Hrangkhol language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Kuki-Chin language spoken in India and Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
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|states= [[India]] and [[Burma]]
|states= [[India]] and [[Burma]]
|region=[[Tripura]], southeast [[Manipur]], parts of [[Assam]]
|region=[[Tripura]], southeast [[Manipur]], parts of [[Assam]]
|speakers=19,000
|speakers={{sigfig|18,700|2}}
|date=2000
|date=2000
|ref=e18
|ref=e25
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
|fam5=[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
|fam6=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
|fam7=[[Hmar languages|Hmar]]
|iso3=hra
|iso3=hra
|glotto=hran1239
|glotto=hran1239
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}}
}}


'''Hrangkhol''' or '''Hrangkhawl''' is a [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] language spoken by the [[Hrangkhawl people]] mainly in [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] states in [[India]], with a minority living in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]].
'''Hrangkhol''', '''Hrangkhawl''' belongs to the [[Mizo language|Mizo]] languages spoken by the [[Hrangkhawl people]] mainly in [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] states in [[India]], with a minority living in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]. It is closely related with [[Kukislanguage|Khawsak dialect/Literary Kukis]] because, as each of the 20+ Kukis subtribes had their own dialect, over time they developed a lingua-franca, a common language for them all which today is known as "Khawsak țawng/Kukis țawng".
 
== Phonology ==
 
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
All [[Monophthong|monophthongs]] occur in initial, medial, and final positions. Hrangkhol also has five [[Diphthong|diphthongs]], /ai/, /ei/, /əi/, /oi/, and /ui/. /ui/ and /ai/ occur in all positions, while /ei/, /əi/, and /oi/ only occur in medial and final positions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Debbarma |first=Surath |date=2018 |title=The Structure Of Hrangkhawl A Kuki Chin Language |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/362027 |journal=University |language=English}}</ref>
 
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/
[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|[[Aspirated consonant|pʰ]]
|[[Aspirated consonant|tʰ]]
|
|[[Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]
|
|-
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|}
All consonants occur in initial and medial positions, however only /p/, /t/, /k/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ can occur as a [[Coda (linguistics)|coda]]. Hrangkhol also has [[Stop (linguistics)|stop]]-[[Liquid consonant|liquid]] [[Consonant cluster|clusters]] in syllable initial positions such as in ''klek'' "noise", and ''rtai'' "run". Consonant sequences between syllabic boundaries are also common, typically occurring in medial positions.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Tone ===
Hrangkhol distinguishes between high and low [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]], which are marked with an [[Acute accent|acute]] and a [[Grave accent|grave]] respectively.<ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==
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{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrangkhawl Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrangkhawl Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Kukish languages]]
[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]


{{St-lang-stub}}
{{St-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 01:33, 29 March 2026


Hrangkhol
Hrangkhawl
Native toIndia and Burma
RegionTripura, southeast Manipur, parts of Assam
Native speakers
(19,000 cited 2000)e25
Language codes
ISO 639-3hra
Glottologhran1239

Hrangkhol, Hrangkhawl belongs to the Mizo languages spoken by the Hrangkhawl people mainly in Assam and Tripura states in India, with a minority living in Manipur and Mizoram. It is closely related with Khawsak dialect/Literary Kukis because, as each of the 20+ Kukis subtribes had their own dialect, over time they developed a lingua-franca, a common language for them all which today is known as "Khawsak țawng/Kukis țawng".

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Front Central Back
Open i u
Mid e ə o
Close a

All monophthongs occur in initial, medial, and final positions. Hrangkhol also has five diphthongs, /ai/, /ei/, /əi/, /oi/, and /ui/. /ui/ and /ai/ occur in all positions, while /ei/, /əi/, and /oi/ only occur in medial and final positions.[1]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
voiced b d g
Fricative voiceless s h
voiced v z
Trill r
Approximant l w

All consonants occur in initial and medial positions, however only /p/, /t/, /k/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ can occur as a coda. Hrangkhol also has stop-liquid clusters in syllable initial positions such as in klek "noise", and rtai "run". Consonant sequences between syllabic boundaries are also common, typically occurring in medial positions.[1]

Tone[edit | edit source]

Hrangkhol distinguishes between high and low tones, which are marked with an acute and a grave respectively.[1]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Debbarma, Surath (2018). "The Structure Of Hrangkhawl A Kuki Chin Language". University.
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