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{{About|the [[Central Business District|CBD]] of [[Kochi]]|the District|Ernakulam district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{About|the central business district of Kochi|the district|Ernakulam district}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Ernakulam
| name                            = Ernakulam
| native_name                    =  
| native_name                    = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| native_name_lang                =  
| native_name_lang                =  
| other_name                      =  
| other_name                      =  
| nickname                        =  
| nickname                        =  
| settlement_type                = Downtown (CBD) of Kochi city
| settlement_type                = Downtown (CBD) of Kochi city
| image_skyline                  =  
| image_skyline                  = Kochi_International_Marina,_Bolgatty_Island,_Kerala,_India.jpg
| image_alt                      =  
| image_alt                      =  
| image_caption                  = uij
| image_caption                  = Ernakulam marina
| pushpin_map                    = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_map                    = India Kerala#India
| coordinates                    = {{coord|9.98|76.28|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates                    = {{coord|9.98|76.28|type:event|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India | City UA]]
| subdivision_type3               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Kochi]]
| subdivision_name3               = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2              =
| subdivision_name2              = Ernakulam
| subdivision_type3               =
[[States and territories of India|State]]
[[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name3               =
|subdivision_name2               =
[[Kerala]]
[[Kerala]]
| established_title              = <!-- Established -->
| established_title              = <!-- Established -->
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| footnotes                      =  
| footnotes                      =  
}}
}}
 
'''Ernakulam''' ({{IPA-ml|erɐɳɐːkuɭɐm|lang|Ernakulam.ogg}}) is the [[central business district]] of the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India. It is the namesake of [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=-1073753605&contentId=733060&programId=1073770154&tabId=2&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online &#124; Kochi Beaches |publisher=Week.manoramaonline.com |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Many major establishments, including the [[Kerala High Court]], the office of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] and the [[Cochin Shipyard]] are situated here.
'''Ernakulam''' {{audio|Ernakulam.ogg|pronunciation}}, is the central portion of the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], India and has lent its name to the [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=-1073753605&contentId=733060&programId=1073770154&tabId=2&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online &#124; Kochi Beaches |publisher=Week.manoramaonline.com |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Many major establishments, including the [[Kerala High Court]], the office of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] and the [[Cochin Stock Exchange]] are situated here. Ernakulam, which is where a huge part of the commercial activity in Kochi city happen, is known as the commercial capital of Kerala. The [[Ernakulam Junction]] is a major railway station of the [[Indian Railways]], and the busiest railway station in Kochi city, the 2nd busiest in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] and the 5th busiest in [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]. Initially, Ernakulam was the headquarters of the [[Ernakulam District]] but was later shifted to [[Kakkanad]], an eastern region in Kochi. Ernakulam was once the capital of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. It is located {{convert|220|km|mi|0}} north - west of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The city has served as an incubator for many [[Malayali]] entrepreneurs and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala. The [[Kochi Metro]]'s first phase runs through Ernakulam region as well. The second phase aims to connect the CBD with the IT hub of [[Kakkanad]].
 
The state [[government]] and the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority|GCDA]] have had plans in the past to include [[Angamaly]], [[Perumbavoor]], [[Piravom]] and [[Kolenchery]] in the Ernakulam district; [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] and [[Kodungallur]] in the [[Thrissur]] district; [[Thalayolaparambu]] and [[Vaikom]] in [[Kottayam]]; and [[Cherthala]] in the [[Alappuzha]] district within the [[Kochi]] metropolitan limits. The newly formed metropolis would be put under the charge of a new authority called Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority.


==History==
==History==
{{See also|Kingdom of Cochin}}


===Pre-history===
===Classical history===
Starting from the [[Stone Age]], Ernakulam has been the site of human settlement. Monolithic monuments like [[Dolmens]] and rock-cut caves can be seen in many parts of Ernakulam.
 
===Precolonial history===
The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between [[Kerala]] and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Ernakulam, Background Details of Ernakulam|url=https://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/history-of-ernakulam|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ernakulamonline.in}}</ref> The early political history of Ernakulam is interlinked with that of the [[Chera Dynasty]] of the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], who ruled over vast portions of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (Perumpadapu Swaroopam).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=2013-04-18|title=The quaint Ernakulam bazaar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-quaint-ernakulam-bazaar/article4630327.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between [[Kerala]] and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Ernakulam, Background Details of Ernakulam|url=https://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/history-of-ernakulam|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ernakulamonline.in}}</ref> The early political history of Ernakulam is interlinked with that of the [[Chera Dynasty]] of the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], who ruled over vast portions of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (Perumpadapu Swaroopam).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=2013-04-18|title=The quaint Ernakulam bazaar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-quaint-ernakulam-bazaar/article4630327.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


===Colonial period===
===Princely State of Cochin===
Although under British suzerainty, specifically the [[East India Company]], since the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maloni |first=Ruby |year=2021 |chapter=Indian Maritime Centres: Foreland and Hinterland |title=The Route to European Hegemony: India's Intra-Asian Trade in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries) |location=Abingdon, England |publisher=Routledge |pages=41–105, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMoOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 page 77] |isbn=978-0-367-75642-0 }}</ref> [[Rama Varma XII]] of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], about 1840, moved their capital from [[Mattancherry]] to [[Tripunithura]].<ref name="Pradeep">{{Cite news|last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=24 October 2013 |title=A system in place |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028024411/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |archive-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> [[Fort Kochi|Fort Cochin Municipality]] was established in 1866 under the Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865, and municipal elections were first held in 1883.<ref name="Pradeep" /> Ernakulam became a municipality in 1910.<ref name="Pradeep" /> In the first state census of 1911, the population of Ernakulam was 21,901; 11,197 [[Hindus]], 9,357 [[Christians]], 935 [[Muslims]], and 412 [[Jews]].<ref>{{Cite book| title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Madras II: The Southern and West Coast Districts, Native States, and French Possessions|page= 454|year=1908| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI1kfvUKUiAC }}</ref>
Although under British suzerainty (specifically the [[East India Company]]) since the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maloni |first=Ruby |year=2021 |chapter=Indian Maritime Centres: Foreland and Hinterland |title=The Route to European Hegemony: India's Intra-Asian Trade in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries) |location=Abingdon, England |publisher=Routledge |pages=41–105, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMoOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 page 77] |isbn=978-0-367-75642-0 }}</ref> [[Rama Varma XII]] of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] moved his capital from [[Mattancherry]] to [[Tripunithura]] in about 1840.<ref name="Pradeep">{{Cite news|last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=24 October 2013 |title=A system in place |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028024411/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |archive-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> [[Fort Kochi|Fort Cochin Municipality]] was established in 1866 under the Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865, and municipal elections were first held in 1883.<ref name="Pradeep" /> Ernakulam became a municipality in 1910.<ref name="Pradeep" /> In the first state census of 1911, the population of Ernakulam was 21,901; 11,197 [[Hindus]], 9,357 [[Christians]], 935 [[Muslims]], and 412 [[Jews]].<ref>{{Cite book| title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Madras II: The Southern and West Coast Districts, Native States, and French Possessions|page= 454|year=1908| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI1kfvUKUiAC }}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Ernakulam region is located at the central parts of [[Kochi]] city. Thus the name is often used interchangeably with the name "Kochi" to refer to the city.
The [[Ernakulam District]] is situated in Central [[Kerala]] in India. Ernakulam is located at {{coord|9.98|N|76.28|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Ernakulam.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ernakulam |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
The [[Ernakulam District]] is situated in Central [[Kerala]] in India. Ernakulam is located at {{coord|9.98|N|76.28|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Ernakulam.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ernakulam |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}.


===Climate===
===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the city of Kochi features a [[Tropical monsoon climate]]. Since the region lies in the south western coastal state of [[Kerala]], the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the [[South-west monsoon]] from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the [[Western Ghats]].
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the city of Ernakulam features a [[Tropical monsoon climate]]. Since the region lies in the south western coastal state of [[Kerala]], the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the [[South-west monsoon]] from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the [[Western Ghats]].


The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|3000|mm}}. The [[South-west monsoon]] generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{cvt|33|°C}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{cvt|22.5|°C}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{cvt|29|°C}} and a minimum average of {{cvt|20|°C}}.
The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|3000|mm}}. The [[South-west monsoon]] generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{cvt|33|°C}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{cvt|22.5|°C}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{cvt|29|°C}} and a minimum average of {{cvt|20|°C}}.
====Climate Data====
Below is the climate data for Kochi Naval Base, which is situated nearby to Ernakulam.
{{Weather box
| location = Kochi ([[INS Venduruthy|Kochi Naval Base]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 36.4
| Feb record high C = 35.7
| Mar record high C = 36.0
| Apr record high C = 36.5
| May record high C = 35.2
| Jun record high C = 34.2
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high C = 32.5
| Sep record high C = 34.2
| Oct record high C = 34.6
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 35.2
| year record high C = 36.5
| Jan high C = 31.9
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 32.6
| Apr high C = 33.0
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 30.3
| Jul high C = 29.6
| Aug high C = 29.5
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 31.3
| Dec high C = 31.9
| year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 23.0
| Feb low C = 24.2
| Mar low C = 25.5
| Apr low C = 25.9
| May low C = 25.7
| Jun low C = 24.2
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 24.1
| Nov low C = 24.1
| Dec low C = 23.2
| year low C = 24.3
| Jan record low C = 16.5
| Feb record low C = 16.3
| Mar record low C = 21.6
| Apr record low C = 21.2
| May record low C = 21.1
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 17.6
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 21.1
| Oct record low C = 19.2
| Nov record low C = 19.2
| Dec record low C = 17.7
| year record low C = 16.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 24.3
| Feb rain mm = 27.1
| Mar rain mm = 45.0
| Apr rain mm = 113.1
| May rain mm = 284.5
| Jun rain mm = 700.3
| Jul rain mm = 575.5
| Aug rain mm = 378.8
| Sep rain mm = 310.3
| Oct rain mm = 366.6
| Nov rain mm = 150.4
| Dec rain mm = 39.0
| year rain mm = 3014.8
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 2.6
| Apr rain days = 6.9
| May rain days = 11.0
| Jun rain days = 23.0
| Jul rain days = 22.8
| Aug rain days = 19.0
| Sep rain days = 13.4
| Oct rain days = 14.2
| Nov rain days = 7.2
| Dec rain days = 1.8
| year rain days = 124.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 65
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 83
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 64
|year humidity = 73
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Cochin (N.A.S) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 201–202
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M107
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
Ernakulam is a major financial and commercial hub of [[Kochi]] city, which is widely known as the commercial capital of the state.  The [[Cochin Port]], [[DP World]] Kochi and [[Cochin Shipyard]] have resulted in the faster growth of the city. The technology park [[InfoPark, Kochi]] and [[SmartCity, Kochi]] is on the eastern parts of the city. Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Ernakulam and other parts of Kochi like [[Fort Kochi]]. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting. Vypin or Vypeen is one of a group of islands that form part of the city of Kochi, in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala. Vypin is one of the densely populated islands in Asia. The western coast of Vypin has the longest beaches in Kochi namely, the Cherai Beach, Kuzhuppilly Beach and the Puthuvype Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-01|title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Banking : Ernakulam to be declared first district with 100% banking|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201202306/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>
[[File:INS Vikrant under construction at Cochin Shipyard.png|thumb|right|300px|A view of Ernakulam side of Kochi]]


Ernakulam, aka the CBD (Central Business District) of Kochi, has seen high urbanisation in the past few decades, thus turning it into an economic hub of the city. The first traces of this transformation were seen after the MG Road connecting [[Ravipuram]] and [[Kacherippady]] was opened in 1972. The development took a new shape after the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]] (GCDA) built the [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]] to the West of MG Road, in the late 70s. Marine Drive and MG Road thus became the backbone of Kochi's economic activities, and acted as the base for the city to expand in all directions thereafter. Although the current bypass of Kochi is quickly becoming the new,<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kochi/mg-road-losing-its-prime-position-as-central-biz-district/amp_articleshow/65095177.cms</ref> Ernakulam region still remains as the heart of Kochi city even today.
As of November 2012, Ernakulam was on target to become the first district in the nation of India to have 100% banking, ensuring that all families, except for voluntary exclusions, hold bank accounts. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-01|title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Banking : Ernakulam to be declared first district with 100% banking|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201202306/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>


==Landmarks and tourist spots==
Ernakulam, aka the CBD (Central Business District) of Kochi, has seen high urbanisation in the past few decades, thus turning it into an economic hub of the city. The first traces of this transformation were seen after the MG Road connecting [[Ravipuram]] and [[Kacherippady]] was opened in 1972. The development took a new shape after the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]] (GCDA) built the [[Marine Drive, Ernakulam|Marine Drive]] to the West of MG Road, in the late 70s. Marine Drive and MG Road thus became the backbone of Kochi's economic activities, and acted as the base for the city to expand in all directions thereafter. Although the current bypass of Ernakulam is quickly becoming the new,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kochi/mg-road-losing-its-prime-position-as-central-biz-district/amp_articleshow/65095177.cms|title = MG Road losing its prime position: MG Road losing its prime position as central business district &#124; Kochi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
[[File:Marine Drive Kochi Night View DSW.jpg|thumb|600px|A night view of Marine Drive, Kochi]]
[[File:Durbar_Hall_Ground_BNC.jpg|thumb|[[Durbar Hall Ground]]]]
[[File:Mangalavanam.JPG|thumb|[[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:High Court of Kerala Building.jpg|thumb|[[High Court of Kerala]] at Ernakulam]]
[[File:Heritage Building of Ernakulam District Court by Augustus Binu.jpg|thumb|Heritage Building of Ernakulam District Court]]
*[[Marine Drive, Kochi]]
*Ernakulathappan (Siva) Temple
*[[Durbar Hall Ground]]
*[[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]]
*[[Mulavukad|Bolghatty]]
*[[Veega land|Wonderla Kochi]]
*[[LuLu International Shopping Mall]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)]]
* Zonal Deputy Directorate of Collegiate Education
* Govt Maharajas College
* Sahodaran Ayyappan Road (Kochi)
*[[Maharaja College Stadium|Maharajas College ground]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawahar Lal Nehru International Stadium]]
*[http://www.rsccochin.org Rajeev Gandhi Indoor Stadium]
*[[Kerala High Court]]
*Subhash Park
*Children's Park
*[[Changampuzha]] Park
*B.R. Ambedkar Stadium
*Penta Meneka
*[[Hill Palace, Tripunithura]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145907/http://www.alberts.ac.in/ St. Albert's College (Autonomous), Ernakulam]
* Vivekananda Statue, Elamakkara<ref>{{cite news|title=Clipping of Janmabhumi - Kochi|url=http://epaper.janmabhumidaily.com/c/8060582|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
*[[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]
*Thaneerchal park, Thripunithura


==Transport==
==Transport==
The Ernakulam region, being at the heart of Kochi city, is well served by private/government buses, autorickshaws, long and short-distance trains and ferries, and even the new metro rail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt plans separate entity to manage Mobility Hub|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/dec/02/govt-plans-separate-entity-to-manage-mobility-hub-2230620.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Ernakulam has a number of jetties where passengers can embark and disembark from ferries. Traveling via ferries is cheaper and faster than traveling by buses and/or autos. The main jetty is called the Ernakulam jetty from where one can board a ferry to [[Vypin]], [[Fort Kochi]], [[Mattancherry]] and [[Willingdon Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Passenger ferry services find many takers in Ernakulam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/passenger-ferry-services-find-many-takers-in-ernakulam/articleshow/79467176.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>


===Road===
===Road===
Kochi is a city that is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] National Highway System via the four-laned [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] as well as [[National Highway 544 (India)| National Highway 544]].The MC Road starting from Thiruvananthapuram ends in [[Angamaly]].  The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such as [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]]. [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] was supposed to be acting as the bypass for Kochi city, but the fast paced urban expansion of Kochi has meant that the bypass quickly became a city road passing through the middle of it, thereby forcing the NHAI to propose a new bypass for the city.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/dpr-for-kundannoor-angamaly-bypass-project-suffers-delay/article33786861.ece</ref> The road network in Ernakulam region of Kochi city is largely a grid-like network with the Park Avenue Road, Banerji Road, MG Road, SA Road and Chittoor Roads forming the main structure of the network with many roads interlinking them. The Banerji Road and MG Road used to be part of the National Highways system (as the old NH 47) before the [[Kochi Bypass]] had come up linking the southern suburb of [[Aroor]] and [[Edappally]] of Kochi city.
Ernakulam is a city that is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] National Highway System via the four-laned [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] as well as [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]].The MC Road starting from Thiruvananthapuram ends in [[Angamaly]].  The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such as [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]]. [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] was supposed to be acting as the bypass for Kochi city, but the fast-paced urban expansion of Kochi has meant that the bypass quickly became a city road passing through the middle of it, thereby forcing the NHAI to propose a new bypass for the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/dpr-for-kundannoor-angamaly-bypass-project-suffers-delay/article33786861.ece|title = DPR for Kundannoor-Angamaly bypass project suffers delay|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>  
 
Ernakulam is largely dependent on city buses, metro rail, taxis and [[auto rickshaws]] (called autos) for public transport. Just like the other parts of Kochi city, Ernakulam is also getting used to public bycicle sharing systems, now being offered at various metro stations.


The state-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services, mostly from the Ernakulam KSRTC bus stand which is the busiest bus stand in Kochi after the [[Vytilla]] Mobility Hub. The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] also operates two other bus stations in Ernakulam region of Kochi city, called as "Ernakulam Jetty" and "Thevara Depot".
The state-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services, mostly from the Ernakulam KSRTC bus stand which is the busiest bus stand in Kochi after the [[Vytilla]] Mobility Hub. The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] also operates two other bus stations in Ernakulam region of Kochi city, called as "Ernakulam Jetty" and "Thevara Depot".


===Railway===
===Railway===
Ernakulam, being at the heart of Kochi city, contains two of the busiest railway stations in the city.
The [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam railway station]] is located close to the city's main shopping area situated on Ernakulam MG Road, and is connected by metro.<ref>[http://webindia123.com/city/kerala/kochi-ernakulam/travel/travelguide.htm Kochi- Ernakulam Travel Guide, How to reach Kochi by air, bus, train, local transport, Getting around in Kochi City]. Webindia123.com. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.</ref>{{better source|date=February 2022}} The [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] Zone of the [[Indian Railways]] operates the main rail transport system in Ernakulam.
The [[Ernakulam Junction|Ernakulam Junction Railway Station]] is currently the largest and busiest railway station in Kochi city, the second busiest railway station in [[Kerala]], and the fifth busiest railway station in the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]. The Ernakulam railway station is located close to the city's main shopping area situated on MG Road, and is connected by metro.<ref>[http://webindia123.com/city/kerala/kochi-ernakulam/travel/travelguide.htm Kochi- Ernakulam Travel Guide, How to reach Kochi by air, bus, train, local transport, Getting around in Kochi City]. Webindia123.com. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.</ref> The [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] Zone of the [[Indian Railways]] operates the main rail transport system in Kochi.
 
[[Ernakulam Town railway station]] is situated in the northern part of Ernakulam region (CBD of Kochi city) and is a stopping point for trains going towards mainly to the [[Kottayam]] side in the south. It is the second busiest railway station in Kochi city followed by [[Aluva railway station]], fourth busiest in the division and 17th busiest in Southern Railways.
The Ernakulam Junction Railway Station is a junction and departing station of passengers and express trains, and is the stopping point for trains going towards the south side [[Alappuzha]]. Both the North and South railway stations have been selected by the Ministry of Railways to be upgraded to airport-like ones. The redevelopment of the Ernakulam Junction railway station has recently gotten underway.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kochi/ernakulam-junction-railway-station-development-a-step-closer-to-reality/amp_articleshow/80496755.cms</ref>
 
Ernakulam used to have another railway station, the Old Railway station situated behind the High Court. However it has been abandoned and cannot be used for train services now due to its close vicinity with [[Mangalavanam]] bird sanctuary, known as the lungs of Kochi city. Apart from these two busy railway stations in Ernakulam, Kochi city has many other major and minor railway stations namely [[Angamaly]], [[Aluva]], [[Kalamassery]], [[Edappally]], [[Tripunithura]] etc.  


The Ernakulam region contributes heavily to the Thiruvananthapuram railway division and Southern Railway in terms of revenue and passengers. As per 2018 statistics, Ernakulam Junction (ERS) and Ernakulam North (ERN) railway stations alone contribute over 17% of the passengers and 21% of the revenue to the Thiruvananthapuram railway division. This is when the entire city of Kochi contributes 26% of the passengers and 32% of the revenue originating in the division, making it the second busiest and revenue generating city in the Southern Railways after [[Chennai]] city.
The Ernakulam Junction Railway Station is a junction and departing station of passengers and express trains, and is the stopping point for trains going towards the south side [[Alappuzha]]. Both the North and South railway stations have been selected by the Ministry of Railways to be upgraded to airport-like ones. The redevelopment of the Ernakulam Junction railway station has recently gotten underway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kochi/ernakulam-junction-railway-station-development-a-step-closer-to-reality/amp_articleshow/80496755.cms|title=Ernakulam Junction railway station development a step closer to reality &#124; Kochi News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>


===Air===
===Air===
The [[Cochin International Airport]] (in [[Nedumbassery]], Kochi), one of the largest and busiest airports in the country, is about 27 kilometers away from the centre of Kochi city, aka Ernakulam. It is among the top 4 busiest airports in the country and top 10 domestic airports in the country (7th busiest overall before lockdown). In 2015, it had become the world's first airport to be completed powered by solar energy.
The [[Cochin International Airport]] (in [[Nedumbassery]], Kochi) is about 27 kilometers away from Ernakulam.


The Ernakulam region of Kochi is well connected with the airport despite being far away, by road, bus, as well as metro (using the Aluva-CIAL Electric bus service "Pavan Doot" from Aluva metro station). The old civilian airport of Kochi was situated much closer to Ernakulam, at [[Willingdon Island]]. It is now formally known as INS Garuda, and is a part of the [[Southern Naval Command]] HQ.
The old civilian airport of Kochi was situated much closer to Ernakulam, at [[Willingdon Island]]. It is now formally known as INS Garuda, and is a part of the [[Southern Naval Command]] HQ.


===Metro===
===Metro===
Ernakulam region is very well connected with the other parts of Kochi city with the [[Kochi Metro]], which was opened in July 2017. The first phase is being set up at an estimated cost of {{INR convert|51.81|b|nolink=nos}},<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3219584.ece |title=Metro rail: DMRC demands prompthanding over of land, funds |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 March 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and has a length of over 28 kilometres stretching from [[Aluva]] in the north to [[Tripunithura railway station]] in the southeast, passing through Ernakulam.
Ernakulam region is connected with the other parts of Kochi city with the [[Kochi Metro]], which was opened in July 2017. The first phase is being set up at an estimated cost of {{INR convert|51.81|b|nolink=nos}},<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3219584.ece |title=Metro rail: DMRC demands prompthanding over of land, funds |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 March 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and has a length of over 28 kilometres stretching from [[Aluva]] in the north to [[Tripunithura railway station]] in the southeast, passing through Ernakulam.
Currently 25.6&nbsp;km of phase 1 from Aluva to [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]] is open to public while the remaining 2.7&nbsp;km from Pettah to [[Tripunithura]] is under construction. Currently over 70% of the construction of phase 1A upto SN Junction has been completed and the stretch is expected to be commissioned by March 2022.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/pettah-sn-junction-metro-stretch-to-be-commissioned-in-march-2022/article34543576.ece</ref>
Currently 25.6&nbsp;km of phase 1 from Aluva to [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]] is open to public while the remaining 2.7&nbsp;km from Pettah to [[Tripunithura]] is under construction. Currently over 70% of the construction of phase 1A to SN Junction has been completed and the stretch is expected to be commissioned by March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/pettah-sn-junction-metro-stretch-to-be-commissioned-in-march-2022/article34543576.ece|title = Pettah-S.N. Junction metro stretch to be commissioned in March 2022|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 May 2021|last1 = Paul|first1 = John L.}}</ref>


Additionally, a phase 2 line from JLN stadium metro station to [[InfoPark, Kochi|Infopark]] via [[Kakkanad]] has been sanctioned and various preparatory works like road widening are in progress. Phase 3 extension proposal from Aluva to [[Angamaly]] via the airport is in proposal stage as well.
===Water===
Ernakulam has a number of jetties where passengers can embark and disembark from ferries.  Ferry services connect with Willingdon Island, [[Mattancherry]], Fort Kochi and Mulavukadu, at intervals of 20 minutes.<ref>[http://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/bsfromernakulam.php Boat Service from Ernakulam – Boat Schedules – State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India]. Swtd.kerala.gov.in (25 July 2016). Retrieved on 2016-11-27.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Passenger ferry services find many takers in Ernakulam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/passenger-ferry-services-find-many-takers-in-ernakulam/articleshow/79467176.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>


===Water===
Ernakulam also has ferry services connecting Ernakulam with Willingdon Island, [[Mattancherry]], Fort Kochi and Mulavukadu, at intervals of 20 minutes.<ref>[http://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/bsfromernakulam.php Boat Service from Ernakulam – Boat Schedules – State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India]. Swtd.kerala.gov.in (25 July 2016). Retrieved on 2016-11-27.</ref>
Recently KMRL (Kochi Metro Rail Limited) initiated plan to introduce Water Metro to Integrated transport plan of greater cochin area.
Kochi water metro is one of a kind initiative in India which plans to introduce modern airconditioned ferries on the canals of Kochi for reducing congestion on the highways and also for providing easier access to islands scattered around Kochi.
SWTD (Govt. of Kerala Department) offers cheap ferry service on the following routes:
SWTD (Govt. of Kerala Department) offers cheap ferry service on the following routes:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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! colspan="4"| Ferry Services in the vicinity of Ernakulam
! colspan="4"| Ferry Services in the vicinity of Ernakulam
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==Broadcasting==
==Broadcasting==
===Television===
===Television===
Television stations in Ernakulam include [[Jeevan TV]], [[Kairali TV|WE TV]], [[Flowers (TV channel)]] and [[Reporter TV]]. DTH services are available through [[DD Free Dish]], [[airtel digital TV]], [[Dish TV]], [[Sun Direct]], [[Tata Sky]], [[Independent TV (India)]] and [[Videocon d2h]] . The cable operators in Ernakulam are [[Asianet Cable Vision]], [[Siti Cable]], [[Kerala Vision]], [[DEN Networks]]. The local channels are [[Asianet Cable Vision]], Ernakulam cable TV and Den mtn
Television stations in Ernakulam include [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[Asianet Plus]], [[Asianet News]], [[Zee Keralam]], [[Surya TV]], [[Surya Movies]], [[Surya Music]], [[Surya Comedy Channel]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Media One]], Twentyfour News, [[Jeevan TV]], [[Manorama news]], [[Mathrubhumi News]], [[Janam TV]], [[Kairali TV|WE TV]], [[Flowers TV]] and [[Reporter TV]]. DTH services are available through [[DD Free Dish]], [[airtel digital TV]], [[Dish TV]], [[Sun Direct]], [[Tata Sky]], [[Independent TV (India)]] and [[Videocon d2h]] . The cable operators in Ernakulam are [[Asianet Digital TV]], [[Siti Cable]], Kerala Vision, [[DEN Networks]]. The local channels are [[Asianet Cable Vision]], Ernakulam cable TV and Den mtn


===Radio===
===Radio===
[[All India Radio]] has two [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations in the city, operating at 102.3&nbsp; [[Megahertz|MHz]] AIR Kochi FM and 107.5&nbsp;MHz. AIR Rainbow FM Private FM radio stations are [[Radio Mango 91.9]], [[Red FM 93.5]], [[94.3 Club FM]] and 104.0 Radio Mirchi. These operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week.
[[All India Radio]] has two [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations in the city, operating at 102.3&nbsp; [[Megahertz|MHz]] AIR Kochi FM and 107.5&nbsp;MHz. AIR Rainbow FM Private FM radio stations are [[Radio Mango 91.9]], [[Red FM 93.5]], [[94.3 Club FM]] and [[Radio Mirchi|104.0 Radio Mirchi]]. These operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week.
 
==Places of worship==
{{Main|Places of worship in Ernakulam}}
 
===Temples===
* [[Ernakulam Shiva Temple]]
* Valanjambalam Devi Temple
*[[Maramkulangara Krishna Temple]]
* [[Thrikkakara temple]]
* [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]]
* [[Aluva Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Chottanikkara Temple]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ltd|first=Infokerala Communications Pvt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL-tDwAAQBAJ&q=ernakulam+state+revenue+60%25|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage 2019|date=2019-09-01|publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-934567-8-1|language=en}}</ref>
 
===Mosque===
* Chembitta Pally[[Chempittapally|Chempitta Pally Juma Masjid]]
* Njalakam Juma Masjid
* Edappally Juma Masjid
* [http://kanjiramattommosque.in/ Kanjiramattam Sheikh Fariduddin Mosque]
* Pallikkara Juma Masjid, Kunnathunadu
* Calvetti Juma Masjid, Fort Kochi [https://www.culturalmapping.in/fortkochi/calvetti-juma-masjid Calvetti Juma Masjid]
* Mudikkal Juma Masjid, Perumbavoor
 
===Church===
* [[CSI Immanuel Church, Ernakulam]]
* [[Vallarpadam Church]] Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam-Ernakulam
*[[Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church, Angamaly|Mar Hormizd Syro-malabar Catholic Church, Angamaly]]
* [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Kothamangalam]]
* [[St. Philomena's Forane Church & St. Chavara Shrine, Koonammavu]]
*[[India Pentecostal Church of God]], Ernakulam
*[[Assemblies of God in India]] church, Ernakulam
* Nadamel Marth Mariam jacobite Syrian Church<ref>[http://www.nadamelchurch.org/ St. Marys Syrian Orthodox Church, Tripunithura]</ref>
* St. George Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Karingachira<ref>[http://www.stgeorgecathedral.in/ St. George Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Karingachira]</ref>
* [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]
* [[Thamarachal Valiyapally]]
* St. Antony's Shrine, Kaloor<ref>{{Cite web|title=A test of heat and humidity|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/apr/17/a-test-of-heat-and-humidity-1965589.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>[http://www.st-antonykaloor.org St. Antony's Shrine, Kaloor]. St-antonykaloor.org. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.</ref>
* Mar Yohannan Nepumsianose Syro-Malabar Catholic Church<ref>[http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/3685766 Clipping of Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing – Ernakulam]. Digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com (20 October 2014). Retrieved on 2016-11-27.</ref>
* [[Basilica of Our Lady of Snows, Pallippuram]]


==Education==
==Education==
* Universities - [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]], [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]], [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
* Universities - [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]], [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]], [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
* Colleges<ref>[http://ernakulam.nic.in/colleges1.htm Colleges of Ernakulam]. Ernakulam.nic.in. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.</ref> — [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]], [[St. Teresa's College]], [[St. Albert's College]], [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]], [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]], [[St. Paul’s College, Kalamassery]], [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]], [[Bharata Mata College]], [[School of Engineering, CUSAT]], KMEA Engineering College, [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]], [[Government Model Engineering College]],De paul institute of Science and Technology, [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]], [[Union Christian College, Aluva]], Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology, [[Federal Institute of Science and Technology|Federal Institute of Science]], [[Angamaly]], [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]]
* Colleges<ref>[http://ernakulam.nic.in/colleges1.htm Colleges of Ernakulam]. Ernakulam.nic.in. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.</ref> — [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]], [[St. Teresa's College]], [[St. Albert's College]], [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]], [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]], [[St. Paul’s College, Kalamassery]], [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]], [[Bharata Mata College]], [[School of Engineering, CUSAT]], KMEA Engineering College, [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]], [[Government Model Engineering College]],De paul institute of Science and Technology, [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]], [[Union Christian College, Aluva]], Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology, Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science, Puthencruz , [[Federal Institute of Science and Technology|Federal Institute of Science]], [[Angamaly]],[[SCMS School of Engineering and Technology]] [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]]
* Schools – SBOA Public School, Chittoor, Don Bosco Senior Secondary School, Vaduthala, [[St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam]], Kendriya Vidyalaya Kadavanthra (Ernakulam), St. Mary's Higher Secondary School (Morakkala), St. Peter's Senior Secondary School, Kadayirupp, Najath public School, Global public school, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan&nbsp;— Kochi Kendra (7 schools), Sree Narayana Higher Secondary School (Thrikkanarvattom), Campion School (Edappally), Cardinal Higher Secondary School (Thrikkakara) Chinmaya Vidyalaya (Vaduthala), Choice, Vidyodaya School (Thevekkal), TocH, Christava Mahilalayam Public School, Aluva, St. Patrick's Academy, [[Angamaly]][[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ernakulam|, Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Mountt Tabor Central School, seventh Day Adventist Higher Secondary School (Kaloor), Chinmaya Vidyapeet, St. Paul's International School Kalamassery.
* Educational associations-IIAD - Indian Institute of Architecture & Design.
 
Ernakulam is also the regional (Kerala) headquarters of the [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]].
 
.Smeclabs Research and development wing of [http://www.smeclabs.com SMEC] Automation


==Politics==
==Politics==
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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Aluva]]
* [[Angamaly]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[Kochi]]
* [[Kochi]]
* [[Kochukadavanthra]]
* [[Kochukadavanthra]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[Places of worship in Ernakulam]]
* [[Aluva]]
*[[Angamaly]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}} Population in Ernakulam - 244lakh


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ernakulam}}
 
* [http://ernakulam.nic.in/ Government Portal for Ernakulam City]
* [http://ernakulam.nic.in/ Government Portal for Ernakulam City]
* [http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/ Government Portal for the district of Ernakulam]
* [http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/ Government Portal for the district of Ernakulam]

Latest revision as of 06:04, 22 July 2023

This article is about the central business district of Kochi. For the district, see Ernakulam district.
Ernakulam
Downtown (CBD) of Kochi city
Ernakulam marina
Ernakulam marina
Ernakulam is located in Kerala
Ernakulam
Ernakulam
Location in Kerala, India
Ernakulam is located in India
Ernakulam
Ernakulam
Ernakulam (India)
Coordinates: 9°59′N 76°17′E / 9.98°N 76.28°E / 9.98; 76.28
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictErnakulam
Government
 • BodyKochi Municipal Corporation
Elevation
4 m (13 ft)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code0484
Vehicle registrationKL-07
Lok Sabha constituencyErnakulam
Websitewww.ernakulam.nic.in

Ernakulam (Malayalam: [erɐɳɐːkuɭɐm] (About this soundlisten)) is the central business district of the city of Kochi, Kerala, India. It is the namesake of Ernakulam district.[1] Many major establishments, including the Kerala High Court, the office of the Kochi Municipal Corporation and the Cochin Shipyard are situated here.

History[edit | edit source]

See also: Kingdom of Cochin

Classical history[edit | edit source]

The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period.[2] The early political history of Ernakulam is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam).[3]

Princely State of Cochin[edit | edit source]

Although under British suzerainty (specifically the East India Company) since the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814,[4] Rama Varma XII of the Kingdom of Cochin moved his capital from Mattancherry to Tripunithura in about 1840.[5] Fort Cochin Municipality was established in 1866 under the Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865, and municipal elections were first held in 1883.[5] Ernakulam became a municipality in 1910.[5] In the first state census of 1911, the population of Ernakulam was 21,901; 11,197 Hindus, 9,357 Christians, 935 Muslims, and 412 Jews.[6]

Geography[edit | edit source]

The Ernakulam District is situated in Central Kerala in India. Ernakulam is located at 9°59′N 76°17′E / 9.98°N 76.28°E / 9.98; 76.28.[7] It has an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).

Climate[edit | edit source]

Under the Köppen climate classification, the city of Ernakulam features a Tropical monsoon climate. Since the region lies in the south western coastal state of Kerala, the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats.

The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is 3,000 mm (120 in). The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is 33 °C (91 °F) while the minimum temperature recorded is 22.5 °C (72.5 °F). The winter season records a maximum average of 29 °C (84 °F) and a minimum average of 20 °C (68 °F).

Climate Data[edit | edit source]

Below is the climate data for Kochi Naval Base, which is situated nearby to Ernakulam.

Climate data for Kochi (Kochi Naval Base) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.5
(97.7)
Average high °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.3
(88.3)
Average low °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.3
(61.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 24.3
(0.96) 		27.1
(1.07) 		45.0
(1.77) 		113.1
(4.45) 		284.5
(11.20) 		700.3
(27.57) 		575.5
(22.66) 		378.8
(14.91) 		310.3
(12.22) 		366.6
(14.43) 		150.4
(5.92) 		39.0
(1.54) 		3,014.8
(118.69)
Average rainy days 1.1 1.2 2.6 6.9 11.0 23.0 22.8 19.0 13.4 14.2 7.2 1.8 124.1
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 61 65 68 70 73 82 83 82 79 77 72 64 73
Source: India Meteorological Department[8][9]

Economy[edit | edit source]

A view of Ernakulam side of Kochi

As of November 2012, Ernakulam was on target to become the first district in the nation of India to have 100% banking, ensuring that all families, except for voluntary exclusions, hold bank accounts. [10]

Ernakulam, aka the CBD (Central Business District) of Kochi, has seen high urbanisation in the past few decades, thus turning it into an economic hub of the city. The first traces of this transformation were seen after the MG Road connecting Ravipuram and Kacherippady was opened in 1972. The development took a new shape after the Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) built the Marine Drive to the West of MG Road, in the late 70s. Marine Drive and MG Road thus became the backbone of Kochi's economic activities, and acted as the base for the city to expand in all directions thereafter. Although the current bypass of Ernakulam is quickly becoming the new,[11]

Transport[edit | edit source]

Road[edit | edit source]

Ernakulam is a city that is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway System via the four-laned National Highway 66 as well as National Highway 544.The MC Road starting from Thiruvananthapuram ends in Angamaly. The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such as Thrissur, Palakkad, Salem and Coimbatore. NH 66 was supposed to be acting as the bypass for Kochi city, but the fast-paced urban expansion of Kochi has meant that the bypass quickly became a city road passing through the middle of it, thereby forcing the NHAI to propose a new bypass for the city.[12]

The state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services, mostly from the Ernakulam KSRTC bus stand which is the busiest bus stand in Kochi after the Vytilla Mobility Hub. The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation also operates two other bus stations in Ernakulam region of Kochi city, called as "Ernakulam Jetty" and "Thevara Depot".

Railway[edit | edit source]

The Ernakulam railway station is located close to the city's main shopping area situated on Ernakulam MG Road, and is connected by metro.[13][better source needed] The Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Ernakulam.

The Ernakulam Junction Railway Station is a junction and departing station of passengers and express trains, and is the stopping point for trains going towards the south side Alappuzha. Both the North and South railway stations have been selected by the Ministry of Railways to be upgraded to airport-like ones. The redevelopment of the Ernakulam Junction railway station has recently gotten underway.[14]

Air[edit | edit source]

The Cochin International Airport (in Nedumbassery, Kochi) is about 27 kilometers away from Ernakulam.

The old civilian airport of Kochi was situated much closer to Ernakulam, at Willingdon Island. It is now formally known as INS Garuda, and is a part of the Southern Naval Command HQ.

Metro[edit | edit source]

Ernakulam region is connected with the other parts of Kochi city with the Kochi Metro, which was opened in July 2017. The first phase is being set up at an estimated cost of ₹51.81 billion (US$730 million),[15] and has a length of over 28 kilometres stretching from Aluva in the north to Tripunithura railway station in the southeast, passing through Ernakulam. Currently 25.6 km of phase 1 from Aluva to Pettah is open to public while the remaining 2.7 km from Pettah to Tripunithura is under construction. Currently over 70% of the construction of phase 1A to SN Junction has been completed and the stretch is expected to be commissioned by March 2022.[16]

Water[edit | edit source]

Ernakulam has a number of jetties where passengers can embark and disembark from ferries. Ferry services connect with Willingdon Island, Mattancherry, Fort Kochi and Mulavukadu, at intervals of 20 minutes.[17][18]

SWTD (Govt. of Kerala Department) offers cheap ferry service on the following routes:

Ferry Services in the vicinity of Ernakulam
Source Destination Route via Comments
Ernakulam Fort Kochi
Fort Kochi Embarkation(Willingdon Island)
Fort Kochi (Kamalakadavu Jetty) Embarkation(Willingdon Island) SuperFast with AC & non-AC seating
Mattancherry Fort Kochi, Terminals(Willingdon Island) Services temporarily suspended between Terminals and Mattancherry
Mattancherry Embarkation(Willingdon Island), Fort Kochi, Terminals(Willingdon Island) Services temporarily suspended between Terminals and Mattancherry
Vypeen Embarkation(Willingdon Island)
Vypeen Embarkation(Willingdon Island), Fort Kochi
Varapuzha
High Court Mulavukadu Panchayat
Vytilla Kakkanad(near Rajagiri Campus)
Chittoor Kadamakkudy

Media[edit | edit source]

Print[edit | edit source]

Major Malayalam newspapers published in Ernakulam include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Janmabhoomi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Thejas, Metro Vartha, Siraj Daily, Varthamanam, Janayugam, Kochi Vartha and Veekshanam.

Popular English newspapers include Deccan Chronicle, The Times of India, The Hindu, and The New Indian Express. A number of evening papers are also published from the city.[19]

Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also sold in large numbers.

Being the seat of the Cochin Stock Exchange, a number of financial publications are also published in the city. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express.

Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam and The Week are also published.

Broadcasting[edit | edit source]

Television[edit | edit source]

Television stations in Ernakulam include Asianet, Asianet Plus, Asianet News, Zee Keralam, Surya TV, Surya Movies, Surya Music, Surya Comedy Channel, Amrita TV, Media One, Twentyfour News, Jeevan TV, Manorama news, Mathrubhumi News, Janam TV, WE TV, Flowers TV and Reporter TV. DTH services are available through DD Free Dish, airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Sun Direct, Tata Sky, Independent TV (India) and Videocon d2h . The cable operators in Ernakulam are Asianet Digital TV, Siti Cable, Kerala Vision, DEN Networks. The local channels are Asianet Cable Vision, Ernakulam cable TV and Den mtn

Radio[edit | edit source]

All India Radio has two FM stations in the city, operating at 102.3  MHz AIR Kochi FM and 107.5 MHz. AIR Rainbow FM Private FM radio stations are Radio Mango 91.9, Red FM 93.5, 94.3 Club FM and 104.0 Radio Mirchi. These operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week.

Education[edit | edit source]

Politics[edit | edit source]

Ernakulam assembly constituency is part of Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency).[21]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Manorama Online | Kochi Beaches". Week.manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  2. ↑ "History of Ernakulam, Background Details of Ernakulam". www.ernakulamonline.in. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  3. ↑ Menon, Anasuya (18 April 2013). "The quaint Ernakulam bazaar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  4. ↑ Maloni, Ruby (2021). "Indian Maritime Centres: Foreland and Hinterland". The Route to European Hegemony: India's Intra-Asian Trade in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries). Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 41–105, page 77. ISBN 978-0-367-75642-0.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Pradeep, K. (24 October 2013). "A system in place". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Madras II: The Southern and West Coast Districts, Native States, and French Possessions. 1908. p. 454.
  7. ↑ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ernakulam". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  8. ↑ "Station: Cochin (N.A.S) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 201–202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  9. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  10. ↑ "Business Line : Industry & Economy / Banking : Ernakulam to be declared first district with 100% banking". 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  11. ↑ "MG Road losing its prime position: MG Road losing its prime position as central business district | Kochi News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  12. ↑ "DPR for Kundannoor-Angamaly bypass project suffers delay". The Hindu. 9 February 2021.
  13. ↑ Kochi- Ernakulam Travel Guide, How to reach Kochi by air, bus, train, local transport, Getting around in Kochi City. Webindia123.com. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.
  14. ↑ "Ernakulam Junction railway station development a step closer to reality | Kochi News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  15. ↑ "Metro rail: DMRC demands prompthanding over of land, funds". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  16. ↑ Paul, John L. (12 May 2021). "Pettah-S.N. Junction metro stretch to be commissioned in March 2022". The Hindu.
  17. ↑ Boat Service from Ernakulam – Boat Schedules – State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India. Swtd.kerala.gov.in (25 July 2016). Retrieved on 2016-11-27.
  18. ↑ "Passenger ferry services find many takers in Ernakulam - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "Keeping Kochi updated". The Hindu. 15 September 2003. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2006.
  20. ↑ Colleges of Ernakulam. Ernakulam.nic.in. Retrieved on 27 November 2016.
  21. ↑ "Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies" (PDF). Kerala. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.

Population in Ernakulam - 244lakh

External links[edit | edit source]

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