendors in Human Capital Management: Technology Innovations to Support the Future of Work' Report|date=30 April 2021|website=BizMerlinHR |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> | ||
Ludhiana is also home to the [[Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association]]. LSC is situated on NH95 (Chandigarh-Ferozepur Highway) in Feroze Gandhi market near Mini Secretariat Ludhiana | Ludhiana is also home to the [[Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association]]. LSC is situated on NH95 (Chandigarh-Ferozepur Highway) in Feroze Gandhi market near Mini Secretariat Ludhiana. | ||
==Attractions== | ==Attractions== | ||
| Line 377: | Line 307: | ||
===Sports=== | ===Sports=== | ||
[[Guru Nanak Stadium]] in Ludhiana hosts a number of sporting events including athletics, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, ''kabaddi'', table tennis, volleyball, | [[Guru Nanak Stadium]] in Ludhiana hosts a number of sporting events including athletics, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, ''kabaddi'', table tennis, volleyball, as well as other indoor games.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Sports Office {{!}} District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/departments/state-govt/district-sports-office/ |website=ludhiana.nic.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
;Kabaddi | ;Kabaddi | ||
| Line 383: | Line 313: | ||
;Football | ;Football | ||
Various competitions like finals of [[National Games of India|National Games]] Football Matches (2001) and I-League matches of clubs like [[Minerva Punjab FC]] (now RoundGlass Punjab Football Club) have been played in Guru Nanak Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitin |title= | Various competitions like finals of [[National Games of India|National Games]] Football Matches (2001) and I-League matches of clubs like [[Minerva Punjab FC]] (now RoundGlass Punjab Football Club) have been played in Guru Nanak Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitin |title=Chandigarh's Minerva Football Club inducted into AIFF league |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/citys-minerva-football-club-inducted-into-aiff-league-4423184/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
===Kila Raipur Sports Festival=== | ===Kila Raipur Sports Festival=== | ||
| Line 389: | Line 319: | ||
===Skating=== | ===Skating=== | ||
A skating rink | A skating rink is situated in Leisure Valley, Sarabha Nagar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leisure Valley rink hosts roller-skating competition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/leisure-valley-rink-hosts-roller-skating-competition-589348 |access-date=9 September 2020 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Places of interest === | === Places of interest === | ||
| Line 415: | Line 345: | ||
==Transportation== | ==Transportation== | ||
Ludhiana is well connected by road and rail as [[Ludhiana railway station]] is on the main Delhi-Amritsar route, and is an important railway junction with lines going to [[Jalandhar]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Dhuri]], and [[Delhi]]. The city is very well connected with daily or weekly trains to most places in India including the major cities of [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Patiala]], [[Pathankot]], [[Kanpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ambala]], [[Panipat]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Nanded]], [[Patna]], and [[Kolkata]]. For administrative reasons the station is under [[Firozpur railway division|Ferozepur Railway Division]]. The railway line between Ludhiana and [[Chandigarh]] opened in 2013. The government has even passed a dedicated freight track between Ludhiana and Kolkata. {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}<ref>{{ | Ludhiana is well connected by road and rail as [[Ludhiana railway station]] is on the main Delhi-Amritsar route, and is an important railway junction with lines going to [[Jalandhar]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Dhuri]], and [[Delhi]]. The city is very well connected with daily or weekly trains to most places in India including the major cities of [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Patiala]], [[Pathankot]], [[Kanpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ambala]], [[Panipat]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Nanded]], [[Patna]], and [[Kolkata]]. For administrative reasons the station is under [[Firozpur railway division|Ferozepur Railway Division]]. The railway line between Ludhiana and [[Chandigarh]] opened in 2013. The government has even passed a dedicated freight track between Ludhiana and Kolkata. {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Ludhiana to Kolkata|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/ludhiana-kolkata-train-tickets.html}}</ref> | ||
[[File:India Train.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Diesel Multiple Unit|DMU]] Train in Ludhiana]] | [[File:India Train.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Diesel Multiple Unit|DMU]] Train in Ludhiana]] | ||
=== Road === | === Road === | ||
Ludhiana is connected with other cities of Punjab and also with other states by bus service. Major national highways [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] (old [[National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)|NH1]], NH95 respectively) and state highway SH 11 connect to the city.<ref>{{ | Ludhiana is connected with other cities of Punjab and also with other states by bus service. Major national highways [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] (old [[National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)|NH1]], NH95 respectively) and state highway SH 11 connect to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RStateHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1395&linkid=197|title=State Highways in Punjab|website=PWD - Govt. of Punjab, India|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204925/http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RStateHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1395&linkid=197|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RNationalHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1394&linkid=198|title=National Highways in Punjab|website=PWD - Govt. of Punjab|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204904/http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RNationalHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1394&linkid=198|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The transportation services are provided by the state owned [[Punjab Roadways]] and private bus operators. | ||
===Airport=== | ===Airport=== | ||
| Line 435: | Line 365: | ||
===Auto rickshaw=== | ===Auto rickshaw=== | ||
[[File:An Air View of Ludhiana.jpg|thumb|An Air View of Ludhiana]] | [[File:An Air View of Ludhiana.jpg|thumb|An Air View of Ludhiana]] | ||
The [[Auto rickshaw]] is a three-wheel drive vehicle, which is one way to travel in the city. They have the capacity to hold three to six passengers. It can be hired individually or on a sharing basis. The auto rickshaws are easily available at every major place, including the interstate bus terminal and the railway station at a nominal fare which varies from ₨ 10 to ₨ 30.{{ | The [[Auto rickshaw]] is a three-wheel drive vehicle, which is one way to travel in the city. They have the capacity to hold three to six passengers. It can be hired individually or on a sharing basis. The auto rickshaws are easily available at every major place, including the interstate bus terminal and the railway station at a nominal fare which varies from ₨ 10 to ₨ 30.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} Jugnoo, an on demand auto rickshaw application launched its operations in February 2015 to provide low cost, reliable, 24×7 service to the citizens of Ludhiana. | ||
===Rickshaw=== | ===Rickshaw=== | ||
Cycle rickshaws are widely used in Ludhiana. The rickshaw or tricycle is pulled by a person and is a relatively cheap way of travelling in the city, but has become pricey after the autos | Cycle rickshaws are widely used in Ludhiana. The rickshaw or tricycle is pulled by a person and is a relatively cheap way of travelling in the city, but has become pricey after the autos have been scrapped. | ||
===Taxi=== | ===Taxi=== | ||
Radio taxis are also easily available. This is the most used means of transport by the people of Ludhiana. Ola Cabs launched in the city on 7 October 2014. Uber is also very popular in the city.<ref>{{ | Radio taxis are also easily available. This is the most used means of transport by the people of Ludhiana. [[Ola Cabs]] launched in the city on 7 October 2014. [[Uber]] is also very popular in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ola-now-available-in-ludhiana-amritsar-visakhapatnam--surat-25444|title =Ola Cabs launch in Ludhiana and Amritsar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030160159/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ola-now-available-in-ludhiana-amritsar-visakhapatnam--surat-25444|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zoomcar]] provides cars for self-drive car rental in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zoomcar.com/ludhiana|title=Self Drive Cars in Ludhiana|last=Ltd.|first=Zoomcar India Private|website=Zoomcar|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160527/https://www.zoomcar.com/ludhiana|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
=== Schools === | === Schools === | ||
Ludhiana has 363 senior secondary, 367 high, 324 middle, 1129 primary, and pre-primary recognised Schools, with a total of 398,770 students.<ref>{{ | Ludhiana has 363 senior secondary, 367 high, 324 middle, 1129 primary, and pre-primary recognised Schools, with a total of 398,770 students.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/education_medical.html#Education|title =Education and Medical Facilities - Official Website of Ludhiana|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122904/http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/education_medical.html#Education|archive-date =22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these schools are either run by the ICSE [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] or by [[Punjab School Education Board]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-education|title=Digital directories & Newspapers|last=Staff|website=City Vibes|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101135933/https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-education|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prominent schools in Ludhiana includes R.S. Model Senior Secondary School<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Aneesha Sareen |date=12 May 2021 |title=Govt-aided school in Ludhiana opens for teachers in violation of curfew orders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govtaided-school-in-ludhiana-opens-for-teachers-in-violation-of-curfew-orders-101620763108536.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and Wylie Memorial High School.{{cn|date=April 2022}} | ||
===Agriculture=== | ===Agriculture=== | ||
Ludhiana is home to the largest agricultural university in Asia{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} and one of the largest in the world, [[Punjab Agricultural University]].<ref> | Ludhiana is home to the largest agricultural university in Asia{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} and one of the largest in the world, [[Punjab Agricultural University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/ludhiana/colleges.html |title=Ludhiana Colleges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202014724/http://www.mapsofindia.com/ludhiana/colleges.html |archive-date=2 December 2011 |website=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> The College of Veterinary Sciences at PAU was recently upgraded to the [[Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] (GADVASU). | ||
GADVASU was established at Ludhiana by an act of the Punjab Legislature No. 16 of 2005 notified in the Punjab Government Gazette on 9 August 2005 and it started functioning 21 April 2006 for promoting livestock production, health and prevention of disease through integrated teaching, research and extension programmes.{{ | GADVASU was established at Ludhiana by an act of the Punjab Legislature No. 16 of 2005 notified in the Punjab Government Gazette on 9 August 2005 and it started functioning 21 April 2006 for promoting livestock production, health and prevention of disease through integrated teaching, research and extension programmes.<ref>{{cite news |title=GADVASU CET 2017 Second Counseling Results Declared on gadvasu.in |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gadvasu-cet-2017-second-counseling-results-declared-on-gadvasu-in-1493827.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=17 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
===Medical=== | ===Medical=== | ||
[[File:CollgeGatew.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the old building of Christian Medical College]] | [[File:CollgeGatew.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the old building of Christian Medical College]] | ||
[[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]], the first medical school for women in Asia, was founded by [[Dame Edith Mary Brown]] in 1894. Christian Medical College is a major and reputed tertiary care hospital in India, also the location of the world's first face transplant. [[Dayanand Medical College|Dayanand Medical College and Hospital]] is another tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana. Both these institutions are recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]]. The college is affiliated to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], Punjab.{{ | [[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]], the first medical school for women in Asia, was founded by [[Dame Edith Mary Brown]] in 1894. Christian Medical College is a major and reputed tertiary care hospital in India, also the location of the world's first face transplant. [[Dayanand Medical College|Dayanand Medical College and Hospital]] is another tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana. Both these institutions are recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]]. The college is affiliated to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], Punjab.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
===Engineering=== | ===Engineering=== | ||
[[File:Gndec4.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]]]] | [[File:Gndec4.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]]]] | ||
[[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]] is an institution offering facilities and education for engineering students. It has a research and development center for bicycles and sewing machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsrdindia.org/|title=www.bsrdindia.com|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801050755/http://bsrdindia.org/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]] is an institution offering facilities and education for engineering students. It has a research and development center for bicycles and sewing machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsrdindia.org/|title=www.bsrdindia.com|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801050755/http://bsrdindia.org/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[Ludhiana College of Engineering and Technology]] is an institute for Engineering and Management studies. | |||
== Notable individuals == | == Notable individuals == | ||
<!-- ♦♦♦♦ Do not add anyone to this list unless they have their own Wikipedia article. ♦♦♦♦ --> | <!-- ♦♦♦♦ Do not add anyone to this list unless they have their own Wikipedia article. ♦♦♦♦ --> | ||
* [[J. C. Mahindra]], Indian industrialist and co-founder of Mahindra & Mahindra | * [[J. C. Mahindra]], Indian industrialist and co-founder of Mahindra & Mahindra | ||
| Line 508: | Line 439: | ||
* [[Hardev Dilgir]], lyricist | * [[Hardev Dilgir]], lyricist | ||
* [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], writer, playwright | * [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], writer, playwright | ||
* [[Sanjeev Talwar]], MLA Ludhiana East | |||
* [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]], MLA Ludhiana West, Punjab Cabinet Minister | * [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]], MLA Ludhiana West, Punjab Cabinet Minister | ||
* [[Ish Sodhi]], New Zealand Cricketer | * [[Ish Sodhi]], New Zealand Cricketer | ||
* [[Happy Raikoti]], lyricist, singer | * [[Happy Raikoti]], lyricist, singer | ||
* [[Chetan Sharma]] , Indian cricket player | * [[Chetan Sharma]] , Indian cricket player | ||
* [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)| Yashpal Sharma]], Indian cricket player | * [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]], Indian cricket player | ||
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], actor in [[Punjabi cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Diksha |title=Happy Birthday Jaswinder Bhalla! Watch His 5 Best Comedy Films To Drive Away Your Monday Blues |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-jaswinder-bhalla-watch-his-5-best-comedy-films-to-drive-away-your-monday-blues/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> | * [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], actor in [[Punjabi cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Diksha |title=Happy Birthday Jaswinder Bhalla! Watch His 5 Best Comedy Films To Drive Away Your Monday Blues |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-jaswinder-bhalla-watch-his-5-best-comedy-films-to-drive-away-your-monday-blues/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> | ||
*[[Anuv Jain]], singer and songwriter | * [[Anuv Jain]], singer and songwriter | ||
*[[Anand Arnold]], bodybuilder | * [[Anand Arnold]], bodybuilder | ||
* [[Balbir Singh Rajewal]], Farm union leader and politician | |||
* [[Bhavish Aggarwal]], Businessman and Founder of [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] cabs and [[Ola Electric|Ola electric]] | |||
* [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]], Footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] and [[India national football team|India national team]] | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Ludhianvi]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 546: | Line 484: | ||
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010]] | [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010]] | ||
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] | [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] | ||
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1480s]] | [[Category:Populated places established in the 1480s]] | ||
Revision as of 21:55, 26 June 2022
Ludhiana | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right: Ludhiana Skyline, Gurdwara Shri Sukhmani Sahib, Clock Tawer, Parkplaza Ludhiana, Guru Nanak Stadium, Sri Durga Mata Mandir city Ludhiana, Pavilion mall | |
  Ludhiana  Ludhiana | |
| Coordinates: 30°55′N 75°51′E / 30.91°N 75.85°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Ludhiana |
| Tehsil | Ludhiana West Ludhiana East |
| Founded by | Lodhi dynasty |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–Council |
| • Body | Ludhiana Municipal Corporation |
| • Deputy Commissioner | Varinder Kumar Sharma, I.A.S[2] |
| • Mayor | Balkar Sandhu[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 310 km2 (120 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 1st in Punjab |
| Elevation | 247 m (810 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,618,879 |
| • Rank | 22nd in India, 1st in Punjab |
| • Density | 5,200/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Ludhianvi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | Multiple 141001-141016 |
| Telephone code | 0161 |
| Vehicle registration | PB-10, PB-91 |
| HDI (2018) |  0.823[8] (Very High) |
| Website | www |
Ludhiana (Punjabi pronunciation: [lʊdiˈɑːnə] ) is the most populous and the largest city in the Indian state of Punjab.[9] The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 as of the[update] 2011 census and distributed over 310 km2 (120 sq mi),[6] making Ludhiana the most densely populated urban centre in the state.[10] It is a major industrial center of northern India, referred to as the India's Manchester by BBC.[11]
It stands on the old bank of Sutlej River, that is now 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to the south of its present course. The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has placed Ludhiana on the 48th position among the top 100 smart cities[12] and has been ranked as one of the easiest city in India for business according to the World Bank.
Ludhiana is 107 kilometres (66 mi) west of the state capital, Chandigarh, and is centrally located on National Highway 44, which runs from New Delhi to Amritsar. It is 315 km (196 mi) north of Delhi and 142 km (88 mi) southeast of Amritsar.
History
Ludhiana was founded in 1480 by members of the ruling Lodhi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[13] The ruling sultan, Sikandar Lodhi, dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established Sultanpur, while Nihand Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota.
The name was originally Lodhi-ana", meaning "Lodhi town", which has since shifted from "Lodiana" to the present form of Ludhiana.[14] The Lodhi Fort, or "Purana Qila", is the only surviving structure in the city from this period; located in the neighbourhood of Fatehgarh, it was well-maintained under Ranjit Singh and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013.[15]
The Semi Centennial Celebration of the American Presbyterian Lodiana Mission was held in Ludhiana from 3–7 December 1884.[16]
Ludhiana's Old City includes landmarks like the Lodhi Fort, Daresi Grounds, The Clock Tower, & Sood Family Haveli.
Geography
Ludhiana is located at 30°54′N 75°51′E / 30.9°N 75.85°E.[17] It has an average elevation of 244 metres (801 ft). Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and the New City. The new city primarily consists of the Civil Lines area which was historically known as the residential and official quarters of the colonial British encampment.
The land dips steeply to the north and the west where, before 1785, the river Sutlej ran.[citation needed]
The Old Fort was at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses the College of Textile Engineering). Legend has it that a tunnel connects it to the fort in Phillaur– although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the principalities, often occupied by enemy forces (see History section).
The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips.[citation needed]
The tree of largest natural extraction was the kikar, or Acacia Indica, but has been supplanted by the eucalyptus, transplanted from rural Australia in the late 1950s by the Chief Minister Pratap Singh Kairon.
Gulmohars and jacarandas were planted by the British along the avenues of Civil Lines, as were other flowering trees, while the Old City contains almost no vegetation or parks, except for a few isolated pipal trees, holy to the Hindus, as it is supposed to be the abode of Lord Shiva.[citation needed]
Climate
Ludhiana features a relatively dry monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa) under the Köppen climate classification, although bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon and winter. Ludhiana on an average sees roughly 809.3 millimetres (31.86 in) of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here date back to 1 August 1868.
Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India since 2011, with particulate matter being over six times the World Health Organization recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world.[18][19] Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the Budha Dariya.[20]
| Climate data for Ludhiana (Punjab Agricultural University) 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1966–2011 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
44.0 (111.2) |
46.6 (115.9) |
46.0 (114.8) |
43.6 (110.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
46.6 (115.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 28.0 (1.10) |
30.4 (1.20) |
24.2 (0.95) |
21.9 (0.86) |
26.5 (1.04) |
68.6 (2.70) |
221.4 (8.72) |
195.3 (7.69) |
101.6 (4.00) |
12.9 (0.51) |
6.9 (0.27) |
14.1 (0.56) |
751.7 (29.59) |
| Average rainy days | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 39.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 67 | 62 | 52 | 30 | 28 | 42 | 66 | 72 | 63 | 49 | 51 | 62 | 54 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[21][22] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
As per provisional data from the 2011 census, Ludhiana had a population of 1,618,879.[7] The literacy rate was 82.50 per cent, and the population consisted of 950,123 males and 743,530 females.[24][7]
Religion
With around 66% adherents according to 2011 Indian Census, Hinduism is the predominant religion of Ludhiana, followed by Sikhism with 29% of the population. Islam is followed by 2.8% and Christianity by less than 1%.[23]
Prior to India's partition, Ludhiana had a population of 111,639 with Muslims being the majority with 63%. The Hindus were 31% and Sikhs 5%. It changed post-partition with a drastic reduction in Muslim percentage and simultaneous increase in Hindu and Sikh population, owing to migration of people between West and East Punjab.[25]
Administration
Ludhiana Municipal Corporation is the urban local civic body in the city.[26]
Politics
The city is part of the Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency). The assembly constituencies in the city are:
| Constituency number |
Constituency name |
Reserved for (SC/None) |
Electors (2017)[27][28] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | Ludhiana East | None | 182,228 |
| 61 | Ludhiana South | None | 149,582 |
| 62 | Atam Nagar | None | 157,578 |
| 63 | Ludhiana Central | None | 147,646 |
| 64 | Ludhiana West | None | 176,915 |
| 65 | Ludhiana North | None | 181,931 |
Economy
Template:POV section The World Bank ranked Ludhiana as the city in India with the best business environment in 2009 and 2013.[29] The riches are brought mostly by small-scale industrial units,[30] which produce industrial goods, machine parts, auto parts, household appliances, hosiery, apparel, and garments. Ludhiana is Asia's largest hub for bicycle manufacturing and produces more than 50% of India's bicycle production each year. Ludhiana produces 60% of India's tractor parts and a large portion of auto and two-wheeler parts. Many parts used in German cars such as Mercedes and BMW are exclusively produced in Ludhiana to satisfy the world requirement. It is one of the largest manufacturer of domestic sewing machines. Hand tools and industrial equipment are other specialties. Ludhiana contribute most to Punjab than any other city.[citation needed]
The apparel industry of Ludhiana, popularly known as Ludhiana hosiery industry provides employment to numerous people[31] and produces India's largest share of winter clothing. It is especially known for its woollen sweaters and cotton T-shirts with the majority of India's woollen clothing brands being based here. Ludhiana is also famous for its industry of shawls and stoles and satisfies the demand of major domestic and international brands. As a result of its dominance in the textile industry it is often dubbed as the Manchester of India.[32] Ludhiana also has a growing IT sector with multiple software services and product companies having development centers in the city. In April 2021, BizMerlinHR, a HR management software firm with development center in Ludhiana was awarded Cool Vendor in HCM for 2021 by industry analyst Gartner.[33]
Ludhiana is also home to the Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association. LSC is situated on NH95 (Chandigarh-Ferozepur Highway) in Feroze Gandhi market near Mini Secretariat Ludhiana.
Attractions
Sports
Guru Nanak Stadium in Ludhiana hosts a number of sporting events including athletics, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, kabaddi, table tennis, volleyball, as well as other indoor games.[34]
- Kabaddi
Kabaddi world cup finals have been played twice in Guru Nanak Stadium Ludhiana.[35] The stadium often hosts high-profile Kabaddi matches.
- Football
Various competitions like finals of National Games Football Matches (2001) and I-League matches of clubs like Minerva Punjab FC (now RoundGlass Punjab Football Club) have been played in Guru Nanak Stadium.[36]
Kila Raipur Sports Festival
Kila Raipur Sports Festival, popularly known as Rural Olympics Games, is held annually in Kila Raipur, near Ludhiana. Competitions are held for rural sports, including gatka, bullock cart races, trolley races, kabaddi, loading unloading trucks and acrobatics.[37]
Skating
A skating rink is situated in Leisure Valley, Sarabha Nagar.[38]
Places of interest
- Alamgir
- Doraha
- Jagraon
- Katana Sahib
- Khanna
- Kila Raipur
- Machhiwara
- Mullanpur Dakha
- Nanaksar
- Payal
- Serai Lashkari Khan
- Sidhwanbet
- Sudhar
-
-
Nanaksar Kaleran -
Pre independence architect Khanna -
-
Ludhiana Zoo
Transportation
Ludhiana is well connected by road and rail as Ludhiana railway station is on the main Delhi-Amritsar route, and is an important railway junction with lines going to Jalandhar, Ferozepur, Dhuri, and Delhi. The city is very well connected with daily or weekly trains to most places in India including the major cities of Jammu, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Pathankot, Kanpur, Jaipur, Ajmer, Chandigarh, Ambala, Panipat, Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, Indore, Bhopal, Lucknow, Ahmadabad, Nagpur, Ayodhya, Nanded, Patna, and Kolkata. For administrative reasons the station is under Ferozepur Railway Division. The railway line between Ludhiana and Chandigarh opened in 2013. The government has even passed a dedicated freight track between Ludhiana and Kolkata. [citation needed][39]
Road
Ludhiana is connected with other cities of Punjab and also with other states by bus service. Major national highways NH 44, NH 5 (old NH1, NH95 respectively) and state highway SH 11 connect to the city.[40][41] The transportation services are provided by the state owned Punjab Roadways and private bus operators.
Airport
Ludhiana is served by the city based Sahnewal Airport ((IATA: LUH, ICAO: VILD)), also known as Ludhiana Airport. It is located near the town of Sahnewal, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Ludhiana on the Grand Trunk Road. The airport is spread over more than 130 acres (53 ha). The current airport arrival/departure halls can accommodate 40 passengers.[42] A new airport in Ludhiana is coming up at Halwara Air Force Station with work under progress.
Chandigarh Airport is the nearest International Airport to Ludhiana. Other nearby airports are Adampur Airport in Jalandhar and Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar.
Railway
Ludhiana Junction railway station is connected to other metro cities. It also has Sahnewal, Doraha, Kila Raipur railway stations which serve cargo and passenger trains. Vande Bharat Express has a stop at Ludhiana junction on its New Delhi (NDLS) - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra (SVDK) route.[43]
City transportation
City bus service has been cancelled. Moving around inside the city is done mostly by auto-rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws, while latest Ludhiana BRTS was planned to be constructed but due to lack of funds allotted and weak planning and management the project too has been scrapped by the government thus worsening the traffic problems in the industrial city.
Auto rickshaw
The Auto rickshaw is a three-wheel drive vehicle, which is one way to travel in the city. They have the capacity to hold three to six passengers. It can be hired individually or on a sharing basis. The auto rickshaws are easily available at every major place, including the interstate bus terminal and the railway station at a nominal fare which varies from ₨ 10 to ₨ 30.[citation needed] Jugnoo, an on demand auto rickshaw application launched its operations in February 2015 to provide low cost, reliable, 24×7 service to the citizens of Ludhiana.
Rickshaw
Cycle rickshaws are widely used in Ludhiana. The rickshaw or tricycle is pulled by a person and is a relatively cheap way of travelling in the city, but has become pricey after the autos have been scrapped.
Taxi
Radio taxis are also easily available. This is the most used means of transport by the people of Ludhiana. Ola Cabs launched in the city on 7 October 2014. Uber is also very popular in the city.[44] Zoomcar provides cars for self-drive car rental in the city.[45]
Education
Schools
Ludhiana has 363 senior secondary, 367 high, 324 middle, 1129 primary, and pre-primary recognised Schools, with a total of 398,770 students.[46] Most of these schools are either run by the ICSE Central Board of Secondary Education or by Punjab School Education Board.[citation needed].[47] Prominent schools in Ludhiana includes R.S. Model Senior Secondary School[48] and Wylie Memorial High School.[citation needed]
Agriculture
Ludhiana is home to the largest agricultural university in Asia[citation needed] and one of the largest in the world, Punjab Agricultural University.[49] The College of Veterinary Sciences at PAU was recently upgraded to the Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU).
GADVASU was established at Ludhiana by an act of the Punjab Legislature No. 16 of 2005 notified in the Punjab Government Gazette on 9 August 2005 and it started functioning 21 April 2006 for promoting livestock production, health and prevention of disease through integrated teaching, research and extension programmes.[50]
Medical
Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, the first medical school for women in Asia, was founded by Dame Edith Mary Brown in 1894. Christian Medical College is a major and reputed tertiary care hospital in India, also the location of the world's first face transplant. Dayanand Medical College and Hospital is another tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana. Both these institutions are recognised by the Medical Council of India. The college is affiliated to Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Punjab.[citation needed]
Engineering
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College is an institution offering facilities and education for engineering students. It has a research and development center for bicycles and sewing machines.[51]
Ludhiana College of Engineering and Technology is an institute for Engineering and Management studies.
Notable individuals
- J. C. Mahindra, Indian industrialist and co-founder of Mahindra & Mahindra
- K.C. Mahindra Indian industrialist who co-founded Mahindra & Mahindra
- Sukhdev Thapar, Freedom fighter
- Kartar Singh Sarabha, Freedom fighter
- Gippy Grewal, Singer, actor
- Sukh Sanghera, Film director and music video director
- Bhai Randhir Singh, Freedom fighter
- Neel Kamal Puri, novelist, columnist[52]
- Dharmendra, actor
- Sunil Mittal, entrepreneur, founder of Airtel and Bharti Enterprises
- Simarjit Singh Bains, Social worker, politician
- Sahir Ludhianvi, lyricist
- Sukhdeep Singh Chakria, Boxer
- Divya Dutta, actress
- Diljit Dosanjh, Singer, actor
- Manjit Rupowalia, Singer
- Rajinder Gupta, Industrialist, Chairman of TridentGroup
- Trishneet Arora, Ethical hacker, author
- Shubha Phutela, actress
- Dakssh Ajit Singh, actor
- Jainti Dass Saggar, Physician, politician
- Abhinav Shukla, actor
- Sudarshan Agarwal, politician
- Shilpi Sharma, actress
- Gulzar Singh Sandhu, writer
- Naina Dhaliwal, Indian model
- Inderjit Hasanpuri, songwriter
- Ram Singh, Social reformer
- Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, One of the founders of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam
- Barkat Ali Ludhianwi, Muslim Sufi and founder of the Dar ul Ehsan organisation
- Talish, Pakistani actor
- Raj Khosla, director
- Baldev Raj Chopra, producer and director
- Kuldeep Manak, Singer
- Inderjit Nikku, Singer
- Ravinder Grewal, Singer
- Amar Singh Chamkila, Singer
- Surinder Shinda, Singer
- Karnail Gill, Singer
- Ishmeet Singh, Singer
- Lal Chand Yamla Jatt, Singer
- Mandeep Singh Cricketer
- Pankaj Kapoor Actor
- Hardev Dilgir, lyricist
- Saadat Hasan Manto, writer, playwright
- Sanjeev Talwar, MLA Ludhiana East
- Bharat Bhushan Ashu, MLA Ludhiana West, Punjab Cabinet Minister
- Ish Sodhi, New Zealand Cricketer
- Happy Raikoti, lyricist, singer
- Chetan Sharma , Indian cricket player
- Yashpal Sharma, Indian cricket player
- Jaswinder Bhalla, actor in Punjabi cinema[53]
- Anuv Jain, singer and songwriter
- Anand Arnold, bodybuilder
- Balbir Singh Rajewal, Farm union leader and politician
- Bhavish Aggarwal, Businessman and Founder of Ola cabs and Ola electric
- Prabhsukhan Singh Gill, Footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Kerala Blasters and India national team
See also
References
- ↑ "Metropolitan Cities of India" (PDF). cpcb.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "Deputy Commissioners of Ludhiana | District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab | India". ludhiana.nic.in. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ↑ Bhardwaj, Nidhi (26 March 2018). "Balkar sandhu becomes mayor of Ludhiana | Ludhiana News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ludhiana City".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Smart City Ludhiana" (PDF).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "History". District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab, India. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Area and Population". Official Website of Ludhiana. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "United Nations HDI report - Punjab". in.undp.org. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ "List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population", Wikipedia, 19 October 2021, retrieved 3 November 2021
- ↑ ":: Ludhiana_Municipal_Corporation ::". mcludhiana.gov.in. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ↑ "India's Manchester". BBC. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ↑ "City 48 in Smart City rankings". Tribune. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ↑ "Ludhiana". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ "History". Ludhiana. Government of Punjab. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ Jain, Ananya (31 December 2019). "Ripe with history, Ludhiana's Lodhi Fort lies forgotten without ASI protection". The Indian Express. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ J.J. Lucas, "Literary Work of the American Presbyterian Mission, North India, Including Bible TranslatioLun and Revision, and Circulation of Religious Books and Tracts," Indian Evangelical Review 13 (July 1886): 43-63.
- ↑ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ludhiana". fallingrain.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ↑ Majeed, Shariq (26 March 2014). "Ludhiana worries over its PM". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.
- ↑ Preet, Jatinder (16 October 2011). "Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world". The Sunday Guardian. Delhi, India. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014.
- ↑ "How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities". Hindustan Times. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Station: Ludhiana Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 449–452. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M171. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "C-1 Population By Religious Community - Ludhiana (M. Corp)". Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ↑ Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). From the Ashes of 1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-108-42811-8.
- ↑ "Cow cess runs in crores, but stray-cattle menace continues in Ludhiana". Hindustan Times. 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ↑ "Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ↑ "List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006". 19 June 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ↑ "Doing Business in India 2009". World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ↑ Entrepreneurship in India's small-scale industries. Richard P. Taub, Doris L. Taub
- ↑ Staff. "Ludhiana Portal Digital directories & Newspapers". City Vibes. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ↑ "Punjab industry gives thumbs down to Arun Jaitley's Union Budget". Hindustan Times. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ↑ "BizMerlinHR Named a Cool Vendor in the 2021 Gartner 'Cool Vendors in Human Capital Management: Technology Innovations to Support the Future of Work' Report". BizMerlinHR. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- ↑ "District Sports Office | District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab | India". ludhiana.nic.in. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ↑ "Kabaddi World Cup: India all the way". The Tribune – Sports Page. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ↑ Sharma, Nitin (12 December 2016). "Chandigarh's Minerva Football Club inducted into AIFF league". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ↑ "Racy start to Kila Raipur Rural Olympics". The Tribune – Ludhiana Tribune. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ↑ "Leisure Valley rink hosts roller-skating competition". Tribuneindia News Service. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ↑ "Ludhiana to Kolkata".
- ↑ "State Highways in Punjab". PWD - Govt. of Punjab, India. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ↑ "National Highways in Punjab". PWD - Govt. of Punjab. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ↑ http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ludhiana.jsp Archived 24 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Airport website
- ↑ "Delhi-Katra Vande Bharat Express: Fare, timings, features, other details". Livemint. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ↑ "Ola Cabs launch in Ludhiana and Amritsar". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014.
- ↑ Ltd., Zoomcar India Private. "Self Drive Cars in Ludhiana". Zoomcar. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ "Education and Medical Facilities - Official Website of Ludhiana". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
- ↑ Staff. "Digital directories & Newspapers". City Vibes. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ↑ Kumar, Aneesha Sareen (12 May 2021). "Govt-aided school in Ludhiana opens for teachers in violation of curfew orders". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ↑ "Ludhiana Colleges". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ↑ "GADVASU CET 2017 Second Counseling Results Declared on gadvasu.in". News18. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ↑ "www.bsrdindia.com". Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- ↑ "Punjab's victory over history". India Today. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Kapoor, Diksha (4 May 2020). "Happy Birthday Jaswinder Bhalla! Watch His 5 Best Comedy Films To Drive Away Your Monday Blues". PTC Punjabi. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
Bibliography
- Mahan Kosh, Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha, pp 311.
- Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Prof. Harbans Singh vol 2 pp 416
- The Sikh Ref Book, Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer p464 & p196
- "Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly". shah-kamal.com.
- Pankaj Mishra (1 January 1995). Butter chicken in Ludhiana: travels in small town India. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140250671.
- "Heavy metal contamination of the ecosystems by industrial emissions from Ludhiana"
External links
- Official website of District Ludhiana (Punjab)
- Everything Ludhiana (Punjab)
- Ludhiana City Smart City Web Portal
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