Operation Sindoor

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This article is about the escalation that began on 7 May 2025. For the diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes immediately preceding this, see 2025 India–Pakistan crisis.


Operation Sindoor
Part of India–Pakistani wars and conflicts, 2025 India–Pakistan crisis, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and Kashmir conflict
Date7–10 May 2025 Template:Nwr
Location
Result Ceasefire[1][2]
Nine terror camps eliminated in Pakistan by India
Belligerents
India Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Narendra Modi
Anil Chauhan
Amar Preet Singh		 Shehbaz Sharif
Asim Munir
Zaheer Ahmed Babar

Operation Sindoor was an Indian military action against terrorist camps within Pakistan that escalated into a four-day armed confrontation between India and Pakistan. It began on 7 May 2025, when India launched coordinated missile and air strikes targeting what it described as militant infrastructure across the border, referring to the campaign as Operation Sindoor.[lower-alpha 1] [5] This name was chosen because in the Pahalgam attack before this, only Hindu men were targeted and killed, leaving their wives as widows.[6][7] India said that they did this operation because of the Pahalgam terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025, where 26 common people were killed.[8][9][10] India accused Pakistan of supporting terrorism across the border, but Pakistan said this was not true.

On 7 May, India started Operation Sindoor with missile strikes on terror-related buildings of militant groups based in Pakistan, like Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. India said that no Pakistani military or public buildings were targeted.[11][12] But, Pakistan claimed that the Indian strikes hit public areas, including mosques, and killed common people. Following these strikes, there were small fights on the border (skirmishes) and drone attacks between both countries.[13]

Pakistan's army replied on 7 May by launching a lot of mortar shells on the Jammu area, especially Poonch. This shelling killed civilians,[14] and damaged homes and religious places including a Gurudwara.[15] This conflict was the first time the two countries with nuclear power had a drone battle.[13]

In the early morning of 10 May, India accused Pakistan of attacking Indian air bases with missiles,[16] including the Sirsa air base[17] Meanwhile, Pakistan accused India of attacking several Pakistan air bases,[16][18] like Nur Khan air base, Rafiqi air base, and Murid air base.[16][19] As the fight got bigger on 10 May, Pakistan launched its Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos,[lower-alpha 2].

After the four-day military fight, both India and Pakistan announced that they had agreed on a ceasefire after their top military officers (DGMOs) spoke on a hotline on 10 May 2025.[20][21] US Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio talked a lot with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the talks.[22] The ceasefire is still holding, with commercial flights running again and things reported to be normal in both countries.[23][24]

Background[edit]

Further information: 2025 Pahalgam attack and 2025 India–Pakistan crisis

The Kashmir conflict, which has been going on since 1947, has led to many wars and small fights between India and Pakistan over the disputed area.[25]

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist attack by five armed terrorists near Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 Hindu tourists (including 1 local Muslim).[26][27] The Resistance Front, a militant group linked to the Pakistan-based, UN-listed terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which works in Indian-administered Kashmir,[28][29][30] first said they were responsible for the attack, but later denied it, saying the first claim was because of a coordinated hacking,[31] and blamed Indian authorities for the hack.[32]

India announced many actions against Pakistan, including stopping the Indus Waters Treaty. This led to a diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes.[33][34][35] India and Pakistan also closed their airspaces for each other's airlines.[36]

Timeline[edit]

7 May[edit]

On 7 May 2025, India announced that they had launched missile and air strikes, called Operation Sindoor, hitting nine places across Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province.[37][38][39] Seven targets, including some in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, were hit by the Indian Army's artillery regiment using very accurate long-range M982 Excalibur rounds and loitering munitions (kamikaze drones), while air defence was provided by the Army and the Indian Air Force together.[40] The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.[41][42] The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were done by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by India Today, Rafale jets were used, which had SCALP missiles and AASM Hammer bombs.[43] A working paper by Christopher Clary for Stimson Center suggested that BrahMos cruise missiles might also have been used.[44]

The Indian government called the strikes "focused, careful, and not meant to increase the fighting".[45] Indian military spokespeople said the missile strikes targeted the buildings of terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Hizbul Mujahideen (HuM),[12][46] and that no Pakistani military places were hit,[47] with the locations chosen carefully to not damage public buildings.[48] The missile strikes targeted places like Subhan Allah Mosque in Bahawalpur (near Ahmedpur East) and Markaz-e-Taiba in Muridke. These are the headquarters of JeM and LeT respectively, and India claims they are terrorist training camps.[49][lower-alpha 3] Other places India confirmed to have hit included Abbas Mosque (linked to the JeM) in Kotli District, Shawai Nala camp (linked to the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (linked to the JeM) in Muzaffarabad,[49][46] a place in Gulpur, Kotli District (which the Indian government confirmed was a LeT and HuM camp);[51][48][52][53] Markaz Ahl-e-Hadith in Barnala, Bhimber District (India confirmed it was linked to the LeT);[53][52] a site in Mehmona Joya, Kotli Loharan West, Sialkot District (India confirmed it was a HuM camp);[53][51][52] and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, Shakargarh Tehsil, Sialkot District (India confirmed it was a JeM camp).[53][48][52][51] India later showed satellite photos that supposedly showed damage at the targeted places.[54]

The Indian air strikes started an aerial battle where more than 114 aircraft—72 from the IAF and 42 from the PAF—were involved. This was described as the largest beyond-visual-range engagement on the India–Pakistan border.[55] Neither Pakistani nor Indian aircraft crossed the border; they engaged at stand-off ranges exceeding 100 kilometres.[56] A senior PAF officer said the encounter lasted approximately 52 minutes.[55]

Pakistan claimed that during the engagement it shot down five Indian aircraft—including three Rafales, one MiG-29, one Su-30MKI, and a Heron drone.[57] However, as of October 2025, Pakistan has not released any satellite images, radar data, or verified crash-site footage to substantiate these shoot-down claims, and independent analysts have not confirmed them.

On 15 May, Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif claimed that six Indian fighter jets had been downed, a figure he repeated later that month with varying aircraft types.[58][59][60] These figures were reiterated by Pakistani media but remain unverified due to the absence of physical or visual proof.

The Pakistan Air Force later credited its No. 15 Squadron (“Cobras”) with downing six Indian aircraft using J-10C fighters and PL-15 missiles.[61] As with earlier claims, no verifiable imagery or technical data were made public to confirm the alleged kills.

The Washington Post reported locating three crash sites inside India on 7 May, identifying the wreckage as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale, a Dassault Mirage 2000, and a MiG-29.[62] Indian officials later acknowledged two aircraft crashes on Indian soil but did not attribute them to Pakistani fire.[63]

As of the latest open-source assessments, Pakistan’s specific claims of aircraft shoot-downs remain unsubstantiated, while India’s released imagery and government briefings constitute the only official visual evidence made public from the conflict.[64]

8 May[edit]

On 8 May, India said that Pakistan had launched drone and missile attacks on several Indian cities, including Amritsar. India confirmed it stopped these attacks using the S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Force Station, which was the first time India used this missile system in a real fight.[65] Pakistan denied attacking India with drones and missiles.[66] Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar claimed that the Indian Army had purposely done a false flag attack on Amritsar and blamed Pakistan to get public support in India.[67] Pakistan's military also claimed that they had stopped a missile attack by the Indian Navy on Karachi on 8 May.[68] India denied this claim.[69]

9–10 May[edit]

On 9 May, India's military leaders said Pakistan was increasing the fight and that India was ready for any attack.[63] Pakistan's military asked India to show proof of the missile and drone attacks that India had claimed.[70][71] They also asked for a neutral third-party to check the 2025 Pahalgam attack, which they claimed India ignored.[70] On 9 May, news reports said India had moved its Western Fleet, which includes an aircraft carrier, destroyers, frigates and anti-submarine warfare ships, to the northern Arabian Sea.[72] An Indian defence source cited by The New York Times said this was done to stop any Pakistani move at sea.[73]

In the early morning of 10 May, Pakistan accused India of being the first to fire air-to-surface missiles from fighter jets at military bases—Nur Khan, Rafiqui, and Murid.[16][19] Pakistan said that all Pakistan Air Force (PAF) equipment at the targeted bases was safe.[16] Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in Rahim Yar Khan was targeted and damaged.[74] The airport is named after Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and is seen as a symbol of friendship between Pakistan and UAE.[75] Although regular flights had stopped since 2023, the airport was sometimes used by members of the House of Nahyan via the Royal Lounge, which was among the damaged areas.[75] The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen died during the Indian air strikes: 5 at Bholari and one at Sargodha;[62] Chief Minister of Sindh, Murad Ali Shah, also later said that nine personnel were injured in Indian attacks.[76] Right after the Indian missile strikes, Pakistan started a counter-attack operation, called Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos.[16][lower-alpha 2] It claimed to have hit and caused big damage to 26 military targets, including 15 air bases like Suratgarh, Sirsa, Naliya, Adampur, Bhatinda, Barnala, Halwara, Awantipur, Srinagar, Jammu, Udhampur and Pathankot air bases, among others.[77] Pakistan said it destroyed an Indian Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower. However, no visual or technical evidence was ever provided to support these claims, and independent analysis of commercial satellite imagery showed no visible damage to any of the listed Indian sites.[77]

Ceasefire[edit]

Later on 10 May, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar announced that both India and Pakistan had agreed to a ceasefire.[20] The DGMOs of both countries also confirmed this agreement.[20][21] The ceasefire started at 12:00 am IST on 11 May 2025, and both countries promised to follow it fully.[20] Pakistan's Foreign Minister said the truce was not a temporary one. Dar also stated that 36 countries helped to arrange the truce.[78] However, an Indian official told Agence France Presse that the ceasefire was agreed upon directly between the two countries, meaning "stoppage of firing and military action between India and Pakistan was worked out directly between the two countries".[22] United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced that both nations would talk about "a broad set of issues at a neutral site" and that he and Vice President JD Vance had talked a lot with the officials of both countries during the negotiations.[22]

Aftermath[edit]

Pakistan later also blamed India for breaking the ceasefire in Pakistan Occupide Kashmir.[21] By 11 May, reports suggested that the "serious violations" of the truce had stopped, and that the situation had become calmer.[23] The DGMOs of both nations talked again on 17 May to strengthen the ceasefire.[79] On 22 May, Pakistan exchanged three captured Indian soldiers for two Pakistani soldiers.[80]

India's DGMO said that India's military campaign was successful and killed more than 100 militants.[81] They also said that Pakistan used Chinese missiles in the strikes.[82] Military people around the world are studying the air fight between India and Pakistan.[83] Indian military officials claimed that Pakistan jets were stopped from entering Indian airspace and that "a few" of their fighter jets were caught and their broken parts fell outside Indian borders. The exact numbers were not given.[84] The Pakistani military admitted that one of its aircraft had minor damage in a fight with India.[85] On 12 May 2025, the Indian military showed what they claimed was the wreckage of a Mirage III or Mirage 5, saying they had shot it down.[86][87] On the topic of lost jets, the Indian Air Force said "losses are a part of combat" without giving more details, adding that all pilots had returned home.[88]

Concerns about the use of nuclear weapons were raised during the conflict.[89] The UN's nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), said there was no sign of a radiation leak from any nuclear facility in Pakistan.[90] False reports of a radiation leak notice by the Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, after Pakistan claimed to have destroyed BrahMos storage facilities at Beas, were also shared online.[91][92] Both India's Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, and Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Sahir Shamshad Mirza, confirmed that no country thought about using nuclear weapons during the conflict.[89][93]

Casualties[edit]

India[edit]

India said that 21 civilians and 8 military and paramilitary personnel died in the conflict.[81][94][95][96] Most of the deaths and injuries were from mortar shelling by Pakistan in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, especially in the Poonch district.[97] A Sikh religious singer (ragi) was among the 11 people killed by Pakistani shelling in Poonch on 7 May.[14]

Pakistan[edit]

Pakistan's military forces did not share the total number of people killed. However, India confirmed that Operation Sindoor killed more than 100 militants.[81] Pakistan later confirmed that six of its airmen died and nine personnel were injured during the conflict.[62][76]

International reactions[edit]

See also: International reactions to the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict
  •  Azerbaijan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire and said it will help bring peace and stability to the area by reducing tensions. It urged the countries to have good talks to solve their problems and build trust.[98] On 1 September 2025, Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev congratulated Pakistan for their "victory" against India in the military conflict.[99][100]
  •  Bahrain: Bahrain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire and said that talking and understanding are the only ways to solve fights and keep peace and prosperity in the area and the world.[101]
  •  Bangladesh: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an official statement, said it is watching the situation closely. It asked both countries to stay calm and control themselves.[102] Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus said, "I really want to praise Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi of India and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif of Pakistan for agreeing to a ceasefire right away and for agreeing to talk.[103][104][105] Bangladesh will keep supporting our two neighbours to solve their problems through diplomatic talks."[104][106]
  •  Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire and asked both India and Pakistan to work for long-lasting peace by talking to each other and building trust.[107][non-primary source needed] The Government also welcomed the ceasefire and said it is dedicated to promoting peace, stability, and talks as the only way to solve fights. It also encouraged the countries to continue their diplomatic efforts to achieve lasting peace and well-being for their people, South Asia, and the world.[108]
  •  China: A Foreign Ministry Spokesperson said that China found India's military operation in the early morning sad. The spokesperson worried about the situation and asked both sides to think about peace and stability, to stay calm, control themselves, and not do anything that would make the situation more complicated.[109][110][111]
  •  France: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed worry about the escalating violence between India and Pakistan and asked both sides to show calm and find a way to talk peacefully to reduce the tension.[112]
  •  Germany: A Federal Foreign Office spokesperson urged both India and Pakistan to show self-control and avoid any action that could make the situation worse. Germany also asked them to talk to each other to solve the issue.[113]
  •  Iran: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep worry about the increase in violence between India and Pakistan. The Spokesperson for the ministry urged both countries to follow international rules and talk to solve their issues peacefully, avoiding any further violence.[114]
  •  Italy: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was very concerned about the increase in violence between India and Pakistan and asked both countries to stop fighting and find a way to talk peacefully to solve the issue.[115]
  •  Kuwait: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern about the increasing tension between India and Pakistan and asked both countries to show calm and control and find a peaceful way to solve the issue.[116]
  •  Russia: A Foreign Ministry Spokesperson said that Russia was worried about the increased tension between India and Pakistan and asked both sides to stop fighting immediately and talk peacefully to solve the issue.[117]
  •  Saudi Arabia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed worry about the increased tension between India and Pakistan and asked both sides to show self-control and solve the issue peacefully through talks.[118]
  •  Turkey: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep worry about the tension between India and Pakistan and asked both countries to stop fighting and solve the issue peacefully through talks.[119] Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also congratulated Pakistan on their "victory" over India.[120]
  •  United Nations: The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, expressed deep worry about the increased tension between India and Pakistan and asked both sides to talk to each other to solve the issue peacefully.[121]
  •  United States: Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Vice President JD Vance strongly supported the ceasefire and encouraged both countries to talk to reduce tension. Rubio also spoke with the Foreign Ministers of both countries.[84]
  •  Uzbekistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed worry about the tension between India and Pakistan and asked both countries to show self-control and find a way to solve the issue peacefully through talks.[122]
  •  United Arab Emirates: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation welcomed the ceasefire and said it will help bring peace and stability to the area. It asked both countries to talk to solve their issues peacefully.[123]

Post-strike analysis[edit]

Indian authorities publicised visual material and official briefings they said showed damage to terrorist infrastructure and Pakistani military facilities following Operation Sindoor. The Government of India issued a press release summarising the operation and stating that visual evidence of damage was presented during official briefings. [124]

According to statements reported in Indian media, IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh and other senior Indian officials described significant damage to Pakistan Air Force infrastructure and aircraft. Sources reporting on IAF remarks attributed to the Chief state that Indian strikes damaged or destroyed multiple radar installations, command and control centres, runways and hangars, and damaged or destroyed several Pakistan Air Force platforms including F-16s, JF-17s and transport aircraft such as C-130s. These figures are presented as claims by Indian officials in press briefings and interviews and should be distinguished from independently verified counts. [125][126][127]

Indian media also reported that specific terrorist training camps and hideouts were struck. The Times of India reported that the Muridke camp, linked to Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, was destroyed in the operation; the article cited admissions from a regional commander. Indian reporting also quoted the IAF Chief warning that terror hideouts were adapting—shifting to smaller, more concealed structures after the strikes. [128][129]

India Today published satellite imagery and analysis that it reported as showing Pakistani forces retreating and some site damage following the strikes. Independent open-source verification has partially corroborated some of the site-level damage reported by Indian sources, though comprehensive third-party confirmation of all claimed losses remains incomplete. [130]

Some reporting and Indian statements indicated that Pakistan's military sought de-escalation during the operation; Indian officials told the United Nations General Assembly that Pakistani military representatives had requested cessation of fighting when faced with sustained strikes. [131]

Several reports have suggested that Pakistani naval assets were repositioned or dispersed as a precaution amid the heightened hostilities; however, explicit, independently verifiable evidence of a large-scale Navy relocation to inland "safe sites" has not been published in the open source material provided here, and such claims should be treated as unverified until corroborated by primary sources such as official Pakistan Navy statements or geolocated imagery. [132]

Reactions[edit]

There were large-scale public protests against the Indian strikes in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupide Kashmir.[66] In India, there were social media calls to stop using products or services from Turkey and Azerbaijan because those countries supported Pakistan during the conflict.[133][134] In Hyderabad, India, protesters damaged the Karachi Bakery, demanding a name change,[135] while in Hyderabad, Pakistan, the Bombay Bakery (named after Bombay, now Mumbai) was praised.[136] Ali Khan Mahmudabad, a professor from Ashoka University in India, was arrested on Sunday under laws related to creating community hate, doing illegal acts, and insulting religion, after making social media posts about India's Operation Sindoor. In his posts, he questioned the use of Muslim woman officer Sofiya Qureshi for publicity. The incident led to criticism from over 1,200 academics and others, who called it an attack on free speech and academic freedom.[137][138] He was later given temporary bail by the Supreme Court of India.[139] The legal case reached India's highest court, which gave Ali bail but told him not to comment further on the 2025 Pahalgam attack or Operation Sindoor.[140] A three-member Special Investigation Team (SIT) has also been set up to look into the charges against him.[140] Pakistan's National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency arrested a senior National Database and Registration Authority official for supposedly sharing anti-army comments in a WhatsApp work group.[141] On 21 June, Pakistan announced it would nominate Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize, saying he helped arrange the ceasefire.[142] Pakistan gave credit to Trump's diplomatic effort, even though India said no US person helped in the talks.[142]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Sindoor is a red powder traditionally worn by married Hindu women on their foreheads.[3] The operation's name was chosen in reference to the 2025 Pahalgam attack, in which the victims were primarily Hindu men, leaving their spouses widowed.[4]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bunyan-un-Marsoos is an Arabic term meaning "Unbreakable Wall"
  3. ↑ Sources mentioning headquarters:[50][46]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Fragile ceasefire holds between India, Pakistan as Trump offers more help". Reuters. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  2. ↑ "India and Pakistan's fragile ceasefire holds after alleged breaches". Financial Times. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  3. ↑ Narayanan, Vasudha (29 May 2018). "Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  4. ↑ "Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor". Firstpost. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  5. ↑ Narayanan, Vasudha (29 May 2018). "Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  6. ↑ "Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor". Firstpost. 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  7. ↑ "PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam". Firstpost. 7 May 2025. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  8. ↑ "Pahalgam terror attack: A tribute to the victims". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  9. ↑ "Full list of names of Pahalgam terror attack victims: 26 people, all men, killed in Jammu and Kashmir". Livemint. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  10. ↑ "26 dead, several injured in terror attack on tourists in J&K's Pahalgam". The Indian Express. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
  11. ↑ "2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment (Defense Intelligence Agency)" (PDF). United States House Committee on Armed Services. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "India launches attack on 9 sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir". Reuters. 6 May 2025.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hassan, Kamaal (17 May 2025). "India-Pakistan conflict: What is a drone battle?". BBC News.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood'". The Independent. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  15. ↑ Wani, Fayaz (24 May 2025). "31 schools damaged in Pak shelling in Poonch, Rajouri". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Baloch, Shah Meer (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases". The Guardian.
  17. ↑ Varinder Bhatia, [ Panic in the skies, rumour on the ground: When a missile was intercepted over Sirsa], The Indian Express, 11 May 2025.
  18. ↑ Dawn [rattles India with firm response as patience runs out rattles India with firm response as patience runs out]. Pakistan launched strikes early Saturday morning targeting military installations in India and India-held Kashmir. The strikes were launched under operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos at 5:16am. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 115 (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Iyer, Aishwarya S.; Saifi, Sophia; Mogul, Rhea; Regan, Helen; Yeung, Jessie; Tanno, Sophie; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi (9 May 2025). "May 9, 2025 – India-Pakistan news". CNN. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Vaid, Manan (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan agree to immediate ceasefire". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal". BBC News. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "India and Pakistan Swap Detained Soldiers as Cease-Fire Holds". The New York Times. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  24. ↑ "Kashmir: Four days that took India and Pakistan to the brink". www.bbc.com. 18 May 2025.
  25. ↑ "Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  26. ↑ Bhat, Danish Manzoor (23 April 2025). "Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu.
  27. ↑ "Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire". AP News. 30 April 2025. Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025. Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire
  28. ↑ Chesterton & Bacon 2025.
  29. ↑ Koren, Ganguly & Khanna 2021.
  30. ↑ Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (18 July 2025). "US Declares Group Accused of Kashmir Attacks a Terror Outfit". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  31. ↑ Ranjan, Mukesh (26 April 2025). "Lashkar proxy, The Resistance Front, now denies its role in Pahalgam terror attack". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 26 August 2025.
  32. ↑ "Briefing: Indian media link TRF's Kashmir attack denial to Pakistani pressure". BBC Monitoring. 28 April 2025. Retrieved 26 August 2025.
  33. ↑ Mogul, Rhea; Saifi, Sophia (24 April 2025). "A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know". CNN. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  34. ↑ Peshimam, Gibran Naiyyar; Greenfield, Charlotte (5 May 2025). "Pakistan tests missile, India orders drills amid Kashmir standoff". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  35. ↑ "Live: J&K Govt Officer Killed in Rajouri Shelling, Indian Army Says Pakistan's 'Blatant Escalation' Continues". The Wire.
  36. ↑ "India, Pakistan extend airspace closures for each other's airlines in tit-for-tat moves". Reuters. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  37. ↑ "India says it has launched strikes on Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir". BBC News. 6 May 2025. A dramatic overnight operation on Tuesday, in which India said it launched missile and air strikes on nine sites across Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Pakistan said only six locations were hit and claimed to have shot down five Indian fighter jets and a drone – a claim India has not confirmed.
  38. ↑ "Operation Sindoor targets 9 locations: Links to LeT and JeM, how they've attacked India in the past". The Indian Express. 7 May 2025.
  39. ↑ "Ooeration Sindoor: Media Brief DGMO" (PDF). Director General of Military Operations (India). Consulate General of India, Istanbul.
  40. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (24 May 2025), "Artillery's firepower reverberates during Operation Sindoor", The Hindu
  41. ↑ Amit, Hagai (10 May 2025). "Israeli Kamikaze Drones Take Center Stage in India-Pakistan Conflict". Haaretz.
  42. ↑ Samanta, Pranab Dhal (10 July 2025). "India looks to US for urgent weapons after Operation Sindoor strikes". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  43. ↑ "Rafale jets hit Pak terror camps with Scalp missiles, Hammer bombs: Sources". India Today. 7 May 2025. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025.
  44. ↑ Clary, Christopher (28 May 2025), Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025, Stimson Center
  45. ↑ Hadid, Diaa (7 May 2025). "Tensions escalate as Pakistan calls India's operation 'an act of war'". NPR.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Shahid, Kunwar Khuldune (31 May 2025). "Pakistan and the Latest Reincarnation of Lashkar-e-Taiba". The Diplomat. Retrieved 1 June 2025. However, mosques and madrassas associated with the LeT, JeM, and HM, openly function, which include some of the buildings hit by Indian strikes this month. Masjid Abbas in Kotli and Masjid Bilal in Muzaffarabad are both affiliated with the JeM, while the LeT-linked Shawai Nalla camp was also targeted. ... The LeT's Shawai Nalla camp was one of the few sites dedicated to militant training in the region.
  47. ↑ "Operation Sindoor: Indian strikes on Pakistan, PoK hit headquarters of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad". The Indian Express. 7 May 2025.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 07, 2025)". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "ÇäÇ äÿ ª ãÆ ˜ ÔÈ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ÇæÑ ÇÓ ˜ÿ ÒÑö ÇäÊÙÇã ˜ÔãÑ ãŸ ˜ä ãÞÇãÇÊ ˜æ äÔÇäÀ ÈäÇÇ¿" [What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6?]. BBC Urdu (in اردو). 7 May 2025.
  50. ↑ Gillani, Waqar (11 May 2025). "On ground". The News International. The strikes, described by Islamabad as unwarranted, unprovoked and a blatant violation of international boundaries without any evidence and intimation, mainly hit mosques and seminaries associated with the accused groups. ... The deadliest attacks targeted mosques and seminaries linked to Jaish-i-Muhammad once led by Masood Azhar, Jamaat-ud-Dawah once led by Hafiz Saeed and the Harkat-ul Mujahdeen.
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  82. ↑ Hassan, Kamaal. "India says Chinese missiles used by Pakistan in strikes". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
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