Sopvoma language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{distinguish|Mao languages|Southern Mao language}}
{{distinguish|Mao languages|Southern Mao language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name         = Mao
| name             = Mao
|nativename   = Sopvoma
| nativename       = {{!}} Sopvoma, Emela, Mao' La {{!}}
|states       = [[India]]
| states           = [[India]]
|region       = [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]
| region           = [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]
|ethnicity     = [[Mao Naga]], [[Poumai Naga]]
| ethnicity       = [[Mao Naga]], [[Poumai Naga]]
|speakers     = 240,205
| speakers         = 240,205
|date         = 2011 census
| date             = 2011 census
|ref           = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| ref             = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
|familycolor   = Sino-Tibetan
| familycolor     = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2         = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
| fam2             = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
|lc1           = nbi |ld1=Mao  
| lc1             = nbi
|lc2           = pmx |ld2=Poumai
| ld1             = Mao
|glotto=naga1397 |glottorefname=Naga Maoic
| lc2             = pmx
|dia1         = Paomata
| ld2             = Poumai
| glotto           = naga1397
| glottorefname   = Naga Maoic
| dia1             = Paomata
| fam1            = Sino-Tibetian
| minority        = No
| pronunciation    = mau
}}
}}


'''Sopvoma''' or '''Mao''' is an [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] language spoken primarily in [[Senapati district]], northwestern [[Manipur]] and in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is similar to [[Angami language|Angami]]. According to ''Ethnologue'' (2009), the Paomata dialect may be the same as '''Poumei''' (Poumai) Naga, which has received a separate ISO code.
'''Sopvoma''' or '''Mao''' is an [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] language spoken primarily in [[Senapati district]], northwestern [[Manipur]] and in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is similar to [[Angami language|Angami]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (2009), the Paomata dialect may be the same as '''Poumei''' (Poumai) Naga, which has received a separate ISO code.


See [[Mao Naga#Language]] for further details.
See [[Mao Naga#Language|Mao Naga Language]] for further details.
 
Mao is somewhat similar to the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetian]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Sino-Tibetan languages|date=2021-11-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Tibetan_languages&oldid=1053148407|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-11-02}}</ref> languages in terms of grammar and style of use.
 
A story referring to the [[Angami Naga|Angami peoples]] and the [[Mao Naga|Mao peoples]] (Not to be confused with [[Mao Zedong|China's ex-chairman]]) shows how the two amicably split into the north and south (i.e [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]), also showing why the two languages are similar.
 
The script has been lost for years, following a story where a mouse/mice ate the script written on animal-skin causing the script to be lost and ultimately leading to [[Literacy|illiteracy]] in the area, therefore the Latin script has been used.
 
==Examples of daily use==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!English
!Mao, Sopvoma
!Pronunciation
!Special rules
|-
|I
|Ai
|aii
| -
|-
|He
|Pfo
|fu
| -
|-
|Good Morning
|Chithu kayii
|Chithu Kayii
|This was influenced by English,
this greeting is in fact rarely used.
|-
|Hello
|Ni yia buze ma
|Ni yia buze maa
|There is no particuar word for
'Hello', we only ask 'How are you'.
|-
|Food
|Kheto
|Kheto
| -
|-
|Water
|Odzii
|O-dzii 'd' is nearly silent
| -
|}
 
== Phonology ==
 
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal fricative|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p
|t̪
|t
|
|k
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|pʰ
|(t̪ʰ)
|tʰ
|
|kʰ
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|b
|d̪
|
|
|(ɡ)
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p͡f
|
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|(p͡fʰ)
|
|
|t͡ʃʰ
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|b͡v
|
|d͡z
|d͡ʒ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|f
|
|s
|ʃ
|
|h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|v
|
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|
|n
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|ʰr̥
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|(w)
|
|
|j
|
|
|}
 
* /t͡ʃʰ/ and /w/ only rarely occur, and with /t͡ʃʰ/ only occurring in word-initial position.
* The pre-aspirated voiceless /ʰr̥/, may have a word-initial allophone of [ʂ], [ʂ] rarely occurs phonemically.
* [ɡ] only occurs marginally from loanwords.
* /t̪, p͡f/ in word-initial position may be heard as [t̪ʰ, p͡fʰ] in free variation, rarely as phonemic.
* /h/ may have an allophone of [x] word-initially, word medially in free variation. [x] rarely occurs as a phoneme.
* /m/ before a central vowel /ɨ/ can have an allophone of a labiodental [ɱ].
* /n/ before high vowel sounds can have an allophone of a palatalized [nʲ].
 
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i
|ɨ
|u
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|(ə)
|o
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|a
|
|}
 
* [ə] only occurs inter-morphemically.
* /ɨ/ can be heard as rounded [ʉ] in free variation.
* In word-initial position, /i, u/ can be lowered to [ɪ, ʊ].
* /e, o/ can be lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] in word-final position.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giridhar|first=P. P.|title=Mao Naga Grammar|publisher=Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1994}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{st-lang-stub}}
{{st-lang-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]
__FORCETOC__

Latest revision as of 09:12, 29 November 2021

Not to be confused with Mao languages or Southern Mao language.

Mao
| Sopvoma, Emela, Mao' La |
Pronunciationmau
Native toIndia
RegionNagaland, Manipur
EthnicityMao Naga, Poumai Naga
Native speakers
240,205 (2011 census)[1]
Sino-Tibetian
Dialects
  • Paomata
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
No
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
nbi – Mao
pmx – Poumai
Glottolognaga1397

Sopvoma or Mao is an Angami–Pochuri language spoken primarily in Senapati district, northwestern Manipur and in Nagaland, India. It is similar to Angami. According to Ethnologue (2009), the Paomata dialect may be the same as Poumei (Poumai) Naga, which has received a separate ISO code.

See Mao Naga Language for further details.

Mao is somewhat similar to the Sino-Tibetian[2] languages in terms of grammar and style of use.

A story referring to the Angami peoples and the Mao peoples (Not to be confused with China's ex-chairman) shows how the two amicably split into the north and south (i.e Nagaland, Manipur), also showing why the two languages are similar.

The script has been lost for years, following a story where a mouse/mice ate the script written on animal-skin causing the script to be lost and ultimately leading to illiteracy in the area, therefore the Latin script has been used.

Examples of daily use[edit | edit source]

English Mao, Sopvoma Pronunciation Special rules
I Ai aii -
He Pfo fu -
Good Morning Chithu kayii Chithu Kayii This was influenced by English,

this greeting is in fact rarely used.

Hello Ni yia buze ma Ni yia buze maa There is no particuar word for

'Hello', we only ask 'How are you'.

Food Kheto Kheto -
Water Odzii O-dzii 'd' is nearly silent -

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t̪ t k
aspirated pʰ (t̪ʰ) tʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ (ɡ)
Affricate voiceless p͡f t͡s t͡ʃ
aspirated (p͡fʰ) t͡ʃʰ
voiced b͡v d͡z d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced v z ʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Trill voiced r
voiceless ʰr̥
Lateral l
Approximant (w) j
  • /t͡ʃʰ/ and /w/ only rarely occur, and with /t͡ʃʰ/ only occurring in word-initial position.
  • The pre-aspirated voiceless /ʰr̥/, may have a word-initial allophone of [ʂ], [ʂ] rarely occurs phonemically.
  • [ɡ] only occurs marginally from loanwords.
  • /t̪, p͡f/ in word-initial position may be heard as [t̪ʰ, p͡fʰ] in free variation, rarely as phonemic.
  • /h/ may have an allophone of [x] word-initially, word medially in free variation. [x] rarely occurs as a phoneme.
  • /m/ before a central vowel /ɨ/ can have an allophone of a labiodental [ɱ].
  • /n/ before high vowel sounds can have an allophone of a palatalized [nʲ].

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e (ə) o
Open a
  • [ə] only occurs inter-morphemically.
  • /ɨ/ can be heard as rounded [ʉ] in free variation.
  • In word-initial position, /i, u/ can be lowered to [ɪ, ʊ].
  • /e, o/ can be lowered to [ɛ, ɔ] in word-final position.[3]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ "Sino-Tibetan languages", Wikipedia, 2 November 2021, retrieved 2 November 2021
  3. ↑ Giridhar, P. P. (1994). Mao Naga Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)


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