Bharatpedia

Elections in India: Difference between revisions

m (1 revision imported)
m (Removed empty portal template using script)
 
(3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Democratic election in India}}
{{short description|Political elections for public offices in India}}
{{About||the most recent general election|2019 Indian general election|the upcoming general election|Next Indian general election}}
{{About||the most recent general election|2019 Indian general election|the upcoming general election|Next Indian general election}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}


[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]].
[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]].


The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}}
The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.


However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], that exercises most executive powers for matters that require countrywide affection under a federal system.
However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the [[Government of India]]. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the [[President of India]] and the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers]].


India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.  
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Governor (India)|Governor]] who is the state's head, but the executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.


The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.
The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.
==Elections==
Election Commission is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci/the_setup.aspx |title=A Constitutional Body |publisher=Election Commission of India }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Election Commission==
Election ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation .
[[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci/the_setup.aspx |title=A Constitutional Body |publisher=Election Commission of India }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Election Commission ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation.
All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]].


All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.
==Types of elections==
 
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for:
==Types of Elections==
*[[President of India]],
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for :
*[[Vice President of India]],
*Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]],  
*Members of the Parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper house) and [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house),  
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]], (and also Assembly elections to some of the Union Territories like Delhi),
*Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
*Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
*Members in [[Panchayati raj (India)|village panchayats]] or [[Municipal governance in India|city corporation councils]].
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
*By-election is held when a person of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
*Members of [[Local government in India|local governance bodies]] ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]),
*By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.


=== Parliamentary General Elections (Lok Sabha) ===
Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house). <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
|+ style="text-align: left;" | General Election results ''(Lok sabha)''
|+ style="text-align: left;" | General election results ''(Lok Sabha)''
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1951–1952.svg|center|thumb|[[1st Lok Sabha]] [[1951–52 Indian general election|(1951–52)]]]]
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1951–1952.svg|center|thumb|[[1st Lok Sabha]] [[1951–52 Indian general election|(1951–52)]]]]
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg|center|thumb|[[2nd Lok Sabha]] [[1957 Indian general election|(1957)]]]]
|[[File:Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg|center|thumb|[[2nd Lok Sabha]] [[1957 Indian general election|(1957)]]]]
Line 55: Line 56:
{{Scrolling table/end}}
{{Scrolling table/end}}


==== History of Lok Sabha Elections ====
===History of Lok Sabha elections===
;Key:
{|class="toccolours" style="width:75em"
{{legend2|#99CC00|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
!Colour key for parties
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|{{colbegin|colwidth=23em}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress (Indira) INC(I)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#1F75FE|[[Janata Party|Janata Party (JP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#00008B|[[Janata Party (Secular)|Janata Party (Secular) JNP(S)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#339900|[[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (PSP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#66FF99|[[Samajwadi Party|Samajwadi Party (SP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party]]|outline=#000000}}  
{{legend2|#33CC00|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party (India) (SOC)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|Blue|[[Swatantra Party|Swatantra Party (SWA)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFF31|[[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam Party (TDP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend2|#6AB5FF|[[YSR Congress Party|YSR Congress Party (YSRCP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|[[Samajwadi Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{legend|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]]|outline=#000000}}
|+ LOK SABHA ELECTIONS
{{legend|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|[[Telugu Desam Party]]|outline=#000000}}
! colspan="3" |
{{colend}}
! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable"| First
|}
! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable" | Second
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable" | Third
!colspan=14|'''[[Lok Sabha|LOK SABHA]] ELECTIONS'''<ref name="LS_Results">{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/99-general-election-archive-1951-2004/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 1951-2004|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2009|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/97-general-election-2014/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2019|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2|Lok Sabha<br/>{{small|(Election)}}
!rowspan=2|Total Seats
!colspan=4|First
!colspan=4|Second
!colspan=4|Third
|-
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]<br/>{{small|([[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]])}}
|489
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|364
|44.99%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|16
|3.29%
|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}};"|
|12
|10.59%
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]<br/>{{small|([[1957 Indian general election|1957]])}}
|494
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|371
|47.78%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|27
|8.92%
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}};"|
|19
|10.41%
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]<br/>{{small|([[1962 Indian general election|1962]])}}
|494
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|361
|44.72%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|29
|9.94%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};"|
|18
|7.89%
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]<br/>{{small|([[1967 Indian general election|1967]])}}
|520
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|283
|40.78%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};"|
|44
|8.67%
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}};"|
|35
|9.31%
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]<br/>{{small|([[1971 Indian general election|1971]])}}
|518
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|352
|43.68%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
|25
|5.12%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};"|
|23
|4.73%
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]<br/>{{small|([[1977 Indian general election|1977]])}}
|542
|[[Janata Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}};"|
|295
|41.32%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|154
|34.52%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
|22
|4.29%
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]<br/>{{small|([[1980 Indian general election|1980]])}}
|529
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}};"|
|353
|42.69%
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}};"|
|41
|9.39%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|37
|6.24%
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]<br/>{{small|([[1984 Indian general election|1984]])}}
|543
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|414
|48.12%
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};"|
|30
|4.06%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|22
|5.72%
|-
|-
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Year
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]<br/>{{small|([[1989 Indian general election|1989]])}}
! style="width:12%;" class="sortable"| Election
|529
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Total seats
|[[Indian National Congress]]
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Party
|197
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Seats
|39.53%
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| % votes
|[[Janata Dal]]
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Party
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};"|
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Seats
|143
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| % votes
|17.79%
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Party
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| Seats
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| % votes
|85
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|| 489
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 364
|| 45%
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|CPI
|| 16
|| 3.29%
| bgcolor=#33CC00|SOC
|| 12
|| 10.59%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1957 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html}}</ref>
|| [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|| 494
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 371
|| 47.78%
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|CPI
|| 27
|| 8.92%
| bgcolor=#339900|PSP
|| 19
|| 10.41%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|| [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|| 494
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 361
|| 44.72%
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|CPI
|| 29
|| 9.94%
| bgcolor=Blue|SWA
|| 18
|| 7.89%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|| [[4th Lok Sabha]]
|| 520
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 283
|| 40.78%
| bgcolor=Blue|SWA
|| 44
|| 8.67%
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJS
|| 35
|| 9.31%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|| [[5th Lok Sabha]]
|| 518
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 352
|| 43.68%
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|| 25
|| 5.12%
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|CPI
|| 23
|| 4.73%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|| [[6th Lok Sabha]]
|| 542
| bgcolor=#1F75FE|JP
|| 298
|| 43.17%
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 153
|| 34.52%
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|| 22
|| 4.29%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|| [[7th Lok Sabha]]
|| 529 ( 542<sup>*</sup> )
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC(I)
|| 351
|| 42.69%
| bgcolor=#00008B|JNP(S)
|| 41
|| 9.39%
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|| 37
|| 6.24%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|| [[8th Lok Sabha]]
|| 514
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 404
|| 49.10%
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|TDP
|| 30
|| 4.31%
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|| 22
|| 5.87%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|| [[9th Lok Sabha]]
|| 529
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|| 195
|| 39.53%
| bgcolor=#2E8B57|JD
|| 142
|| 17.79%
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|| 85
|11.36%
|11.36%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
|| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]<br/>{{small|([[1991 Indian general election|1991]])}}
|| [[10th Lok Sabha]]
|534
|| 521
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|244
|| 244
|36.40%
|| 35.66%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
|| 120
|120
|| 20.11%
|20.07%
| bgcolor=#2E8B57|JD
|[[Janata Dal]]
|| 59
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};"|
|| 11.84%
|59
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11.73%
|| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]<br/>{{small|([[1996 Indian general election|1996]])}}
|| 543
|543
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 161
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
|| 20.29%
|161
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|20.29%
|| 140
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 28.80%
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
| bgcolor=#2E8B57|JD
|140
|| 46
|28.80%
|| 23.45%
|[[Janata Dal]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|46
|| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|8.08%
|| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|| 545
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]<br/>{{small|([[1998 Indian general election|1998]])}}
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|543
|| 182
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 25.59%
|182
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|25.59%
|| 141
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 25.82%
|141
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|25.82%
|| 32
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|| 5.16%
|rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|32
|| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|5.16%
|| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|| 545
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]<br/>{{small|([[1999 Indian general election|1999]])}}
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|543
|| 182
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 23.75%
|182
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|23.75%
|| 114
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 28.30%
|114
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|28.30%
|| 33
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|| 5.40%
|33
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5.40%
|| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]<br/>{{small|([[2004 Indian general election|2004]])}}
|| 543
|543
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 145
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|| 26.53%
|145
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|26.53%
|| 138
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 22.16%
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
| bgcolor=#FF0000|CPM
|138
|| 43
|22.16%
|| 5.66%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|43
|| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|5.66%
|| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|| 545
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]<br/>{{small|([[2009 Indian general election|2009]])}}
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|543
|| 206
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 28.55%
|206
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|28.55%
|| 116
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 18.80%
|116
| bgcolor=#66FF99|SP
|18.80%
|| 23
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|| 3.23%
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|23
|| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|3.23%
|| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|| 545
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br/>{{small|([[2014 Indian general election|2014]])}}
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|543
|| 282
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 31.34%
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|282
|| 44
|31.34%
|| 19.52%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor=#99CC00|AIADMK
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|| 37
|44
|| 3.31%
|19.52%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|37
|| 543
|3.31%
| bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP
|-
|| 303
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br/>{{small|([[2019 Indian general election|2019]])}}
|| 37.4%<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |access-date=28 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2019}}</ref>
|543
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|| 52
|303
|| 19.50%<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramani |first1=Srinivasan |title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|37.70%
| bgcolor=#FF0000|DMK
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|| 24
|52
|| 4.24%
|19.67%
|}<sup>*</sup> : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | title=Seventh Lok Sabha elections (1980) | work=Indian Express | date=14 March 2014 | agency=Indian Express | access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|24
|2.36%
|}


=== State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections ===
=== State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections ===
Line 321: Line 338:
The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.
The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.


The Election Commission conducts the elections and provides voluntary facility to 80 years plus aged electors to vote through ballot papers at their homes depending upon polling booth accessibility. Elections are taken up enthusiastically by major portion of the population who turn out in high numbers.
For example, An 83-year-old woman, Dolma, cast her vote at Chasak Bhatori polling station in Pangi area of Chamba district after covering 14 kilometers walking on a snowy road during 2022 assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/elections/assembly-elections/himachal-pradesh/news/assembly-elections-2022-66-voter-turnout-in-himachal-pradesh-worlds-highest-booth-sees-100-polling/articleshow/95476760.cms | title=Assembly elections 2022: 66% voter turnout in Himachal Pradesh, world's highest booth sees 100% polling &#124; Himachal-Pradesh Election News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+  State Assembly election results ''(Vidhan Sabha)''
|+  State Assembly election results ''(Vidhan Sabha)''
Line 333: Line 352:
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
Line 343: Line 362:
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
Line 364: Line 383:
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] <br /> [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] <br /> [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
Line 369: Line 389:
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
Line 380: Line 400:
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1963 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br /> [[1967 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br /> [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1977 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1984 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br /> [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br /> [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
Line 409: Line 430:
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
Line 429: Line 450:
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2021 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| -
|-
|-
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
Line 435: Line 456:
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1952]] <br /> [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1957]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1962]] <br /> [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1967]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1972]] <br /> [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952 Thiru-Kochi]] <br /> [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954 Thiru-Kochi]] <br />[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]] <br /> [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]] <br /> [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]] <br /> [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]] <br /> [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]] <br /> [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]] <br /> [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
Line 465: Line 486:
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
Line 475: Line 496:
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
Line 495: Line 516:
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
Line 505: Line 526:
| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
Line 515: Line 536:
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Odisha|OD]]
![[Elections in Odisha|OR]]
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]] <br /> [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]] <br /> [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
Line 525: Line 546:
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
Line 556: Line 577:
[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
Line 567: Line 588:
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
Line 580: Line 601:
|-
|-
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
| colspan="6" | State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014)
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014)
|
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/ |title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present) |publisher=Uca.edu |date= |accessdate=28 February 2022}}</ref>
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{dash}}
[[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
[[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
[[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]  
[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]  
[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br /> [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br /> [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1972 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]] <br /> [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] <br /> [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] <br /> [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
Line 604: Line 632:
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Uttarakhand|UK]]
![[Elections in Uttarakhand|UT]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000)
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000)
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
Line 619: Line 647:
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br /> [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br /> [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}
|}


=== By-election ===
=== By-election ===
As the name suggests, when an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Rajya Sabha, or Lok Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.
When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.


Common reasons for by-elections :
Common reasons for by-elections:
* Sitting MLA resigns once he gets elected as MP.
* Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
* Sitting MLA or MP died.
* Death of the sitting MP or MLA


But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one .)
But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office, due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).
Also, the election commission maintains the election of India.


=== Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections ===
=== Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections ===
Line 640: Line 666:
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.


The Constitution of India however places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.  
The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.  
   
   
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form of the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form in which the Lok Sabha finally passes it.


==Electoral procedures==
==Electoral procedures==
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.


The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.
The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes, his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.


===Indelible ink===
===Indelible ink===
Line 653: Line 679:
[[File:Ink Bottle used in Indian Elections.jpg|thumb|right|Ink bottle pledge]]
[[File:Ink Bottle used in Indian Elections.jpg|thumb|right|Ink bottle pledge]]


Research into indelible ink was commenced by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]]. The ink used contains [[silver nitrate]], which makes it [[photo-sensitive]]. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment.
Research into indelible ink was commenced by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]]. The ink used contains [[silver nitrate]], which makes it [[photo-sensitive]]. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month, depending on the person's body temperature and the environment.


===Electronic voting===
===Electronic voting===
Line 667: Line 693:
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece|title=VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece|title=VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voter-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-comes-to-chennai/article5856087.ece|title=Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai|author=T. Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="VVPATIndiaElections2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vvpat-a-revolutionary-step-in-voting-transparency-1982453|title=VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency|publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/not-many-were-aware-of-vvpat-but-were-happy-with-verification/article5925449.ece|title=Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/As-smooth-as-it-gets-says-city-poll-chief/articleshow/34174348.cms|title=As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ripon-Buildings-turns-nerve-centre-of-electoral-activities-in-Chennai/articleshow/34077158.cms|title=Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|title=Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401160848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voter-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-comes-to-chennai/article5856087.ece|title=Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai|author=T. Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="VVPATIndiaElections2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vvpat-a-revolutionary-step-in-voting-transparency-1982453|title=VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency|publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/not-many-were-aware-of-vvpat-but-were-happy-with-verification/article5925449.ece|title=Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/As-smooth-as-it-gets-says-city-poll-chief/articleshow/34174348.cms|title=As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ripon-Buildings-turns-nerve-centre-of-electoral-activities-in-Chennai/articleshow/34077158.cms|title=Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|title=Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401160848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>


Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|website=Firstpost|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-are-evms-vvpat-and-how-safe-they-are/articleshow/66969640.cms |title=What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are |date=6 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, [[Supreme Court of India]] gave the judgement, ordering the [[Election Commission of India]] to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means [[Election Commission of India]] has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]|first=MEHAL|last=JAIN|date=8 April 2019|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the [[2019 Indian general elections|2019 general election]], ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms?from=mdr | title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls | newspaper=Economic Times | date=23 May 2019 | access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations against the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|website=Firstpost|date=10 March 2019 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-are-evms-vvpat-and-how-safe-they-are/articleshow/66969640.cms |title=What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are |date=6 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, [[Supreme Court of India]] gave the judgement, ordering the [[Election Commission of India]] to increase the  VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means the Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 General elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]|first=MEHAL|last=JAIN|date=8 April 2019|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called a  ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the [[2019 Indian general elections|2019 general election]], ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms?from=mdr | title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls | newspaper=Economic Times | date=23 May 2019 | access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>


===NOTA===
===NOTA===
{{further|None of the Above in Indian Elections}}
{{further|None of the Above in Indian Elections}}
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf|title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release|publisher=Eci.nic.in|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to cast a negative vote by exercising the "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning by the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. If the majority votes are for NOTA, the region comes under presidential jurisdiction and is treated with laws similar to a national territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf|title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release|publisher=Eci.nic.in|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>


===Absentee voting===
===Absentee voting===
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article910849.ece |title=gazette notifications |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneworldnews.com/kaam-ki-baat/complete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india/ |title=How to Vote in India |publisher=oneworldnews.com |date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=April 6, 2023|newspaper=One World News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=PRESS RELEASE: Bridge India diaspora survey of NRIs and OCIs finds significant support for BJP, better NRI voting rights|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/press-release-diaspora-survey-results/|access-date=23 November 2021|website=Bridge India|language=en-GB}}</ref>


===Postal voting===
===''Postal voting''===
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of [[Election Commission of India]], where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]]. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in [[preventive detention]], disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.<ref name=IndiaPostVote1>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/postal-ballots-who-can-vote-through-etpb-how-to-get-registered-and-how-the-voting-is-done-an-explainer-6372611.html Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer], First Post, 2 April 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote2>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910 Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?], Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote3>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/people-over-80-years-of-age-disabled-can-now-vote-through-postal-ballot-1572319857-1|title=People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot|first=Gorki|last=Bakshi|date=29 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of [[Election Commission of India]], where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]]. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in [[preventive detention]], disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.<ref name=IndiaPostVote1>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/postal-ballots-who-can-vote-through-etpb-how-to-get-registered-and-how-the-voting-is-done-an-explainer-6372611.html Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer], First Post, 2 April 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote2>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910 Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?], Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote3>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/people-over-80-years-of-age-disabled-can-now-vote-through-postal-ballot-1572319857-1|title=People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot|first=Gorki|last=Bakshi|date=29 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
 
* [[49-O]]  Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* [[49-O]]  Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* [[Booth capturing]]
* [[Booth capturing]]
* [[History_of_democracy#Indian_subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Exercise Franchise For Good Governance]]
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]]
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]]
* British India - General Elections
* British India - General Elections
Line 703: Line 730:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
 
<!--Please do not add personal or other unofficial websites-->
<!--Please do not add personal or other unofficial websites-->
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/i/india/ Adam Carr's election archive]
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/i/india/ Adam Carr's election archive]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502105938/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cch2/cch2_1.htm Qualification and disqualification] Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502105938/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cch2/cch2_1.htm Qualification and disqualification] Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* [https://elections-india.in/ Elections India]


{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}

Latest revision as of 03:55, 14 August 2023


For the most recent general election, see 2019 Indian general election. For the upcoming general election, see Next Indian general election.

India has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the central government and the states.

The President of India is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.

However, it is the Prime Minister of India, who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the national elections to the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the President of India and the head of the Union Council of Ministers.

India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a Governor who is the state's head, but the executive authority rests with the Chief Minister who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.

The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.

ElectionsEdit

Election Commission is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.[1]

Election ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation .

All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen.

Types of electionsEdit

Elections in the Republic of India include elections for:

Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha) Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).[2]

History of Lok Sabha electionsEdit

Colour key for parties
  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Bharatiya Jana Sangh
  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Communist Party of India
  Communist Party of India (Marxist)
  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
  Indian National Congress
  Indian National Congress (Indira)
  Janata Party
  Janata Dal
  Janata Party (Secular)
  Praja Socialist Party
  Samajwadi Party
  Socialist Party
  Swatantra Party
  Telugu Desam Party
LOK SABHA ELECTIONS[3][4][5][6]
Lok Sabha
(Election) 		Total Seats First Second Third
Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes Political party Seats Percentage of votes
1st
(1951–52) 		489 Indian National Congress 364 44.99% Communist Party of India 16 3.29% Socialist Party 12 10.59%
2nd
(1957) 		494 Indian National Congress 371 47.78% Communist Party of India 27 8.92% Praja Socialist Party 19 10.41%
3rd
(1962) 		494 Indian National Congress 361 44.72% Communist Party of India 29 9.94% Swatantra Party 18 7.89%
4th
(1967) 		520 Indian National Congress 283 40.78% Swatantra Party 44 8.67% Bharatiya Jana Sangh 35 9.31%
5th
(1971) 		518 Indian National Congress 352 43.68% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 25 5.12% Communist Party of India 23 4.73%
6th
(1977) 		542 Janata Party 295 41.32% Indian National Congress 154 34.52% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 22 4.29%
7th
(1980) 		529 Indian National Congress (Indira) 353 42.69% Janata Party (Secular) 41 9.39% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 37 6.24%
8th
(1984) 		543 Indian National Congress 414 48.12% Telugu Desam Party 30 4.06% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 22 5.72%
9th
(1989) 		529 Indian National Congress 197 39.53% Janata Dal 143 17.79% Bharatiya Janata Party 85 11.36%
10th
(1991) 		534 Indian National Congress 244 36.40% Bharatiya Janata Party 120 20.07% Janata Dal 59 11.73%
11th
(1996) 		543 Bharatiya Janata Party 161 20.29% Indian National Congress 140 28.80% Janata Dal 46 8.08%
12th
(1998) 		543 Bharatiya Janata Party 182 25.59% Indian National Congress 141 25.82% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 32 5.16%
13th
(1999) 		543 Bharatiya Janata Party 182 23.75% Indian National Congress 114 28.30% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 33 5.40%
14th
(2004) 		543 Indian National Congress 145 26.53% Bharatiya Janata Party 138 22.16% Communist Party of India (Marxist) 43 5.66%
15th
(2009) 		543 Indian National Congress 206 28.55% Bharatiya Janata Party 116 18.80% Samajwadi Party 23 3.23%
16th
(2014) 		543 Bharatiya Janata Party 282 31.34% Indian National Congress 44 19.52% All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 3.31%
17th
(2019) 		543 Bharatiya Janata Party 303 37.70% Indian National Congress 52 19.67% Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 24 2.36%

State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) ElectionsEdit

Members of State Legislative Assembly, are elected directly by voting, from a set of candidates who stands in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Member of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state.

The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State.

The Election Commission conducts the elections and provides voluntary facility to 80 years plus aged electors to vote through ballot papers at their homes depending upon polling booth accessibility. Elections are taken up enthusiastically by major portion of the population who turn out in high numbers. For example, An 83-year-old woman, Dolma, cast her vote at Chasak Bhatori polling station in Pangi area of Chamba district after covering 14 kilometers walking on a snowy road during 2022 assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh.[7]

State Assembly election results (Vidhan Sabha)
State/UT 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
AP 1955
1957 		1962
1967 		1972
1978 		1983
1985
1989 		1994
1999 		2004
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
AR 1978 1980
1984 		1990
1995
1999 		2004
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
AS 1952
1957 		1962
1967 		1972
1978 		1983
1985 		1991
1996 		2001
2006 		2011
2016 		2021
BR 1952
1957 		1962
1967
1969 		1972
1977 		1980
1985 		1990
1995 		2000
2005 (Feb)
2005 (Oct) 		2010
2015 		2020

2025

CG State didn't exist. Was part of MP. (Established in 2000) 2003
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
DL 1952  –  –  – 1993
1998 		2003
2008 		2013
2015 		2020

2025

GA  – 1963
1967 		1972
1977 		1980
1984
1989 		1994
1999 		2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
GJ  – 1962
1967 		1972
1975 		1980
1985 		1990
1995
1998 		2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
HR  – 1967
1968 		1972
1977 		1982
1987 		1991
1996 		2000
2005
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
HP 1952
1967 1972
1977 		1985
1990
1993
1998 		2003
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
JK 1951
1957 		1962
1967 		1972
1977 		1983
1987 		1996 2002
2008 		2014 -
JH State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000) 2005
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
KA Mysore 1952
Mysore 1957 		Mysore 1962
Mysore 1967 		Mysore 1972
1978 		1983
1985
1989 		1994
1999 		2004
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
KL 1952 Thiru-Kochi
1954 Thiru-Kochi
1957 		1960
1965
1967 		1970
1977 		1980
1982
1987 		1991
1996 		2001
2006 		2011
2016 		2021
MP Bhopal 1952
MB 1952
MP 1952
VP 1952
1957 		1967 1972
1977 		1980
1985 		1990
1993
1998 		2003
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
MH  – 1962
1967 		1972
1978 		1980
1985 		1990
1995
1999 		2004
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
MN  – 1967 1972
1974 		1980
1984 		1990
1995 		2000
2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
ML  –  – 1972
1978 		1983
1988 		1993
1998 		2003
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
MZ  –  – 1972
1978
1979 		1984
1987
1989 		1993
1998 		2003
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
NL  – 1964
1969 		1974
1977 		1982
1987
1989 		1993
1998 		2003
2008 		2013
2018 		2023
OR 1952
1957 		1961
1967 		1971
1974
1977 		1980
1985 		1990
1995 		2000
2004
2009 		2014
2019 		2024
PB 1952
1957 		1962
1967
1969 		1972
1977 		1980
1985 		1992
1997 		2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
PY  – 1964
1969 		1974
1977 		1980
1985 		1990
1991
1996 		2001
2006 		2011
2016 		2021
RJ 1952
1957 		1962
1967 		1972
1977 		1980
1985 		1990
1993
1998 		2003

2008
2013

2018 2023
SK  –  – 1979 1985
1989 		1994
1999 		2004
2009 		2014

2019

2024
TN MS 1952
MS 1957 		MS 1962
MS 1967 		1971
1977 		1980
1984
1989 		1991
1996 		2001
2006 		2011
2016 		2021
TS 1952 State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014) 2014

2018

2023
TR[8]  – 1967 1972

1977

1983

1988

1993

1998

2003

2008

2013

2018

2023
UP 1951
1952
1957 		1962
1967
1969 		1974
1977 		1980
1985
1989 		1991
1993
1996 		2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
UT State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000) 2002
2007 		2012
2017 		2022
WB 1952
1957 		1962
1967
1969 		1971
1972
1977 		1982
1987 		1991
1996 		2001
2006 		2011
2016 		2021

By-electionEdit

When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.

Common reasons for by-elections:

  • Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
  • Death of the sitting MP or MLA

But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office, due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).

Rajya Sabha (Upper House) ElectionsEdit

Main article: Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.[9]

The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.

The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.

The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.

Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form in which the Lok Sabha finally passes it.

Electoral proceduresEdit

Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.

The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes, his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.

Indelible inkEdit

 
Ink used in Indian elections
 
Ink bottle pledge

Research into indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month, depending on the person's body temperature and the environment.

Electronic votingEdit

Main article: Electronic voting in India
 
Voting machine

BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland.[10] In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram) as a pilot project.[11][12] A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.[13][14][15][16][17]

Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations against the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.[18][19] On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase the VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means the Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 General elections.[20][21][22] VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called a ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 general election, ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.[23]

NOTAEdit

Further information: None of the Above in Indian Elections

On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to cast a negative vote by exercising the "None of the above" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning by the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. If the majority votes are for NOTA, the region comes under presidential jurisdiction and is treated with laws similar to a national territory.[24]

Absentee votingEdit

India does not provide general absentee voting.[25][26][27] On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.[28][29][30][31]

Postal votingEdit

Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of Election Commission of India, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the Electronic Voting Machines. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in preventive detention, disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.[32][33][34]

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "A Constitutional Body". Election Commission of India.[permanent dead link]
  2. ↑ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  3. ↑ "Lok Sabha Election Results 1951-2004". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Lok Sabha Election Results 2009". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  5. ↑ "Lok Sabha Election Results 2014". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  6. ↑ "Lok Sabha Election Results 2019". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  7. ↑ "Assembly elections 2022: 66% voter turnout in Himachal Pradesh, world's highest booth sees 100% polling | Himachal-Pradesh Election News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  8. ↑ "43. India/Tripura (1949-present)". Uca.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  9. ↑ "Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House". NDTV.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  10. ↑ "EC Decides to use VVPAT System at Bye-Election in Nagaland" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  11. ↑ References:
  12. ↑ "VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency". DNA. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  13. ↑ "Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification". The Hindu. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "Safe distance". The Indian Express. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  15. ↑ "As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  17. ↑ "Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  18. ↑ "EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting". Firstpost. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  19. ↑ "What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are". The Times of India. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  20. ↑ "Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  21. ↑ JAIN, MEHAL (8 April 2019). "Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]". www.livelaw.in. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  22. ↑ "When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present". Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  23. ↑ "EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls". Economic Times. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  24. ↑ "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA:Press release" (PDF). Eci.nic.in. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  25. ↑ "Who can vote by postal ballot?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  26. ↑ "Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid". dna. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  27. ↑ "Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot". Oneindia.com. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  28. ↑ "How to Vote in India". One World News. oneworldnews.com. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  29. ↑ "Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections". Voterswithoutborders.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  30. ↑ "People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign". Nrivotingrights.info. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  31. ↑ "PRESS RELEASE: Bridge India diaspora survey of NRIs and OCIs finds significant support for BJP, better NRI voting rights". Bridge India. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  32. ↑ Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer, First Post, 2 April 2019.
  33. ↑ Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?, Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
  34. ↑ Bakshi, Gorki (29 October 2019). "People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot". Retrieved 22 September 2020.

External linksEdit

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_India&oldid=407863"